EE-871 Lecture 1: Antennas and Wave Propagation Course Introduction

Lecture 1
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation
DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI
Lecture 1: OUTLINE
Introduction to the Course Introduction to the Antenna Technology Research Directions in the Field of Antenna Design g Review of EM Theory (Maxwells Equations and BCs) Radiation Mechanism EM Wave Scattering and Propagation
Introduction to the Course

EE 871: EE-871: Antennas and Wave Propagation Instructor: Dr. Dr Rashid Ahmad Bhatti E-mail: rab2138@yahoo.com Phone No. : 0321-8580322
Recommended Texts: Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, By C.A. Balanis,Published by Wiley, 1982. Radio Wave Propagation and Antennas: An Introduction, By John Griffiths, Prentice-Hall, 1987. , y , , Tentative Grading Policy: Mid-Term Exam: Homeworks: Final-Exam: Final Exam: -

EE 871: EE-871: Antennas and Wave Propagation
Course Outline
Introduction to the Antenna Technology: Fundamental Parameters of Antennas: Radiation Integrals and Potential Functions: Wire Antennas: Loop Antennas: Slot Antennas: Frequency Independent Antennas: Mid-Term Exam Printed Antennas: Array Antenna Theory: Aperture Antennas: Numerical Techniques in EM: Antenna Measurement Techniques: Wave Propagation: Final Exam HW # 8 HW # 4 HW # 5 HW # 6 HW # 7 HW # 3 HW # 1 HW # 2

EE 871: EE-871: Antennas and Wave Propagation
General Instructions
Submit your homeworks within specified time Plagiarized home work will get zero marks. You can use software of your choice to solve assigned homeworks (Matlab, Mathcad etc). Any software can be used for the analysis of antenna structures (CST, HFSS, NEC etc)
Antenna Technology
Antenna Definition
Part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed Part to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves. Antenna i a structure th t provides transition between A t is t t that id t iti b t guided and free-space waves.
50 50
377
Antenna Technology: Brief History

1873- Unification of the theories of electricity and magnetism by Maxwell. 1886- First Radiation experiment by Hertz: Spark was generated through a dipole antenna, and it was detected in the gap of a loop antenna. 1901- Marconi sent signals across the Atlantic. Till 1940s- wire antennas only up to UHF. WWII- New antenna elements were invented (slot, horn, reflector). ( , , ) Post WWII- 1960s 1990s: Computer technology revolutionized antenna engineering.Numerical methods engineering Numerical methods. Modern Era: Numerical methods powered by computer clusters; MOM, FDTD, FEM FDTD FEM, High Frequency Methods and Hybrid Techniques Methods, Techniques.
Antenna Technology: Brief History
HertzAntenna H t A t MarconiAntenna
Antenna Technology: EM Spectrum
Antenna Technology
Classification of Antennas
Geometry: Wire Antennas Aperture Antennas Printed Antennas P i t dA t Beam Shape: Omni-directional Pencil beam Fan beam Shaped beam Applications: Radars Communications Satellites Electronic Warfare EMI/EMC Antenna Test Facilities RFID Biomedical GPR Radio Astronomy
Gain: Low Gain Medium Gain High Gain
Bandwidth: Narrow band Wideband Multiband
Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Radar Antennas

Radio Astronomy Antennas
The Jicamarca RadioObservatorytoStudyIonosphere
Locatedawayfromcivilizationstoavoidnoisefromthetransmitters. Located away from civilizations to avoid noise from the transmitters
Antenna Technology: EMI/EMC Antennas

30MHzto200MHz
200MHzto1GHz 200 MH t 1 GH
30MHzto3GHz 30 MH t 3 GH
9kHzto30MHz
700MHzto18GHz 26MHzto6GHz
Antenna Technology:
Standard Gain Quad-Ridge Dual Polarized Antenna
Std. Antennas for Antenna Measurements
Probes for near-field antenna measurements

Communication and EW Antennas

RFID Tag Antennas:

Antenna System on a Typical Large Passenger Aircraft:

Antenna System on a Typical Fighter Aircraft:
Band 3 Aft Array Band 4 Aft Array VHF Coms
Localizer Band 2 Fwd Array UHF Coms Band 3 Fwd Az Array Band 4 Fwd Az Array Band 4 Fwd El Array
Band 2 Aft Array
IFDL Radar ESA GPS (CRPA) L-Band
Band 4 Fwd El Array Band 4 Fwd Az Array Antennas on lower VHF Coms UHFBand 3 Fwd Az Array Coms side (not shown) -Lower L-band Band 2 Fwd Array Band 4 Aft Array -ACMI -Glide Slope Band 3 Aft Array Localizer -Marker Beacon -S-band EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Moto orolaDynatac 800 00X(1983)
Wireless Communication Antennas
Antenna Technology: Terminal Antennas

