Eco-Singapore / WLC Statement Table of Contents

1.Green Economy to Eradicate Poverty 2.Energy for Low Carbon Future 3.Institutional Framework of Sustainable Development 1 7 12

1. Green Economy to Eradicate Poverty

Introduction
1. The UNEP defines a green economy to be one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. In line with this definition, we, the Asia Pacific youth call for a recognition of our current unsustainable way of life and for priority to be placed in the social and environmental fronts of development, while at the same time incorporating development needs of the region, giving focus to poverty eradication. 2. The Asia Pacific countries traditionally have economies deeply rooted in the commercial extraction and use of raw materials, which have provided the region with rapid economic growth, essential to the betterment of lives of the people. There is no doubt that economic growth is necessary, but it should not be seen as the only way to eradicate poverty, and neither should it be detrimental to the environment that it is based on. 3. The rapid economic growth in the region, although unequally concentrated, has resulted in convergence to a wasteful one-use global economy ethos, in which unsustainable consumption and production patterns have become mainstream in our way of living. There needs to be a decoupling of economic growth and environmental degradation, especially in this region where the bulk of peoples livelihoods rely heavily on natural resources and ecosystem services. A balance between the regions exponential growth and sensitive environmental measures that protect their communities, especially in the rural areas, must be found. As such, more green jobs have to be created or formalised to increase the economic and social well-being of the people in Asia Pacific. 4. Poverty, however, still remains a very prevalent problem in this region due to uneven rapid economic growth in the recent years. It is also the poor that bear the brunt of 1

environmental consequences, especially women and children. Development of a system that cannot ensure the well being of all the citizens does not have capability to sustain itself. We need to reflect on the current trickle-down approach to alleviating poverty and focus on actual action to eradicate poverty, particularly after the global financial crisis. Such can be achieved in tandem with a green economy, in which ethical and sustainable workplaces can be created, environmental consequences of uncontrolled exploitation can be mitigated, and natural capital can be built and harnessed. 5. While it is tempting to think that achieving a green economy is tantamount to achieving sustainable development, we are of the opinion that a green economy will reinforce sustainable development but not substitute it. 6. In Asia Pacific, the biggest impediment to achieving a green economy lies with the lack of financial resources to kick-start the process, but there is sentiment in the region that the initial cost of investing in the transition to a green economy will be well offset by the benefits and long-term survivability, and increasingly, such a notion is becoming more a necessity than an option.

Issues
7. Key components of a green economy for the Asia Pacific: 7 a) Sustainable agriculture: A large sector of Asia Pacific country economies is agriculture, usually accounting for most of Gross Domestic Product figures and/or employing the most people out of all other industries. There is extensive research that indicates strong correlation between agricultural growth and poverty reduction in such countries whose primary resource is arable land, including Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and Philippines. As a result of the boom in the agriculture industry due to the Green Revolution, lavish, unplanned and indiscriminate land clearing for agricultural use and heavy use of chemical pesticides resulted in many other problems such as development of insect resistance to pesticides and consequent use of stronger chemicals; destruction of primary rainforest; environmental pollution (soil, water, air) due to surface run-off; loss of land fertility; damage to wild life and loss to biodiversity have emerged. Hence, it is imperative that agriculture be made sustainable to firstly, feed the hungry in the world and prevent food crises, secondly, to protect natural forests by maintaining fertility for agricultural land, and thirdly, to reduce accumulation of harmful chemical substances in nature and in our foods. 7 b) Restoration of natural resources, including fisheries: Being at the tropical belt of the world, Asia Pacific countries have unparalleled biodiversity and natural resources which are have been, and are currently being exploited for raw materials. As part of the achievement of a green economy, natural landscapes made barren by industrialization, including unsustainable agricultural practices and uncontrolled fishing, have to be restored and protected. Remaining plots of primary land have to be conserved by placing economic worth on seeming invisible ecosystem services. 7 c) Sustainable freshwater supply 2

7(d) Sound solid and hazardous (chemical and nuclear) waste management: As a rapidly growing region, more and more waste is being produced at the individual and corporate level. Such wastes, especially chemical and hazardous waste substances, have to be treated properly before disposal. Increase in recycling rates and waste-to-energy initiatives also have to be encouraged to reduce waste volumes and lessen strain on need for new raw materials. 7 e) Ensuring ecological integrity throughout design and production of commodities 7 f) Increasing resource efficiency through R&D 7 g) Clean energy and technology: It is particularly pertinent in fast-paced growing economies such as China and other Asia Pacific countries to invest in clean energy and technology so that economic development need not be at the demise of the environment. 7 h) Green urban development: As more of Asia Pacific develops to form cities, there is an increasing need for sustainable buildings and transport systems. 8. Climate change and natural disasters in Asia Pacific Much attention has been placed on the recent natural disasters in the Asia Pacific region, in particular the flooding of over two thirds of Pakistan in summer 2010. The floods left more than 1750 people dead and affected more than 20 million people, ravaging their homes, crops and livestock. It is estimated that it will take at least 3 -5 years to rebuild the lost infrastructure and rehabilitate the affected people. It is believed that global warming has had some effect on the flooding, and a slight increase in temperature will also affect agricultural yield and disrupt the seasonal growth pattern of crops. This will adversely affect the Asia Pacific region which is heavily reliant on agriculture for survival. 9. Tackling Poverty The first Millennium Development Goal is to end poverty and hunger. This goal can be achieved alongside a green economy; in fact, both are are intertwined since success of either is dependent on the achievements of the objectives of each. In the Asia Pacific countries, poverty remains a top national concern, and the most vulnerable are usually the women and children. Urban poverty is also an emerging issue with the rapid growth of cities in the region, attracting large numbers of people from the rural areas. In this regard, one aspect is the creation of green jobs to protect livelihoods of people and also the environment, helping stimulate the economy and increasing the well-being of people. 10. Quality of Life It is commonly agreed that there will have to be a new paradigm of measuring success in development instead of relying traditionally on economic growth. In a green economy, the social and environmental aspects of life have to be given equal weight. Less pollution in a greener world means cleaner air and rivers, decreasing pollution-related health effects. Less harmful chemical use in the production of commodities will also lead to healthier work places and environmentally friendly products. Holistic indicators like the Gross National Happiness Index can be used to evaluate the quality of life in a country, which 3

