Haiti

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Republic of Haiti Rpublique dHati (French) Repiblik Ayiti (Haitian Creole)

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: Libert, galit, Fraternit [1] Anthem:

La Dessalinienne

Capital

Port-au-Prince

(and largest city)

1832N 7220W

Official language(s) Ethnic groups

French, Haitian Creole 95% black, 5%mulatto and white[2] Haitian Semi-presidential republic Michel Martelly Daniel-Grard Rouzier

Demonym Government -President -Prime Minister

Formation -French colonydeclared (Treaty of Ryswick) -Independence declared -Independence recognized fromFrance 30 October 1697

1 January 1804 17 April 1825

Area -Total 27,750 km2 (140th) 10,714 sq mi 0.7 Population -2011 estimate -Density 9,719,932[2] (87th) 350.27/km2 907.22/sq mi

-Water (%)

GDP (PPP) -Total -Per capita GDP (nominal) -Total -Per capita Gini (2001) HDI (2010)

2010 estimate $11.477 billion[3] $1,164[3] 2010 estimate $6.632 billion[3] $673[3] 59.2[4] (high)

0.404[5] (low) (145th) Gourde (HTG) (UTC-5) right HT .ht 509

Currency Time zone Drives on the ISO 3166 code Internet TLD Calling code

Haiti ( i/heti/; French Hati, pronounced: [a.iti]; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, Haitian Creole pronunciation: [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti(Rpublique d'Hati; Repiblik Ayiti) is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Tano or Amerindianname for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square

kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages. Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation in Latin America and the first blackled republic in the world when it gained independence as part of a successful slave revolution in 1804.[6] Despite having common cultural links with its Hispano-Caribbean neighbors, Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) that designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas dpartements, or collectivits, of France. Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas as per the Human Development Index. It has experienced political violence throughout itshistory. Most recently, in February 2004, an armed rebellion forced the resignation and exile of previous President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and a provisional government took control with security provided by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Michel Martelly, the current president, was elected in the Haitian general election, 2011. A 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti and devastated Port-au-Prince on January 12, 2010. Although the exact number was difficult to determine, the highest unbiased source estimated 220,000 people were killed.[7] Haitian government estimates were higher.[8] The Presidential palace, Parliament and many other important structures were destroyed, along with countless homes and businesses, leaving many homeless. Due to its severity, the country has yet to recover from this and subsequent disasters.[9]
Contents
[hide]

1 History

1.1 Precolonial and Spanish colonial periods 1.2 17th century settlement 1.3 Treaty of Ryswick and slave colony (1697) 1.4 Revolution (1791)

1.5 Independence and Division (1804) 1.6 Reunification 1.7 19151934 1.8 19341956 1.9 19571986 1.10 1990s 1.11 21st century 1.12 20102011: Earthquake, cholera, and flood events

2 Geography

2.1 Environment 2.2 Natural disasters

2.2.1 Hurricanes and tropical storms 2.2.2 2010 earthquake

3 Demographics

3.1 Haitian diaspora 3.2 Languages 3.3 Religion

4 Government

4.1 Departments, arrondissements, and communes

5 Politics 6 Elections 7 Economy 8 Transport

8.1 Roadways 8.2 Water 8.3 Air

8.4 Rail

9 Health 10 Education 11 Culture

11.1 Cuisine

12 Sports 13 See also 14 Notes 15 External material

15.1 References 15.2 Further reading

16 External links

[edit]History Main article: History of Haiti See also: 2004 Haitian rebellion and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti [edit]Precolonial

and Spanish colonial periods

The island of Hispaniola, of which Haiti occupies the western third, is one of many Caribbean islands inhabited at the time of European arrival by the Tano Indians, speakers of anArawakan language. The Tano name for the entire island was either Ayiti or Kiskeya. In the Tano societies of the Caribbean Islands, the largest unit of political organization was led by acacique; hence the term 'caciquedom' (French caciquat, Spanish cacicazgo) for these Tano polities, which are often called "chiefdoms". Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus, the island of Hispaniola was divided among five or six long-established caciquedoms.[10][11]

The five caciquedoms of Hispaniola at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus. The modern country of Haiti spans most of the territory of the caciquedoms of Xaragua ("Jaragua" in modern Spanish) and Marien.

The caciquedoms were tributary kingdoms, with payment consisting of harvests. Tano cultural artifacts include cave paintings in several locations in the country, which have become national symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions. Modernday Logane, a town in the southwest, is at the site of Xaragua's former capital. Christopher Columbus landed at Mle Saint-Nicolas on December 5, 1492, and claimed the island for Spain. Nineteen days later, his ship the Santa Mara ran aground near the present site of Cap-Hatien; Columbus was forced to leave behind 39 men, founding the settlement of La Navidad. Following the destruction of La Navidad by the local indigenous people, Columbus moved to the eastern side of the island and established La Isabela. One of the earliest leaders to fight off Spanish conquest was Queen Anacaona, a princess of Xaragua who married Caonabo, the cacique of Maguana. The couple resisted Spanish rule in vain; she was captured by the Spanish and executed in front of her people. To this day, Queen Anacaona is revered in Haiti as one of the country's founders.

1510 pictograph telling a story of missionaries arriving in Hispaniola

The Spanish exploited the island for its gold, mined chiefly by localAmerindians directed by the Spanish occupiers. Those refusing to work in the mines were killed or sold into slavery. Europeans brought with theminfectious diseases that were new to the Caribbean, to which the indigenous population lacked immunity. These new diseases were the chief cause of the dying off of the Tano,[12] but ill treatment, malnutrition, and a drastic drop in the birthrate as a result of societal disruption also contributed. The first recorded smallpox outbreak in the Americas occurred on Hispaniola in 1507.[13] The Laws of Burgos, 15121513, were the first nationally codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly with regards to native Indians. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, endorsed their conversion to Catholicism,[14] and legalized the colonial practice of creating encomiendas, where Indians were grouped together to work under colonial masters.[15] The Spanish crown found it difficult to enforce these laws in a distant colony. The Spanish governors began importing enslaved Africans for labor. In 1517, Charles V authorized the draft of slaves. The Tanos became virtually, but not completely, extinct on the island of Hispaniola. Some who evaded capture fled to the mountains and established independent settlements. Survivors mixed with escaped African slaves (runaways called maroons) and produced a multiracial generation called zambos. French settlers later called people of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry marabou. The mestizo were children born to relationships between native women and European usually Spanish men. During French rule, children of mixed race, usually born of unions between African women and European men, were called multres.

Franois l'Olonnais was nicknamed "Flail of the Spaniards" and had a reputation for brutality offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners

As a gateway to the Caribbean, Hispaniola became a haven for pirates. The western part of the island was settled by French buccaneers. Among them was Bertrand d'Ogeron, who succeeded in growing tobacco. His success prompted many of the numerous buccaneers and freebooters to turn into settlers. This population did not submit to Spanish royal authority until the year 1660 and caused a number of conflicts. By 1640, the buccaneers of Tortuga were calling themselves the Brethren of the Coast. French pirate Jean Lafitte, who operated in New Orleans and Galveston, was born in Port-au-Prince around 1782.[16] Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, who might have been born in St Marc, SaintDomingue in 1745, established a fur trading post at present-day Chicago, Illinoisof which he can be considered one of the founders. John James Audubon, the renowned ornithologist and painter, was born in 1785 in Les Cayes, SaintDomingue and painted, cataloged and described the birds of North America. In 1779, more than 500 volunteers from Saint-Domingue, under the command of Comte d'Estaing, fought alongside American colonial troops against the British in the Siege of Savannah, one of the most significant foreign contributions to the American Revolutionary War.[17] [edit]17th

century settlement

Bertrand d'Orgeron attracted many colonists from Martinique and Guadeloupe, such as the Roy family (Jean Roy, 16251707); Hebert (Jean Hebert, 1624, with his family) and Barre (Guillaume Barre, 1642, with his family). They and others were driven from their lands when more land was needed for the extension of the sugar plantations. From 1670 to 1690, a drop in the tobacco markets significantly reduced the number of settlers on the island. The first windmill for processing sugar was created in 1685. [edit]Treaty

of Ryswick and slave colony (1697)