Trends: Personalization Globalization MultimediaServices MultiDimensionalNetworks ReconfigurableSystems
Cellularband(over5bands)
GSM4band+WCDMA3band CDMA/PCSdiversity Speaker or mechanic integrated Speakerormechanicintegrated Hand/Head/SAR/HACreq.
LowfrequencyMultimedia
TDMB/ISDBT/CMMB DVBH ( ) FM(Activeantennasolution) LTE(LongTermEvolution)
HighfrequencyNonCell.band
GPS Bluetooth WiBro MobileWiMAX
Antenna Technology: Terminal Antennas

TrendsintheTerminalAntennaDesign SizeReduction Size Reduction LightWeight Compactness LowProfile Robustness Flexibility y LowCost Durable Wideband/Multiband Wid b d/M ltib d LowSAR HighEfficiency MultiAntennaSystems TwoPolarizationComponents
Successfuldevelopmentofsmallmobileterminalgreatlydependson theantennatechnology. Degradedantennaperformancescannotbecompensatedbyrestof Degraded antenna performances can not be compensated by rest of theelectronicsinamobileterminal
Antenna Technology:
Reconfigurable/TunableAntennas UWBAntennas ConformalAntennas MIMOAntennas ReflectArrayAntennas Nano Antennas FractalAntennas AdaptivePhasedArrayAntennas PatternReconfigurableAntennas CompactMultibandAntennas LFAntennasforPortableDevices
Emerging Antenna Technologies
ReducedRCSAntennas HighGainWidebandOmniDir.Antennas DecouplingWidebandAntennas WidebandLowProfileCPAntennas PhasedArrayAntennas AntennaOptimizationusingGA Metamaterialbasedantennas HighImpedanceSurfaces Multibandfrequencyselectiveservices q y
REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

TheoryofEMfieldsisbasedonMaxwellsEquations ThevectorsE,D,H,Bareusedforelectricfield[V/m],electricflux density [C/m2],magneticfield [A/m]andmagneticfluxdensity [Weber/m2],respectively. Theparameters,,and(nonnegativerealnumbers)areused Th t d ( ti l b ) d asconstitutiveparametersofthemediumunderinterest,andthey are,respectively,theconductivity [S/m],permittivity (dielectric are respectively the conductivity [S/m] permittivity (dielectric constant)[F/m]andpermeability (magneticconstant)[H/m]. Amedium iscalledtobe"simple"when(i)itishomogeneous,(ii) linear,and(iii)isotropic,andinasimplemediumEMvectorsare relatedtoeachotherandalsototheexcitationcurrentdensity. l t dt h th d l t th it ti t d it
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation Dr.R.A.Bhatti

MaxwellsEquationsinDifferentialForm
r r B E = t r r D H = +J t r D = r B = 0
FaradaysLaw
AmperesLaw CoulombGausssLaw Gauss sLaw Gausss Law
Oneofthemostpenetratingintellectsofalltime R.A.Millikan,NobelLaureate R A Millik N b l L t MaxwellsimportanceinthehistoryofscientificthoughtiscomparabletoEinsteins (whomheinspired)andtoNewtons(whoseinfluencehecurtailed). IvanTolstoy,BiographerofJamesClerkMaxwell


GausssLaw

BoundaryConditions
FiniteConductivityMedia
as
r r w 0 E1 = E2
r r n E2 E1 = 0
Thetangentialcomponentsoftheelectricfieldacrossan interfacebetweentwomediawithnoimpressedmagnetic currentdensitiesalongtheboundaryoftheinterfaceare continuous


BoundaryConditions
n E dl = t SB ds 0 C0 y r r x 1 a x x 2 a x x = 0 C0 r r 1t 2t = 0 S0 r r 1t = 2t r r Thetangentialcomponentsoftheelectricfieldacrossan n E2 E1 = 0
interfacebetweentwomediawithnoimpressedmagnetic currentdensitiesalongtheboundaryoftheinterfaceare continuous


BoundaryConditions
r r H1t = H 2t r r n H 2 H1 = 0
FiniteConductivityMedia Thetangentialcomponentsofthemagneticfieldacrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous ,
r r n D2 D1 = 0
Thenormalcomponentsoftheelectricfluxdesnsity acrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous
r r n 2 E2 1 E1 = 0 Thenormalcomponentsoftheelectricfieldintensityacrossan r 2 r interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect interface bet een t o media neither of hich is a perfect E1n = E2 n conductorandtherearenosources,arediscontinuous