includes environmental health and standard of living. Key Challenges 11. The key challenges in the Asia Pacific region in achieving a green economy is mainly divided into 3 categories: conceptual understanding, institutional and governance, and existing situational difficulties. Conceptual: 12. The green economy is still a relatively new concept, commonly believed to be a term used only amongst the educated. Even at the governmental level, not all governments have a common, clear understanding of what the green economy really entails. Consequently, many regulations and mechanisms are unclear and up to interpretation of individual communities. 13. Achieving a green economy is also not a priority of many Asia Pacific governments because it is seen as an impediment to economic development. More focus is placed on short-term growth and problems, rather than long term sustainable development goals. This requires a change in mindset both on the ground and at the higher levels. Investing in greener practices in important sectors of the economy like agriculture and fisheries can not only increase efficiency and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, it also creates new employment opportunities while conserving the natural resources of a country, giving the Asia Pacific countries a competitive edge. Institutional and governance: 14. There is a general lack of good institutional frameworks and infrastructure in the Asia Pacific countries, in particular those plagued with pollution and poor sanitation. A lack of qualified professionals also results in inadequate foresight and planning, further worsening the issue. 15. Corrupt governments is also a large problem of the region. Asia Pacific is the one-stop hub in the world for exploitation of our rich natural resources, and this is exacerbated by the fact that corruption has allowed developed countries and corporations to take most of these natural resources, with little compensation given to the indigenous communities that rely on these resources for a living. Existing situational difficulties: 16. Poverty and social inequality in the region represents a large challenge to the achievement of a green economy. The large informal sector in various industries here might also not be manipulable by formal governance, and requires better integration into the economy. 4

17. Population growth in region is one of the highest in the world, which poses a strain on existing dwindling resources. 18. The region might not be able to afford the large initial financial investment required to start the transition to a green economy. 19. Most Asia Pacific countries still rely heavily on unsustainable practices like burning fossil fuels, using large amounts of chemicals in agriculture, which are currently cheaper than renewable and cleaner alternatives. This lack of technological know-how and research and development hinders green growth and we thus call for capacity building and technology transfer from the developed to developing countries under favourable terms.

Solutions
20. Institutional mechanisms and infrastructure have to be strengthened, and good sustainable development governance has to be developed. Governments need to be more involved in stewardship of natural resources rather than privatise the management of them. They need to provide and commit to a clear and consistent long-term policy framework and national sustainable development strategy with the right incentives. Sustainable development strategies also have to be included in all sectors and departments of government policy. Some policy options are to: 20 a) Introduce legislation to reduce pollution 20 b) Introduce economic and finance reforms, starting with the government policy to internalise the externalities associated with unsustainable practices, for example, a tax on specific greenhouse gas emissions or implementing carbon trading. Subsidies like development of resourceefficient and renewable energy industries, nvestment schemes for research and development of such industries and payments for ecosystem services can create green jobs and new employment opportunities. 20 c) Increase public and private cooperation 20 d) Invest in infrastructure building schemes 20 e) Address corruption in government 20 f) Formulate national strategies to better manage natural and man-made disasters and crises 20 g) Commit to clear, specific goals towards achieving green economy, including specific carbon emission reduction targets 21. Education of the general public will reinforce government policies and legislation targeted at changing the unsustainable lifestyle of a consumerist society. It can address the lack of awareness and understanding of the people, empowering consumers to create demand for more environmentally friendly practices and less for current unsustainable options. Education can nurture the paradigm shift in mindset required for sustainable living. Additionally, education is an empowerment of the poor to 5

help increase the well-being of the poor and bring them out of poverty. Such can be achieved through small incremental steps: 21 a) Observance of Days and celebrations, for example, Earth Hour, Earth Day and World Water Day to increase the profile of environmentalism in the community 21 b) Developing the eco-tourism industry to educate locals and tourists on environmental conservation, including sound management of such a strategy to prevent green-washing, with guidelines and a council set up to monitor and evaluate progress. Initial tourism impact assessments should also be done to evaluate and minimise problems that might arise with ecotourism. 21 c) Including environmentalism in formal school curriculum and as part of national education strategies. 21 d) Making education affordable and accessible to the poor especially in the developing countries. 22. Regional and global cooperation has to be fostered to enhance management and effectiveness of implementation of environmental policies, with a focus on agriculture and forestry for the Asia Pacific. This enables better fit to global movements and conventions like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for a concerted effort in achieving a green economy. 22 a) Technology transfer from developing to developed countries should be encouraged to aid developing countries in the transition to a green economy, through conferences and meetings within the region to share information and ideas. 22 b) Develop a global carbon credit mechanism that does not compromise the integrity of reducing carbon emissions and also helps boost local economies in the tropical belt 23. More attention should be placed on the social front of development, like ensuring peoples occupational health, safety and fundamental rights are observed. By decreasing environmental risks associated with peoples workspaces, productivity and well-being can be increased. Holistic indicators of development like the Human Development Index should also be used as a better indication of true development of a country. Success Stories China: 1. Exceeded the annual amount of investment required to reach Chinas 2020 goals for carbon reduction: 34.6 billion U.S. dollars invested in renewable energy in 2009 2. Employed the manufacturing might to lead the world in the production of solar panels, with 25% of the world's supply coming from China. 3. With the aim of decreasing energy intensity, poured 100 billion U.S. dollars into upgrading and expanding efficient, energy-saving infrastructure, including the electrical grid and railways 4. Announced a heavy-handed sticks-and-carrots approach to phase out outdated, wasteful industrial infrastructure through subsidies for upgrades 6

and penalties for failure to do so 5. Made remarkable strides toward commercializing electric cars with the BYD Auto's electric model now available for private purchase and a nationwide system of recharging stations under construction 6. Required companies to shut down an outdated plant for every new one built 7. Required all new buildings must meet energy efficiency standards, and a recent report found that 20 percent of buildings in Beijing and Shanghai were energy efficient Indonesia: Yayasan Mitra Mandiri and Komunitas Nelayan Tomia are two success stories in Indonesia, which supports local and indigenous efforts in biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation especially in Wakatobi (National Marine Park). Yayasan Mitra Tani works with over forty villages to develop sustainable and productive agricultural systems, provide diversified local livelihood options, and expand local capacity for economic independence. Komunitas Nelayan Tomia encourages sustainable management of natural resources for the benefit of its fisherman community members. The organization works with local communities to identify solutions to the challenges faced by the fisherman. In eco-tourism implementation in Karimunjawa archipelago, Indonesia, there are a lot of local people who at first cannot take part in running the tourism business become part of this business. The local people can be a local guide, homestay owner, ship owner, restaurant owner, diving course, etc. These condition make their economic income higher than before. It can also educate them to be more talented and have competence skill. Beside empowering the economic and welfare of local people, ecotourism in Karimunjawa can increase the awareness of both local people and tourist to preserve the environment in ecotourism area. Pakistan: Students from various different schools, colleges and universities have been known to join each other under the pretext of garbage collection from different areas. One such initiative was known as Zimidar Shehri or Responsible Citizen. These events often get media coverage and hence their benefit is twopronged. Not only does it serve the purpose of mass awareness, it points out the flaws within government policy and increases the pressure upon them to act with more care and consideration. Singapore: 1. Going green for a bigger and better yield Agro Genesis, a local agribusiness start-up, received technical and funding support through SPRING Singapores Technology Enterprise Commercialisation Scheme (TECS), to take a concept from lab-to-market by using nanotechnology and field-testing on an environment-friendly fertiliser that substantially increases crop yield. The 7

research idea arose because the firm noted that chemical fertilisers usually require dissolving the substance in water before it is added to farmland and that leads to wastage as most of the nutrients get filtered away through soil. Only 1% of nutrients in chemical fertilisers are absorbed by crops, while the remaining 99% got lost in the process. In their latest test, up to 10kg of Miracle Sweet (the innovation product) can replace up to 100kg of common fertiliser used for a hectare of land. Hence reducing wastage and costs in addition to being more environmentally friendly. Vast farms would benefit immensely from such a product. 2.Taking green idea into uncharted waters Just like Agro Genesis, another Singapore SME, SIF Technologies, took their concept from lab-to-market with help from SPRING Singapores Start-up Enterprise Development Scheme (SEEDS). The key product and service offered by the Singapores environmental engineering firm is the marketing of a chemical-free water treatment system. When it first started in 2004, the business was not well received because the green movement in Singapore was still in its infancy, and with chemical use dominating the water treatment industry, many were not easily convinced by the firms innovation. It was only after the company launched and offered a money-back guarantee to anyone who installed the system, did the business kick-start. At the end of 2004, SPRING Singapore approved a $300,000 funding under the SEEDS programme to help the firm get going. Things started to turn around after that. The firm had developed the water treatment system called DPA, named after the dispersion algorithm, which uses a form of technology called hydroactivation to increase dissolved oxygen in water by breaking down its molecular clustering. When water is oxygenated, the nutrifying bacteria, or good bacteria, can break down waste in the water, allowing it to be treated and reused. DPA is green as it treats water without using chemicals and does not require electricity to function. Industry sectors such as agriculture, oil and gas, pharmaceuticals as well as hospitality have embraced this system. It enables customers, such as big farms, to be self-sustaining by recycling water and need not worry about scarcity and wastage. 3. Singapore Water Industry Singapores investments in water technology has been seeing significant returns with the industry expected to add up to $590 million to the GDP53. It is an example of how an economy can be green. In 2006, Singapore started to bring in foreign companies to research and conduct water projects. The investment has clearly paid off for the country as it sees how water technology can solve the countrys lack of water resources. One successful solution was NEWater technology which would allow used water to be treated and converted to portable water54. Other technologies that would allow Singapore to increase its water supply are also making progress. More importantly, the industry is beginning to see it as a revenue source by 8

selling the technology to other countries. The industry have already captured $8.4 billion worth of overseas project. It also hopes to bring the technology to neighbouring countries who lack clean water for survival. This case study shows the advantages of moving towards a green economy and the significant contributions green investments can make.

