MINISTERUL EDUCATIEI $1 CERCETARII _ BIOLOGIE FILIERA TEORETICAAleatuirea corpulut uman ‘Totalintensstemcior de oganeconectate structural fiction «cor wiv xe reg pe cake nervous si umorall letuicge organismal, Ongmnele care tndepinee acceny fangic major Fonmeaz un sister de organe. Topograta onganelor Topografia se refrk Ia modal de dspunere a rpaneoe fx regiunescopuhi, iti, tunchinal (cavitaes orci, abdominal, pv) ‘opines cope ~ aeweernil ~ ipestopt enefal yi oat glade endocrine (ipo gi «pifizn) In stinca osu ternporal se aft sip urechea modo gi inter. Vieerocraialaipstste segmenscle peice sleanlizatilor vin, olfictiv, gai, cle rexpirtoi (ele nazsl) gt digostive cavitates bal), cies ee aan anterior de cll espiratorit (large si paral de luahee); posterior se afl faringele (cale igen gh expitorc) st esofagul (cale digestiv). Deo pate side alsa linet mediane ‘plas ce aK vase sanguine: aecle cute (care ing cu singe oxigena!enefa i onpmele din regimes géuka) si vencle jugular exe pimese afer de lo uncle ‘rym ale cain gi iit. Anterior de leringe se peste glenda bois iar pe partea posercae lobe lateral aacstia se wk ‘out perechi de plana paratioie (1). ‘Coviiten freien adigostete cei doi lamin, stat eo parte ide ats a media still, Acesareprezin8 spi cin cavita- {ea toc cupins ine enloans vertebral teracal. ser fopie mediate ale pietor. Metinstina! adipose inne, tnkce, nfo (partial) aor cei ‘aia inal Carats tx Sie ene sepuald de caves abdo- tual ria mul ean (i 2) ul pose 0 pane dis ssa desir (Gx, 00s, Panceat extn susie so pare da fnesina ges). Ip paea superioua singh «evi abil Ts ep x ech pares 4 a sina replies pseu et sbderin Inde rey dl cole’ vetetr {e torsoslombare (TL), 00 a8 cei dai fic fcare oapd ole oa Fe Ta elle spin se hoe ote © a on cori open odipesey a fei oc stead reper f= nna (ome, wong ern) ir br, stat, veil sensual pail lls ext ui te Laanbel sexe i cevine pein afl vc in ce exec gui parent ‘ml soc sc ana. a & Planuri $1 raportur ana ® Compl tman cite tidimeasionl, prezetied 6 anu inthe, grosine = lime, eae diferd de la us id la ‘itu, Carp aman poste i consicerst 0 e ‘gush geomtrck opal, prin care pet € tose tre ae gi tei planar. Aste, are! e Tongitudnal corespende ein corpu- 1 Iai cel enere-pasterion,grosimi i ost rancor, iia Prin doa ane care ae interssctesat ae truona cite un plan lon sail (chade al longi 1 inal gi arteropeterie) pute carpal i in dou jum simetrice; ol censtiie anal snetrt tiaterle. Simera se Fefehilastractr inter onpaieat Tai Exit dou emistere cerebral, doi ‘limi, do inch, dous ovare (Hig 3) Iniinie gi siti de asinine: exist 0 singin eng FstPlana transversal erizerta) poe cela ere nivel impli coral intro gine superiart sila interior ‘lanl front (co sx. ong vransversa este pare! cu fate; divide orp intro pate niriar i alta posteroart. Pi ntemedial lanl frontal pase observ car sunt aperture ts vest se onpanelr in eaitple enumerate anteir. Niveluri de organizare ‘Orgamsmeevirepreita seme dooce de ve indivi, Vlas nyu ct gad de active conrdonat, designe de structure sale lraizate, eum sunt: cael, feature ongrnle si semele ée rgene outs reprerina unitate struts funtonsl = mater vi Ca urtatefuctonald cela tedepinest fn fvenjd fancfile generale ale orgaismn/ul. Forma ctlllor afl a raport cu fuel ndeplinite deo Dimessinile sent ix medie de 20-30 micron, dar cxisit i cclule cu dimcasiani de 10-12 om (ftrele ‘musculate seteleice). Forma lor poste fl cubic, linc, Pzitorma, sla piranidal cc ‘Cols est format din membrast (consul din istratel fosfaiicie, siribanut de canale ionic), itplasd gi mclu (fig. 4). Aces exe sina cena $i Taconjeet de un invlip mses, ale dt-0 memibank sucleark abl, previzts cu por. In copes so alt 12 mleoll, Cioplasna fundamental, neststunis, ia ¢—Urasevcuraccte___} cmogent din punet de vedere fcc, 2 afin dood thst reverb (de sol side ge. React clinic petro ta stare desl de undef rumelectoplasme!fndamertale de citoslCitplsmasrucwat est aca ‘x omen indviuaiate orgie celular crnune:ticullerdoplasratieneted,mitecondrile (Gu ron oxdaen acto a susbstnflor orgies), rbozomi eel endoplasmic rugs, spud (Golgi url in sitea de prose; Hizxomi cu lf agosto pinceitoa serrozomul ro in ‘ivirinea collard. Orgnitelespeifice st: miofibriele clmeecle conta ale ire museulre ‘arate: exposed: Nil (ctrl in shteza de protein specie). neuofbiele (element de ssine 2 esronu), Tnclizerilecitoplsmatie (granule de licegen,pittri de grisime et.) iat raster fn rm smetabolisahi. Tos ll unt subisteme ale oganistuli,O grapare de edule cu aceeag ruc i func onmeazh un et. Tesutle else, dap fanein: epitelish, conjunc, muses nono Tesutuleptllal este vascuarzat, Coulee sale, aipite uncle de sles, se sprint pe © serra bara ‘Dp inca indeplinih epi se clasicatn: epee scope andalae i servi formate tin coal specalizate ce consi recepor arali7stOnlor USN, aUDKN, vesLucrari practice Observe microscopice asupra celulelor si fesutrilor Pricpiu meted. Elbe prepa _coscopke lemporue futlizare sor pamest pitetot mucoase Haguate: se raclea Blind limba cu acer une Ainguie de material paste; “ruta cokctatse pune miro sie de css ~ libra a preparat microscope, clea ct albast de rt (ls neoie eu cereal): vel cbserra esale ou aspect poligoral (pevite de sus tare (prvi Intra, ‘esata oes: pessoa ees ns sth tin, = 3€ subtle osal coo hinie abrasive (sige pint devine iasparet, se obson le microscop 9 siemal Havers si oteplastale(caitii care adipose cite un Osteo clull sous ieee moecatar iat: = sectional un flazmem in muscu ster. ‘naa de apse; =se sept bee masculare strate: x cezind citplams ve elrea a xop eu herald miele color inet. Pentru completes. nofimilor proces teformatilr tarmate ce ~epitelle de acopere (abel ~epicileplanduretabelul 1); = tiple e fre musculae (yrerexate te sistemul euscala), le de sept Tabet Fa area] Cars are Ea aT Tops ladies — Prema ta cucu aps | ene |e fee el [aera Fcaarariemraner ae ae ao Ze [etic [Osan ON aig aos eae anaes, a blopaipedinemn — [Sgemcuceerpivtos oe or Faces ania nar | aang eta] pds Fete ce deve nities weenie om ape] ‘eee oat. eases angers | Saecimae arti pot ap.Epitele ganda eit dinceake sereoure sos eu fet cnjunty gi cu ‘sapilace formeard lane spcilzate fn sere anunizr prods (ig 8). Dupl modi! de excrofie « produlr sven, gladele sunt excrin (aiare, ‘suderpur) endocrine (pei, trot) si ‘mice (pences, ovr test). [tet conjr ege fons dn c= Ia re conjunctive iat ubtaa reidare (catlaginos za); aettite dia furdamental (coven, improgaath cu sran de caloia gi soi), ‘caneocite(oultecartaginase) ‘bre conjunctive: variettile de carilaje sunt hala (ring), caste (ovina wrest) gros (cisutlinterverteele). dre (jst 03), setae dn oni- MT Genpregnit ot sina fosfoal- ee), le de clagen celle ono4- se (osebieste,oseocte $ osteceas- to). Vat de est 50s sunt com- aot a ar ee Haren ae) oeeameerane ie a a a Roa okcull ovarient ital TT-ajunge ta amps vent + hormonl| amen oeclase fa strat sheet: i stat cardiac (inca Cel neted formes sch visceral i vaso de singe ext format din atu geciaiate (nero) 5 celle ale exe we dsentae print rear oD 0 a fame din dere Spur fest caindeplineseam- ste ei. Decxerly, irae un ngn maseabr cat, fn stra et se se est muscuar carn de tip staat (nian) Jest pill (endo- teil), ae egmpege eat, 9h ‘ent connetv (in alii peicer- du for 