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Engineering
UNIT 1
CASE STUDY
Capsule pipelines
Small-diameter PCPs were popular in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, for carrying documents used mainly by government departments and postal authorities in large cities. Such systems were used in Berlin, Hamburg, London and Paris. A network in Prague is still in use today. A largediameter PCP was built in Russia, for carrying minerals. More recently, PCPs have been used on a smaller scale to carry cash inside banks and large stores. Recent feasibility studies have been carried out into the possibility of using capsule pipelines for transporting waste out of New York City, and also for carrying mail between New York and Washington DC. According to Freight Pipeline Company, an American R&D organisation, a 900 mm diameter PCP can carry approximately 25 tonnes of cargo at a speed of about 40 km/h. HCPs are much slower, able to travel at just 7 to 11 km/h, but have a greater volume and weight capacity and are more energy-efficient. By taking freight traffic off road-going trucks and running it underground, the potential advantages of capsule pipelines are reduced traffic congestion, fewer road accidents and less pollution. The main disadvantage is the high cost of laying underground pipe networks, either by cut-and-cover for pipes relatively close to the surface, or by tunnelling, where pipes are deeper underground. Mark the following statements about capsule pipelines True (T) or False (F). 1 Capsule pipelines are situated below ground level. 2 The main potential use for capsule pipelines is for carrying passengers. 3 Capsules can be propelled along the pipeline by a flow of air, or by a flow of liquid. 4 Capsule pipelines are a new technological concept. 5 Capsules propelled by air can move faster than those propelled by water. 6 Capsules propelled by air can carry heavier loads than those propelled by water. 7 Capsule pipelines are relatively cheap to build. 1 Cambridge English for Engineering Cambridge University Press 2008 www.cambridge.org/elt/englishforengineering
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a peashooter (a children's toy where a short tube is used to fire a pea by blowing down the tube) a water pipe (used to supply water to a tap water flows along it) a cola can (cylindrical and hollow, like a capsule)
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You could look at the following terms. hollow = opposite of solid pneumatic = describes applications using air / compressed air, for example pneumatic tyres and pneumatic drills which are driven by compressed air supplied by a compressor hydraulic = refers to applications using liquids often the term hydraulics is used to describe high-pressure oil circuits, used to push pistons, called hydraulic rams, which power machines such as excavators friction = resistance caused by two surfaces rubbing against each other pumped = driven by a pump watertight = does not let water pass immersed = inside a liquid flow = movement of a liquid or liquid-like material diameter = the width of a circle at its widest point R&D = research and development weight vs. volume cut-and-cover = used for laying pipes or building tunnels close to the surface earth is dug out [cut], then the pipes are laid / the tunnel is built, before being covered with earth again tunnelling = cutting a tunnel underground using a tunnelling machine Students work in pairs to prepare their talk, discussing what they will say and making notes. Allow 15 to 20 minutes preparation time. Students then give their talks to the group.
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