2. Energy for Low Carbon Future

Introduction
24. Low carbon energy technology may be defined as technologies which lower greenhouse gas emissions per unit of useful output of energy (including electricity, heating and cooling) when compared to conventional power generation systems such as coal and oil combustion engines. Examples of low carbon technologies include absorption cooling, biomass power, combined heat and power (CHP), decarbonized charcoal, ground cooling, ground source heat pumps (GSHP), building management systems, nuclear power, photovoltaics, solar hot water, wind energy technology and carbon sequestration. 25. Energy is in increasing demand in the Asia Pacific as it is sustaining the rapid economic growth. It is important in this economic climate that energy remains not only available but also affordable to the masses, thus helping millions of people escape poverty rather than deepening the divide between the haves and the have-nots. As supplies of fossil fuel dwindle, low carbon technologies will have increasing importance in meeting the ever-growing demand for energy, keeping energy prices affordable especially to poorer communities. Hence it is foreseen to have multiplier effects on other markers of sustainable development such as health, education, access to clean water and sanitation, etc. 26. Low carbon technologies, particularly locally available renewable energy source will help improve the energy-security as they would reduce the demand for energy imports. 27. Last but not the least, the industrial, power and transport sectors have been identified as key sources of greenhouse gas emissions due to their intense reliance on fossil fuels. Increased adoption of low carbon technologies will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change which will adversely affect several Asia Pacific nations, particularly the low-lying and coastal areas. Issues 9

28. A future based on current modes of energy generation and consumption has serious consequences for the economical, geopolitical, environmental & social landscape of the Asia Pacific region. 29. The dependence of S.E Asian countries on certain other nations for fossil fuel imports is already high and expected to grow steeply with rapid population growth and economic development. For example 98% of Singapores fuel mix is comprised of fuel oil and natural gas. This leaves the region highly vulnerable to volatile oil prices which are capable of acting independent of the free market. 30. In the near future, emerging economies such as China and India will have developed their economies to such an extent that the pressure on commodities will be greatly exacerbated. This constitutes a rise in demand for energy, but without a correspondingly large rise in supply of non-renewable energy, causing surge in energy prices. This will increase competition for energy supplies among countries which will leave many developing countries disadvantaged. 31. There is also a growing concern on the adverse impacts of fossil fuel use on human health, such as its role in respiratory illnesses. Studies have shown that such health impacts have tremendously increased the medical cost burden of the people and contributed to reduction in labour productivity. The construction and operation of coal mines has lead to concerns related to land use change and occupational safety. Crude oil, yet another leading fuel in the region is at the core of complex geopolitical entanglements triggered by conflicting territorial claims. 32. Supply-side and demand-side inefficiencies in the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario not only contribute to high energy intensity but result in financial losses, lowered productivity and quality of life. For instance, inefficiencies in the transport sector results in greater fuel consumption as well as high traffic congestion.

Key Challenges
33. The Asia Pacific faces several challenges in the adoption of low carbon technologies despite strong consensus that these technologies are of significant long-term socio-economic benefit to the region. The barriers to a low carbon future that have been identified in following paragraphs 34. Financial barriers The high start-up cost of low carbon technologies such as solar power pose barrier to potential investors. There is a difficulty in attracting investors due to the perception of high risk and the relatively long payback period of investment 10

in new technologies. The financial attractiveness of low carbon energy technologies is often also hinged on volatile crude oil prices thereby heightening the uncertainty of returns on investment. Unless grid power parity is achieved between conventional and low carbon energy technologies, exportoriented economies such as Singapore will be hesitant to switch. 35. Technological and Infrastructural Barriers Greater investment in R&D is a key factor to enhance the adaptability and costeffectiveness of low carbon technologies. For an example, inefficient storage of wind power hinders it from large-scale adoption to meet energy demand which can vary quite drastically. Furthermore, suitable locations to harness wind power are often far away from cities where energy demands are high. Some technologies remain locked in the hands of a few and are simply not available to potential investors due to intellectual property right issues. There is clearly a need for greater technology transfer from countries with know-how to the developing nations. 36. Lack of Incentives and Enforcement Stronger policies encouraging development of alternative energy resources such as solar power and woody biomass are needed. There is significant potential for energy efficiency improvements particularly in the transport and building sector. However lax traffic regulations and governmental policies governing energy efficiency and conservation have resulted in little action. Legislation governing energy use needs to be tightened. 37. Lack of Awareness Changes for a low carbon future requires lifestyle changes. However, the perceived hassles and cost of change makes people resistant to change and apathetic to the need for it. There is a need to educate the masses on the longterm benefits of a low carbon future. 38. Impact on livelihood of indigenous communities Certain environmental laws that encourage adoption of cleaner low carbon technologies, although well intentioned are perceived to adversely impact the livelihood of certain communities. A lack of information on alternatives to high emitting technologies could be worsening the problem. For instance, laws on the vehicular exhaust of jeepneys in the Philippines have been felt to have an adverse economic impact on jeepney drivers. 39. Lack of Energy Efficiency Benchmarks Lack of energy efficiency baselines and benchmarks means that industries have difficulty in meaningfully evaluating their energy performance. 40. Lack of Political Will Governments are faced the complex task of prioritizing national issues for budgetary allocations. Given the numerous challenges facing the developing 11

