Flower -Modified reproductive shoot (vegetative bud), basically a stem with an apical meristem that gives rise to leaf

primordia y y Parts 1. 2. 3. 4. Sepal (Collective term: calyx) Petals (Collective term: corolla) Stamens (Coll. Term: Androecium) Pistil/Carpels (Coll. Term: Gynoecium) Vegetative bud: forms a branch Floral bud: forms a flower (lacking internode)

Others: y y Pedicel: stalk Receptacle: point of attachment

*Perianth: Accessory parts of the flower. Not directly involved in reproduction, but function in the attraction of pollinators, etc. Essential Parts 1. Androecium a. Anther b. Filament 2. Gynoecium a. Ovary b. Style c. Stigma Hypanthium y y Cuplike structure around or atop the ovary (may or may not be entirely covering) bearing along its mrgin the sepals, petals and stamens. Not all flowers have this!

Involucre y y A group or cluster of bracts subtending an entire inflorescence (bunch of many flowers). Example of inflorescence: sunflower o Disk flowers (middle) o Ray flowers (surroundings) Phyllaris: refers only to the involucre found in the sunflower grp.

Flower Cycly The number of cycles (series of whorls) of floral parts 1. Complete Flower: having all major series of parts (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) 2. Incomplete Flower: A flower lacking one or more of the four major whorls of parts. Flower Sex y y Perfect (Bisexual): A flower having both stamens and carpels. o Hermaphroditic: Only bisexual flowers (e.g. gumamela) Imperfect (Unisexual): Lacking one set of reproductive organs o Pistillate (female) o Staminate (male) o Monoecious: Only unisexual flowers, both staminate and pistillate on the same individual plant o Dioecious: Unisexual flowers, but with staminate and pistillate on separate individual plants

Perianth fusion Deals with the apparent fusion of perianth parts to one another y y Connation: like parts Adnation: unlike parts

General terms: y y y y Distinct: unfused to one another Connate: fused to one another Free: unfused to a different structure Adnate: fused to a different structure

-If sepals, petals, or tepals are discrete and unfused, the respective terms apopetalous, aposepalous, apotepalous and apocarpous can be used. - Epi for adnate to (Tepals: indistinguishable from sepals) Stamen Fusion Refers to whether and how stamens are fused y y Epipetalous: adnate to (inserted) on petals or the corolla Monadelphous: One group of stamens connate by their filaments

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Diadelphous: With two groups of stamens, each connate by filaments only Syngenesious: With anthers connate but filaments distinct Synandrous: Stamens united from top to bottom

Symmetry -Presence and number of mirror-image planes of symmetry y y y Actinomorphic/Radial: three or more planes of symmetry Zygomorphic: bilaterally symmetrical. Only one plane of symmetry Asymmetric: No plane of symmetry applicable.

Ovary Position -Assesses the position or placement of the ovary relative to the other floral pats: hypanthium, calyx, corolla, and androecium y y y Superior ovary: with sepals, petals, stamens and hypanthium attached at the base of the ovary Inferior ovary: has sepals, petals, stamens and/or hypanthium attached at the ovary apex Half-inferior/superior ovary: sepals, petals, stamens, and/or hypanthium at the middle of the ovary

Perianth/Androecial Position Describes the placement of the perianth and androecium relative both to the ovary, and to a hypanthium, if present y y y y Hypogynous: Sepals, petals and stamens attached at base of a superior ovary Epigynous: Sepals, petals and stamens attached at apex of an inferior ovary Perigynous: A hypanthium attached at the base of a superior ovary Epiperigynous: Forms a cup above an inferior ovary