BoundaryConditions
r r n B2 B1 = 0
Thenormalcomponentsofthemagneticfluxdensityacrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous
r r n 2 H 2 1 H1 = 0 r 2 r H1n = H 2n
Thenormalcomponentsofthemagneticfieldintensityacrossan p g y interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arediscontinuous

BoundaryConditions
Inthepresenceofsurfacecurrentalongtheinterface

BoundaryConditions
Inthepresenceofsurfacechargealongtheinterface

BoundaryConditions
OneMediumisPEC

BoundaryConditions
OneMediumisPEC

AdditionalBoundaryConditions
Forgoodconductori.e.highconductivity d d i hi h d i i

Signification of the BCs.
Maxwells equations are partial differential equations. Their solutions will contain integration constants that are determined from the additional information supplied by boundary conditions so that each solution will be unique for each given problem.

Time Harmonic EM Fields:
If time variations are of sinusoidal form the fields form, are called Time Harmonic EM fields. The time harmonic variations are represented as e
( x, y, z; t ) = Re E ( x, y, z )e jwt
FromFaradaysLaw:
j t
( x, y, z; t ) = Re B( x, y, z )e jwt
d d j t jt Re E ( x, y, z )e = = Re B( x, y, z ) e Re B( x, y, z )e dt dt Re { E ( x, y, z )}e jt = Re { jB(x, y, z )}e jt

jt
{ [ [
]}
{ }
E ( x , y , z ) = jB ( x , y , z )

Maxwells Equations in Time Harmonic Form:
r r E = j B r r H = j D + J r D = r B = 0
d j dt
Inphysics,itiscommontouse e Faradayslaw:
it
r r E = iB
Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism
Uniformlydistributedchargeinacircularcross sectioncylinder(singlewire) Uniformly distributed charge in a circular crosssection cylinder (single wire)
J z = qv v z J s = qs v z I z = ql v z dI z dv z = ql = ql a z dt dt dI z dv d z l = lql = lql a z dt dt
Radiation Mechanism
CurvedWire
Radiation Mechanism
BentWire
DiscontinuousWire
TerminatedWire
TruncatedWire
Radiation Mechanism
NarrowBandandWidebandRadiation
Acontinuoussinusoidalwaveformofcurrentorchargeproducesradiationatsingle i i id l f f h d di i i l frequency(zerobandwidth). Apulsepropagatingalongthewireproduceswidebandradiation.Shorterthepulsewidth, A l ti l th i d id b d di ti Sh t th l idth broaderwillbethefrequencyspectrum.
DirectionofPropagation
Radiation Mechanism
RadiationDuetoBendsinConductors
vb va v a= = tb t a t
vr v v r = = v = va vb r r
v vr r v2 a= = Lim =va= t 0 t t rt r
Chargeacceleratesatconductor bends. Smallradius,r,produceshigh accelerationandresultsinhigh levelofradiation. l l f di ti

Radiation Mechanism:
VectorWaveEquation:
2E J 2 E 2 = t t E H = t H E = t
PropagationEquations Propagation Equations
Timevaryingcurrent,J,causestheEfieldto changebothintimeandspace.Ittellsushow change both in time and space It tells us how thedistortionintheEMfieldislaunched. Intheregionofspacearoundthewire,we cansettheconductioncurrent,J=0. h d Sincethecurrentisdefinedasthevelocityof charge,thederivativeofcurrentisequalto charge the derivative of current is equal to theaccelerationofcharge.
Theseequationstellsusthatwheneverwehaveaccelerationofcharge,wecreate p p g propagatingelectromagneticfields. g g
Two Wires; Source, TL, Antennas, and E-Field Lines

Antenna and E-Field Lines Antenna Source Antenna and Free Space Wave
TransmissionLine
Radiation Mechanism
DetachmentofEFieldLinesfromaShort Dipole
Radiation Mechanism
CurrentDistributiononaTwoWireLineandLinearDipole
Radiation Mechanism
CurrentDistributiononaLinearDipole
l <<
sin ( kl 2 )
Forsmallangles:
kl 2
l =/2
< l < 3 / 2 /2<l </2

Radiation Mechanism
CurrentVariationasaFunctionofTimeforHalfWavelength Dipole
t =0
Multiplied bycos(wt)
t = T /8
t =T /4
t = 3T / 8
t =T /2
EM Wave Scattering & Propagation