world, such as poverty, illiteracy and disaster recovery, an agenda such as the propagation of renewable energy does not receive sustained high priority. Political decisions also need to consider other aspects of low carbon renewable energy generation such as the impact to national safety and security. Thus, the introduction of nuclear power, in the light of recent meltdown disasters, remains highly controversial. In addition, there is always a political tendency to implement populist policies which yield short-term benefits to ensures voter loyalty. Environmental policies yield tangible benefits in the long-term are seen as politically inconvenient. Solutions 41. A number of solutions have been proposed targeting energy supply and demand, energy efficiency and conservation and collaborative initiatives. 42. National Strategy a) Governments need to integrate environmental concerns and regulations into all energyrelated plans and projects, including transportation, power supply and infrastructure. b) This need to be integrated with a long-term National Energy Bill that addresses the reduction of fossil fuel import and greenhouse gas emissions and switching to lower carbon supplies and reduce dependence on imported energy. 43. Policy and Regulatory instruments a) Introduction of carbon taxation will encourage emitters to adopt low carbon technologies. The revenue from this taxation can be channelled into incentive schemes for companies to adopt low carbon technologies. At the same time, government subsidies on fossil fuels need otobe phased out. b) An alternative scheme proposed is an Incentive Scheme whereby energy savings are rewarded through concessions/ tax rebates instead of taxing or punishing excessive energy consumption. c) The energy demand of the transport sector could be lowered below BAU levels through i) Encouraging the development and use of public transport systems ii) Encouraging carpooling iii) Promoting the use of low carbon modes of transport such as bicycles d) Promotion of a switch from conventional to non-conventional modes of transport could be driven through financial incentives and in the specific case of cycling, through the enforcement of traffic laws that enhance the road safety of cyclists. 44. Promulgating awareness a) It is proposed that lack of public awareness on environmental issues be tackled through a multi-pronged approach. Suggested educational and outreach activities include focus group discussions, eco-tourism, publication of educational books, art exhibitions, grass-roots level 12

environmental publicity campaigns, expanded formal education on environmental issues from nursery to tertiary level and campaigns through popular social media tools such as Facebook. Such activities should focus on key stakeholder groups such as the rural population and the youth. b) Governments should play a key role in driving these initiatives and further in ensuring greater transparency and accessibility of statutory and regulatory information on environmental and energy conservation. However, NGOs and in fact every individual needs to contribute towards this effort as governments cannot operate in isolation. Communication channels thus established for spreading awareness should not be one-way and allow for both positive and negative feedback to be addressed by the relevant responsible parties. 45. Improving product design Manufacturers should design products that are more durable or that could be re-used. This will encourage more frugal consumption patterns and thus reduce industrial energy demand. 46. Establishing quotas One solution proposed is to establish a quota management of energy consumption for enterprises, which means theres a reasonable standard of energy consumption per unit production 47. Enhance public-private partnerships Enhance public-private partnerships and expand private sector participation, investment, ownership, and management for energy supply including electricity generation, transmission and distribution with job creation in mind. 48. Renewable energy generation and distribution via Smart Grids a) Asia Pacific should take greater initiative in driving the generation of renewable energy, including driving research in nuclear power. For instance, Singapore has been keenly driving research and test-bedding activities activities in low carbon technology. It has established the Clean Energy Research Programme and the Solar Energy Research Institute. It is hoped that these initiatives will spearhead solar energy research and play an important role to help address the global challenges of renewable energy and sustainable development. b) In recognition of the relatively higher cost of alternative technologies, a feed-in-tariff mechanism is proposed whereby the increased cost associated with the incorporation of renewable energy into the grid mix is funded by consumers rather than government subsidies. A similar proposal is the sale of rooftop rights to solar power companies with guanteed rights to the investor to recoup returns from the investment. c) Advances in the development of smart grids will accelerate and enhance the 13

integration of discontinuous renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind power. 49. Liberalization of the electricity market Allowing free market principles to govern the electricity market induces market players to improve their efficiency to stay competitive. 50. International cooperation and technology transfer Most countries recognize that greater cooperation amongst the key stakeholders within both local and global frameworks, including enhanced diffusion of low carbon technologies from technologically advanced nations to other nations is essential to the success of policies and programs. It is further proposed that efforts be made to establish an attractive investment climate for foreign clean energy companies and thus make technology transfer mutually beneficial to both the donor and recipient parties. Success Stories

1. Kazakhastan

Between 2009-2010 "EoObraz" NGO within the SPARE international project worked over pilot energy saving schools: windows have been replaced (in one of cases for double-glazed windows with energy saving glass), solar collectors and lanterns on solar batteries were established, walls of premises have been warmed by means of liquid ceramic insolation. By preliminary results dynamics of increase of power efficiency of schools are positive, the given experience can be duplicated on a national scale.

2. Saudi Arabia

Renewable energy applications 1. Solar energy in Saudi Arabia have been growing since 1960. For the last two decades the Energy Research Institute (ER!) at KACST has conducted major research, development and demonstration (RD&D) work in this field. The ERI has a number of international joint programs in the field of solar energy including SOLERAS with the United States of America, and HYSOLAR with the Federal Republic of Germany. 2. A 10 Megawatts Photovoltaic Carport System is situated at the recently built North Park offices of Saudi Aramco in Dhahran and will cover all of the 4,500 parking spaces. 3. Saudi Arabia intends to become the worlds largest exporter of clean electric energy produced from our abundant sunlight as Saudi Arabia's National Solar Systems 14

(NSS) developed the largest solar power project in the Kingdom on the roof top of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The 2MW solar park consists of two rooftop solar installations with a capacity of one megawatt each, installed on the north and south laboratories of the university.It could potentially save up to 33,320 tons of carbon emissions annually -approximately the same as 6,000 circumnavigations of the world by car.

