De la STANDARD TV a la nueva SUPER HIGH VISION TV. por Juan Prez.

Borrador, Resumen de avances tecnolgicos en resolucin de video para televisin.. STANDARD-DEFINITION TELEVISION (SDTV)
Sistemas PAL y SECAM = 576i = 576 interlaced lines of resolution Sistema Americano NTSC = 480i = 480 interlaced lines of resolution SDTV en el standard ATSC = 720 pixels x 480 lneas = 16:9 o 640 pixeles x 480 lneas Refresh rate = 24, 30 o 60 frames per sencond SDTV Digital en 4:3 se ve igual que la TV anloga pero sin fantasmas, snowy images o white noise.

ENHANCED DEFINITION TELEVISION (EDTV)

En PAL = 576p = Progressively scanned lines En NTSC = 480p = Progressively scanned lines Es la resolucin utilizada por la televisin digital (no de alta definicin) y los videos en DVD.

HDTV ANALOGA.

SISTEMA BRITANICO 405-line

The British 405-line system was the first to advertise itself as high-definition and see widespread use. Most patents were expiring by the end of World War II leaving the market wide open and no worldwide standard for television agreed upon. The standards introduced in the early 1950s stayed for over half a century. On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition television (HDTV) service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London.[1] It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today. Not long afterwards John Logie Baird, Philo T. Farnsworth, and Vladimir Zworykin had each developed competing TV systems, but resolution was not the issue that separated their substantially different technologies, it was patent interference lawsuits and deployment issues given the tumultuous financial climate of the late '20s and '30s.

Pye 405 Line Single Standard Colour TV

SISTEMA FRANCES 819-line (737i)

The French TV system was arguably the world's first HDTV system, and, by today's standards, it could be called 737i (as it had 737-lines active[2]) with a maximum theoretical resolution of 408 x 368-line pairs (which in digital terms can be expressed as equivalent to 816x737 pixels) with a 4:3 aspect ratio. It was used only in France by TF1, along with Tele Monte Carlo in Monaco. However, the theoretical picture quality far exceeded the capabilities of the equipment of its time, and each 819-line channel occupied a wide 14 MHz of VHF bandwidth. To have an idea of the quality : the modern 720p standard is 1280x720 pixels , of which the 4:3 portion would be 960x720 pixels. A PAL DVD is encoded 720*576 pixels.

This French set was apparently made around 1951. It has a round picture tube, and is for the 819 line standard.

SISTEMA JAPONS HI-VISION (1035i) MUSE (Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding) de 1125 lineas.
Japan had the earliest working HDTV system, with design efforts going back to 1979. The country began broadcasting wideband analog high-definition video signals in the late 1980s using an interlaced resolution of 1035 or 1080-lines active (1035i) or 1125-lines total supported by the Sony HDVS line of equipment. The Japanese system, developed by NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories in the 1980s, employed filtering tricks to reduce the original source signal to decrease bandwidth utilization. MUSE was marketed as "Hi-Vision" by NHK. In the typical setup, three picture elements on a line were actually derived from three separate scans. Stationary images were transmitted at full resolution. However, as MUSE lowers the horizontal and vertical resolution of material that varies greatly from frame to frame, moving images were blurred in a manner similar to using 16 mm movie film for HDTV projection. In fact, whole-camera pans would result in a loss of 50% of horizontal resolution.

Though Japan has since switched to a digital HDTV system based on ISDB, the original MUSE-based BS Satellite channel 9 (NHK BS Hivision) was still being broadcast as of 2007. It broadcast the same programs as BS-digital channel 103, but transmission ended on November 30, 2007.

SISTEMA EUROPEO HDMAC

HD-MAC was a proposed television standard by the European Commission in 1986 (MAC standard) . It was an early attempt by the EEC to provide HDTV in Europe. It was a complex mix of analog signal (Multiplexed Analog Components) multiplexed with digital sound. The video signal (1250 (1152 visible) lines/50 frames in 16:9 aspect ratio) was encoded with a modified D2-MAC encoder. In the 1992 Summer Olympics, an experimental HD-MAC broadcasting took place. Aspect Ratio 16:9 Scan Model: 2048 x 1152

The HD-MAC standard was abandoned in 1993, and since then all EU and EBU efforts have focused on the DVB system (Digital Video Broadcasting), which allows both SDTV and HDTV.