France and Spain settled hostilities on the island by the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them. France received the western third and subsequently named itSaint-Domingue (not the current Santo-Domingo, which is in the Dominican Republic and was part of the eastern side given to the

Spanish through the treaty). Many French colonists soon arrived and established plantations in Saint-Domingue due to high profit potential. By 1789, there were approximately 40,000 French immigrants on the western part of the island, [18] while by 1763 the French population of Canada numbered only 65,000.[19] By about 1790, Saint-Domingue had greatly overshadowed its eastern counterpart in terms of wealth and population. It quickly became the richest French colony in the New World due to the immense profits from the sugar, coffee and indigo industries. This outcome was made possible by the labor and knowledge of thousands of enslaved Africans who brought to the island skills and technology for indigo production. The French-enacted Code Noir ("Black Code"), prepared by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and ratified by Louis XIV, established rigid rules on slave treatment and permissible freedom. Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient slave colonies; one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few years.[20] [edit]Revolution

(1791)

Main article: Haitian Revolution

Jean Jacques Dessalines, leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti

Inspired by the French Revolution and principles of the rights of men, free people of colour and slaves in Saint-Domingue and the French and West Indies pressed for freedom and more civil rights. Most important was the revolution of the slaves in Saint-Domingue, starting in the heavily African-majority northern plains in 1791. In 1792, the French government sent three commissioners with troops to

reestablish control. They began to build an alliance with the free people of colour who wanted more civil rights. In 1793, France and Great Britain went to war, and British troops invaded Saint-Domingue. The execution of Louis XVI heightened tensions in the colony. To build an alliance with the gens de couleur and slaves, the French commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel abolished slavery in the colony. Six months later, the National Convention led by Robespierre and the Jacobinsendorsed abolition and extended it to all the French colonies.[21] Toussaint Louverture, a former slave and leader in the slave revolta man who rose in importance as a military commander because of his many skills achieved peace in 1794 in Saint-Domingue after years of war against both external invaders and internal dissension. Having established a disciplined, flexible army, Louverture drove out not only the Spanish but also the British invaders who threatened the colony. He restored stability and prosperity by daring measures that included inviting planters to return and insisting freed men work on plantations to renew revenues for the island. He also renewed trading ties with Great Britain and the United States. In the uncertain years of revolution, the United States played both sides, with traders supplying both the French and the rebels.[22] [edit]Independence

and Division (1804)

When the French government changed, new members of the national legislature lobbied by planters began to rethink their decisions on colonial slavery. After Toussaint Louverture created a separatist constitution, Napolon Bonaparte sent an expedition of 20,000 men under the command of his brother-in-law, General Charles Leclerc, to retake the island. Leclerc's mission was to oust Louverture and restore slavery. The French achieved some victories, but within a few months,yellow fever had killed most of the French soldiers.[23] More than 50,000 French troops died in an attempt to retake colony, including 18 generals. [24] Leclerc invited Toussaint Louverture to a parley, kidnapped him and sent him to France, where he was imprisoned at Fort de Joux. He died there in 1803 of exposure and tuberculosis[20] or malnutrition and pneumonia.

Battle between Polish troops in French service and the Haitian rebels. Some Polish soldiers ultimately fought with the Haitian rebels for reasons that are historically disputable.[25]

Slaves, along with free gens de couleur and allies continued their fight for independence after the French transported Louverture to France. The native leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines long an ally and general of Toussaint Louverture, brilliant strategist and soldier defeated French troops led by Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, at the Battle of Vertires. At the end of the double battle foremancipation and independence, former slaves proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue on 1 January 1804,[26] declaring the new nation be named "Ayiti," both a Native American and African term, meaning "home or mother of the earth" in the Taino-Arawak Native American language and "sacred earth or homeland" in the Fon African language, to honor one of the indigenous Tano names for the island. Haiti is the only nation born of a slave revolt. Haiti's perseverance and successful resistance against colonial forces would influence the future of the United States Civil War. [20] Historians have estimated the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 100,000 blacks and 24,000 of the 40,000 white colonists.[27] In February 2010, the eightpage document containing the official Declaration of Independence, which was believed to have been destroyed or thrown out, was found by a Canadian graduate student from Duke University in Britain's National Archives. Coming as it did soon after the 2010 devastating earthquake, the discovery is seen by many to be providential.[28] The revolution in Saint-Domingue unleashed a massive multiracial exodus: French Crole colonists fled with those slaves they still held, as did numerous free people of color, some of whom were also slaveholders and transported slaves with them.[29] In 1809, nearly 10,000 refugees from Saint-

Domingue arrived from Cuba, where they had first fled, to settle en masse in New Orleans.[30] They doubled that citys population and helped preserve its French language and culture for several generations. In addition, the newly arrived slaves added to the city's African and multiracial culture.[31] Dessalines was proclaimed "Emperor for Life" by his troops.[32] He exiled or killed the remaining whites and ruled as a despot.[33] In the continuing competition for power, he wasassassinated on 17 October 1806.[26] The country was then divided between a kingdom in the north directed by Henri I; and a republic in the south directed by Alexandre Ption, anhomme de couleur. Henri I is best known for constructing the Citadelle Laferrire, the largest fortress in the Western Hemisphere, to defend the island against the French. Despite opposition from the mulatto populace, Henri Christophe successfully united Northern Haiti for a period of time under a semi-feudal corve system, establishing a rigid education and economic code aimed at sustainable improvement for all Haitians.[34] In 1815, Simn Bolvar, the South American political leader who was instrumental in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain, received military and financial assistance from Haiti. Bolvar had fled to Haiti after an attempt had been made on his life in Jamaica, where he had unsuccessfully sought support for his efforts. In 1817, on condition that Bolvar free any enslaved people he encountered in his fight for South American independence, Haitian president Alexandre Ption provided Bolvar with soldiers, weapons and financial assistance, which were critical in enabling him to liberate the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Now Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela).[35] [edit]Reunification

Jean-Pierre Boyer, one of the leaders of the Haitian Revolution, and President of Haiti from 1818 to 1843

Beginning in 1821, President Jean Pierre Boyer, also an homme de couleur and successor to Ption, managed to reunify the two parts of St. Domingue and extend control over the western part of the island.[36] In addition, after Santo Domingo declared its independence from Spain, Boyer sent forces in to take control. Boyer then ruled the entire island.[37] According to Encyclopdia Britannica, "During his presidency, Boyer tried to halt the downward trend of the economy which had begun with the successful revolt of black slaves against their French masters in the 1790s by passing the Code Rural. Its provisions sought to tie the peasant labourers to plantation land by denying them the right to leave the land, enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own and by creating a rural constabulary to enforce the code."[38][39] During Boyer's administration, his government negotiated with Loring D. Dewey, an agent of the American Colonization Society (ACS), to encourage free blacks from the United States to emigrate to Haiti. They hoped to gain people with skills to contribute to the independent nation. In the early 19th century, the ACS an uneasy blend of abolitionists and slaveholders proposed resettlement of American free blacks to other countries, primarily to a colony in Liberia, as a solution to problems of racism in the US. Starting in September 1824, more than 6,000 American free blacks migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by the ACS.[40] Due to the poverty and other difficult conditions there, many returned to the US within a short time. In July 1825, King Charles X of France sent a fleet of 14 vessels and thousands of troops to reconquer the island. Under pressure, President Boyer agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence of the nation in exchange for a payment of 150 million francs (reduced to 90 million in 1838) an indemnity for profits lost from the slave trade. French abolitionist Victor Schoelcher wrote, "Imposing an indemnity on the victorious slaves was equivalent to making them pay with money that which they had already paid with their blood." After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843. A long succession of coups followed his departure to exile. National authority was disputed by factions of the army, the elite class, and the growing commercial

class, increasingly made up of numerous immigrant businessmen: Germans, Americans, French and English.[citation needed] In 1912, Syrians residing in Haiti participated in a plot in which the Presidential Palace was destroyed.[citation needed] On more than one occasion, French, US, German and British forces allegedly claimed large sums of money from the vaults of the National Bank of Haiti.[41] Expatriates bankrolled and armed opposing groups.[42] In addition, national governments intervened in Haitian affairs. In 1892, the German government supported suppression of the reform movement of Antnor Firmin.[citation needed] In January 1914, British, German and US forces entered Haiti, ostensibly to protect their citizens from civil unrest.[41] [edit]19151934 In an expression of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the United States occupied the island in 1915 and US Marines were stationed in the country until 1934. According to Munro, t treaties in 1915 and 1917 gave the U.S. State and Navy departments (and the Navy's Marine Corps) effective over key government roles; the U.S. assumed responsibility for maintaining domestic peace and put down several small rebellions such as the "Cacos" uprising. Haiti had huge debts, which were refinanced by new loans from the National City Bank of New York, and paid off by American government officials who took control of customs and the national budget. The U.S. transformed the Garde into a modern police force and built up advanced public health, education, ports and roads. The U.S. Marines supervised the operations of a client Haitian government, and emphasized American-style modernization of the infrastructure and universal education. Haitian traditionalists were highly resistant to these changes while the urban elites wanted more control. Together they helped force an end to the occupation in 1934.[43] President Herbert Hoover sent a commission that set up a plan of withdrawal that was achieved under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The first step was a gradual, systematic turnover of government functions to the Haitian government; in 1934 it took control of the Garde and the Marines departed. The debts were still outstanding and the American financial advisorgeneral receiver handled the budget until 1941.[44] In 1915, Philippe Sudr Dartiguenave was elected president. He was succeeded by Louis Borno in the 1922 elections. Borno worked closely with the Americans.

Aware that many Haitians did not speak French, he was the first president to authorize the use of Creole in the education system. Sisal fiber cultivation was introduced to Haiti, and sugar and cotton became significant exports. [45] Recognition of the distinctive traditionalism of the Haitian people had a sharp impact on black writers in the U.S. (as well as white writers exploring black themes), including Eugene O'Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston and Orson Welles.[46] [edit]19341956 The US occupation forces established a boundary between Haiti and the Dominican Republic by taking disputed land from the latter. After the US left in 1934, Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in an event known as the Parsley Massacre ordered his Army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side of the border.[47][48] In a "three-day genocidal spree", he murdered between 10,000 and 20,000 Haitians.[47] He then developed a uniquely Dominican policy of racial discrimination, Antihaitianismo ("anti-Haitianism"), targeting the mostly black inhabitants of his neighboring country. Stnio Vincent was succeeded as President in 1941 by lie Lescot. In 1949, Lescot tried to change the constitution to allow for his own reelection, but in 1950 this triggered another coup. General Paul Magloire led the country until December 1956, when he was forced to resign by a general strike. After a period of disorder, an election held in September 1957 saw Dr. Franois Duvalier elected President. [edit]19571986 From 1957 to 1986 Haiti was governed by the hereditary dictatorship of the Duvalier family. Former minister of health and labor Francois Duvalier, known as "Papa Doc" and initially popular among the blacks,[clarification needed] was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. A strong believer in the rights of the Haitian black majority, he advanced black interests in the public sector.[49] He stayed in power by enlisting an organization known asTontons Macoutes ("Bogeymen"), which maintained order by terrorizing the populace.[50] In the 1960s and 1970s, Haiti's diaspora made vital contributions to the establishment of francophone Africa's newly independent countries as

Haiti'suniversity professors, medical doctors, administrators and development specialists emigrated to these countries.[citation needed] "Papa Doc" was succeeded by his son (born July 3, 1951) Jean-Claude Duvalier known also as "Bb Doc" who led the country from 1971 until his ouster in 1986. In 1986, protests against "Baby Doc" led him to seek exile in France. Army leader General Henri Namphy headed a new National Governing Council.[51] In March 1987, a new Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by Haiti's population. General elections in November were aborted after dozens of inhabitants were shot in the capital by soldiers and Tonton Macoute, and scores more were massacred around the country. Fraudulent military-controlled elections followed, boycotted by opposition candidates, and the elected President, Leslie Manigat, was overthrown some months later in the June 1988 Haitian coup d'tat when he sought to assert his constitutional control over the military. TheSeptember 1988 Haitian coup d'tat followed after the St Jean Bosco massacre brought to the fore the increasing prominence of former Tontons Macoutes, and General Prosper Avril led a military regime until March 1990. Throughout the late 1980s and into the 1990s, leading members of the military, intelligence and police were involved in the illegal drug trade in Haiti, assisting Colombian drug traffickers smuggling drugs into the United States.[citation needed] [edit]1990s In December 1990, the former priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected President in the Haitian general election, winning more than two thirds of the vote. His 5-year mandate began on 7 February 1991, having survived a coup attempt even before his inauguration, when former Tonton Macoute leader Roger Lafontant seized the provisional President Ertha Pascal-Trouillotand declared himself President. After large numbers of Aristide supporters filled the streets in protest and Lafontant attempted to declare martial law, the Army crushed the incipient coup. During Aristide's short-lived first period in office, he attempted to carry out substantial reforms, which brought passionate opposition from Haiti's business and military elite. His relationship with the National Assembly soon deteriorated, partly over his selection of his friend Ren Prval as Prime Minister. In September, Aristide was overthrown in the 1991 Haitian coup d'tat, led by Army

General Raoul Cdras, and flown into exile. Elections were scheduled, but then cancelled. The Organization of American States condemned the coup, and the United Nations set up a trade embargo. A campaign of terror against Aristide supporters was started by Emmanuel Constant. In 1993, Constant, who had been on the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's payroll as an informant since 1992, organized the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH), which targeted and killed an estimated 5000 Aristide supporters. In 1994, an American team, under the direction of the Clinton Administration, successfully negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders and the peaceful entry of US forces underOperation Uphold Democracy, thereby paving the way for the restoration of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president.[52] In October 1994, Aristide returned to Haiti to complete his term in office.[53] Aristide disbanded the Haitian army, and established a civilian police force. Aristide vacated the presidency in February 1996, the scheduled end of his 5year term based on the date of his inauguration. In the 1995 election, Ren Prval was elected as president for a five-year term, winning 88% of the popular vote. Prval had previously served as Aristide's Prime Minister from February to October 1991. [edit]21st

century

See also: 2004 Haitian rebellion, United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, and 2010 Haiti earthquake The November 2000 election gave the presidency back to Aristide with an overwhelming 92% of the vote.[54] The election had been boycotted by the opposition, now organised into theConvergence Dmocratique, over a dispute in the May legislative elections. In subsequent years, there was increasing violence and human rights abuses. Aristide supporters attacked the opposition.[55] Aristide spent years negotiating with the Convergence Dmocratique on new elections, but the Convergence's inability to develop a sufficient electoral base made elections unattractive. In 2004, a revolt began in northern Haiti. The rebellion eventually reached the capital; and Aristide was forced into exile, whereupon the United Nations stationed peacekeepers in Haiti. Much evidence points to a key U.S. role in Aristide's ouster, with Aristide and his bodyguard, Franz Gabriel, claiming that he was the victim of a "new coup detat or modern kidnapping" by U.S. forces. Mrs.

Aristide stated that the kidnappers wore US Special Forces uniforms, but changed into civilian clothes upon boarding the aircraft that was used to remove Aristide from Haiti.[56][57] Boniface Alexandre assumed interim authority. Ren Prval was elected President in February 2006, following elections marked by uncertainties and popular demonstrations. The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (also known as MINUSTAH) remains in the country, having been there since the 2004 Haiti Rebellion. Michle Pierre-Louis[58][59] was the second female Prime Minister of Haiti (Sept. 2008-Nov. 2009).[60] Claudette Werleigh (19951996) was the first. [edit]20102011:

Earthquake, cholera, and flood events

Main article: Haiti cholera outbreak The 2010 Haiti earthquake left up to 316,000 people dead and 1.6 million homeless.[61] Massive homelessness and displacement continues and does not appear to have significantly abated. Non-Haitian sources have placed the death toll[which?] from 50,000 to 92,000[citation needed]. Government agencies were also hard hit. Two days afterwards thousands of U.S. troops arrived to aid in the earthquake relief effort[62] and relief agencies are playing a large role in rebuilding Haiti's infrastructure, while taking care of the short-term emergency needs of the many injured and displaced Haitians.[63] In October 2010 a cholera epidemic was identified, a disease thought to be accidentally introduced by aid workers from abroad. More than 3,500 people in a region to the north of Port-au-Prince were treated for diarrhea, acute fever, vomiting, and severe dehydration. There were fears the outbreak would reach camps housing survivors of the earthquake. For suspecting the cholera epidemic was introduced, there were initial protests against the U.N. peacekeeping forces. These led to violent attacks on November 15, 2010. The cholera outbreak had, at that point, killed around 900 people, and sickened around 15,000.[64] Many Haitian people alleged that the strain may have come from the Nepalese peacekeepers, who have a base on the Artibonite river, but the U.N. did not want the Hatian people to come to conclusions and blame the Nepalese based on "misinformation".[65] The last cholera outbreak in Haiti was forty years ago,[66] and "The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that the cholera strain now ravaging the country matched a strain specific to South Asia, but said they had not pinpointed its origin or how it arrived in Haiti."[65][67]

General elections had been planned for January 2010, but were postponed due to the earthquake. The elections were held on 28 November 2010 for senate, parliament and the first round of the presidential elections. The run-off between Michel Martelly and Mirlande Manigat took place on 20 March 2011, and preliminary results, released on 4 April, named Martelly the winner.[4] [edit]Geography

Map of Haiti

Main article: Geography of Haiti Haiti is on the western part of Hispaniola, the second largest island in the Greater Antilles. Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean behind Cuba and the Dominican Republic (the latter shares a 360-kilometre (224 mi) border with Haiti). Haiti at its closest point is only about 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) away from Cuba and has the second longest coastline (1,771 km/1,100 mi) in the Greater Antilles, Cuba having the longest. The country lies mostly between latitudes 18 and 20N(Tortuga island lies just north of 20), and longitudes 71 and 75W. Haiti's terrain consists mainly of rugged mountains interspersed with small coastal plains and river valleys.

The northern region consists of the Massif du Nord (Northern Massif) and the Plaine du Nord (Northern Plain). The Massif du Nordis an extension of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic. It begins at Haiti's eastern border, north of the Guayamouc River, and extends to the northwest through the northern peninsula. The lowlands of the Plaine du Nord lie along the northern border with the Dominican Republic, between the Massif du Nord and the North Atlantic Ocean. The central region consists of two plains and two sets of mountain ranges. The Plateau Central (Central Plateau) extends along both sides of the Guayamouc River, south of the Massif du Nord. It runs from the southeast to the northwest. To the southwest of the Plateau Central are theMontagnes Noires, whose most northwestern part merges with the Massif du Nord. Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse. The southern region consists of the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac (the southeast) and the mountainous southern peninsula (also known as the Tiburon Peninsula). The Plaine du Cul-de-Sac is a natural depression that harbors the country's saline lakes, such as Trou Caman and Haiti's largest lake, Lac Azui. The Chane de la Selle mountain range an extension of the southern mountain chain of the Dominican Republic (the Sierra de Baoruco) extends from the Massif de la Selle in the east to the Massif de la Hotte in the west. This mountain range harbors Pic la Selle, the highest point in Haiti at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft) *[68] The country's most important valley in terms of crops is the Plaine de l'Artibonite, which is oriented south of the Montagnes Noires. This region supports the country's (also Hispaniola's) longest river, the Riviere l'Artibonite, which begins in the western region of the Dominican Republic and continues most of its length through central Haiti and onward where it empties into the Golfe de la Gonve. The eastern and central region of the island is a large elevated plateau. Haiti also includes various offshore islands. The historically famous island of Tortuga (le de la Tortue) is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The arrondissement of La Gonve is located on the island of the same name, in the Golfe de la Gonve. Gonve Island is moderately populated by rural villagers. le Vache (Cow Island), a lush island with many beautiful sights, is located off the tip of southwestern Haiti. Also part of Haiti are the Cayemitesand le d' Anacaona.

Satellite image of Haiti's border with theDominican Republic (right) shows the amount of deforestation on the Haitian side

[edit]Environment Main articles: Environment of Haiti and Deforestation in Haiti In 1925, Haiti was lush, with 60% of its original forest covering the lands and mountainous regions. Since then, the population has cut down an estimated 98% of its original forest cover for use as fuel for cookstoves, and in the process has destroyed fertile farmland soils, contributing todesertification.[69] In addition to soil erosion, deforestation has caused periodic flooding, as seen on 17 September 2004. Earlier that year in May, floods had killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic.[70] [edit]Natural

disasters

[edit]Hurricanes and tropical storms In 2004, Tropical Storm Jeanne skimmed the north coast of Haiti, leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in the city ofGonaves.[71] Haiti was again pummeled by tropical storms in late August and early September 2008. The storms Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricane Gustav, Hurricane Hanna and Hurricane Ike all produced heavy winds and rain in Haiti. Due to weak soil conditions throughout Haiti, the countrys mountainous terrain, and the devastating coincidence of four storms within less than four weeks, valley and lowland areas throughout the country experienced massive flooding. Casualties proved difficult to count because the storm diminished human capacity and physical resources for such record keeping. Bodies continued to surface as the flood waters receded. A 10 September 2008 source listed 331 dead and 800,000 in need of humanitarian aid.[72] The grim state of affairs produced by these storms

was all the more life threatening due to already high food and fuel prices that had caused a food crisis and political unrest in April 2008.[73] [edit]2010 earthquake Main article: 2010 Haiti earthquake

The National Palace, after the 12 January 2010 earthquake

A Haitian school and school bus after the earthquake

On January 12, 2010, at 21:53 UTC, (4:53 pm local time) Haiti was struck by a magnitude-7.0 earthquake, the country's most severe earthquake in over 200 years.[74] The epicenter of the quake was just outside the Haitian capital Port-auPrince.[75] On 10 February the Haitian government gave a death toll of 230,000. [8] Widespread damage resulted from the quake, and the capital city was devastated. The Presidential Palace was badly damaged, the second floor collapsing onto the first floor; the Haitian Parliament building, UN mission headquarters and the National Cathedral were also destroyed. International aid flowed in but was hampered by damaged infrastructure: the main port was damaged beyond immediate use, the one local airport was of limited capacity, and border

crossings with the Dominican Republic were distant and crowded. As many as one million Haitians were left homeless.[76] Haiti will need to be completely rebuilt from the ground up, according to a journalist, as "[e]ven in good times, Haiti is an economic wreck, balancing precariously on the razor's edge of calamity."[77] Several international appeals were launched within days of the earthquake, including the Disasters Emergency Committee in the United Kingdom, Young Artists for Haiti (Canada) and Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief based in the USA, which was a global effort to raise relief funds by way of a charity telethon held on January 22, 2010. International officials are looking at the short and long term priorities while continuing the daily task of managing the emergency situation.[78] As of September 2010, there were over one million refugees living in tents and the humanitarian situation was characterized as still being in the emergency phase.
[79]