3. Singapore

Zero-Energy Buildings the first building in Singapore and Southeast Asia to be retrofitted with green building technologies. The Zero Energy Building is expected to be about 40-50% more efficient than an office building of similar layout and to result in savings of about S$84,000. Smart Grid EMAs pilot project for an Intelligent Energy System (IES) seeks to test and evaluate new applications and technologies around a smart grid. The success of the IES pilot project will enable EMA to assimilate viable solutions for Singapores power system, thereby enhancing its efficiency and resilience, reducing wastage, shaving peak loads and deferring capital investments to meet consumer demand in the future. This will lead to lower energy costs and reduce carbon emissions. Energy Ratings: In 2005, BCA Green Mark was introduced to provide a meaningful differentiation of buildings based on environmental sustainability. Energy Supply The first phase of HDB's largest solar power project finally complete,three neighbourhoods can now rely on the sun for 80 per cent of their electricity. In addition to reducing the nations carbon footprint, this will provide cost savings in residential electricity bills. Electricity market liberalization Currently, about 75% of the electricity consumed in Singapore is contestable, and the liberalization of the energy market has helped to keep energy prices competitive, encourage innovation and facilitate the assimilation of new technologies.

3. Institutional Framework of Sustainable

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Development
Introduction 51. Environmental Law and Governance is defined as the conglomeration of different mechanisms and systems (including processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions) affecting the way in which a country is directed, administered or controlled with respect to environment conservation and sustainable development. Issues 54. Lack of incorporation of environmental issues into socio-economic development plans makes it difficult for sound implementation of policies. Also, weak implementation of existing laws, rules and regulations regarding environmental conservation is a major issue in most Asian countries. 55. Although most Asia Pacific countries have introduced large numbers of globally accepted principles on natural resources and sustainable environmental management in their legislative systems, there is a long way to go in order to have effective enforcement of these laws, because regulations are still missing and/or overlapping and institutions are either too new or too weak. 56. Possible lack of by-laws and technical regulations, and/or unclear regulations and mechanisms for enforcement have left responsible authorities relatively free to interpret based on their own knowledge and capacities and difficulties with proper implementation. 57. Some of the key issues facing the enforcement of the environmental laws are due to poorly defined scope or definition, lack of public awareness on the laws as well as consequence if not enforces especially for environmental conservation and sustainable development. 58. Complex natures of political and societal matrices are a main hindrance for the implementation of policies. Besides that, prevalent corruption, lack of respect of law, lack of formal enforcement procedures, non availability of the tools for implementation, lack of accountability and monitoring are factors contributing to present environmental woes. Key Challenges 59. In the global context, the instability in market conditions and constraints in 16

use of resources are the main challenges for sustainable development. In local context, the strong level of public environmental awareness and demand for green policies by the society will ensure the success of the sustainable development. Lastly, lack of strong and sustained political motivation in driving sustainable development policies and implmentation. 60. Sustaining Green Growth Environment policies need to be sustainable and designed to be robust enough withstand economic downturns. As evident from recent economic downturn, there is a greater tendency for governments to prioritize the expansion of the countrys fiscal policy at the expense of implementing SD plans. 61. Adapting to resource constraints With increased population and economic growth, demand for resources will continue to increase. It was reported by the European Commission that given business-asusual attitudes, global resource consumption will increase three times its current level by 2050. This clearly shows the growing constraints and reflects the need for radical decoupling of economic growth from resource consumption through an increase in resource efficiency. Policies need to be sensitive to resource constraints and take in account the increasing need for resource efficiency. 62. Enforcement of International Environmental Law Enforcement of any international environmental law is difficult to achieve due to lack of consensus among countries on solutions and even on the problems. Another big hurdle of enforcement is the disagreement on the enforcing authority between government, community with the usual compromise being a semi-autonomous organisation. which lack real authority and support. Public Awareness and Engagement 63. Public engagement in environment initiatives needs to be enhanced. Governments could do more in educating the public through environmentally friendly initiatives. 64. In a democratic society, the government represents the voice of the people. The conservative approach in tackling environmental issues perhaps indicates the lack of environmental awareness of the people. In addition, the success of environmental policies, especially legislation, will require cooperation and consultation of multi17

stakeholders who might differ in capacity and knowledge. 65. Society as whole are victim of environmental damage and they are not even involved to oversee the governments performance. Hence, the lack of accountability from is a key challenge to effective implementation. 66. Poor State of Environmental Governance Respondents of the consultations blamed the poor state of environmental governance on the ineptitude of the government, and lack of knowledge and skills to deal with environmental problems. 66 a) Local Government officials and even national government officials such a mayors, planning officers have low technical capacity in environmental matters. 66 b) Environmental management and environmental monitoring are not carried out effectively. 66 c) Local officials are not able to monitor, identify, and punish wasteproducing industries that get away with environmentally illegal practices. 66 d) Low environmental technical capacity also hampers ability to incorporate the environment into their long-term plans for their areas. They may not also know where to seek for funds and grants to implement environmentally friendly projects, such as the transfer to low-energy sources. 66e) One problem in environmental governance is the conflict between laws and policies at a national and local government level due to the lack of coordination and monitoring. 67. Corruption Corruption especially in developing countries contributes to massive exploitation of natural resources, with or without environmentally damaging procedure. This is in part due to 67 a) A lack of awareness of potential revenue from other resources that do not damage the environment, such as REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) projects, CDM in sanitary landfills, etc. 67 b) Some local officials are allegedly the protectors of illegal loggers and other lawbreakers, all the while espousing environmental principles on the outside. Some local governments choose to appropriate funds and investments that poor populations desperately need to politically advantageous projects. 68. Increasing local autonomy weakened the role of the environment ministry. Even before decentralization, its role remained largely confined to policy development and coordination with enforcement authority in the hands of sector ministries. So, structural changes of coordination system in the management of the regional potency of development, and environmental preservation as well is the key solution in order to make environmental basis governance. 18

