Grasberg, 2003

Slope Monitoring

Types of slope instruments

Displacement monitoring devices Precise surveys Differential global positioning systems (DGPS) Space-borne and terrestrial SAR Interferometry Strain monitoring devices Surface extensometers Borehole extensometers Borehole inclinometers Tiltmeters Time domain reflectometry (TDR) Pore-pressure measurements Piezometers and monitoring wells Tensiometers TDR moisture gauges Microseismicity Geophones

Displacement monitoring
1) Total Station: Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) + Theodolite

2) DGPS Differential Global Positioning System: Base station+measuring stations

Target prism

Britannia Mine, B.C. Disturbed Area

PR #104 PR #100 PR #102

PR #104

PR #100 PR #102

East Block

East Block, failure model

1400 1350
100 Tension cracks

1300 ELEVATION (m) 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 0 50 100

102

300,000 m3

Toppling (schematic)

150

200

250

300

350

400

Monitoring
Jane Basin Slope
0.30 PR100 0.25 PR101 PR102 0.20 25-Nov-92 Delta Total Movement (m) 0.15 20-Jul-92 26-Jul-02 30-Aug-04 05-Aug-93 PR103 PR104

0.10

0.05 06-Jan-92 0.00

04-Jan-95

-0.05

-0.10

-0.15 Jan-92

Jan-93

Jan-94

Jan-95

Jan-96

Jan-97

Jan-98

Jan-99 Date

Jan-00

Jan-01

Jan-02

Jan-03

Jan-04

Jan-05

Jan-06

Coal Mine Waste Dumps

Wire extensometer

With data logger

Borehole extensometer (Slope Indicator, Ltd.)

Surface rod extensometer (crackmeter)

Vibrating wire displacement gauge (or a vernier for manual readings or a linear transducer) accuracy <1mm

Tape extensometer

Rod Extensometers ISMES, Valtellina, Italy ETH, Switzerland

Borehole inclinometer (Slope Indicator)

Some inclinometer applications (Slope Indicator, Ltd.)

Time domain reflectometry (TDR)

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (SAR)

Piezometers
SEAL

1) Observation well (open) not a piezometer

SAND PACK

3) Standipe (Casagrande) piezometer

AIR

2) Pneumatic piezometer

4) Electric piezometer (Vibrating Wire)

MEMBRANE

Piezometer comparison

Slope Indicator multipoint vibrating wire piezometer

Grasberg, 2003

Monitoring Interpretation

Chuquicamata Mine, Chile, 1968

Movement vector F-2

Microseismic events/day

Chuquicamata Mine, Chile, 1968

Movement vector F-2

Microseismic events/day

Inverse Velocity Method (Fukuzono, 1985)

Normal

Inverse

Inverse Velocity Method, more examples

La Clapiere France Prediction

Real

Tripp Mine: slow failure

Inverse Velocity Method, another example

1.0 0.9 0.8

35 30

VELOCITY (cm/day)

Predicted velocity curves (based on inverse-velocity fits) compared with actual velocity data

25 20 15 10 5 0

INVERSE VELOCITY (days/cm)

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 45 40 35

45

40

35 30 25 20 15 10 TIME BEFORE FAILURE (DAYS)

18 million m3 pit slope failure prediction (Rose and Hungr, 2006)

Regression coeffiecient (R2) = 99% for all inverse-velocity fits

TIME BEFORE FAILURE (DAYS)

1-Aug-01

30

25

20

15

10

18-Jul-01

25-Jul-01

DATE

8-Aug-01

15-Aug-01

22-Aug-01

29-Aug-01

Use of inverse velocity to monitor stabilization progress (Rose and Hungr, 2006)
Midnight Fault Pats Fault

Two faults and a pre-sheared silt layer, 3 million m3

Carlin waxy silt unit

2

Stabilization of Slope Displacements

Scale 100m

INVERSE VELOCITY (days/cm)

1.5

Buttress and Offload Remedial Measures

0.5

Regression Coeffiecient (R2) = 96 to 99% for all Inverse-Velocity Fits.

105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

TIME BEFORE FAILURE (DAYS)

1-May-02 16-May-02 31-May-02 15-Jun-02 30-Jun-02 16-Jul-02 31-Jul-02 15-Aug-02

DATE

Total Displacement?
100 m pre-historic movement

New crack

ValPola rock avalanche, 1986

Small rock slides

Libby Dam, Montana, 1971 Prediction not feasible

Purpose of monitoring
1) Movement detection, failure prediction 2) Vector solutions, interpretation of failure mechanism

Predicted rupture surface (Cruden, 1986)