On May 31, 2011, BBC News reported that a new report challenges Haiti's official earthquake death toll. "Significantly fewer people died or were left homeless by last year's earthquake in Haiti than claimed by the country's leaders, a draft report commissioned by the US government has said. The unpublished report puts the death toll between 46,000 and 85,000. Haiti's government says about 316,000 died. It also suggests many of those still living in tent cities did not lose their homes in the disaster. The draft report, which has yet to be released publicly, is based on a survey commissioned by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and draws its numbers from door-to-door surveys carried out over 29 days in January 2011." [80] [edit]Demographics Main article: Demographics of Haiti

Population of Haiti (in thousands) from 1961 to 2003

Although Haiti averages approximately 250 people per square kilometer (650 per sq mi.), its population is concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. Haiti's population was about 9.8 million according to UN 2008 estimates,[81]with half of the population being under 20 years.[82] The first formal census, taken in 1950, showed that the population was 3.1 million.[83] 80-85% of Haitians (depending on the source because the Haitian government does not conduct a census) are of African descent; the remaining 2015% of the population are mostly of mixed-race background. A small percentage of the nonblack population consists primarily of White Haitians; mostly of Western European (French, German, Polish, Portuguese andSpanish), and Arab, Armenian,or Jewish origin.[84][85] Haitians of east Asian descent or East Indian origin number approximately 400.[84] [edit]Haitian

diaspora

Main article: Haitian diaspora Millions of Haitians live abroad, chiefly in North America: the Dominican Republic, United States, Cuba, Canada (primarily Montreal), Bahamas, France, French Antilles, the Turks and Caicos, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and French Guiana. There are an estimated 800,000 in the Dominican Republic,[86] 600,000 Haitians in the United States,[87] 100,000 in Canada,[88] 80,000 in France,[89] and up to 80,000 in the Bahamas.[90] [edit]Languages One of Haiti's two official languages is French, which is the principal written and administratively authorized language. It is spoken by all educated Haitians, is spoken in schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also used in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church masses. The second is the recently standardized Haitian Creole,[91] which is spoken by virtually the entire population of Haiti. Haitian Creole is one of the French-based creole languages. It is strongly related to French and Spanish, with influence from west African languages, Tano and many other European languages. Haitian Creole is closely related to Louisiana Creole and all the other French creoles.

[edit]Religion Main article: Religion in Haiti See also: Roman Catholicism in Haiti Haiti is a majority Christian country, with strong roots in Roman Catholicism. Around 80% of Haitians profess to be Catholics. Protestants make up about 16% of the population.[2] [edit]Government See also: National Assembly of Haiti, President of Haiti, and Military of Haiti The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic, a multiparty system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections.[citation needed] The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti. The government is organized unitarily, thus the central government delegatespowers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the Constitution of Haiti on 29 March 1987. The current president is Michel Martelly. In 2010, there were 7,000 people in the Haitian National Police.[92] The Institute for the Protection of National Heritage has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haitien.[93] [edit]Departments,

arrondissements, and communes

Further information: Departments of Haiti, Arrondissements of Haiti, and Communes of Haiti For reasons of administration, Haiti has been divided into ten departments. The departments are listed below, with the departmental capital cities in parentheses.

Departments of Haiti 1. Artibonite (Gonaves) 2. Centre (Hinche) 3. Grand'Anse (Jrmie) 4. Nippes (Miragone) 5. Nord (Cap-Hatien) 6. Nord-Est (Fort-Libert) 7. Nord-Ouest (Port-de-Paix) 8. Ouest (Port-au-Prince) 9. Sud-Est (Jacmel) 10. Sud (Les Cayes)

The departments are further divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes, which serve as second- and third-level administrative divisions. [edit]Politics Main article: Politics of Haiti Haitian politics have been contentious: in its 200-year history, Haiti has suffered 32 coups.[94] Haiti's is the only country in the Western Hemisphere to undergo a successful slave revolution, but a long history of oppression by dictators including Franois Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier has markedly affected the nation. France and the United States have repeatedly intervened in

Haitian politics since the country's founding, sometimes at the request of one party or another. Cit Soleil, Haitis largest slum in the capital of Port-au-Prince, has been called "the most dangerous place on Earth" by the United Nations.[95] The slum is a stronghold of supporters of former Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, [96] who, according to the BBC, "accused the US of forcing him out an accusation the US rejected as 'absurd'".[97] According to Corruption Perceptions Index, Haiti has a particularly high level of corruption.[98][99] Jean-Claude Duvalier suddenly returned to Haiti in late January 2011, claiming his doing so was out of concern for the present situation in Haiti. On the other hand, Jean-Bertrand Aristidewas initially denied access to Haiti by Haitian immigration authorities, despite issuing appeals to his supporters, and to international observers, to be able to do so. The world's most prominent governments did not overtly oppose such appeals, nor did they support them; an unnamed analyst 'close to the Haitian government' who was repeatedly quoted in several media sources including the New York Times, is reported to have commented, "Aristide could have 15 passports and hes still not going to come back to Haiti. ...France and the United States are standing in the way. However, Aristide finally returned to Haiti just days before the 2011 Presidential election, on March 18, 2011.[100] [edit]Elections Main article: Elections in Haiti The first round of the 2010 Haiti Elections, was held in December and qualified Mirlande Manigat and Jude Celestin for the second round, but the results of the election were contested. Some people said that the first round was a fraud, and that Michel Martelly should be in the place of Jude Celestin, Ren Prval's chosen successor. There was some violence between the contending parties.[101] On April 4, 2011 the Provisional Electoral Council announced preliminary results that Martelly had won the presidential election.[102] [edit]Economy

Main article: Economy of Haiti

Bas-Ravine, in the northern part of Cap-Haitien

Haiti's economy is still recovering from the massive earthquake in January 2010. Its purchasing power parity GDP fell 8% in 2010 (from $12.15 billion to $11.18 billion) and the GDP per capita remained unchanged at (PPP US$) 1,200. [2] Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly in the hemisphere) since the 1980s. Haiti ranked 145 of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations Human Development Index, with 57.3% of the population being deprived in at least three of the HDI's poverty measures.[5] The World Factbook reports a shortage of skilled labor, widespread unemployment and underemployment, saying "more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs", and describes pre-earthquake Haiti as "already the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty."[2] Most Haitians live on $2 or less per day.[103] Adult literacy is variously reported as 52.9% [World Factbook] and 65.3% [United Nations], and the World Bank estimates that in 2004 over 80% of college graduates from Haiti were living abroad, with their remittances home representing 52.7% of Haiti's GDP.[104] Cit Soleil is considered one of the worst slums in the Americas,[105] most of its 500,000 residents live in extreme poverty.[95] Poverty has forced at least 225,000 Haitian children to work as restavecs (unpaid household servants); the United Nations considers this to be a modern-day form of slavery.[106]

About 66% of all Haitians work in the agricultural sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence farming, but this activity makes up only 30% of the GDP. The country has experienced little formal job-creation over the past decade, although the informal economy is growing. Mangoes and coffee are two of Haiti's most important exports.[2] Natural resources of Haiti include bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble and hydropower. Haiti contains relatively small amounts of gold, silver, antimony, tin, lignite, sulphur, coal, nickel, gypsum, limestone, manganese, marble, iron, tungsten, salt, clay, and various building stones. Gold and copper are found in small quantities in the north of the country. The government announced the discovery of new gold deposits in the northern peninsula in 1985, but long-standing plans for gold production proceeded slowly. Copper also was mined, beginning in the 1960s, but production of the ore was sporadic. There are bauxite (aluminum ore) deposits on the southern peninsula, but large scale mining there was discontinued in 1983. The countrys only bauxite mine, the Miragone mine in the southern peninsula, produced an average of 500,000 tons of bauxite a year in the early 1980s; however, in 1982 the declining metal content of the ore, high production costs, and the oversupplied international bauxite market forced the mine to close. Bauxite had at one time been the countrys second leading export. Haiti apparently has no hydrocarbon resources on land or in the Gulf of Gonve and is therefore heavily dependent on energy imports (petroleum and petroleum products).[107] Haiti's richest 1% own nearly half the country's wealth.[108] Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the Corruption Perceptions Index.[109] Since the day of "Papa Doc" Duvalier, Haiti's government has been notorious for its corruption. It is estimated that President "Baby Doc" Duvalier, his wife Michelle, and three other people took $504 million from the Haitian public treasury between 1971 and 1986.[110] Similarly, some media outlets alleged that millions were stolen by former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide.[111][112][113][114] However the accuracy of the information is questionable and may have been concocted to discredit Aristide. In March 2004, at the time of Aristide's being kidnapped, a BBC article wrote that the Bush administration State department claimed that Aristide had been involved in drug trafficking.[115] The BBC also described pyramid schemes, in which Haitians lost hundreds of millions in 2002, as the "only real economic

initiative" of the Aristide years.[116] However this cannot necessarily be entirely blamed on Aristide since one of his conditions upon being returned to Haiti by the Clinton administration during the 90s was that he not stir the pot away from US Free Market Trade Policies.[117] Clinton recently expressed regret and apologized for the US's trade policies with Haiti[118] Aristide however decided against being further tied to the free market policies that he was restricted to, and he attempted to raise the country's minimum wage. Foreign aid makes up approximately 3040% of the national government's budget. The largest donor is the US, followed by Canada and the European Union.[119] From 1990 to 2003, Haiti received more than $4 billion in aid. The United States alone had provided Haiti with 1.5 billion in aid.[120] Venezuela and Cuba also make various contributions to Haiti's economy, especially after alliances were renewed in 2006 and 2007. In January 2010, China promised $4.2 million for the quake-hit island.[121] US President Barack Obama pledged $1.15 billion in assistance.[122] European Union nations promised more than 400 million euros ($616 million) in emergency aid and reconstruction funds.[123] US aid to the Haitian government was completely cut off from 2001 to 2004, after the 2000 election was disputed and President Aristide was accused of various misdeeds.[124] After Aristide's departure in 2004, aid was restored, and the Brazilian army led the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti peacekeeping operation. Following almost 4 years of recession ending in 2004, the economy grew by 1.5% in 2005.[125] In 2005 Haiti's total external debt reached an estimated US$1.3 billion, which corresponds to a debt per capita of US$169. In September 2009, Haiti met the conditions set out by the IMFand World Bank's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program to qualify for cancellation of its external debt.[126] [edit]Transport [edit]Roadways Main article: Transport in Haiti Haiti has two main highways that run from one end of the country to the other. The northern highway, Route Nationale #1 (National Highway One), originates in Port-au-Prince, winding through the coastal towns of Montrouis and Gonaves, before reaching its terminus at the northern port Cap-Hatien. The southern

highway, Route Nationale #2, links Port-au-Prince withLes Cayes via Logne and Petit Gove. According to the Washington Post, Officials from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers said Saturday [January 23, 2010] that they assessed the damage from the Jan. 12 quake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and found that many of the roads arent any worse than they were before because theyve always been in poor condition.[127] [edit]Water The port at Port-au-Prince, Port international de Port-au-Prince, has more registered shipping than any of the other dozen ports in the country. The port's facilities include cranes, largeberths, and warehouses, but these facilities are not in good condition. The port is underused, possibly due to the substantially high port fees, compared to ports in the Dominican Republic. The port of Saint-Marc is currently the preferred port of entry for consumer goods coming into Haiti. Reasons for this may include its location away from volatile and congestedPortau-Prince, as well as its central location relative to numerous Haitian cities. During the 2010 Earthquake, the Port-au-Prince port suffered widespread damage, impeding aid to the victims. The main pier caved in and fell into the water. One of the main cranes also collapsed in the water. Port access roads were severely damaged as well. [edit]Air Main article: List of airports in Haiti Toussaint Louverture International Airport is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) North/North East of Port-au-Prince. It has Haiti's main jetway, and as such, handles the vast majority of the country's international flights. To travel on from the international airport at Port-au-Prince to other Haitian cities requires boarding a smaller plane. Cities such as Jacmel, Jeremie, Les Cayes, Cap Haitien, and Port de Paix have airports that are accessible only by smaller aircraft. Companies that fly to these airports include: Caribintair, Sunrise Airways and Tortug' Air. [edit]Rail Main article: Rail transport in Haiti

In the past, Haiti used rail transport, but, today, railroads are no longer in use, due to their replacement by other forms of transportation. [edit]Health Main article: Health in Haiti Half of the children in Haiti are unvaccinated; only 40% of the population has access to basic health care.[128] Prior to the 2010 earthquake, nearly half of all Haitian deaths were attributed to HIV/AIDS, respiratory infections, meningitis and diarrheal diseases, according to the World Health Organization.[129] Ninety percent of Haitis children suffer from waterborne diseases and intestinal parasites.[130] HIV infection is found in 2.2% of Haiti's adult population.[131] The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Haiti is more than ten times as high as in the rest of Latin America.[132] Approximately 30,000 people in Haiti suffer each year from malaria.[133] Most people living in Haiti are at high risk for major infectious diseases. Food or waterborne diseases include bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever; common vectorborne diseases are dengue fever and malaria; water contact diseases include leptospirosis. Roughly 75% of Haitian households lack running water. Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases. There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel, and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake.[134] [edit]Education Main article: Education in Haiti The educational system of Haiti is based on the French system. Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, is provided by universities and other public and private institutions.[135] Haiti counts 15,200 primary schools, of which 90% are non-public and managed by communities, religious organizations or NGOs.[136] The enrollment rate for primary school is 67%, and fewer than 30% reach 6th grade. Secondary schools enroll 20% of eligible-age children. Charity organizations, including Food for the Poor and Haitian Health Foundation, are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies. Haiti's literacy rate is 52.9%.[2]

The January, 2010 earthquake was a major setback for education reform in Haiti. Literacy levels remain near 50 percent. Haiti is one of the lowest-ranked countries in the world, 177th out of 186, for national spending on education.[137] Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti. The Inter-American Development Bank estimates that the government will need at least $3 billion USD to create an adequately funded system.[138] [edit]Culture Main article: Culture of Haiti

"Tap tap" bus in Port-Salut.

Haiti has a long and storied history and therefore retains a rich culture. Haitian culture is a mixture of primarily French, African elements, and native Tano, with influence from the colonial Spanish. The country's customs essentially are a blend of cultural beliefs that derived from the various ethnic groups that inhabited the island of Hispaniola. In nearly all aspects of modern Haitian society however, the European and African elements dominate. Haiti is world famous for its distinctive art, notably painting and sculpture. The music of Haiti is influenced mostly by European colonial ties and African migration (through slavery). In the case of European colonization, musical influence has derived primarily from the French, however Haitian music has been influenced to a significant extent by its Spanish-speaking neighbors, the Dominican Republic and Cuba, whose Spanish-infused music has contributed much to the country's musical genres as well. Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from Voodoo ceremonial traditions, Rara parading music, troubadour ballads, and the wildly popular Compas.[139]

Compas (in French) or Kompa (in Creole) is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, played with an underpinning of tipico, and mringue (related to Dominican merengue) as a basic rhythm. Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when Jazz Guignard was recorded non-commercially. One of the most popular Haitian artists is Wyclef Jean. Wyclef Jean, however, left the country before his teenage years. His music is somewhat hip-hop mixed with world music. Brilliant colors, naive perspective and sly humor characterize Haitian art. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, delectable foods, lush landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. Artists frequently paint in fables. People are disguised as animals and animals are transformed into people. In a mostly illiterate land, symbols take on great meaning. For example, a rooster often represents Aristide and the red and blue colors of the Haitian flag often represent his Lavalas party. Many artists cluster in schools of painting, such as the Cap Haitien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Voodoo symbolism. [edit]Cuisine Main article: Cuisine of Haiti

Haitian cuisine.

The cuisine of Haiti originates from several culinary styles from the various historical ethnic groups that populated the western portion of the island of

Hispaniola, namely the French, African, and the Tano. Haitian cuisine is similar to the rest of the Latin-Caribbean (the French and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Antilles) however it differs in several ways from its regional counterparts. Its primary influence derive from French cuisine, and African cuisine, with notable derivatives from native Tano and Spanish culinary technique. Though similar to other cooking styles in the region, it carries a uniqueness native only to the country and an appeal to many visitors to the island. Haitians often use peppers and other strong flavorings. Dishes tend to be seasoned liberally and consequently Haitian cuisine tends to be moderately spicy, not mild and not too hot. In the country, however, many businesses of foreign origin have been established introducing several foreign cuisines into the mainstream culture. Years of adaptation have led to these cuisines (ie: Levantine from Arab migration to Haiti) to merge into Haitian cuisine. Rice and beans in several differing ways are eaten throughout the country regardless of location, becoming a sort of national dish. They form thestaple diet, which consists of a lot of starch and is high in carbohydrates. Rural areas, with better access to agricultural products have a larger variety of choices. One such dish is mais moulu (mayi moulin), which is comparable to cornmeal that can be eaten with sauce aux pois (ss pwa), a bean sauce made from one of many types of beans such as kidney, pinto, or garbanzo beans, or pigeon peas (known in some countries as gandules). Mais moulin can be eaten with fish(often red snapper), or alone depending on personal preference. Some of the many plants used in Haitian dishes include tomato, oregano, cabbage, avocado, bell peppers. A popular food is banane pese (ban-nan'n peze), flattened plantain slices fried in soybean oil (known as tostones in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico). It is eaten both as a snack and as part of a meal is, often eaten with tassot or griot, which are deep-fried goat and pork respectively. [edit]Sports Soccer is the most popular sport in Haiti. Basketball is growing in popularity. [140] Hundreds of small football clubs compete at the local level.[140] [edit]See

also

Haiti portal Geography portal

Main article: Outline of Haiti

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World Map > NORTH AMERICA

North America, the planets 3rd largest continent, includes (23) countries and dozens
of possessions and territories. It contains all Caribbean and Central America countries, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, as well as Greenland - the worlds largest island.

Positioned in the planet's northern and western hemispheres, it's bordered in the north by the Arctic Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the southeast by the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Additional North American countries (not shown on this map) include:

Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago print this map

Saint Lucia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Saint Lucia (disambiguation).

Saint Lucia Sainte-Lucie

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: "The Land, The People, The Light" Anthem: Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia

Capital (and largest city)

Castries
141N 6059W

Official language(s) Demonym Government

English

Saint Lucian Parliamentary democracy andConstitutional monarchy Elizabeth II Pearlette Louisy Stephenson King[1] Independence

- Monarch - Governor-General - Prime Minister

- from the United Kingdom

22 February 1979

Area 616 km2 (191st) 238 sq mi 1.6 Population - 2009 census - Density 173,765 298/km2 (41st) 672/sq mi 2009 estimate $1.746 billion[2] $10,177[2] 2009 estimate $973 million[2] $5,671[2]

- Water (%)

GDP (PPP) - Total - Per capita GDP (nominal) - Total - Per capita HDI (2009)

0.821 (high) (69th) East Caribbean Dollar (XCD) (UTC4) left LC

Currency Time zone Drives on the ISO 3166 code

Internet TLD Calling code

.lc +1-758

Saint Lucia ( i/sent lu/; French: Sainte-Lucie) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean.[3] Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south ofMartinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 173,765 (2009 census). Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after the Faroe Islands. One of the Windward Islands, it was named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse by the French, the first European colonizers. They signed a treaty with the native Carib peoples in 1660. England took control of the island from 1663 to 1667; in ensuing years, it was at war with France 14 times and rule of the island changed frequently (7 times French and British each). In 1814, the British took definitive control of the island. Because it switched so often between British and French control, Saint Lucia was also known as the "Helen of the West Indies." Saint Lucia has a legal system based on British common law. The judiciary is independent and conducts generally fair public trials. The financial sector has weathered the global financial crisis, but the recession has hurt tourism. Representative government came about in 1924 (with universal suffrage from 1953). From 1958 to 1962 the island was a member of theFederation of the West Indies. Finally, on February 22, 1979, Saint Lucia became an independent state of the Commonwealth of Nations.[3]The island nation celebrates this every year with a public holiday. It is also a member of La Francophonie.[4]
Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 Politics 3 Quarters

4 Geography 5 Economy 6 Demographics

6.1 Health

7 Culture

7.1 Festivals 7.2 Music and dance 7.3 Educatio n

8 Tourism 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links

[edit]History Main article: History of Saint Lucia Europeans first landed on the island in either 1492 or 1502 during Spain's early exploration of the Caribbean. In 1643 a French expedition under the direction of Jacques du Parquet the Governor of Martinique established a permanent settlement on the island under the Govenor De Rousselan, who signed a treaty with the local Caribs in 1660. Like the English and Dutch, the French began to develop the island for the cultivation of sugar cane on extensive plantations. After the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and the France-Spanish coalition was brought to an end by the treaty of Paris (10 February 1763) in which the signatories agreed to an exchange of colonial territories. When the British acquired the island trying to use the Caribs as labourers, they imported enslaved Africansas workers. Many of the

Caribs died because of lack of immunity to Eurasian diseases, such as smallpox and measles, and as a result of being overworked and maltreated by the Europeans. Caribbean conditions were hard, and many slaves died as well. The British continued to import slaves until they abolished the trade due to the slave and Carib revolutionary wars against them. By that time, people of ethnic African and Carib descent greatly outnumbered those of ethnic European background. Thereafter Saint Lucia was much contested by the two European powers until the British secured it in 1814. It was part of the British Windward Islands colony. It joined the West Indies Federation (195862) when the colony was dissolved. In 1967, Saint Lucia became one of the six members of the West Indies Associated States, with internal self-government. In 1979 it gained full independence under Sir John Compton. Compton, of the conservative United Workers party (UWP), was again prime minister from 1982 to 1996, when he was succeeded by Vaughn Lewis. Kenny Anthony of the Labour Party was prime minister from 1997 to 2006, when the UWP, again led by Compton, won control of parliament. In May 2007, after Compton suffered a series of ministrokes, Finance and External Affairs Minister Stephenson King became acting prime minister. He became prime minister after Compton died in September 2007. [edit]Politics
This section requires expansion.

Main article: Politics of Saint Lucia See also: Foreign relations of Saint Lucia Saint Lucia is a Commonwealth realm; Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of State of Saint Lucia, represented on the island by a Governor-General. Executive power, however, is in the hands of the Prime Minister and his cabinet.[3] The prime minister is normally the head of the party commanding the support of the majority of the members of the House of Assembly, which has 17 seats.[1] The other chamber of Parliament, the Senate, has 11 appointed members. Saint Lucia is a two-party parliamentary democracy. Prime Minister Stephenson King of the

business-friendly United Workers Party took office in 2007. Saint Lucia is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and La Francophonie. [edit]Quarters Main article: Quarters of Saint Lucia Saint Lucia has 11 quarters, or parishes of the island, under the French colonial government which was continued by the British:
1. Anse la Raye Quarter 2. Castries Quarter 3. Choiseul Quarter 4. Dauphin Quarter 5. Dennery Quarter 6. Gros Islet Quarter 7. Laborie Quarter 8. Micoud Quarter 9. Praslin Quarter 10. Soufrire Quarter 11. Vieux Fort Quarter

Quarters of Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia has 17 electoral segments for the 17 seats in the House of Assembly (each with title "Parliamentary Representative"):[1] Canaries & Anse La Raye Babonneau Castries Central Castries North Castries North East Castries South Castries South East Choiseul Dennery North [edit]Geography Main article: Geography of Saint Lucia Dennery South Gros Islet Laborie Micoud North Micoud South Soufriere Vieux Fort North Vieux Fort South

View of Soufrire

Saint Lucia

The volcanic island of Saint Lucia is more mountainous than many other Caribbean islands, with the highest point being Mount Gimie, at 950 metres (3,120 ft) above sea level. Two other mountains, the Pitons, form the island's most famous landmark. They are located betweenSoufrire and Choiseul on the western side of the island. Saint Lucia is also one of the few islands in the world that boasts a drive-in volcano. The capital city of Saint Lucia is Castries, where about one third of the population lives. Major towns include Gros Islet, Soufrire and Vieux Fort. The

local climate is tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds, with a dry season from December 1 to May 31, and a wet season from June 1 to November 30. [edit]Economy Main article: Economy of Saint Lucia An educated workforce and improvements in roads, communications, water supply, sewerage, and port facilities have attracted foreign investment in tourism and in petroleum storage and transshipment. However, with the U.S., Canada, and Europe in recession, tourism declined by double digits in early 2009. Because of fluctuations in banana prices and possible World Trade Organizationimposed reductions in European Union trade preferences. The recent change in the European Union import preference regime and the increased competition fromLatin American bananas have made economic diversification increasingly important in Saint Lucia. The island nation has been able to attract foreign business and investment, especially in its offshore banking and tourism industries, which is the island's main source of revenue. Themanufacturing sector is the most diverse in the Eastern Caribbean area, and the government is trying to revitalize the banana industry. Despite negative growth in 2001, economic fundamentals remain solid, and GDP growth should recover in the future. Inflation has been relatively low, averaging 5.5 percent between 2006 and 2008. Saint Lucias currency is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar (EC$), a regional currency shared among members of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECU). The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCL) issues the EC$, manages monetary policy, and regulates and supervises commercial banking activities in member countries. In 2003, the government began a comprehensive restructuring of the economy, including elimination of price controls and privatization of the state banana company.[5] [edit]Demographics

Castries is the capital city of Saint Lucia

Main article: Demographics of Saint Lucia The population of about 170,000 is evenly divided between urban and rural areas, although the capital, Castries, contains more than one-third of the population. Saint Lucia's population is predominantly of African and mixed African-European descent, with a small Indo-Caribbean minority (3%). Members of other or unspecified ethnicity groups, account for about 2% of the population. The official language is English, however Creole (Kweyol), which is a Frenchbased Creole, is spoken by 95% of the population. Saint Lucian Creole French is used in literature and music, and is gaining official recognition.[6] It evolved from French, African languages, and Carib. Saint Lucia is a member of La Francophonie. Saint Lucia boasts the highest ratio of Nobel laureates produced with respect to the total population of any country in the world. Two winners have come from Saint Lucia: Sir Arthur Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979, and Derek Walcott received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992. Both were born on the same day in 1915 and 1930, respectively: January 23. About 70% of the population is Roman Catholic, influenced from the days of French Catholic rule and evangelization. Most of the rest belong to other Christian denominations, includingSeventh-day Adventisms (7%), Pentecostalism (6%), Anglicanism (2%), Evangelical Christianity (2%), and the Baptist faith; in addition, about 2% of the population adheres to theRastafari movement.[7] Despite a high emigration rate, the population is growing rapidly, about 1.2% per year. Migration from Saint Lucia is primarily to Anglophone countries, with the United Kingdom having almost 10,000 Saint Lucian-born citizens, and over 30,000 of Saint Lucian heritage. The second most popular destination for Saint Lucian expatriates is the United States, where combined (foreign and national born Saint Lucians) almost 14,000 reside. Canada is home to a few thousand Saint Lucians. Most other countries in the world have fewer than 50 citizens of Saint Lucian origin (the exceptions being Spain and France with 124 and 117 Saint Lucian expats respectively).[8]

[edit]Health Public expenditure on health was at 3.3 % of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.8 %.[9] Health expenditure was at US$ 302 (PPP) per capita in 2004.[9] Infant mortality was at 12 per 100,000 births in 2005.[9] There is one public hospital and one private hospital in St Lucia. There was a second, but it was burnt down in a fire in the early hours of September 9, 2009.[10] [edit]Culture Main article: Culture of Saint Lucia See also: Derek Walcott and Music of Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia Jazz Festival in Castries

The culture of Saint Lucia has been influenced by African, East Indian, French and English heritage. One of the secondary languages isCreole, a form of French patois. [edit]Festivals Saint Lucian cultural festivals include La Rose and La Marguerite, the first's representing the Rosicrucian order, and the second's representingFreemasonry. [11] This can be seen on a mural painted by Dunstan St Omer, depicting the holy trinity of Osiris, Horus and Isis. The biggest festival of the year is the Saint Lucian Jazz Festival. Held in early May at multiple venues throughout the island, it draws visitors and musicians from around the world. Traditionally in common with other Caribbean countries, Saint Lucia held a carnival before Lent. In 1999, the government moved Carnival to mid-July to avoid competing with the much larger Trinidad and Tobago carnival. It wanted to attract more overseas visitors.

In May 2009, Saint Lucians commemorated the 150th Anniversary of West Indian Heritage on the island. [edit]Music

and dance

A popular folk dance is the Quadrille. Together with Caribbean music genres such as Calypso, Soca, Dancehall, Reggae, Compas, Zouk and Salsa, Saint Lucia has a strong indigenous folk music tradition. Each May since 1991, Saint Lucia has hosted an internationally renowned Jazz Festival. The dancing in Saint Lucia comes from the Caribbean and is quite active. [edit]Education The Education Act provides for free and compulsory education in Saint Lucia from the ages of 5 to 15.[9][12] Public spending on education was at 5.8 % among the 20022005 GDP.[9]Saint Lucia has one university; University of the West Indies Open Campus,[13] and a few medical schools International American University College of Medicine , Destiny University School of medicine and the oldest of which is Spartan Health Sciences University. The leading secondary school for boys is St Mary's College which taught both Sir Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. [edit]Tourism Main article: Tourism in Saint Lucia Tourism is vital to Saint Lucia's economy. Its economic importance is expected to continue to increase as the market for bananas becomes more competitive. Tourism tends to be more substantial during the dry season (January to April). Saint Lucia tends to be popular due to its tropical weather and scenery and its numerous beaches and resorts. Other tourist attractions include a drive-in volcano, Sulphur Springs (at Soufrire), the Botanical Gardens, the Majestic twin Peaks "The Pitons", A world heritage site, the rain forests, and Pigeon Island National Park, which is home to Fort Rodney, an old British military base.

The majority of tourists visit Saint Lucia as part of a cruise. Most of their time tends to be spent in Castries, although Soufriere, Marigot Bay and Gros Islet are popular locations to visit.

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