Solutions
71. Innovative thinking and creative policy strategies that take into account each countrys unique situation will be important in ensuring sustainable economic growth without compromising on the environment and standard of living. 72. Regional cooperation on environment and sustainable development issue like expertise and knowledge transfer, technology transfer and developing low carbon strategy can be the best way for mutual promotion of sustainable development. Developing the framework for trans-boundary tourism activities in this region would not only open avenues in benefiting local community but also can open channels for dialogue to resolve previous unsettled issues within the region. 73. Price based instruments: Polluter Pay Principle 73 a) Price-based policy instruments align economic and environmental policy objectives, integrating environmental considerations into everyday market decision. With an adequate understanding on the environment externalities such as land constraints and air pollution, these costs can then be imposed on the polluter so that the price accurately reflects the true cost. Examples of a price-based instruments include carbon tax, waste disposal tax and pay as you throw systems. 73 b) Price-based instruments also offer an efficient new source of revenue which can be used in funding of green innovations. 74. Non-Price instruments / Complementary policy instruments 74 a) In phasing out pollutive and inefficient systems, use of non-price instruments like implementing performance and technological standards will allow certainty over improvement of pollution levels. 74 b) In countries with land scarcity, where land allocation, renewal and landuse approval exercise occurs regularly, the government to should set minimum standards of business operations. Minimum environmental standard, such as energy usage can be set to encourage use of energy-efficiency technologies. In addition, the Value Add system should be revised to include environmental benefits to encourage businesses to implement green practices 75. Subsidy programs approached with caution Disbursement of subsidies to environmental projects should be based closely to predetermined performance indicator and the environmental cost. Subsidies should focus on co-funding initial cost of projects and ensuring that projects are operationally sustainable in the long run without additional aid. 19

76. In prioritizing and allocating resources to sustainable development through subsidies, considerations need to be taken to prevent a creation of Green Bubble and that the subsidy provided is sustainable, especially if public funds are involved. 77. Facilitate adjustments and transition of policies 77 a) Moving towards sustainable development will have an impact on skills and governments will need to identify hiring needs and skill requirements. Well-designed green education and job re-training programs will help businesses and the people to capitalise on the potential of the emerging green economy. 77 b) Green policies are also likely to raise concerns over loss in competitiveness, especially among local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and critical business units like oil refinery industry. The following recommendations are suggested to ensure a more effective imposition of environmental related taxes when concerned with reducing competitiveness: i) Announce introduction of new policies changes well in advance and introduction of measures in a phase approach. Enabling smooth adoption of economic agents over time ii) Exemptions and rebates given for competitiveness reasons eg. Implementing full tax, established a fund using the tax and provide subsidies to industrial polluters for R&D or investments aimed to reduce pollution levels. 77 c) In addition, the government will also need to look into addressing income distribution concerns with environmental tax. Policies should be flexible and explore strategies to compensate low income groups through income tax cuts or tax exemption. 78) Enforcement of International Environmental Law International law to be pushed through green trade practices where green trade is considered as fair trade. International environment law can be further regulated through an International Court of Environment, with the hope that prosecution of wrong-doers will be easier. 79) Developing the Capacities of Youth The youth should be allowed to voice up and be heard in every level of decision making process as decisions made today will affect them. Therefore, assistance must be provided to help youth to build capacity to take such a role and be able to impact sustainable development in their respective countries and the world. The youth of today embody the flexible and innovative thinking needed to ensure a sustained future. 80. Engaging and Empowering People and Private sectors 80 a) Governments should encourage more active participation in green initiatives by the public. This can be achieved through development of online discussion platforms on environmental issues and having a more open public 20

consultation process for policy directions. This will also create an avenue for the government to better communicate their position of sustainable development and garner support for government environmental policies. 80 b) The support of NGOs and private organizations is critical in having a more focus and targeted approach in raising public awareness and interest in environmental issues. Public outreach efforts should be better coordinated among the governments, schools, NGOs and private companies to maximise the impact of the efforts. 80 c) Governments need to build up the capacity of these organizations and empower them to implement their own initiatives. These self-initiated programs and projects, in-line with governments environmental objectives, are necessary in achieving environmental sustainability 80 d) Furthermore, organizations and the public can be empowered to take on responsibility of protecting the environment. This can include establishment of environment volunteer groups in communities and on leveraging the wealth of experience and knowledge of the silver generation towards educating, promoting and enforcing the right environmental behaviour. 80 e) In collaborating with government bodies in promoting common environmental goals, local environmental NGOs should also remain independent, empowered with the responsibility and the knowledge to contribute towards the direction of environment policies in a civilised and nondisruptive manner. This delicate yet critical role of the NGOs will introduce a check and balance to the environment policies, ensuring continuous improvement of environmental standards and avoiding complacency. 81. Improve Governance 81 a)All sectors must cooperate in order for environmental governance to be recognized as one of the top priorities of the country. 81 b) Capacity building for local government units can be undertaken by NGOs and the academia. Officials who have technical skills and knowledge regarding environment matters will be more eager to initiate projects and policies that are beneficial for the environment, and will better ensure their sustainability. Industries should also push for better environmental management practices, such as the regulation of emissions and waste discharge. 81 c) Civil Society, academia and the government should collaborate in environmental R&D, which will greatly benefit environmental governance. 82. Change in Policies Directions 82 a) Restructuring of environmental laws have to take place in order to accommodate the constant change in all environmental, social and political aspects. 82 b) In promoting environment policy innovations, it is recommended that environmental innovation policy centres where fundamentals of environmental policies can be 21