BREVE HISTORIA DE LA COMPRESION DIGITAL DE VIDEO:

AVI (Audio Video Interleaved), multimedia container format, introducido por Microsoft en 1992. MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group) MPEG-1, el standard es publicado en 1993 (Utilizado para Cds, formato VCD, Video Compact Disc) MPEG 2 es desarrollado y publicado en 1994 (Utilizado para DVD, Digital Versatil Disc, o Video Disc) MPEG 3, fue desarrollado para el HDTV pero se encontr esto redundante y se uni con el MPEG 2, por esto no existe el MPEG 3. MPEG 4, 1998, para grficos de computadora, alcaza mas resolucin, el MPEG 4 AVC se utiliza para HD DVD's y Blu-ray Discs, junto con VC1 y MPEG-2. SWF (flash player v.6), lanzado en 2002 FLV (flash player v.7), lanzado en 2003 MPEG-4 Part 14 MP4 2003, Para video digital y audio digital. almacena subttulos e imgenes estticas. permite ser transmitido por internet. (.mp4) F4V (flash player v.9), lanzado en 2007, basado en ISO format MKV , 2010, Matroska Multimedia Container, Matryoshka (del ruso, significa Nesting Doll, la mueca dentro de la mueca, conocida como babushka) puede contener un nmero ilimitado de tracks de video, audio, imgenes en un solo archivo. Matroska en Ruso es "Sailor Suit", Matryoshka es "Nesting Doll", hay confusin... El proyecto comenz en 2002. Es de Open Format, es decir, software libre.

TRANSMISION DE TV DE ALTA DEFINICIN (Estndares de Alta Definicin)

DVB-S , DVB-C y DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite , Digital Video Broadcasting Cable y Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial)
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a suite of internationally accepted open standards for digital television. DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Project , an international industry consortium with more than 270 members, and they are published by a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and European Broadcasting Union (EBU). DVB-S and DVB-C were ratified in 1994. DVB-T was ratified in early 1997. The first commercial DVB-T broadcasts were performed by the United Kingdom's Digital TV Group in late 1998. In 2003 Berlin, Germany was the first area to completely stop broadcasting analog TV signals. Many European countries aim to be fully covered with digital television by 2010 and switch off PAL/SECAM services by then. As of 2005, DVB-T television sets are not significantly more expensive than analog television sets. Most popular in Europe are the set-top boxes that enable DVB-T to be received through an ordinary analogue television, with the price dropping remarkably in 2007. In its origin Europe, in Australia, South Africa and India DVB is used throughout the areas it covers or is at least decided to be. This also holds true for cable and satellite in most Asian, African and many South American countries. Many of these have not yet selected a format for digital terrestrial broadcasts (DTTV) and a few (Canada, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, South Korea and the United States) chose ATSC instead of DVB-T. All data is transmitted in MPEG transport streams with some additional constraints (DVB-MPEG).

ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee)

ATSC is a set of standards developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee for digital television transmission over terrestrial, cable, and satellite networks. The ATSC standard was developed in the early 1990s by the Grand Alliance, a consortium of electronics and telecommunications companies that assembled to develop a specification for what is now known as HDTV. ATSC formats also include standard-definition formats, although initially only HDTV services were launched in the digital format. The high definition television standards defined by the ATSC produce wide screen 16:9 images up to 19201080 pixels in size more than six times the display resolution of the earlier standard. However, many different image sizes are also supported. The reduced bandwidth requirements of lower-resolution images allow up to six standard-definition "subchannels" to be broadcast on a single 6 MHz TV channel.

For transport, ATSC uses the MPEG systems specification, known as an MPEG transport stream, to encapsulate data, subject to certain constraints.

ISDB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting)

Japan started digital broadcasting using the DVB-S standard by PerfecTV in October/1996, and DirecTV in December/1997, with communication satellites. Still, DVB-S did not satisfy the requirements of Japanese broadcasters, such as NHK, key commercial broadcasting stations like Nippon Television, TBS, Fuji Television, tv asahi, TV Tokyo, and WOWOW (Movie-only Pay-TV broadcasting). Consequently, ARIB developed the ISDB-S standards. Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) is a Japanese standard for digital television (DTV) and digital radio used by the country's radio and television stations. ISDB replaced the previously used MUSE "Hi-vision" analogue HDTV system. A derivative of ISDB, ISDB-T International, was developed by the Brazilian government and is being widely adopted in South America. Digital satellite broadcasting (BS digital) was started by NHK and followed commercial broadcasting stations on 1 December 2000. Today, SKY PerfecTV!, successor of Skyport TV, and Sky D, CS burn, Platone, EP, DirecTV, J Sky B, and PerfecTV!, adopted the ISDB-S system for use on the 110 degree (east longitude) wide-band communication satellite.

HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION (HDTV)

(DESARROLLO DE LA TECNOLOGIA DE ALTA DEFINICIN)
DIGITAL HDTV GRAND ALLIANCE y el MIT
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the 1990s by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994.

WRAL-HD (Raleigh, North Carolina)

The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRALHD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV south-east of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV.

AMERICAN ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEMS COMMITTEE

The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery, the signal was transmitted coast-tocoast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.

EURO1080
On January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official start of the HD1 channel, and the start of HDTV in Europe. The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day. These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES Astra's 1H satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe. In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content on digital terrestrial television (branded as Freeview) using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book. The

Freeview HD service currently contains 4 HD channels and is now rolling out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process. Some transmitters such as the Crystal Palace and Emley Moor transmitters are broadcasting the Freeview HD service ahead of the digital switchover by means of a temporary, low-power pre-DSO multiplex.

HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION (HDTV)

DIFERENTES RESOLUCIONES DE ALTA DEFINICIN
Los sistemas de HDTV se identifican siguiendo tres parametros: Frame size: En pixeles como el numero de pixeles horizontales contra el numero de pixeles verticales. Ejemplo: 1280 x 720. El numero horizontal de pixeles se omite y se intuye, solo se habla de pixeles verticales como en 720p. Scanning System: se identifica con la letra p si el sistema es de escaneo progresivo, o con la i si es escaneo interlaceado. Frame Rate: Se identifica como el numero de cuadros (frames) por segundo. Para el interlaceado se utiliza una forma alternativa para e especificar el numero de campos (fields) por segundo. Standard frame or field rates: 23.976 Hz (film-looking frame rate compatible with NTSC clock speed standards) 24 Hz (international film and ATSC high definition material) 25 Hz (PAL, SECAM film, standard definition, and high definition material) 29.97 Hz (NTSC standard definition material) 50 Hz (PAL & SECAM high definition material) 59.94 Hz (ATSC high definition material) 60 Hz (ATSC high definition material) 120 Hz (ATSC high definition material) El 720p permite mayor versatilidad de almacenaje y requerimientos de decodificacin al compararlo con los 1080i o 1080p. 1080p de 24 cuadros (frames) por segundo y 1080i de 30 cuadros (frames) por segundo es el ms comnmente utilizado para el disco Blu-Ray. A la fecha [2011], no existe un disco que soporte el 1080p de 60 cuadros (frames) por segundo.

720p
XGA = 1024 x 768 = 786,432 pixeles = 4:3 (PC) Normal= 1280 x 720 = 921,600 pixeles = 16:9 (Standard HDTV, High end video projectors) WXGA = 1366 x 768 = 1,049, 088 pixeles = aprox. 16:9 (HD ready Tv's con tecnologa LCD)

1080p y 1080i
1080i = 1080 actively interlaced lines of resolution 1080p = 1080 progressively scanned lines

1080p/1080i
Normal= 1920 x 1080 = 2,073,600 pixeles = 16:9 ratio (Standard HDTV, Full HD)

EXTREME HIGH DEFINITION (XHD)

Introducida en 2006, trmino acuado por NVIDIA. XHD = 4x1080i = 2560 x 1600 XHD = 2x1080p = 2560 x 1600

WIDE QUAD HIGH DEFINITION (WQHD)

Primera demostracin, debut internacional en FPD International en 2008, en forma de autostereoscopic 3D display. 4 x 720p = 2560 x 1440 pixeles = 16:9

QUAD FULL HIGH DEFINITION (QFHD)

Desarrollada por Samsung en 2008, una TV LCD de 82' capaz de esa resolucin, tambin LG tiene una pero de 84' 4 x 1080p(HDTV) = 3840 x 2160 pixeles = 16:9 = 4K (4 veces HDTV)

ULTRA HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION/VIDEO (4320p) UHDTV/UHDV SUPER HI-VISION (SHV)

En Mayo de 2011, SHARP demostr una TV LCD capaz de la resolucin UHDTV de 85' SHV = 7,680 x 4320p = 33, 177, 600 pixeles = 4 veces altura y 4 veces ancho del HDTV = 8K (16 veces HDTV, 16 veces 1080p)

So to give the viewer the sensation of being engulfed in images on a display, the desirable horizontal viewing angle was set at 100 degrees. This means that with the standard recommended viewing distance 0.75 times the display height, NHK calculates that the standard size for a Super Hi-Vision display in the home would be 100 inches. Therefore, the viewer would have to be about 1 meter from the display. *[Para dar al espectador la sensacin de estar absorto en las imgenes que se muestran, El angulo horizontal deseable para ver fue de 100 grados. Esto significa que con la distancia estndar para ver siendo 0.75 veces la altura del display o televisor, NHK calcula que el tamao estndar para un televisor con Super Hi-Vision en casa seria de 100 pulgadas. As, el televidente tendra que estar a un metro de distancia del televisor]

Under those conditions, 8K x 4K was the resolution at which the viewer would not see individual pixels. "The specifications were defined as the ultimate resolution from the viewpoint of the human factor. *[Bajo estas condiciones, 8k x 4k (Ocho veces por 4 veces la resolucion del HD), fue La resolucin con la que el televidente ya no vera pixeles individuales (es decir, a la distancia correcta de 1 metro, no se pueden ver los pixeles, siendo esta distancia la Adecuada para apreciar la imagen del televisor). Las especificaciones fueron definidas Como la ultima resolucin desde el punto de vista del factor humano.]

SHARP SUPER HI-VISION 85 LCD La primera ULTRA HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION (UHDTV) en el mundo. 7,680 x 4,320 pixeles