51 concer, valor gi sept) ‘Onptle iere pot f cavitre sau parchimaicase Cele cavitare (eomag, ntstin, vezi urna, tor ie) ent altutedinteun pert r= rat in mi mule tunci care einstst oie ‘Onpele prenciomtouse (Set, lin rich) sunt fomeate dn pa. ‘enchim, bogat vascuuizt nervat formate din totaiates oxmnelor care Indeplicese aeeegfuncie (rain, ute repeaers) precio anuite ines ‘zeyalisten, chill dimamic i autorglre,Integlitien permite foncjionarea onganismala ca un tot untae El Indeplcete nei nn: autacenservre (mengcerea vif) rege dre ogni rein, cee oe conte metabolism “Auorglare const in autocoalul proceterfzelegice din ogg prin mecanismal de conesune iver (fod acl. (Feed ac len trmen bemet, carve efes isteral de meres constand «unui paramse, pe liza pnp efianil g reacjmi,) Prin fod-bock negativ se menfn temper mp loom slo teLuerari practice Observatiimacro- smiroscopic ale onganelor cu rol digest, respirator erulaorshexcreor Sterul digest estge aletuit din ub ‘ges ciferentat in gave sogmente (cavtteg, ‘Ducal aringel,estage,stmacul, intestiont subite cel gros) glande-anere (ealivare, ‘cata! pancreasun, + Observarea macroscopick a semaculal, Intestioull 9 glandelorsnese din cayiatea ibdominald «anu merifer, Material Biloce ona, te wn eget dite subi stv de deci, ate, foarte, microcap. pe Modi de lsre: + Macrosops, somal preint0 poniune venice (Tanda i epi somecall) ial orizcrtall (ane! sana plore) * Identical cana pile dt ‘ex semacul de xi, respecty de dodo. + Section stoaacul a ivle mii curr, soli congnatl, spinel =f obvervati caste mucease gate * Microscopic, pectele stomacclul pezett ites ae, etelate dn tron ape eaten ‘safe = tune macoasd~ slp tomacal ete lettin cptin simple dre si din fot onjinstiy, umit coron, bosa! vascularea, separate printro menbrank burl 'n grovimea func icone so af. glands gastos, cule ‘eorine (eoertd sue gets) i ondocrine (Geert harman get Tal: tunica submucoand — ate alcinita din fest conjunctiva, bows vasclrizat incr nica muscular come fibre msculare etede, dispase in toi stator oxtem Tongan maijocis circa iat — eb, ~ tuniou eterna, sumié aventce, ote Amat in sat conjunctiva ‘Sacra we! si iktiale+ Observ stcnra nei vilonieintestinnle + Intestin ve contin eon st se pe repaate miroscopice permanente: termi csi anal ‘ze form conics; ~ cate acoperid la exeior de ut itn uo simp olin ale cri celle (entero) Guat lor seu ‘zit Is poll apical un plato strat (format Sr St Ain mumeog mcrviov ace inne iat ie a th mie cori jean ony xo) hacen ee em cla eccbu crc icipees aint) “open ee ees sr iter cesta mea tetnehiceat SISTEMUL RESPIRATOR . TEEN 2! Ca spits 1 1 122, PARENCKIM FULNONAR GEGRLG fE BEE] faRONm neal gta, pens LOBARE BRON inciia fz [SEGMENTARE | pt la aie cane ti torcice J] insert men. fpRoNoLe * ® = tit oansee de © parte deal a ser i: “indeprtacoasele ems ten ie Sia in pl date 310 PULMONAR RoR Y t ResRATOR |[ SEGMENT 7 PULMONARE cava RLVEOLARE Tau ——. PULMONA) sac T so AcraT aac PULMONAR! PULMONAR —+ Prin deshidre caveat atxteminl seobse topo fi organlor tere i oper ture inte ee * Observaji merfclogia plaraatior = conser, forma, a oar, seule (anal pe pe ‘aul ting, det poo dre "As ety scope do peur: fi visceral ae deel ete cal Seton i ae eee a es are plnoner. toga axuazt gine. gusts sot elena (ae, * Rejinee tm scum pra boil fee ca te nel pew es (Grncgate, lobar, segmenar) inept Giese . pewdsrai, cata hat, muscuaa Oe Sec Sse we af snl perpen tay estes repartee pcan imcptts “"' Opertares macro gf mlerscopih 4 simp abe (BA ghd) emselanc ean Eero ieee seal a (Manel begets piece tik ce dale tae moc “Mod de ter: se naepazs dep ia sea leapt pond fees #3 feral a ele soem fon viel on 9 ‘ous venta av ‘alvele bi i use suuiese orice stiovetriculae sting (in prim cz) kept ‘ldbilea cz) ‘Oservai valvle bi- i teuspd, meh opie conde,Mol deer: + Seaprciaa culo fora nihil glen Be fe medial vnc rei cbse nts 6 roar waned rei Se EE Vere enele pela roel. * Observe componcnicl stem eer (ei doi sinh inpesndcche wnar) Seco nich de-t nngl line median Deep ined pt cnc ee pa real cae coer ich Teenie 0 za de cla rel desis, arp irra de culce mal chink * Rail est alent cin purencir roa, xz in dul zone "Zora medals, sath tn leteror, este or in same Malpgi cae apr in seca be forma oor tanghian ou vl fdkoptt spe ‘pv ela baza ope caps senl. Vi iam, suit pop reall, te shim do ‘iil ce contin Jeu do dsehidere a bor ‘olson elizele ral mci. Pimmiele Fein ‘seal in rela pramidciorMalighi- = Zoom coal ee ltt ins ori: wna subeagnle alia ita inte pmsl Fein: trie co cobalt pide MapighiFunctiile de relatie Sistemul nervos Fncile de lai asg Iepturs opais- ‘mul cu cence verb nerseiluide vig $i se realizee pin infereinl sseruli rerone epuntne dc, cra armor 03089 masealar~ ial ell erdoenin. La bea Anil de ree sm sensbitatesseninvo- servorala i micaea erprismiia) usin medi de vii, dare aciviaiorcooronate esse eos sora. Sensblliata cm in cpaittea stem Jui eros somal de rant infuetele exerctate de model mediull exten, ine rstate de receptorl extemi in impulsar ‘servoes) side fre pebazalorsxzai specie (ec obiccler yi feroreaelon, tn ale cote ‘erespurziare DopS tip mosis stimulator inrei trate, sept deserve ~ sensbilistea general est cxt1, propor introceptis ~ sensbiiten oxereeoptvt xe iegistth prin intemal ecqocor stra (tact, emi ‘exeog ibrar), ain grecimea pili; ~ sensbitates spcild ete ines de scepter gustav, ae vestibular din om rele € sim ceresparione Clasificarea functionala si topo: grafica a sisterutui nervos Sistemal ero, unit ca sete yi functi, se divide tn: stem nerves vomatis sista vos vogetatv sat sutorom, steal nervos somatic ingreard oxganis- ‘mul in medial e vif, irs vegeta ntgreacd scviaten visceral ecesarl desire nome ‘fini oanisrl Th stcuire Siiemului ners inti dou ‘componente: na centrald — rstemul nerves central (SNC) sau azul cerebrospinal, i alia peeled fe 1Sister servos conal ste format din rndcira spar: (adaposth In canal erebraly Si encefil (apstitin_uta CGrniant), ‘Canpuwcnte perifrieh ste ficauis din nondt opinall crs, Fini veer plement. “Ait ctor tere eats eit scl ‘ogee contin cennponey ctl $a fenfoce, snc somes si vege (nei eros scar ives ef inal Ssemull aerves cent “An cereropial ese ale din al ine segnens (fig, 2 micve spin teuschil conbral,ituat in prelungnes ide spin, se subdivide im mei ae (bab, prt gmezencetlceebea diece- fahi, apezat petunia unciuh cerebral, ee format din: flamis, epilams, mettalames si potanus eniseree cereale ‘Corpora cea mai volurinoss a cocci ‘etc rps de se de ifr erbrle, Fl Seopert lenis, poi uncial cerebral ‘erste eprint segmental infor ‘SNC: Substama cent s retcltt ete dsp a mero ar et ab Is exteroe. Subtania eauyic ar forma tere H si pean doud corns posterior Ang st sui, ea rl sent doe coerne| SE pate | De tute (te pose curolmcor doukcoame = ue Ine (caro vogtativ (ig 3). Bar trea 2 et alice pot numele de sabcara item, ‘ste sribinsk de carn ependienar. in substan Intermediarh se afth neuron wsceosenztvi 91 ‘vsceromotr simpate sua nt-un mle ung, forma de colon in ern lca, Subse lb igus a enron ete format din tei porohi de cordoane, si amume: douk Postcard arteoao i dou nr, in cares lee facie hing, ascerdent i descendent Trevch ete attain tei ete boob, ponte gmeseet soa omeroark a rane eer (Bi 4) 6 ‘overt si acta ave spins, Selinger vc anula tultopontin Purses se for ure bea de subst lb staat ie tub si meancefl, Mezenefll ec sitat tne fruste gi cence. Pe parca anericarl a lg 3 Sefer pein id spinTER EGN ‘paw SSUES" ] mecencotlut 22 oft doi peaduncali cobra i Substanja acagel preinth vontal picicarsle ines sta oa] pendaule cbr ie donc, tere ~ spel ‘Arr apdactl Sys sabeana nage. (fig. 9) Stet" | Pe ata poseriart a tunchilu e=rebra se observa Bulbul si punt, ce delmiteazt vertical VL Mezeneefaal prezit pe faa postrioart fecum,alcttut din. pau elisa (61 superior 9 {si fatrio). Corebll este ssoceat ow ale te thao ale wazchui exter pri cele tri prec ra de pend cerebelgi (ig. 6). umsuiessa] Secs. Thaxhitl cera este format in ip S—Nezenseial—secjine snl! | substan ceric, ust la neo (agmentt fn sels pein uct dincauza dosnt serve simon) > fafa, sit Ine me ia exterior tne uli conceal Spf tere diate fitrele nerve ‘un ccupt de sakanja retical Null de gine si nenior sri’ ear: bhi 6 somatomotor — Simplifcal motor, eget pamnpat de rigine {fowler prvarglionre 2 umes Wiech nor be sah sce} evi crane (cain deznetzontlcuctre foe simp ele unor seri eanien) s prope ‘Aco mil! al: bl (a. Gol tBu ola i ok of substan pe (i. substanfel ticle), in mezestl (cobcli,ne sea rou ssn naga), eens Propritatile nevronului. Sinapsa tne a Propricaile neuron san: excksiitates conduct, ‘yin ee caput marie vil de a ‘eacion rn marifei!specfio, n ura neers cu ven ferme de cere dn medi (inl). ‘Aceste mans, a czal purer, conta in genome plas narvos Exotica cra ‘anol! neurone eeepvicr fll muscular oat a prode excita, xe taal an simul treba st sconez base. cuo anata (anima de pag) uo aru das (mpl). ‘Mentrana naronald ese polrzad clearc in cen de Topas (nd aspen neon ‘ecjionaztsician stim). fa asc condi cfsena de pote Hnte fi exer sh ce ineri a ‘membrae! poath uncle de pte de ropaas (PR). Acs ura se dated dist simaice co ‘aren slctieep cele Jus ee ale meme Tn reps, pe fai extra memtranc:prodomind Nair pe co inter Kissin asintrck esa sestrice ae le pe transport mena psi, caress welie2 ie prvepl en cae oie, ik cons sorties transport membraar atv, realiza pin intemesil pompelor ionic (uc membrane molecular complexe), cu consim enewpee. Cea mal cuntscul pomp fonick din organist op de set-peasa, ate transport (cu jon creel liberate pin hiliza une molec de ATP), tri ini de Na spre extrional membrane! doi ii de K spre lnerionu i, fer simul inde le nivelal membratl neuronal varia de poteafl seb ford de potnlals oral: Cand aceiea Fig. 6 — Fa postin tachi eshaial i a suing alam de pag se decid calle rade de Na, purse dovinde aise deoueec mera stl ‘evine penned tl per ort de Na”, intron Tig corsets Mat esl orpleok ite dane x iovorses polantitiimenbranci Apore.gsfel Potopal de acme (inputs nerves. cae de cat Sie propage dr aproare ie aro ba amis) stator (nea iin). etisrava potent de cian (PA) alo ont fae epoerzres (1 98) oe dot de pind * isle de Na sel, ual de schdoea horn SRIREAOS (ns) penal depts tt « membrane | e,7- Deda cli de Tbvces poli feat pe a xa pera | "Er tne mrs PH pte pees nem Tapas: fA pte Je sare = repolarcoren se relisirt pin iehideea canallor de Nir rma de dschidec ceallor de K', ca asigut ef acct ion i reverb ‘Shira injal de asin les, deo pate ide aaa membrane, Parometr exci * atts de prg orev pci’ tren rin alr eae sine timp ceomspuniter demi un es flog. Smale valeare nina rags aumesesubmi- ‘sm profi tm pte! de ier ol rami ma pred an PA dearliad mar ‘Tn wel regres tin ele plc still peta proba wo puns filo Grate ese dnp eR wee plea simolal eu mmc dub wotari, Cet valerea conic tem: mie, eu ak est te oa ext. * Pero reacts reprecints ums Gn pelea desi, ars eof despre cite an ‘ou sme, chiar de vsti sapaliinard produce un pure Flos * Brwcheta repre rpidttes cx car tna pray chance anya membrane cellae. * Riis toned cont in genera de rps lc sau pei de etane de cle ellele scale eden co aur stern exetcorsactor a ml nero asia tar ceri. ‘Conduits ese roricmen neuro de ends pull eros prin sxeprcpn dee Tocul unde 3 prods exci dea una fb nevosse, pink ls tein ace 3 api do ‘mame impale ners fin sins ie una sewen, fe oganalh feter, delannd un spans Folge (conmetc mcuar asx lanl) “rarsmitars proces de Sepolaizare de-ahngul fre ‘servant sau musslie const {hie impute nerves, Propags- 1 impulsln nerves se tel 228 stoi in fbrele mil= lee (a aiveil eranpuiitor Ranvier, in eae vitza de ‘oaducere est: de ie 1005, Tn tip ce in Mtele aniline, conduct exe spas eu pss" 2 sitea 05 ms) (i. 8). Fig. Props ina’ nerves reTape Sopot sme femafeni farionde screen specialzne, plac fre dferite seamene arene seu fae reuse. Sina Sele au aclai plan de onaniare (fi. 9) segmental presnatic (mantras boa ‘erin, semen posit ( prinne 4inmenbrans aus newrensau dia sects fii muscle son we care se aolck ‘ator erin 9 an sain Cant sin ‘ie sit ne ee dou semen — Gastar snail. Dups nats atl Thoma | etlelor cones. sistent: ae ane emt MERGE | seuonale (axedendtic si axosomsie), naga: compensctilewnsitaer | neuromuscular ~ placa mote (i. 10. nelle b ogee Da tur meat himic se es i: same cainrsce, care folsese «a mediator ehimic scetkotina, si sinapse renersee, care flosse ck medion chiri!neracreraina si attend ~ Treen shen const in tree ret mpulsihi nerves de lsegrerl prea ce esti ese de acne aes Is transl seminal deemninsfaiten veiueor ce ‘ea chimicu membrana pe= snail, mach de supers vere 5 eliberrea-mediatond fo sail sina Modiatonl Vernd in eat x membrasa pestinptid, se cupleaza specie cu ree font de membrana carcersicl, erscind permvabittea membre Ne Are toe asl ¢ depeierizar Incl ental ‘ina id penal possi exctter (PPE), eae cafes warsmitre inputs in sap Componetce pil mot (ede de asunbla) Sistemul nervos somatic periferic Din ssemul nerves periferic vo prea nial meri pial yi pop cei can ers spall condae impulse nervous tise daspre akdua sini. Neri spinal ict sun, in aumde de 31 de petehi:& cervical, 12 woracali $ lombari, 5 sacral, unl occigian. Ei se Aispun sine deo par side aha « miduvsi si meareric (ei osc), ‘Nerul spinal ete format din deus Aden: posterior ~ sacra anteriwa ~ mover, un ‘rari mix rama de asemenea mise (1D, -Rédinapaserioar, such, ae pe vail ein ganglion spinal, fn are e ges ncuron de origi pent ee somaio- st vscersentv.Prelunire perfec ale neuron menionat sig asirctre rceptnare. af cele centae ard nada sinrip 11-Sestengr igen oe ists Ticina enterieard, ciate, confine fibre motor, axon a neurone ‘in corm eda aera i soaomter: dn comal asterior al macuvel spin “Tranche mera spinal rts din wires color dul rin, faite de psi carl yr tebe Conpne fre setves1 motor (somatic i vegetative). Dupin cin call vores on oni imenencralc, ruckil se divide npn rus: ventral (at roast, drs (ml fbi), ommend ahs meningiand; aesca sunt ite spat x dcsring Gin unchil ner spinl (exis io amc comnianit cei, cae in in ranch neva spa. s Remura dren cone sceless toa de fle ca 9 amure vera ive somosenztve si seenatomotor care ce dsibuie I tegumental s csi cog spt Ramana veweld cone fibre nervosse somutice (eritive gi motori, cane se cstbule Ut tegnental mosh dn parteaanferlaterall 2 tunes gl membreor. Pele viseeromotr} (Gootrnaionre spain dn cele dot rami iereuz3 ant invsim gaaglion preveteta (cela, sxaonirie speror i means info), conrbung ia formas it pecan vegeive reveterte, cx drums mnie. Rolul nervlor spinal ‘ntl altura ares cflexe somatic i vegetative participa formazeaciler mciareascanseate 3 descendent ~ libel somatomotri i vsceromotori forms plete netvouse Somatic (In prac) vegetative (inal o.ea car) ‘Neral cranon! srt in sume de 12 perce, mura x cite meme de Il XU, Peel IoKlle nevi rnin’ ga orgie su so teri in wcll cte yan tunebite (abel ‘+ Dupi fancile inept, nevi erion st several (I 1, Vill) tot, V, VL, XL 81 XID simi (4 VIL IX, X), + Componestele finciomle se nervilor crinien sunt roprcenite de dif tur do be nenunie! sears, senntve (somuocersiive gi viscewsentve), moter gi vuccremater (Gregurglonre prasinptice. Penns hol sensitive gi uncle senor, eign reall se fa ngloni nerve de pe weet nestor craven respect ‘Natit motor su de origine at nervtr ernst frmai dn earoai motri,care conti ‘origin ela frelor moti din sects nor ner cranien Nut vere parang epesifice cond inpuburi aoninfomatioule, cae jung la mele lami nespecifii, i clror Ribose pwocwcuct diz gi noapic fa soar cerebral participind Ia menfneres tonastlut ‘Bitcal cue favorzcac activate soul cerebral in stare de vegho (ig. 1). Funetia de concer + uneua erebral Tt t ¥ ‘Circe | [Car de wine] [cal deen] Brera] [Neamee] te Gir sean) | _praidste || ounpisnite t ‘Sensibiitaten Lu Tie Facies coves || ani [Examcenva] [Papier os PRET [owutente an] Fett Seems i de opdee eesti Sear | [renin pace sie Ta coelane:abtee reticulata SRAA exo o stuctrk de integare; en mi conduce ncn op ess; tet ferent primis dei recent devin nespeciicelanivlulmitellorsubsantet reticulate din truochil cerebral Nuclei substae retclete teria In regina mia automate- ‘tenivelutae; eoordoneso aetvitsta viserll prin cen resto carciovasomoton Coie bossncine pnt fat nt aletnate din ie corconisleare cae au acess rine si tle tect cu fbrlecoricosinale Primele se tenn ia ale motor ai nerve crank, lar cele {cotizespinale wantin az pei nunchil cerebral indrumal Jor spre adv spit (CHE Gestendente ile sant remezentste fein fsclcuele exiapmidale, cu tgines in ifr nuclei i trunchnt cerebral Ele au fst prezenate la miguva sink. (ite sale se repeezentue prin fascial propel dn care uncle leag8 avec ce apart ‘omnchiuli core, Altele leapt nice situ fa rnchilcecbral, ar pe acy, de ei mctistaai { hiposlamus, Hbrele descendeate continue In iciclal lougrizal dorsal (FLD) conecteact ‘uclel, iptalamict cu nicl vegeta pacasingatct din tunchal cerebral, contolind atl tives or Conexutit truncata cerebral cu cercbcl se realzeant prin tei perosbi de peduncal ‘ercbeloiinfri mloci i surerio El vor fi rezntte la fant de condacre a oerebellu Fonsi de wontucere a evebetutui Cereb ete in rv pe principale i sscendetedescendenie al siterutu nesvos etal Dia corsideent do ond geet i ncional cereals dive in: arhceebe rele chill compa, palacerebel (eglsa8 tonusul muscular), neocerebel (regleazd conte Yluntare ft alemagetilor sriPerim. a open. ex ustrinit infomanile Inge de fungia de onducee ose nccesa cance fem stata cobela (fig. 19. Substny come ee sua tit In eter, ede foreazh soar corbelone, eit ifn interer (in profinzimes sbstijeh bo), finde se aft pura mice crebe= Tog nul apatiine wine ‘ok, pleocerbculi ura nale- ul dina) aowcerebell. Scour [covbelnsl ote abu din tet air cela a exter, rit mole unex srt ner ‘mediar, aleuit din eelale Pure ej; sore esr se fl sta gomhe, ‘Subst elbd ste ltt in teal re eateger de fee ‘nonosse ce provefe (aeene $1 eter) xfinae fp pedanel obeos €2 asc, cae fac leprae sour cectelonst si mck cee, 9 conisuae, sn tn ets enc in aise omaha sa pee ici Tepe coche cu tamche corbral ce reaizeaa pin oe perch de pedunet cele (Gg, 19) De ballet egt prin peduncaicrebloi inf (PCD; de pute, prin pene crbelos nie PCM), ir do eestoeful pin poduscali oobelog superci(PCS). Fier pen! ceebebs ‘te frat nes ferent (are ina cereal) ferent (ear pleacl dn nce ceebeul,exceie fciad PCM, ear corin don fibre aferete cerbohia. Afereafle ceeelulat se temind pe eclulle lsknje dest nu dup ose n stl gram. Herne ceeelua eae dia cckel creel ise deep pre diferte egmente ale SNC merenflecrsbo lt provi de a Maduve spina prin: ‘a ealea piocerebeleac dine care rece prin pecuncuulspinocercbels inferior (PC, peatra ‘a ajurge i paleocersbel; ' clea sprocerebeloasincrciata car rece prin pedurelulceretelos superior (PCS), petra 1 plrande fn pleaceree!: Tranchisl cerebral: () calen vestblocerselast lec dn mc vest, tove pin PCT se tin ahve, 1) cale clvocerebeloest plac an mci olivar, rece ein PC se tein in plenerebel 6 calearetettocereelets ples din muse sutsane eculae tree prin PCT, temnintnd 30 in pulooceree Scoarfa cerebral wits een a ncoree! pin bua once pontecestlonsl cae ples din coor cobra. fie sl -usmucea pont yi wange in neocerbel prin le aftrerte ale PCM.rm a E 5 ethics acpi cas ae Bee re caerericg mein Sok Dp sescene icon cxconl ranean dds ae na ete nor oe csulceea rt 2 aes ae oo seaparee Sania unin Pt a ee ee eect eee ae ee oats atomic ice oe peterson eee eee esc keene eee re wes cams oe cols el a ee gg emergent greg et ree Se iis Be he ta mitch mise eee mee eal resin ear oll Ga ceccs Pe ean the cor oo, wo oii BG hod eal ee am risensndeai ston es aoe eo rere renee ag ee tat tn, epee tr oom De ee ae amemrceent ion occas ee ep a tel artnet umesesar wee orto Fe eek Prctoian gant acusersas oneranate= ani nuclei mezenectlii (ucla! cogs gi substan meas) Sant conostafi fa dublo eens ct corp sat, win ign 21 ete ret she rmsis Greutdnewronal ceebeo- falamo-corieo-pono-ceebeas" ce reprevit eztura neccrebell i ADisers cr aanuaulccctrl ‘oll cesta fn rela mien meena desc eo ed ll ie eee ‘omsnte pert pin buck cerbeopontvcerbelast 8 cicite- |_@ cme] SE LAR {hi neon! aminit astern, i —-aaans} Sige SI neocerebelul conectoaz He psirnsei] os soot, Lees tol igh i senor ev ino | ae ne Crete [Pe Concsle noi ar mgm eet on Sr a ‘San peer eons «mows fot ajng pin ula cerhelotala- fmocoralf” 4 cei neon! (a reocoecl mto, ene descare ‘rule mevouse rin aka pi nial (eprezceth de flee ser ‘espns, dcteminind coat ‘omar ale mse tine ‘Medel operfenal poate f fotos ca mop pout inelegers renilr gi eienelor creel, provam ga conesiunlor: mis ‘are; mwi-peocorexnecor- ig 216 — Furcionarea fst neuromuscular texemid (ci descendent pram Sireflexal motte. ‘alo exmpramial) com si Funct dencefatulut icaosil ete apzat in relugieatnchitt cece, ind copes dra de erste cereale {avd in intr ventriull I (2). Thorsen pm nell de relew pe ce Ti ‘onjine, comsinie 9 satie obligor pen foie Sibee scendenteale sersBiii exterocepive ae fas spel ea al wel neuron al ei Expt foe fibele eh ofaive, care nu at rela lari naive tafe petaseul ett | Fig 22— Seciae pn ienefl, pie pe el aa aii. {tok A. Andronesa, medica)‘piabano) inggreaat sonal olfitive int-un cemmportament mtr general Pljpralsnso!indopinetenumste fanci: menfinees Homecstazie\ median inte: relares ucfilo vegentve; a trperstart cempulat prin cent termoreysi: a biocmulal actemera Ranarce Qi eoatsinl comperamenicer simerin sl seal: contelul activitilor endocrine, pendent de edenobipafiot Impreund cu siiomu! bic formeazao write furtiosl. Corp stati (Corp si (ganglion bali) sunt out mae de substan cnn state fn grovimes substan nt ageea oasupra late de elas. Sant ‘omental in dibiu sens cu ncleu rogu i substan neagt. Primes aferere de ln aie coriale ‘staple lini aferene J alam. rnsieal coral stat ste implica a creuial aeons cortio-strio-tlamo-corca Comit suf modslee28 sigetile eutomate i semivoluniare elabomte de arile cotcale ntaplamidle Inkitttomesal musculdturi atate (pris desclcaroa de impala ihiitare a ucla! padi tunchalcorobra) In condi e mga, cori sat ntrin tn ert tons ‘ucla pe grape de my. Sisternullrnbic Structure nervase car slcituese ster limbic se ft pe if modal emir excba, fu forma tne are de cers, jana ence acipas inte acest yi poceres. Din pot ‘vedere logence sistema limbic este fom din arkivores gi pulocorten (babi faci ‘olfetivs fmpreasa cu formariurile conexe). PleocoextlocupS un trtoria rer, ltbicotetalozupa ural exis. ‘Farce stem limb sant claves nelfactve. Puja olfectiv este red aor; cx eolfactva contain conclu comporareniter, in socieve cubipotalamusal Fungja de rsempensd sinodeepst ese neviictva, Einisferele cerebrate Slovolop Fiecare emiseri cerebral preznt tre foe: lateral sa extern, medial sau intom; bezal saa inferior. Be fae Ktoralé se observa trvi ganfuri adinci (central, lateral, pericoocsipital) & sdelimitea2 pata Iobi cerebral (fg 23. Pe supreita fiecirai lob se alli ‘anfuri superficial; cle detimitesz gir ‘sm cireurnvolai, care mirose supeafaja ‘seoarfel cerebale. Deo pare si do alta | ‘sinful cental se aflé gid pro- 3 opecti, postentrl. Pe faja mediald sau inter a emis frei se observ compl calos, © forma fame uc yuo Ue fortuna de ect Po fina tcalta fecdei misfere se afl bubu olfactiy si tract olf, ‘past concamitentsistemului limb si ‘nalizatomau ofactiv,Stracturs cmisfrsioe cerebral, Subst cenusic formeara Ia exterionl emisfere cerebrale scour cerebrali (cortestal cerebral) in inferior se aflé substanfa albi, iar in _grosioea acestea, la bazafiedreiemisere, so ail cite un corp srt Scoarja cerebraia preznti maximum de dezvoltare Ia om. Filogentic se divide i: athicorer,paleocortex si neocortex. Neocortexul este alctuit din gaze stati csllare: dou sranulare, cu rol senziiv; dou piramidale, cu rol motors alte dowd statu. ‘Substanya alt a emisirei cerebral esie format din fibre: de provers (aferente — ale seasiilti i eferente ~ale moult; comisurale cae leaga cele doua emistere cerebral ‘de esociati cae low fete rexiunl ale scourte cerebral, situa fn acess! emisters. ‘Localsiri corte, Dupl fanefile indeplinie, neocorexul este: receptor (predoming celulele granular), motor (predomind celulele pramidal) side ascii, encarta receptor confine arile somestezice 15 Il (gr posteeniral i peretel superior al sanjulu latera). Mai conpin ail serzoriale:gusttii, views primardy seeundartyarile ‘autva primar si de asociaie; ara vestibular (tate de analizatr) fn urna prslacic infocmafior, in eile amimite se formea7a senzapt (ace excepie, ara vestibular). Nevcorsec! motor sc alli in fobul frontal, unde Ipi au originea cle piramidale si cxtrapiramidale, ce esigurd motiltatea voluntard si auomati-semiolurara.Dintre ele se remarel aria motorie primard. din girul precental, Ca nivelul acestea ial rel somestezice { cuit overeat sogmentslor corp, propeonald ca importa or funeral Acessti reprezentare poarti mamele de homunculus motor, respect, sens, le nivel Lor ‘roiecia corpuli find rlsturnatl; capal se afl la baza giuliy iar membral inferion, pe fae ‘medida emisferel cerebrale ‘Nevcortxeul de asociafe ocup un spatia extns, la nivel! hi find integrate impulsurile provenite din neocertexal receptor; coneicaza arile precedente cu cele moter. Lezaret cesta face impesibiltinerpreiarcainformilor ansmise pe efi speetice (de exerapla, limposibilitatea de a inclege cuvintele orbits sau de a recunoaste obieiee 51 persoanele vizte) De asemenes, aile de asocinjie contribuic Ia conturarea persanelitil controll Activtii Vegetative (aria prefional) i controlalacivtii sexuale (aie temporal), Sistemul nervos vegetativ Sistemal nervos vepetaiv (antsem) este acta pare a siemului nerves care coondoveazt sctviates general a organisms, id de ave fncilesle nu se pot desigra Sistemul nervos vepeativ si somstic sant legate funcional permijind adaptares activi generale « organismal la condpile vara ale mesh exiem. Spe exemphy, fered mara ‘nlc sctivititi: some ~ crestere fore! musculare: vegetative ~crestrea fc sanguin spre mijehi, arate metiboismulai eller. Clasfcarcasistemului nerves vegetativ Din nc de vedere futon sister nwo vegeta even smpai presingati ‘Sttemel ners vegetaiv simpatic ationeaxd pedaminat in stash necbigmate (ie frie, sind, duct viscera paterica. ‘SLtemal nervor veetttyparosimpaticscioneaa in stap bignate, dense i relaxae a organiser, Else lsc i prasimpai caning seat Compost Sota a stem nerves veya et epezerttt pin cent nerves: spac, im aid pink (CL pamsinpatih sarah ~ se fl tn dua lt SeSQr eo ai seni sn cena vege pasimpas din tre emai ck eal tcl wr emia tell vse sue de er enor inp eee Als Je sanlon’ preva Sant tate Ira de miu splat Late si Siar ev et gal! prevertebral wmpnc ei, cot: yer # aa et) Piel vegeave vaerometon wn pre pestangte a Tact cao yt de loos quglona. angel avon care apr pee, pusilla st epee gai! rece sts fh apropos wissen Feonmural (tt pretl cestrs). rae cpus fan orgies fozail vegeti, iar ce postganglinars, in nero cin anon regs unde lat saps ig 28). cet impatl sunt epezeai pin oi Us nae cud cei te ner splenic ‘Nee possi sat pee (serve prs ucrs) ei cman I, VHLD. X (are Sisteoutven i parasimpaticaa cratien), Heer eens vert foment, a rive vseeor,plenur nerve smpalico-prasimpatice in care se dest le o> iereazh vierReflerle vegetative Aca reflex vege, css cel somatic, ese guns fizologic I smal, cae acionena sup uni clmp recepto, 1a relizarea lui ‘aricignd sstemal acves Avcul reflex vegeta ‘uprinde accleasi cemponente ca 51 rel reflex seri (fg 29. “Cale sevent ete lett din proungisie enueiler vacereeusitv, din geoghent erat Sn din cet omalogt at nevi earn IX 1X ‘Conte, segetatsh sont stat tn substan ‘emsie 8 semua nanos cee st subtit reel dn tunchil cert. Ei rimexe mele Yenite de in interocepori 3, descre8impulwi nerve motorist sere, cae jung pe cals front large vegeta Fig 25 Areal fx vegas pair Funcfenal, se desoiv conti vepoatvit de (Genuine moses. omandi (din midi tani cerebral) de ‘ono si itegrare Negetata. (din potas, sisertl tinh s neocortex! cerebral). Cent de comands cool activi viscera in condi obi Cent decomua stimare realize un cnx global ie activin visceral nrapert ‘eu eto la medi! enter, Aste, nocotenal ~ pin aia prefortald sth soni sistema bic — ‘ora inland sinnlatwe espe cetnlor vegeta do hipotaames, Impulse dsereae do potas uncast trues! ficult lengtudinal domal (FLD), si ahing lo cei vegeta parasimaic din tunel cxebral orl infra activin. Hoey vols ete aleQatd din 60 neeroei scoromotoe Crp pila newren viscermctor se aft in centri voeatii cn na cerebrospinal, ir sxonl lies fbi pregangorart Ale neuron se mimes guage, ar axel i se umes Abra posgangtonarl. Aces: fe ‘lsvibule onaele feoar clulaenfular seu muscular nee), infuepind wine seretere andeior smotoriee mehr ace vss tl i ow tt tet el a et [eos ee TE Ta aes eee a eae aa Eagan fon eens fst mn al eaeaer eaoaeces ler eae ae ae Seoncoon Pinas at Cane Teecs! vewsiaivi vin mbit TM, VIL, IX, % Be Treen Te joes feet | Eprmmnee — pCmence nh earn [Nara [impale pada ai seg we (per) eureedefshntad Jeers eat ae fatemoregla ce | ieeaoe Preterm mci [iia mar asta vere J ierpeenes- | soxrnizaxa Is ster yea cr J eterna: [mcs tn vt ce cunt nolan lave aster ee] pee sim | oie koe FaimaT aa Tan [Cane [Coons [Mins oi pair cont satel ra ecm st cu te cale manda moet socio iommale vi: de rear tac eh Ws de ‘xem fea eve se lems, | te dene sin) codity | FDeGEGE Rotel vagratvnecmane [Nine __fPassmpeis Nc eth pet | [itsaeorme | tons feat Sac ral ineapta cs mic | Yhuiotatte | rears sisters ant fener ae ce | leptin | inien rativi | [éeithind | conacparmncts mt | ieicalaoslinaa a aie exter [omer isla arial i sna exer tat bee so scotia msn Jani sara (net tora {soil nscale ret | sare ect rl Joos) avin, Sear | erm reer ra (oo wri fend iawenyncor [aa a sani din psi ee De gash f Cons pains erin Ta [See Sar lesen | va al Reflerlevepaive cre each nme pind tp uncial cerebral cetera te ‘cert pander sae a peel oganlo) meter acct rpc ells vegetative bo ‘cerebral sunt suai le in muse vegeta parasimpatic at nev renin! tack susianieeiculte (oeroni inspiratory cardovascrctor’> Refs tadigvesulare oo vid in resere mefulobulbopontne (= L1+12) 4 depesoae balboponine (= 1.11.2).26 Rete contin pernice ee ees original» swore’) fntagonc: clad stimula simpetih determing praia are fete inbvtoere abet VII) Avind in fh figura 26, actai pe exit coraponents sefiexas pretr (I) depresor (1) Rezelvai problems i penta mlexele Il 3 1V. Reflxele presore sunt decanted selderea presiunissinget, Pfevele conan in ereerea ‘ensini arerave prin eesereafeovetel i fre de contac inl pein vasoconsr Reflexelederesoae sun decayed crete robas sige. Eituele wooian fo sedere ‘enue (TA), prin seers itll cadie (briana fone! de cnamei ini Efectle stimulart vegetative Apreape toate organcle inteme sunt dubiu tira Ginervate). Medaosprarenale prezinth oer inewape sirpatien, asim de coltrae esprinse cin nervl splaninic mare (format din ‘ihre pregenglionare simptice), Cele dowd componente ale NV ajioneaxd freevent efecte excitoare supra unui onan, stimula sire Tablet VL ar | —reaarrenar eens —] a oe es a [a le aaa ome [cnc ona Ea RO aT Ea ‘bona ren aac Wear ei Sel ET — a RS RT [iasraies eee reel aap it oa fee feces enzirai oes, as a a =, Fax ea gah i oni nit fata) jt ‘renccomgeinied, [Sconce orcrans cane fea pee eae see ne Traced ek lee Fas pas [Cope men Fen Ra = ne dion ne Sin no = rsa Sa ee inom or Rs fesocr ee cea a Lr et ne Inenayia vegetatvd sfioncazd uneor sinew (in cela ser) de exempta asia glndelr sl ao, ima le cori, or dfn canta onli te fnchio do mele prinora Bee RRR GRE ur ‘Noun elementore deinen’ si patologic Sef aso lo e activiuae yoolar’ : extraycolars, Nu este: ate ‘sh te agevi la masa de fuera Tec dp ans coniash sca rn repede 9b ma wot meine yosie tpt a evi etowala ‘porvoust trebuie-respeciste anumite reguli, yi pearing ae in = fli un program de stadia zilnic; Thal entre pcr oni mai Sf cris cu cole ou rnd mic de PS fipa ite tc a hemoragle cereal, meningoenceali, aces sou tumoane cereal, amatse cranes bral, eats ttaboice prec diabete zaarot evesilbt, uremia, joel. Existh ms rae pode de coma, ce la cea superficial Ia cea profueds, Semnsle sunt multiple, unele ind ‘ugestive pen cava declansetoa. Conroe qe desire violence activi neuronal, maifetate i prin contac: fit rtnice, soadete ale wor grupe mule lak Ia generalize, ie pi retro esd: ea bse atoms! musculr, asi de pier decea sti do songtientA. Pot st spur ca rmatifestare a piepie, fx ead unor infec rmesingocerebrale, sill ca exptesle 1 enor iowa gave ‘decidental vascular cerebral csc 0 boul sven 63 amare a rope sau bs un ‘vas ce yascularzesad 0 regime & ceo certale. Hemomgile cereale proton e percancle de vine « tia. O cal ert 0 onsite hipeténsiunes atrial, ‘Beale RecMingheuwen ese 0 bea credits ca trarsnitereautoveral- dominant, exmetsizat prin tro benigne, apt dea ungal nevi pei in diel noros central, a vet ‘neva opi, acute ete. Alle mast su ck pigmetire pe piele, Singura metoch de even et sil act.Analizatorié Aulizatoi su ssterne moran tle care dettcud medi dire fanned energie din mala ever, deter i forces de seni un lan de orgasizare, fcr find det di to segneat: pois, inemediar (de com cere) cet (oti (ig 1) Seqmentele analizatoritor Segrenil ponies al snakes (excep) ee mpreenit pense speciizate al orpocar sin timalt ‘aja rane fame de ene de ‘crit omar pote de een ‘nimi a cefei d acne inps nos). ‘Recep invomes7t cow reno (sabeotea scar) a'SNC ev ~tnuburterenace yer ets cntse | ERT ea Tc med extem. Re pec arte wats cote nae oneteee | eepor sects. nei deepal in exteroepor cant (er tneiseaz ron in meal exes), popecepo in in sister emetr (axe neice apace a scviahs meter, Hneoeror, stat in peel game vaceue il cord see, ce sig Ywoclrzatia izle cee fear ‘ivi formar stucralce eri). ‘Segmental ncmecir (Je eondnere) ee for in i nervous, cae conde esse pind it ‘pu do sombig. Din serie ei xe doypin coltrl eb iat din nil era Segments cont (crea lsmatrdor n roster eral ometers tel nie cae primar ferme vei pet 0 esl Receptor fe sensi santreprezetati do exible eu con batons Clea oticl este forma intel nero pring collos neuron (fi muipolae 5 afta ting (fg {Cet i nor epic psese rb git in ct farce cranank: fkrele caee provin din rina nazll ea, inercgeal tormenai shins optic; ee tc opel 7mata opie opus: rol ca Frama via eit provin dn etna temporal as nersien, tfc ree tat ti Oy pete. Tread optic ete pomina da aka optic stat ne cist § come ee (Cot). Altea earns it in CL dental nr aconl ss preload eine, Ace re nal pena sap fn mel out octal nar ser rie ie covert tats Vial de ascii, sta inurl Foatologia anolizatorvl via ‘Casjto viziptem pry forma dinesines. eae, micas bilo fn epg eae Ge Acti eral viral seca cu cna elaeasi Kine er ann et pei retrain spi. Vere combi in cea al mare mde bk Toeznen ranismal fn medial do wath vraconle rin ear se celzeart vedeea aU 12 Ou rei ca raomitars mesilor vail, formarea senzailor vials. Massy maleate nivel cehlcorvitle ov con gi cu bacones dn ei Fores opie rate, mat mic st risturate, pe rend se bxzea po mecmisne alee #1 pe Feaomene fotockinie Treatnalcapice 4 Aesgoart dap lgie esi geoetie,Inelegeea stern opi al ib ele pespune ctostere fenomenlar fier refines ial dsania foealh pcr sepa (conrerpenp sau potres de neice eat, masa fa dopt “Enerropia (ig. 3). Ochiol este considerat normal spe succeive recopfa vial, Genet) doc rues de lunindparalele mise de un obiec | aris tt feacach po veling, Distana dre cxail | @ 1 i at lentll orto ents egal cu cstans salt | Toor letop <= prez eo de refactic:hipemstopin, mini Siastigmatismul, = Och hpemerrop este mi tt anteroposterior dct ‘ci noma (ipermetopic ext) sax estar! ese pos apltizat(hipemsetopic de eubar), gs eat ree de Timi feclizaes impels retin, ia imagnen fora eS evar Ls hipernetopi pun proc ese staat al depare |_ _ 8 Ae chi in comrarnfe ev ochiel normal, Axas cease de ‘eine creche co Ienfe canerpertebiconvexe * Ocha! mip este ma sugpt cect cel nora (ions alt) sn cia. ritalin este exagerath(mionie de | Carrs), site et fasccuul de razc paralelefoelizearh Inistea reine Mp prezitd punctalproxim fente pmape de oc lar pnctal emptum, mai aproiat de & m=. “Mioyin yuan vate divorgeate (icons) “s dnigmatinl de curso etcreart detetelor de sextet ale spf come, ce reins mai mulieraze ds ‘orb gun ridin ou pute optich anormal masini formate pe ring suat eclare a i nears Y : =45- i, $— Foe magn pti Jahicwexop, bos "eer cel een ‘och petAcomederea const din taliatea proceso Hace dele svelel lb cel, er permit forme ‘mor imginiclare pent bite siteal a mai pin de 6 de ci Puctal el ua apo de och a cn veda clr, i eomodar, port mel de pant remote (tn) Punt cl a fropit de os cae veda cars cm eu efor manim de accrodar, posh mule de purctprovin (25 Reflex de acomesare s° realizar sind echish privet obits vate ie puncal from 9 remotun. In aes ex, mgchin cece, staat parsing, se contact; Sool sale aeons similar unui stint, cas ese camer, determined retasre ipa apart sponsor ‘Cis find east, devine ma convex pe fn aneioar,rza sa deeubur cad, ar pier sa ‘conversa res. Ira se femeard i fee siete la Nicos vs uns a a bza ede, Radial lunioowse da spect vib. ox tngime lund cupid nr 409 700 nm, stat sistemal ec, aoe (ela sa X I. le decomp igneafiftosensibil din esse viz, lid nfl nate un oti de eco in, ntl !cfume fimpuls pers), care pin caea optic est cond a neccorexal inal. CCehlete en con permit vederes fetpich diam (a amin intone, revert veer comatic (ereepere caren) Celle stems pemit eerste sa nocd. Adeptareareveportor vial srealizeaza in ence de catisen de pgmet toss in eee x con i tastnaye de durataexpuner er la ami i intner deter i interes relia a card ues dann med ines nial fa tne eee 20 de minut de obser, pal ls spain veer scetopos, ce perme ects. perce bictale din dis “Adaptara alin. Treceea deb ete amin, moss un tmp ma set, de cea S mint Inia apr o sents de obseal a ming leu dp on un mira ev ove obignt ermal Vederen scotopic (enue in scrirarea nance nab neg, gama de pa 9 st alta de asomase simula in condi de tumiare sci Calle cv hao peet pag de excimbiitte kat, pemiind vederea in ‘conti de obscura Cll rodosiel are oc in celulee ca tastonss, so naena Tuma. La fuming, sb seinen foun rodopsina este descompast in reien si ops, ear eacfet simula celalebor ch brstonay. La intunsrie ae Loe. sntorn ‘redopin! prin combines retienuti cu pst reer ising (fg) ‘Mecantamud sede eromatce. Con- em wort wieromatis, retina are et pu de cele eu on, fear contin ete in Pigment Fooseabi ea casita maxis Pe op, epost ver ou alba, Dac asupa colle veil acon cad ‘iouitn dition hinge de ua ert, bsobyin atajied ste vaiabill. pets feeaeppment Aris Wt rar decd- Nitra corspunzteare abertieimax- ime, deer seria cuir respective acd supe setne cad raat ca freevafe dist, cenpuntiou 2 cite oul din cele tt cule finda (op,orca talben ¢abasta}, xulele ca con prep combina gimor de un iar I vl ai vce se aie Soca de cuca complerertar. Spe eterayn, cuore ndsmenalepot fons frinamestst "Ast rep ben fear raul: abn lbastu formed er oe OSs foro et ar complemetae~induo violet. Dac eet tipar de eele eux uct cin fi sneizh sade gmc Dheetia ploteteecnier ab woh mamifer pee “+ Materia Wologc: ochi de bou sau de at nalde | mpamifer sacifical in seep economic, tivi de pane | HB: Ds foes, lame, up miroseoupe Med deere: | tert grisimeeramast de pe altel [cesta several capeele mci exis © Secon bul ecalarl nivel extra “Tapia sclera (emia exe, cae se ‘emis aterr cu corres (Doma, aS, “eat incre) Cansal Schlieren BRatbRIRR Ee from ob oui de clare all nesta tern cua Ge ere sag. | Lucrari practice + Sub selec se observ coro (tunice rifecie plot ocr) de euleare brunch, tine vascalaiza fdeplinste ol mtv pect bal cculae ‘Cosi presi anerioro ine test sera tron fleas corpl ci. Aces Coops proces cikare, care secret mary pest tregeh intimate deserves rela Ae acon Artery corp clr Sa i, cae prin conta pei Cristi, ler bicenvent, exe sta ake Ins copal vues. Se pind de crpu iia xin tiga suspensonAseria pom ex, Ce ema? Retin afl pe fn ne acm La vl en observ ka ter eu ptr pte (el wd lee oneal ecw rea), dees oven coma) alta or tit sb aa ti: rina (sl de igre lr nr tc 60 ake ato ce wears otal oa Calle vie dined pein: —inseumen exe den tare: ~ in era ee ges re sevsbi — rods ~. fn cau elle asaya edn, tn carl sheen co. Calle cfs be afl fe te de 125-130 de mie in exe wind, nk sues ini peril apie pat talbeak pee infer Cele cu on nme de $7 micane resi iste fe ant meres pte ‘bent, pine i conn pene, a fonene ‘outcome ar ese cen ‘bse pe rnd opel stem csi (etalites ee Fett de tlle cre nn ate inulin sare ge ind bet inert; anos aps hinge dept sce in cama resi geuts ole esa — se) ec prin papi in caer nero Gre — corms) find. dest ein prin cal Shier ens gee lewis ~ cian foe nee oiren stat poster doing esr d corp its, SS sco deo ell th, Se lng de Ins ili pei serene sean Es vaca. a major nace ~ arg vos af yal at are Jaren peerage Ecnintenhgelatzonh find acoert deo rack is ali DetresnarencSampad yu acetal sy Matera bilo cet xpeinent tora ete peofesond er sbietl- lev Maal de lena: Experimentatoral cee eleva si scan pote vical ings bi, stl acopere ou mia ochin dep, slob ocular st anda aes. Exgerimetatoral scat te prebil 4 ‘ublé mai mnie raze poring din ces panes: Detominre chu ial el tis ~ rf elas cts pe aca see (cela espe ene) ear ‘Said ine ode ht ae refe marche el rn pm “serpent os oe ri a _enk cent ‘primera cpt a chi wen Atle a eet exer petra cpl inal lsh dp Incontini, hnpal al ee sre pate spatial cae poste fi viz cu un sigur oobi srimdne fix po darata experienjei.. | 7%Analizatoral ousitiv iris ine enkine oeepor eudtvd pons aut qi weiblar— penis cribs [otescuusas exe format din pavilions tosh Gobi ca relief I om) sin conducal ndtv exer, car jnge la mersbreratnpanisd. [schon mils (amor tinpenicl), sped f etince osu temporal, este pin caer. Camera timunfe au prt exten, cae rect un inal oso, pe cares inter membrana fimpanied, ce Ml in hes ex gi medi ig §). Pe persis atm se alt menbranceFeesue ovale sale eli rtunde. Pe pertle anterior, ce ‘upettabulr; se af romps Eusaco, cre face letra dite camer tinea i firings Aceatt ‘comanicare mente o prskine aimosferk:t consis pe cele dout fee ale mecrbreneitimpeiee Ureches medic cone un lay de trl oscioae (Civan, novel 9 sli), care se interpun ine ‘mombranstinpanicl si membrana fret ovale ‘clos ine este format din ain sos (estat eso, tre canal semsitelare sous, tele ose) In inerior se ad leisrtul membranes, alettt din acleogi componente; conine ‘dol, find silat a exterior de perilimi. * Festal os plait pe cel mertraroy, cae st format din Goud vezicule sapmpuse ce ‘Somatic ine el (aiculag savas, Cele rei cana semicircles oscse se deschid in vestbl ecle membmnca, copie fn ntsc ocd fn useald prin cc exter ie caret art latte (arpa deus necilate eanpale) (Fg 6) Hele vet oa! dn esse de Sako jae a al, dma coun, 8 spt on pe colle deine lara pill ae otto pk Ie juntten coo sett resiren ti tparine mele momimace). fare Ick opnle come i pertle Ie let oe fnnde membrana vets an spilt och gi member ba mpi ntl, ce ites i ine nee rt compatineste soup: une pica, amt erp ela tal ea ‘menbmotomenine tn icc, rani rp pec, sta ab membrana brie ‘Seeprtinct mod copa do canel cbr econ onl eter Cor Rampele vesibulat i tnpariet conn peat cemnich pono desehidere sittin viral meet, tetctrend Compartment me cna enbini (i.) Melcul monbrenos call cblet) te a ine rules pe cr 1 oe doer ail eSecnen tas dre ford ttn, find cst super 2 ment ‘estat infor, e metre bai. Asest mesa form dn five conhntive eastive de dneas ara ng fel se mt mich a bea mele (oe eee Se fee saiecaeuawes | are sre rt i lig. Zetia slats. | keeceptor audits’ se afl tn onganul Corti situat nt inured 2 mertracel tae si memtrana wecora (ass ride ci un apt de lara oe, a al dole caps 4 | ihr eootimtacanaaavblea). Oran Cr etm eeettitbe ete | ate de ssace (popints lvt,Indcpate Ta baa Aelinead tance Cai eldelesezarle aie ant fn dou strana inter format inn sing i de cla, exten ou 3-4 fr d Cellet utive (nc lt) peat apa apical i ai, cae setbt membrana ee ped pin erin cll de unre, Et lors fava in mondrona eter. La bral sung tcminaii ends ale protoniroma ci ete. {hes ole i din psa aaron ex rotor! agen sil Cor dt se rif apo tall shllr aver sonal ina srgeno amc ele a ‘Vl deuoneioavfiin cli obser vein inputs, aon noswnder din ncielvot Insucqe 9 fomeacl corp apes aoa nur oe a aia nei a le fama oc afl in corpal genet neil dn mttlamax; acoal his rosso aia Piet sn i map fae pt ome sr ge (onda) Fig 6- Usstor ibid ons ji membres» BREES FS Fe SES 8 F « 4 cee wtreard nesekst, Siem kag. arate die Pavol cates unde Sonex cent ais enter le endice is mesons Sinparich, fe oschare iarsmte vibrate imparul le wembas Feast: fle, de unde sit pluie de sims dn mma vole npabiel Unde pent gene ard o yn de romgae. Arpli- tusines unieloe eae coral ci fecyen end mai nare por ‘unos mare’ alae te tess metus, i mal mcd spre tl (8 eps nave memset tc rent rigs celllorsezorile activ, crcl easion a contact inert oa membrana tetera, dos ace ce ‘Deformarescilor exulelor aucive determina depokrizarcs membranci cetllor suive gi encraos pocniala de acs, srarsmis sub forma de impuls nerves, prin eala audtvd, 1s opmental cet Aris autivlprimsrS pereepe tnijimes, intensiatca audiivd si timbrl Recusegttea i nerpretareesunetolor ce rai a nivel aie de soca. TProprciic vrielor sonore yi sunotolor- Stull adeevah al ogacui eeepc Cort seat cls sonore co © anu feeveoih 9 interstat=. Propietile fice ale undelor sonore vn ffecverl, hensive gf amoniecle supriadngate tenaiu fundamental, Suntele au o serie ‘vir exprinate a tomen iziologc prin: ejime, interstate abit bra, Thilincs ete senzfia adit’ de sunt seroma) san grav (os), cae se datoeaza xchisiv ficcentei uniclr sonore Ueches mand percepesunetslecprrse nr: 10-20 000 He Ukrasunetale tts eevee ma mae de 29000 He, iar infarunatste mai mid de 16 Hr, Ele mu pot fl pereepte ches uma Sears iiloieS dc intcasitae sunt! depinde do amplinaines under soncre, sural {neil (4). Nivel de intestate a vos umaneajunge is 60, “Aumenecle supeaadSugatstonuli fandanestaldetermindtibral, Recuronytem vosle mane Aetocih tbls dit, Ara audiva primar, doris inibiet de difereniere, pout rectmoaye ‘mba veit nei prsoane Fig = Stara np Cor ‘Anaktatora vestibular Aclixtonalvesiblrpticps la menfneres¢contellechiibra stati i dinars a corp ‘Ral sosta analintor exe des fra pment informai centr nervo sicortel rots, cereal, espe visa poe compu, vain acceler iene angle (nigel de roa & ‘xpi ce declanpazt referee sac de post rede) ttokintice (ce asigrt echt in timp mig), La acres uni complex parti, pe ing receptor vestibule vial tt si prorocepori cn muse sist sheet.‘Receptor vsti sunt ep do erste ampulare si agra stite mail ig 9) epiteliu modifcat, format din celle souzerial, iterate priate clulels do aunts; loo sent pe o membranEazall. La poll ‘pial l colar exazorl opm carte fda cont cu 0 mash glial, 2 con ‘tol (rite misroscopice de curborat de calcu) ‘Coles sible ee aleiui dn toi ncuron: protoreurrl se aft in ganglion vestibular ‘Scarpa; dent junge Ia rseptori vestibular iar enonal intl in componenfe maui vestibular a ecru VII; devtanewonul cea in ei par nuclei veethular din bulb gi pute (de unde poset {ite aferenie sre arhicerebel, mada spin tals); Tea neuron se af ietr-an mucin de roles talamie, azonul lui pevsetinds sofa vin voile, stat fm parca posteroars a gill tempor superior. Tlaatotn analiza abst do rojo a capa in planul candalut respects. Retain capulai spre capt determing riparea ‘anelalsomiczcala in jarl emu su, Cargeon endo ichid eu ines mae) in anal dept se loc spre ampalt, ies creas ampular, eypula este devia spre trical cli suru eller seaoriale atimsl, e adeie spre cl lng, rexpovi in directa de cage endlimfe. Are loc epolaizarca membrane exulelor snzoriale gi astel se genom poteafle do acjiane, Dupi proximativ 15-20 de secunde,cepul find clastic, revine la poze de repaus (i ileal restei puto). fn cazul migete etn, rocco ocular Fnrogitens varias acclontsi inoar i gal dofnclinne a cpl fn cone ooelekit a iosinit migei, Rejingji ch excitarea recptoilor vestibulari nv provoueh sent, oi wflete de rdresar Taformafilegjunse la neccotexdeteried © stare contin asupr porte apa gi ccrplu in spat Fiiologia antzatoruty carat Anmiatraletanatcontne receptor tater, dora de presiune i wiber situa Piel. Acoytia recepfioneard vanafile enrgtice din medial extern gi ransantimpaleule nerwoese ‘nfl formate, prin eile atcendene medulare gi pin fbvle oe ner craic la erile coils coreepunsitour, conibind la formas eenajior tactile, trminy, dreowe, de pci tewerent ele sm tre perry eeannler | corin a apa celle som din ei uma satincast, ot Ta in ceiule a pol contne vesinalar ciate 8 de pesca paclev de nijetie tigre a dept ceoblelor Are loo be Dp rete $ oral eérsae rl fs sain Receptor sestul anaizator cond tegument caittee de organ de mt (ig 10) ‘Alte inci le il sunt de po tecieconsanzeo bare de apace = ‘xsmismal inpuira agile psto- (erisia mdalir sla) de exec (gon glncle swbocipae crs), etemoreyae (fin vascenstising ‘sollaares capac saguine dn tegument in evaporrea tapi! eee terol ibe etait gros Pasi adipose se Hiteard acest ce), mgs rector a flor de Pe fndepliaese un rol secunda in temoregre som, Sensbiiata toil (profoptic i pitt) provionald i vibratore {he ce tinal coma: deormarcs te _puneatl (wpecicialt pera re Septoria gi profunds fa cal feosbiitsprovionle) si stint rapid-epsttivi (in sorabilitaten aes vibmion). ‘ ‘pec restr il su lll pore eeuoayte stinger ugae «pili ev un cor fe Gp exermlu, un tampa de va). Receptor ace de ‘ens snt erie stinger spare ale pei nd stim edeormarea sa seperti. Cora de endacere ete epreretat de fascial spiaiamic nero. se datoreaza receptor rispindt in profumzinen dermal iio Dipoderm. Cale de condacee & seesbltap tactile prope s de presiune ext eprecatl de {sce spinotlamic serio Inara somesterca Idi sce cerebral se formar senza tile ‘rapt rediseiminatve, care permit aprecircawlobalt a punscir aise ge pe Yogumeet, in primal xz si senza de presiae, nal dea cx. ‘ce inegistrait de receplr trmicl, rprezntai prin termine acrvoaie there, cae sunt simulate de vara ale temperate, in report en temperate pei wn ‘ol imporuat in termorepire, Sensibilaiea termi este condust prin facieuelapinotlamie ier lean de poi cortical aia ymnesiei I oul parcial) se general Sena de cal, do rece ide due ssocina ca seosibilitatca temic. Senajia de dere declageuatreflensle de ap, ce 0% onganisrul de sub influent factorior noi. (Gutanit). Reseport divert runt sepeeoatt pn ‘termini ne-vonse liber din pide, cuo desta ce Yara in facts de errs, Durerea cust te declasat de orice smal prtomic (mecasic, temic, slectic, himie es) ce actionext ex Tbschete asupra tegument, prodacind leieri, Le local de contact se eliverearh o suitanta chinic, care constitu simula Siziologs al reepteior de dee. nariasomestrich | se foment @O