studied and pilot projects on policies can be tested out, be established. The innovation policy centre can be set up based on a partnership approach, spearheaded by a governmental inter-agency committee with collaboration with academic institutions, private associations and NGOs. 82 c) To support environment initiatives and to have a better understanding of the impact and trade-offs involved in economic development and environmental protection, it is recommended that centralised environmental statistics departments be established. This will allow better appreciation of the cost of externalities involved and identify gaps and constraints in environmental policies. In addition, these environmental data can be further distilled to the public to encourage sustainable consumption behaviour. 83 d) A general regulatory framework for the development and enforcement of environmental rules and regulations should be created and a specific governmental body should be assigned the general responsibility for this framework. This specific governmental body should coordinate with other government agencies regarding the development and enforcement of environmental standards and impose penalties for violations of any applicable environmental standards 84) The Potentials of Anti-Corruption The chain of corruption can also be broken by increased accountability on a local/district level or a federal system where emphasis is on community governance.This should be coupled with de-politicization of national environmental bodies where the governments influence will not be overpowering and where issues regardless of the costs can be looked into. 85) International Trade WTO could push for more environmentally-friendly trade: Green Trade, thus effectively forcing countries to not simply ignore these pressing issues. Green Trade can be a vibrant part of everyday lifestyle: An evolution from conventional systems of consumerism to a more sustainable consumption would also be part of a green economy. 86. Improving Resource Efficiency and Conservation In dozens of less developed countries, it is more cost-effective to invest in enduse energy efficiency improvements, called demand side management (DSM), than to satisfy demand through increases in the energy supply. Of a variety of alternatives, energy efficiency typically shows the highest potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A regional overview of the Pacific Islands concluded that many of the smaller island states could probably reduce GHG emissions more through efficiency improvements than through renewable energy investments. 87. Decentralized efforts towards sustainable development 87 a) Governments are seen as a main player in tackling climate change and 22

promoting sustainable development as an initiator, promoter and regulator. However, it would be both costly and unsustainable if the government were to be relied upon to do everything to protect the environment. NGOs, Schools, Grassroots Organizations (GRO) and private sectors have an equally important role. Environmental initiatives from these organizations are often more effective and less likely to be faced with public resistance due to their bottomup approach. 87 b) The role of the local environmental NGOs can be further enhanced through promoting common goals and initiatives with governments and being allowed to play a more active role in the formulation of environmental policies. 88) Role of the Environment Ministry: So, structural changes of coordination system in the management of the regional potency of development, and environmental preservation as well is the key solution in order to make environmental basis governance. Success Stories 1. Indonesia Indonesia achievement in the direction to make a sustainable development implementation can be seen in the series history starting from the establishment of the Ministry of Environment on the President Suharto era with Prof. Emil Salim as a minister. From the formation, the involvement of NGOs emerged as one of the potential power supports for environmental management in Indonesia, and some rules such as Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER). The next development is the ratification of Act number 17/2004 about the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that Brings Indonesia to found the National Commission for CDM. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the president of Indonesia also stated on 65th Anniversary of Indonesia Independence Day That Indonesia has a commitment and action plan to Reduced the carbon emission by 26% from current levels by 2020, and 41% with foreign financial aid. It is proved that in 2007 there was also a National Action Plan for Climate Change Mitigation. Those show us that Indonesia has a plan and commitment, but instead of that, Should Be governance system repaired and well prepared, to bring Indonesian into the real sustainable development. 2. Philippines Although a majority of respondents said that they had no success story to 23

share, others identified the following: The Local Government of the Province of Albay, which has been cited for its numerous achievements in climate change and disaster risk reduction. The banning of plastic bags in some municipalities such as Muntinlupa. The transition of some communities in the Visayas from destructive fishing activities such as dynamite fishing to a combination of sustainable fishing practices and ecotourism. Clean and Green competitions around the country. 3. Singapore NEWater: Recycled Water: Despite heavy rainfall in Singapore, management of water resources has become a national security issue in Singapore due to land constraints for water catchment areas. In 2006, Singapore was classified by the United Nations as a water scarce country. There are four major national taps in Singapore: (i) Imported water, There are two water agreements with Johor, Malaysia: 1961 to 2011 and 1962 to 2061. Currently, Singapore imports around 40% of its water. (ii) Water from local catchment, Around 50% of Singapore is already water catchment areas. Public Utilities Board projects that catchment areas will be increased to two-thirds by end 2011. (iii) Desalinated water Due to availability of seawater in Singapore, desalination offers a limitless potential in water supply. However, due to high energy consumption and brine discharge, desalination only meets 10% of Singapore water supply in 2010. It is expected to increase to 25% in 2030 and 30% by 2060. (iv) NEWater. NEWater allows water to be used more than once and multiplies Singapores effective supply of water. The production of NEWater involves a multiple barrier process where there is systematic reduction of water-borne contaminants through a series of robust safety barriers like micro-filtration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection. Around 290 parameters are being monitored continuously and audited, far exceeding the 140 parameters listed in the WHO and USEPA drinking water standards. Semakau Landfill: the Garbage of Eden Dubbed as the Garbage of Eden by New Scientist72 and the island paradise built on a 24

garbage dump by CNN73, Semakau Landfill is the world first man-made offshore landfill. Semakau Landfill is Singapore only landfill site and is projected to last till 2040. Despite having four waste-to-energy incineration plants reducing volume of waste disposal by 90%, Singapore still requires landfill space for the remaining incineration ash and nonincinerable waste. Semakau Landfill was created by enclosing 350 ha of sea space between two small islands with a 7km perimeter bund and depth of up to more than 20m. Special considerations were taken into account to ensure minimal impact of the landfill to the surrounding marine ecosystem.

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