EMwavesscatterwhenachangeoccurinEMboundaryconditions.Some characteristicwavephenomenaarelistedasfollows: characteristic wave phenomena are listed as follows: Specularreflection:Thisisamirrorlikereflection,whereSnell'slawofreflectionand refractionisvalid.Lobesoccurduetodiffraction. refraction is valid Lobes occur due to diffraction Diffraction:Occuralongdiscontinuities,whereEMboundaryconditionsmustbe satisfied.Mainly,edgeandtipdiffractionsareofinterest. satisfied. Mainly, edge and tip diffractions are of interest. Travelingwave:Alongthinbodywithnearnoseonilluminationmaycausethese waves.Alongthebody,EMscatteringmayoccurduetosurfacediscontinuity,change g y, g y f y, g inmaterial(e.g.,metaltoplasticendofbody). Creepingwave:Wavesthatpropagateintheshadowregionofsmoothbodiesare calledcreepingwaves. Ducting:Alsoknownastrappedwaveguidemodes.Itoccurswhenawaveistrapped insidesemiopenregions,suchasanairinletcavityofajet.

High Frequency Asymptotics (Analytical Methods) GO: Geometric Optics (plane wave reflection + refraction) wave, GTD: Geometric Theory of Diffraction (GO+ diffraction) O ys ca Optics (surface currents, e ect o e act o Uniform d act o ) diffraction) PO: Physical Opt cs (su ace cu e ts, reflection + refraction + U o PTD: Physical Theory of Diffraction (surface currents, PO + non-uniform diffraction)
Numerical Techniques
FDTD: Finite Difference Time Domain (direct discretization of Maxwells Equation ) TLM: Transmission Line Matrix (3-Dimensionaltransmission line matrix representation) MoM: Method of Moments (requires derivation of Greens function) PEM: Parabolic Equation Method (one way axial propagation simulation) (one-way FEM: Finite Element Method (requires discretization in terms of patches)

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Lecture 1

Introduction to the Course

Introduction to the Course

Introduction to the Course

Antenna Technology: Brief History

Antenna Technology: Brief History

Antenna Technology: EM Spectrum

Gain: Low Gain Medium Gain High Gain

Bandwidth: Narrow band Wideband Multiband

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

The Jicamarca RadioObservatorytoStudyIonosphere

Antenna Technology: EMI/EMC Antennas

Std. Antennas for Antenna Measurements

Probes for near-field antenna measurements

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Band 3 Aft Array Band 4 Aft Array VHF Coms

Band 2 Aft Array

IFDL Radar ESA GPS (CRPA) L-Band

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Wireless Communication Antennas

Antenna Technology: Terminal Antennas

Antenna Technology: Terminal Antennas

Emerging Antenna Technologies

ReducedRCSAntennas HighGainWidebandOmniDir.Antennas DecouplingWidebandAntennas WidebandLowProfileCPAntennas PhasedArrayAntennas AntennaOptimizationusingGA Metamaterialbasedantennas HighImpedanceSurfaces Multibandfrequencyselectiveservices q y

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

AmperesLaw CoulombGausssLaw Gauss sLaw Gausss Law

Oneofthemostpenetratingintellectsofalltime R.A.Millikan,NobelLaureate R A Millik N b l L t MaxwellsimportanceinthehistoryofscientificthoughtiscomparabletoEinsteins (whomheinspired)andtoNewtons(whoseinfluencehecurtailed). IvanTolstoy,BiographerofJamesClerkMaxwell

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Thetangentialcomponentsoftheelectricfieldacrossan interfacebetweentwomediawithnoimpressedmagnetic currentdensitiesalongtheboundaryoftheinterfaceare continuous

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

interfacebetweentwomediawithnoimpressedmagnetic currentdensitiesalongtheboundaryoftheinterfaceare continuous

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

FiniteConductivityMedia Thetangentialcomponentsofthemagneticfieldacrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous ,

Thenormalcomponentsoftheelectricfluxdesnsity acrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Thenormalcomponentsofthemagneticfluxdensityacrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous

Thenormalcomponentsofthemagneticfieldintensityacrossan p g y interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arediscontinuous

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

d d j t jt Re E ( x, y, z )e = = Re B( x, y, z ) e Re B( x, y, z )e dt dt Re { E ( x, y, z )}e jt = Re { jB(x, y, z )}e jt

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Chargeacceleratesatconductor bends. Smallradius,r,produceshigh accelerationandresultsinhigh levelofradiation. l l f di ti

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Two Wires; Source, TL, Antennas, and E-Field Lines

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis