SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

IDENTIFYING RESERVOIR FLUIDS IN SANDY CLAY AND CARBONATE RESERVOIR USING THE WAVELET TRANSFORM WITH WELL LOGS
Enrique Coconi-Morales, Posgrado Instituto Mexicano del Petrleo, Manuel Lozada-Zumaeta, Gerardo Ronquillo-Jarillo and David Rivera, Instituto Mexicano del Petrleo and ESIA IPN, and Oscar Campos-Enrquez, Instituto de Geofsica Posgrado UNAM
Copyright 2006, held jointly by the Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts (SPWLA) and the submitting authors. This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPWLA 47 Annual Logging Symposium held in Veracruz, Mexico, June 4-7, 2006.
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frequency) and associated scales (multiscale analysis) form the PNC and electric induction logs; logs reconstruction, petrophysics correlation and calibration of results. From the evaluation and analysis of the results obtained it is concluded that it is possible to perform the analysis and synthesis of the different scales involved, selectively eliminating the associated contributions with factors non related to the determining petrophysical parameters and concentrate the analysis in the representative and consistent with each of the selected scales. Finally the multiresolution analysis shows to be a suitable and useful tool in the GWL data analysis and assessment. It represents a relevant contribution in hydrocarbon indirect detection. INTRODUCTION The lithologycal variations, porosity and content of fluids in the rock bodies are fundamental issues in the reservoir characterization process. In the calibration process, one of the commonly used techniques consists on varying the physical properties of a unique fluid, this trend tends to modify, considering one or more different fluids. Lithologycal factors incorporation and those introducing porosity variations are more restricted, as they increase uncertainty in reserves assessment (Dvorkin, 2004) based on practical terms. Even with the above considerations related to lithology and porosity parameter are unpredictable in reducing the number of variables determining the speed magnitudes (Vp, Vs) and the volumetric density quantification. The impedance graphs regarding porosity, by means of a suitable seismic and petrophysical analysis, they lead to identify trends related to the lithologycal distribution and differentiation regarding the registry depth in sand clay formations in several proportions (Dvorkin 2002, 2004). On the other hand, in the early 80s the introduction of a multiresolution analysis took place in the frame of the

ABSTRACT The primary aim of this work is to identify with high relative resolution, existing fluids in representative formations in a gas and oil reservoir, by using the one dimensional discrete wavelet transformed (DWT- lD) to geophysical well logs data (GWL) One important application in the RGP evaluation/assessment is the determining of fluids, lithology and porosity in a reservoir, logs do contain relevant information of the micro pores structure, fluids in the pore and lithology, capable to associate with high, medium and low frequencies (scales), they make the DWT-lD mentioned before, be formally suitable for this purpose. This transform is generally applied in the conditioning, and processing of signals and images (multi-resolution analysis) Results obtained in the application of the DWT-lD transform are displayed in this work, in the fluid identification, and characterization associated to sandclay and carbonated formations. The type of fluid is identified starting from the electric induction logs data from non cased wells, in the case of cased wells, the main log is the pulsed neutron compensated (PNC). Specifically, it presents results obtained from the DWTlD application in the fluid differentiation from a formation. The method herein developed, to determine the type of fluid, consists of the variance distribution evaluation (energy) regarding the scale, its petrophysics correlation and estimation of the conditional probability (Bayes analysis). The activities performed, with the aim of increasing the certainty of the identification of several fluids and its distribution in sand-clay and carbonated formations consisted on: the obtaining for the direct representative petrophysical parameters, coefficients distribution evaluation (plain time-

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SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

wavelet transform in reflection seismic (Goupillaud et al., 1984), a situation that derived into a wide application disclosure and search in the geophysics fields independently applied to the developments of the wavelet transform in science and other engineering branches. The representation at different well log scales and reflection seismic data, make up a complementary tool in the hydrocarbon indirect detection and representative examples of the applications of that relatively analysis and signal processing new tool. Among other applications, the wavelet transform has been applied in problems related in the dip analysis of events in seismic sections (Cohen and Chen, 1993), problems of one dimensional seismic tomography inversion (Li and Ulrych, 1995), efficient and stable representation of local scaling starting from measures in well (Li and Haury, 1995), seismic attributes estimation (Lozada-Zumaeta and Ronquillo-Jarillo, 1997, as well as Rivera-Recillas et al. 2005) and reflection seismic analysis (Lozada-Zumaeta and Ronquillo-Jarillo, 2001); in the sedimentary sequences interpretation and evaluation (Gersztenkorn, 2005). Within the GWL important applications, exist those related to the fluid type determination, water and oil saturation, the electric induction log is used, in the case of gas formations the sonic log along with the neutron (nphi) and densities (exploratory wells) (Tepper R., 1989; Fondyga A. and Sherba G., 2004). In producing wells the recommended log is that of pulse neutron, (Heikal et al. 1996, 1997; Hamada and Heikal, 1998; Hamada and Al-Awad, 1998). If the fluid estimation of a formation starting from the GWL is included to all the above mentioned, this is subject to the physical effects deriving from vugs, fractures and clay proportion (Stinco et al., 2004), the determination is definitely limited. This situation displays the need, according to the case of considering two or more correlating GWL and circumstantially count on conditioning non conventional techniques, processing and signal analysis, such as the wavelet transform. GENERAL DATA Physical Bases. From the different GWL counted on as data primary source used in this application porosity logs have been taken into considered (), resistive (Rt) and pulsated neutrons (). Porosity Logs among the most important petrophysical properties related to the characterization

and evaluation of a reservoir, on a relevant way there is porosity. The need of assessment has favored tool design and perfection that supply assessments of same with a high accuracy degree. Rock porosity can be obtained starting form sonic, density or neutron log. Porosity estimation is determined by the clay proportion distributed in the stratigraphic column, matrix nature and fluid content. Sonic Log This log is related to the formation capacity to transmit longitudinal waves or P waves. It supplies transit time of a perturbation through formations, it varies regarding lithologycal nature, texture and basically with porosity. It comprises speed reciprocal and it is usually displayed as t. The sonic log is applied in the porosity evaluation, sometimes calibrated with interval speeds, speed profiles and taking into account seismic sections, along with the density log, they lead to acoustic impedance assessment. Density Log Volumetric density of one formation (sands, limestone and dolomite) is macroscopically related to the matrix mineralogical composition. Low density values will indicate rocks are not very compact as density is an inverted function of porosity as well as in the resistivity case. The log tool counts on a source and two detectors, the farthest, regarding the source is designed to detect formation density effects and the closest with those form the borehole. Density logs lead to estimate porosity. They also estimate acoustic impedance and indicate lithology Compensated Neutron Log The compensated neutron log (CNL) measures the formation hydrogen index being proportional to the hydrogen atom volumetric density. It is related to porosity. The CNL uses a radioactive source (gamma rays) that bombards ultra fast neutron formation. These neutrons are mainly decelerated and captured by the hydrogen atom nucleus. Statistically the gamma rays in the detectors are recorded (accounts), starting from the magnitude of the accounts detected and the scale is given in porosity units. This log is mainly applied to the porosity estimation, lithology identification, clay content analysis and in gas indirect detection. Conductivity and Resistivity Log Resistivity logs measure formations resistivity. The measured

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

magnitude corresponds to conductivity, the reciprocal of resistivity. Hydrocarbons are relatively resistive, regarding fluids contained in formations, in the porous and saturated formation of electrolytes resistivity is low and it is high when it contains hydrocarbons. Resistivity logs are used to infer issues related to lithology. High resistivities eventually can be related to compact limestone and dolomite. Thermal decay time log (TDT)- a source emits periodic neutrons that interact with formations causing gamma rays emissions, that can be eventually detected by two sensors. Neutrons emitted interact with the prevailing well conditions and with formations. Gamma rays have variable energies at characteristic time. TDT log measures required time so that certain percentage of emitted neutrons can be absorbed and they are mainly used as a measure from water saturation from the formation and porosity estimations. Macroscopic scale corresponds to the formation total capture section per volume unit its units result into 10-3 cm-1. Due to the fact that chlorine is an element that absorbs more neutrons by the magnitude from the capture section, the detected response is determined among other factors, by the presence of its compounds (sodium chloride) Regarding GWL, in Table 1, typical values from the physical magnitudes associated to them are presented. Mathematical basis A signal is stationery if its statistical properties are non variable in time. The Fourier transform is the suitable tool to study stationary and lineal signals this means that signals decompose as waves lineal combination that are in this case sines and cosines (cosenoidal basis). Fourier transform uses as functions sines and cosines basis to analyze and synthesize a function or signal. Each function or signal can be written as a lineal combination of the basis functions, meaning to multiply the base functions times some constants and add up the products. The analysis involves estimation from these factors, according to the case they can be transformation coefficients, Fourier coefficients and wavelet coefficients. The synthesis or the reconstruction corresponds to the process of calculating the lineal combination above mentioned. In the survey the non stationery signals, the transitory events, cannot be represented with the Fourier analysis classical techniques, therefore certain special bases are introduced, time atoms frequency. (Meyer and Ryan, 1993, Morlet et al. 1982, Daubechies 1990, 1992).

WAVELET TRANSFORM (WT) A wavelet function is defined with a function located and time oscillating. The location condition in the time refers to the fact that it is oscillatory with finite length (compact support), tends quickly to zero. The wavelet analysis represents a non-stationery signal (function, image) bases term (time-frequency atoms), which are limited band or compact support. From the wavelet mother, (a,b), the wavelets are generated from the respective family; by means of scaling and translation procedures, through coefficients a and b manipulation respectively, table 2. The high scales (low frequencies) correspond to a global non detail vision of the signal and low scales (high frequencies) to a detailed view, this is a signal, it can be expressed at various detail levels, multiresolution analysis, MRA, (Mallat, 1989). The MRA analyzes a signal at different frequencies (scales) with different resolutions. The multiresolution analysis (MRA) characterizes the wavelet transform in a general way. It synthesizes the original signal adding details successively; it decomposes in a set of components, each of them containing only structures of a specific size (scale) The WT coefficient distribution is performed in the plane called time frequency, it is shown in figure 1.

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Figure 1.- Spectral density in the dominion of the Wavelet transform (distribution of the coefficients of the transformation in the plane time-frequency).

Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) The wavelet continuous transform (CWT) from an x(t) signal is defined as (Strang, 1989):

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

CWT(a, b) =

x(t )Wab * (t )dt =

1 t b x(t )W * dt | a | a

In this case the signal, x(t), can be reconstructed or synthesized through the inverted wavelet transform, defined as: X (t ) = C g

(1) In spectral terms it can be written: CWT (a , b) = | a |

CWT

X (a , b)

1 t b dbda W a a a2

(3)

X ( )W * (a )e

jb

(2)

For the illustrations D4 wavelet and Daubechies (1990) is presented in figure 2

where (*) represents the conjugated complex. Regarding the signal, it needs to be finite energy (integrating squared). The signal is approached to each of the representation scales. Translation Scale Change Translation and Scale Change

( t b)

1 t ( ) a a

1 t b a a
Figure 2- Daubechies D4Wavelet.

Table 2.- Basic components used in the WT. calculation. The transformation finally applied corresponds to the translation and scale change combination.

Table 1. - Physical magnitudes and type of rock (Ramirez-Jimenez et al., 2000).

Mineral or Rock

Symbol

Sigma (c.u.) 6-14 6-12 6-13 25-50 25-50 25-50 13-21 19-20 500 9-10 400 22 58 98

Rt Ohm-m 100 a > 1000 100 a > 1000 100 - 1000 1 - 10 1 - 10 1 - 10 1 x 109

Sonic log (t) sec/ft 45 42 54 >110 100 <90 50 52.5 59 67 122 74 57.5 200 189 176 Velocity ft/sec. 22,500 24,000 18,500

Calcite Dolomite Sand (quartz) Shale: Low compacted Normal Compacted Anhydrite Plaster Saline rock (Halita) Sulfur Sylvita Polyhalita Water fresh 100,000 ppm NaCl 200,000 ppm NaCl

L D Sd Sh Sh A G Rs S Sy Po W

Density Log gr/cm3 2.71 2.87 2.65 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.98 2.35 2.03 2.03 1.86 2.79 1.00 1.07 1.14

Neutron log (%) 0.0 6-8 -4.0 High Values High Values -1.0 -4.0 -3.0 0.0 6-8

20,000 19,100 15-17,000 8,250 13,500 17,400 5,000 5,300 5,700

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) a WT discrete version, consists on discretizar the translation and scale parameters, a and b; so that the Wa,b wavelet family (5) be defined taking into account a dyadic set, as (6): a ,b (t ) = 1 tb a a j, k

(4) (5)

amplitude spectra (Fourier) respectively, are presented in figure 5a and 5b. The different components are presented in figure 6 from the signal presented in figure 5a and in table 3 the characteristics connected to them. For comparison effects the Fourier spectra from each of the components is presented in figure 7 the frequency rank each component belongs to can be observed.

a j = 2 j ; bk = 2 j k

That transforms the expression (4) to the following:

j .k ( t ) = 2 2 2 j t k
j

j, k

(6)

From the wavelet , and a signal, s(t), the discrete wavelet transform can result: DW s( j , k ) = s , j , k =

s( t ) j , k ( t )dt

(7)

Figure 3. - Decomposition of V0 in successive bands (octaves). The axis of the frequencies is subdivided in Vj and Wj spaces, that satisfy
V j Vj1 .

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and in turn the inverted transform (synthesis). s( t ) =

c
j k

j , k j , k ( t )

s,
j k

j,k

j , k ( t ) (8)

The analysis through frequency ranks or octaves double the dimensions in the frequencies domain while in time they divide between two increasing resolution (figure 3). Figure in which the procedure related to discrete transformation is schematically represented regarding Nyquist frequency, taking into account the detail and approximation spaces, high and low frequency respectively, V and W. Components Wj and Wj are presented in figure 4 for an original signal in V0, space. Spectrogram and Scalogram A graphic representation in the time frequency plane of the coefficient distribution associated to the STFT and WT transforms corresponding to the spectrogram and escalograma respectively, they are connected to the energy or power spectra.

Figure 4. - Decomposition of a synthetic signal in its components Wj y Vj.

(a , b)

dadb a2 dadb . a2

(9)

Energy distribution is connected to

Table 3- Range of frequency and period

The acceleration log observed from a controlled experiment (dt= 0.004 seconds, fm =500 Hz.), and the

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

APPLICATION The GWL in general terms represent the magnitude responses physically determining the mean of several natural or artificial factors introduced with the aim of characterizing them. To identify lithology and fluid types applying the wavelet transform, the Rhob, Nphi, TDT, SP, RG, dt, logs have been selectively considered, they are presented in figure 8a. From these logs several parameters were deduced. From RG log the clay index

(Ish) was obtained; the acoustic impedance starting from the density logs (rhob) and sonic Dt); the porosity (Dphi) starting from the (rhob) density log, and speed (Vp) from sonic. Delimiting clayish zones from clean zones Impedance graph is shown in figure (8f) regarding porosity in a zone comprised in 700 to 1050 meters depth interval (sand clay zone). The volume of clay has been estimated in this interval being in the 10 to 70% rank.

Figure 5.- Analysis of multiresolution, MRA, a) original Signal Figure 6. - Decomposition of the signal of figure 5a in its different scales. (acceleration log). b) Amplitude spectrum.

Figure 7.- For each one of the scales (to exemplify of level 5 to the 9) its Amplitude spectrum is obtained (Fourier, in red and continuous) and this is compared with the Amplitude spectrum (Fourier) original (in blue and with dot), sample that the spectrum obtained with each one of the scales has a specific rank of frequencies.

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

The guide curves (red and green) were obtained through the Raymer (1989) and Wyllie (1956) relations respectively, figure 9 and 10.
1 1 = + V p V fluid Vsolid

reconstruction and f) results correlation (shown in figure 8). Identification of the fluid type and Conditional Probability Each of the Rt, PNC (TDT) logs was sectioned from five wells, one of them is presented in figure 11a, in gas, oil, oil with salty water zones, exclusively salty water and with no fluid (dry). Variance distributions (energy) were determined regarding each of the scales (figure 11b). The maximum value characteristics, for each of the different zones where wells are sectioned, are shown in Table 4. There are 7 zones with no fluid (dry), 9 with oil, 2 with salty water and 3 with oil with gas and one with oil and water. The conditional probability that in the scale of 6 the predominating fluid were oil, was estimated by analyzing the above mentioned results, the value of 0.60 was obtained. This way oil distribution quantification was achieved.
Well

Wyllie's Equation (10)

V p = (1 )2Vsolid + V fluid < 0.37

Raymers Equation (11) When applying the wavelet transform to the selected logs, figure 8, from these results, as an illustration, those obtained in the rhob density log are presented; the representation of each of them at different scales starting from the coefficient distribution of each of them. From these ones, as a consequence of an analysis and correlation of same, suitable representative scales for lithologycal studies and fluid nature were determined. A complementary factor, illustrated in 8c is identified as pseudo wave length (Imhof, 1998): j = 1.4 * 2j*z, (12)

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Dry 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 4, 2(5)*, 7, 8, 9, 2(10)* 4, 7, 10

Oil 4, 3(5)*, 2(7)*, 8, 2(9)*

Water

1 2 3

Oil gas 5, 7, 9

Oil water

Pseudo longitudes from the wave for each of the logs were obtained in function of the scale. It is important to stress out that the former equation lets us get the wave pseudo longitude for the Symmlet and Coiflet wavelet. Where z is the sampling, j is the scale index and the calibration factor. From the graphics analysis 8c, it is possible to determine the scale that will permit the optimal well log recover associated (figure 8d). An almost perfect subject log overlap (green) with its respective reconstruction (red). The lithologycal classification graphic performed after the representative scale selection is presented in figure 8e (MRA, multiresolution analysis). A higher precision lithologycal classification can be observed in these graphics, this is a lower dispersion regarding the one obtained from the original data. The steps used, with the purpose of reducing uncertainty in the sand and sand clay lithologycal units identification, can be synthesized in the following: a) petrophysical parameter obtaining; b) DWT coefficient estimation; c) representative scale estimation, d) logs

4 5

5, 8, 10, 12

2(4)*, 5, 4(6)*, 7, 3(8)*, 2(9)*, 10 4, 6, 9 6, 7, 9

2(3)*,5, 6, 7, 9

4, 2(6)*, 8, 9

6, 8, 10

*Repetition factor (times that the flowed condition is repeated at certain scale). Table 4 Characteristics of maximum values for each one of the different zones in that the wells were divided; its are 7 zones without fluid (dry), 9 with oil, 2 for salt water, 3 of oil with gas and one oil with water.

RESULTS ANALYSIS To validate obtained results, a model with a first 4 layer approximation was considered, TDT. It is supposed that the capturing section microscopically observed from the sigma formation is equal to the sum of the constituting sigmas weighed by the occupied fractional volume.

log = Sw ( w h) + ( h ma + + Vsh( sh ma ) + ma
7

(13)

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

Figure 8.- Identification of sand and sandy clay lithologycal units. a) obtaining of petrophysics parameters; b) estimation of coefficients of the DWT; c) estimation of the representative scales, d) reconstruction of logs, and f) correlation of results.

Figure 9. Wyllie and Raymer Equations (Dvorkin, 2002).

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

Figure 10. - Presentation of results in zones of sandy clay, using the Raymer and Wyllie equations.

Where ma, sh, w, and sh are the matrix capturing transversal sections, hydrocarbon, water and clay respectively. Starting form the porosity parameter obtained form TDT log, it is possible to solve the former equation and obtain Sw; the porosity as the clay volume could be obtained from other logs. A model response is presented in figure 12a, calculated with the parameters given in table 5; the ten scale representation was obtained from it, figure 12b. The variance distribution in function of the scale is shown in figure 12c; it can be observed that the higher variance corresponds to the scale seven. The corresponding image from the response approximations from each of the calculated scales was also obtained. In this image the zone associated with

hydrocarbons, observed.

figure

12d,

can

be

contrastingly

Sand Sandy clay Sand Sand w = 80 u.c. w = 80 u.c. w = 80 u.c. w = 80 u.c. ma = 8 u.c. ma = 8 u.c. ma = 8 u.c. ma = 8 u.c. h =21 u.c. h = 21 u.c. h = 21 u.c. h = 21 u.c. sh = 45 u.c. sh = 45 u.c. sh = 45 u.c. sh = 45 u.c. = 24 % = 24 % = 24 % = 24 % Sw = 50 % Sw = 70% Sw = 10% Sw = 50% Vsh = 20% Vsh = 70% Vsh = 10% Vsh = 20% E = 15 m. E=5m E = 10 m.
Table 5.- Parameters used for the simple model of TDT.

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Figure 11. - a) Fluids determinates using TDT log. b) Graph of the variance versus scale, to be used in the conditional probability, showing the behavior of different flowed. a) oil, b) oil with water, c) water, d) no producing

SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

Figure 12. a) Synthetic log from TDT model.

Figurae12. b) Decomposition in scales (approximation and detail coefficients).

Figure 12c.- The scale of greater amplitude is the seven.

Figure 12d.- Map of scales based on the depth and where the anomaly produced by the zone with hydrocarbon is observed clearly.

On a similar way, the former procedure was applied to a GR nature field log (figure 13a), the log representation images in a total of 10 scales are given in figure 13b (Daubechies) and 13c (Morlet), the wavelet graphics are in 13d and 13e. With the aim of determining differentially oil saturated zones on a similar way a set of data observed from the resistivity logs, gamma rays and TDT was used, figure 14a 14b and 14c respectively. In figure 14d for correlation effects resistivity and TDT logs are presented, finally in figure 14e, the corresponding image to the TDT log approximations from all the scales. CONCLUSIONS By means of a careful data analysis and with the scale analysis results in the domain of the wavelet transform,

it is possible to selectively eliminate the information associated with the clayish bodies and concentrate the analysis in the sandy units of each of the selected scales. The representation determination of the optimal scale of a geophysical well log, with a relative increase in its resolution, lets to sector identification of the interest zones, related to the petrophysical parameters (saturation porosity and permeability) from the formations and leads to new development possibilities. The multiresolution analysis, shows to be a suitable, complementary and useful tool in the geophysics well logs data evaluation and analysis and foresees a field of possible applications.

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SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

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Figure 13.- WT Analysis for two different wavelets (Morlet and Daubechies) applied to gamma ray log, it is observed that different results exist depending wavelet to use.

Figure 14.- a) Gamma Ray log. b) ILD Log. c) TDT log, d) ILD and TDT log simultaneity. e) Representation of scales from TDT log.

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SPWLA 47th Annual Logging Symposium, June 4-7, 2006

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the support provided by Instituto Mexicano del Petrleo for facilities given for this work. REFERENCES Alvarez, G., Sanso, B., Michelena, R.J., and Jimenez, J.R., 2003. Lithologic characterization of a reservoir using continuous-wavelet transforms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 1, 59-65. Burke H. B., 1998. The World according to Wavelets. Edit. A K Peters, second edition. Coconi-Morales E. 2000. Metodologa usando el registro de neutrones pulsados (PNC) para el monitoreo de los contactos gas aceite y aceite agua y saturacin de agua en el complejo Cantarell. Tesis maestra. DEPFI UNAM. Cohen J. and Chen T. 1993. Fundamental of the wavelet transform for seismic data processing. Tech Rep. CWP-130. Center for wave phenomena. CSM. Daubechies I., 1990. The wavelet transform, timefrequency localization and signal analysis, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 36, N 5, September. Daubechies L., 1992. Ten Lectures on wavelets, SIAM. Dvorkin J. 2002. Rock physics. Short course, http://pangea.stanford.edu/~jack/shortcourse. Dvorkin J., 2004. Seismic reflections of rocks properties. E&P November, 59 - 61. Fondyga, A., and Sherba, G. 2004. Cased hole density, neutron, sonic and resistivity logging in South America, case histories, lessons learned, and a methodology for including the technology in formation evaluation programs, paper K, in 45th annual logging symposium transactions. Society of Petrophysicists and Log Analysts, CD-ROM, 12 p. Gassmann F., 1951, ber die elastizitt poroser medium: Viertel jahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zrich, 96, 1-23. Gersztenkorn A. 2005. Stratigraphic detail from wavelet based spectral imaging. 2005 CSEG Record. April, 40-43. Goupillaud P., Grossmann A. and Morlet J. 1984. Cycle octave and related transforms in seismic analysis. Geoexploration No. 25, 85-102. Grubb H. and Walden. 1997. Characterizing seismic time series using the discrete wavelet transform. Geophysical Prospecting. No. 45, 183-205. Hamada, G.M., and Al-Awad, M.N.J. 2000. Petrophysical evaluation of low resistivity sandstone reservoirs. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 39, no. 7, 7-14.

Hamada, G.M., and Al-Awad, M.N. 1998. TDT monitors gas saturation in heterogeneous reservoir. Oil and Gas Journal, v. 96, no. 21, May 25, 55-60. Hamada, G.M., and Heikal, S.A. 1998. Gas saturation detection model applied to heterogeneous reservoir using TDT, paper JJJ, in 39th annual logging symposium transactions. Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, 14 p. Heikal, S.A., and Khalil, M., Hamada, G.M., 1997. Gas saturation detection model applied to heterogeneous reservoir using TDT, SPE-37777, in 10th SPE Middle East oil show proceedings, v. 2. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 187-194. Imhof M. G., 1998. Scale and frequency dependence of reflection and transmission coefficients. SEG Expanded Abstracts. Kendall M. 1994. Advanced theory of statics. 6th ed. Halsted Press. Li X. and Ulrych T. 1995, Tomography via wavelet transform constraints: 65th Annual Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1070 1073. Li Xiao and Haury J. 1995. Characterization of heterogeneities from sonic velocity measurements using the wavelet transform. 65th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Exp.. Geophys., 488-491. Lozada-Zumaeta y Ronquillo-Jarillo, 2001. Transformada de ondcula aplicada al anlisis ssmico de reflexin. Sptimo Congreso Internacional SGGF, 493-496-7CISBGf/TS5 Salvador Brasil. Lozada-Zumaeta y Ronquillo-Jarillo. 1997. Multiresolution Analysis and Seismic Attributes. 97/Moscow97, International Geoscience Conference, Exhibition. Soc. E.G.S, EAGE and SEG. Expanded Abstracts. Mallat S., 1998. A wavelet tour of signal processing. Academic Press. Meyer Y. and Ryan R., 1993. Wavelet Theory and Applications, Cambridge University Press. Ramirez-Jimenez y Morfn-Faure. 2000. Curso de Registros geofsicos de pozo, nivel avanzado. Publicacin interna IMP. Raymer L., Hunt E. and Gardner J. 1980. An improved sonic transit time to porosity transform: 21st Annual Logging Symposium, Trans. Soc. Prof. Well Log Analysts, Paper P. Rivera-Recillas; Lozada-Zumaeta, Ronquillo-Jarrillo and Campos-Enrquez, 2005. Multiresolution analysis applied to interpretation of seismic reflection data. Geofsica Internacional. Vol. 44, Num. 4, 355 368. Stinco L., Vieiro J. and Fam M. 2004. Evaluating the shaly-sand oil reservoirs of El Tordillo field, Argentina using magnetic resonance logs, paper LL, in 45th annual logging symposium transactions. Society of Petrophysicists and Log Analysts, CD-ROM, 13 p. Tatham R. and Massell W., Lateral a vertical resolution. Informative note. Petty-Ray Geophysical, Geosurce.

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Tepper, R., 1989. A clay-corrected neutron-density crossover method as a useful gas/oil interpretation technique for Gulf of Mexico shaly sandstone reservoirs, paper R, in 30th annual logging symposium transactions. Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, 22 p. Torrence C. and Compo G., 1998. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Vol. 79, No, 1, January, 61 78. Wyllie M., Gregory A. and Gardner G. 1956, Elastic wave velocities in heterogeneous and porous media: Geophysics, 21, 41-70. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Enrique Coconi-Morales is Geophysics from Instituto Politcnico Nacional (IPN) in Mexico City. He has an Engineer Master from Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM). He is professor of well logging in the Instituto Politcnico Nacional. Actuality he is PhD student of Mexican Petroleum Institute. Manuel Lozada-Zumaeta is Geologist. He has an MSc from UNAM. Hes specialist at Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo in seismic, Potential and Numeric Methods. He is professor in the IPN. David Rivera-Recillas is a Physician and Mathematician from the IPN. He has a Geophysics Doctorate of UNAM. He works in the Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo developing models and in the IPN. Gerardo Ronquillo-Jarillo is Geophysics from IPN. He has a Geophysics Doctorate of Moscu University. He is specialist at Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo in seismic. He is professor in the IPN. Oscar Campos-Enriquez is Geophysics from IPN. He has a PhD in Geophysics. He is investigator at Instituto de Geofsica de la UNAM an he is professor in the IPN.

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