Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam 682313 FORMAT FOR CLASS ROOM TEACHING (FCT) (Based on Blooms

s Taxonomy) Subject Title : Mechanical Engineering (6) Code : 106 Module : I

Branch : All Semester : I & II Name of Faculty : Shajan K. Thomas Objectives : After this discourse, the students will have the following cognitive inputs : 1. To define heat engines. 2. To state the 2nd law of thermodynamics. 3. To comprehend the concept of Entropy Key words introduced during the lecture : Heat engine, entropy Keypoints : Obj1 : Heat Engine A device which converts heat into work is called a heat engine. Heat engines have the following characteristics : They receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear reactor, burning of fuel, etc) They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a rotating shaft). They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink (the atmosphere, rivers, etc) They operate on a cycle. Heat engines and other cyclic devices usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid.

Here net work W = Qh - Ql It is observed that the work output by the heat engine can be increased by decreasing Ql. There then comes the natural question of why should Ql be there in the first place. If there is no Ql, the entire Qh could be converted to work output.

In the simple heat engine illustrated above consisting of a gas in an enclosed cylinder with a piston on top, 100 kJ of heat is transferred to the gas. The gas is initially at a temperature of 30C. Heat is supplied from a reservoir at 100C. This causes the gas to expand and raises the piston till its limit at the top. While carrying out this expansion, there is a load on the piston, which is raised. This raising of the load, produces work output and is calculated as 15 kJ. At this stage, the gas temperature is 90C. Now, for the heat engine to work continuously, producing 15 kJ, the piston has to be brought back to its initial position & the gas to its initial temperature. This requires heat to be rejected. For a gas with a given specific heat capacity C, mass m & temperature change T, the heat transfer Q can be calculated and is obtained as 85 kJ. Thus, it can be concluded that for any heat engine to work cyclically and continuously produce work output, heat has to be rejected to the surroundings (sink) in every cycle. Obj 2 : 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: 1. Kelvin Planck Statement : No heat engine can work continuously by exchanging heat with only one reservoir (source or sink). 2. Claussius Statement : Heat cannot be transferred from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature unless work is supplied by an external source. The reverse of the following processes are not possible. Breaking of an egg A hot cup of coffee becomes cools down to room temperature Rolling ball stops by itself Full conversion from work to heat [eg., electric resistance in a circuit getting heated up (electrical work to heat)] All processes irreversible. Some energy is always dissipated in several forms, which cannot be retrieved. A measure of this energy is Entropy, denoted by S 1st law when applied to process (change of state) led to a new property Internal Energy. 1st law deals with quantity of energy 2nd law when applied to process (change of state) leads to a new property Entropy. 2nd law deals with quality of energy The 2nd law provides insight to the limit of efficiency in heat engines and also the direction of heat transfer. Obj 3 : Entropy The quality of energy is indicated by the term Entropy. This Entropy is the property which decides the direction of all processes. All processes will occur only in such a way that total Entropy increases. It can never decrease. Because of this Entropy has also been referred to as the Arrow of Time Entropy of the universe is increasing!! Mathematically, Change in Entropy is expressed as S =
Q Joule / Kelvin = Only for a Reversible process. T

Where T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin Ice melting in a glass of water!!!!! Ice temp = 0C = 273 K, Water Temp = 25C = 298 K Calculating the entropy changes for both ice & water, Sice = + Q/273, Swater = - Q/298 Stotal = Sice + Swater which is always +ve Microscopically, Entropy is taken to be measure of disorder Disorder of molecular states.

Natural processes tend toward disorder Entropy may also be thought of some measure of energy required, to put things back into order. Consider a system (house or a planet) and the surroundings (universe)

Entropy of the universe is increasing!! Disorder usually refers to the arrangement of macro objects (books, dresses, houses, etc). If an object is broken, there is no measurable change in entropy until a sufficient number of chemical bonds are broken (no change in molecular structure) . Entropy increases due to irreversiblities such as friction. The more the disorder, the more disorganized the molecules become, colliding against each other randomly effecting a rise in temperature and in the process lose useful energy. Disorganized energy does not produce useful work.

Disorganized Energy spent !! In the absence of friction, raising of a weight by a rotating shaft does not create any disorder (molecular change in shaft, rope or weight) i.e., entropy and thus energy is not degraded during this process.

If work were to be transferred to a gas-filled container by way of a paddle wheel as shown below, it can be reasoned with ease that no useful energy is obtained. Here all the work transferred is used in increasing the molecular disorder causing a temperature rise and hence the entropy. The paddle wheel encounters friction while rotating through the gas medium.

Entropy is simply a measure of the energy dispersed/spread out/degraded in a process at a specific temperature. The formula for Entropy calculation : S =
R

dQ T

To remember : 1. A reversible adiabatic process is isentropic (since dQ = 0) 2. There are only 3 conditions for all processes S = 0, Reversible S > 0, Irreversible S < 0, Impossible

Key diagrams :

Analogies : Relating disorder to entropy, it can be said that, maintaing order calls for some energy to be spent. Left to itself, disorder would increase.

Stimulating questions : Cooling in the refrigerator, reduces temperature & takes away heat from food, leading to decrease in entropy. How then can it said that entropy always increases? New Ideas or concepts :Entropy & its implications on thermodynamic processes. ACADEMIC YEAR 2010