1. Mineral Processing Course Introduction Mineral Processing is one of the oldest sciences.

Its history can be traced back to 6000 BC. Admittedly, its form at that time was rudimentary, but, to gain a perspective in Mineral Processing, it is worthwhile to spend a little time studying the initiation of mankind's association with metals. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century. Therefore, from the discovery of the first metals - gold and copper until the end of the 17th century, some 7700 years, and only 12 metals were known. Four of these metals, arsenic, antimony, zinc and bismuth, were discovered in the 13th and 14th centuries, while platinum was discovered in the 16th century. The other seven metals, known as the Metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilization was based. The course will provide an understanding of the principles of physical and chemical mineral processing. The course assumes no prior knowledge and emphasizes the science and engineering principles, and their application. Topics covered include mineralogy, size liberation, size reduction, size separation mineral separation, size reduction circuits, flotation, magnetic separation, dewatering, metallurgical balance and tailing disposal. The course finishes by integrating the various unit processes, process control, and procedures for improving one's skill and knowledge in the area. Course Benefits The benefits of attending a course such as this are numerous. Attendees will greatly appreciate the importance of optimization of plant efficiency and in addition, they will gain an in-depth knowledge of the broader aspects of mineral processing. Any plant is a large capital resource and it needs to be efficiently managed to achieve the highest recovery and production outcomes. Management recognises that people are the greatest asset and improved efficiency is a direct result of knowledge, skill and experience. Employees appreciate receiving training and the interest shown in them improves morale and helps foster a more productive workforce. Participants will gain an understanding of the fundamental principles and unit processes, an appreciation of equipment and flowsheets, understand the physical and chemical principles, increased awareness of problem solving, etc. Who Should Attend? The course is designed to instill key knowledge of the Resource Sector to mining industry including processing plant operator, Metallurgical technician, metallurgist, as well as any personally who want a wide knowledge on mineral beneficiation

Participants will be provided with comprehensive course notes of hand copy covering the basic theoretical and practical aspects of Mineral Processing. Course Programme

Introduction Ore mineralogy Mineral Liberation Size reduction Processes(Crushing& Grinding) Size separation Processes(Screening &Classification Size reduction Circuit Particle size analysis Gravity Concentration Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Minerals Flotation Metallurgical balance Process control and plant optimization Dewatering Tailings Disposal

Training methodology Parallel to lectures, practicals will form the largest part of the course. Group discussion and excursions will augment the understanding of the course.

Awards Certificate of attendance will be awarded to participants who successfully complete the programme. Course fee: US$ 1000 Course Duration: One Month

2. Gold Extraction course Introduction Mankind has revered gold since ages immemorial. Gold may have been the first metal used by humans (around 6000 BC) and was valued for ornamentation and rituals. In modern societies, gold is the ultimate icon of wealth and prestige; its unique properties make it a highly valuable raw material in the production of high-tech devices such as supercomputers, satellites and many others.

Due to the high value of gold and its relative scarcity, economical and efficient recovery of gold from its ores is a concern that has preoccupied us for a very long time. From the era of the alchemists that seeked the secrets of the holy metal to the current days, gold extraction is an activity that human has perfected through time. Mineral Resources Institute has design a Gold Extraction Short Course that focuses specifically on the processing of gold bearing ores to produce gold bullions. Course Benefits Participants will learn about the practical applications of the metallurgical principles and methods used in gold processing operations. They will have the opportunity to upgrade their knowledge in the extractive metallurgy of gold and discuss issues they encountered with their plant processes. The course assumes no prior knowledge and will treat the subjects in sufficient detail to provide a very good understanding of gold extraction. The course is designed to instill key knowledge of the Resource Sector to mining industry including processing plant operating staff, Metallurgist as well as any personally who want a wide knowledge on mineral beneficiation

Course Programme Introduction Mineralogy of Gold Ores Gravity Gold Recovery Intensive Leaching Cyanidation - Agitated Tank Leaching Adsorption - Carbon In Pulp (CIP) / Carbon In Leach (CIL) Refractory Ore Treatment - Preg Robbing Gold Recovery - Precipitation / Stripping / Electrowinning

Training methodology The course will be delivered through lecturing, practical session that will form the largest part of the course. Group discussion and excursions will augment the understanding of the course. Awards Certificate of attendance will be awarded to participants who successfully complete the programme. Course fee: US$ 1000 Course Duration: One Month

1. MINERAL DRESSING 1. Introduction The first process most ores undergo after they leave the mine is mineral dressing (processing), also called ore preparation, milling, and ore dressing or ore beneficiation. Ore dressing is a process of mechanically separating the grains of ore minerals from the gangue minerals, to produce a concentrate (enriched portion) containing most of the ore minerals and a tailing (discard) containing the bulk of the gangue minerals. Since most ore minerals are usually finely disseminated and intimately associated with gangue minerals, the various minerals must be broken apart (freed) or liberated before they can be collected in separate products. 1.1. Comminution Therefore, the first part in any ore dressing process will involve the crushing and grinding (which is also known by a common name called comminution) of the ore to a point where each mineral grain is practically free. Crushing and grinding are usually carried out in a sequence of operations by which the lump size is reduced step by step. Crushing may be done in a single stage, two stage, three stages and also grinding can be done in one or two stages of grinding. Primary Crushing (coarse crushing): In primary crushing, ore or run-of-mine ore (up to 1 m in size) is crushed down to about 10 cm and it is done in a jaw or gyratory crusher. Secondary Crushing (intermediate crushing): In this case, ore is crushed from 10 cm to less than 1 2 cm size; for this purpose jaw, cone or roll crushers are used. These secondary crushers consume more power than primary crushers. Tertiary Crushing (fine crushing): By tertiary crushers ore is crushed from 12 cm to less than 0.5 cm. Short head cone crushers, roll crushers, hammer mills can be used for this purpose. The two stages of grinding are: Coarse Grinding: Rod mills are generally used as coarse grinding machines. They are capable of taking feed as large as 50 mm and making a product as fine as 300 microns. Fine Grinding: Fine grinding, which is the final stage of comminution, is performed in ball mills using steel balls as the grinding medium. The ball mill, after feeding 0.5 mm material may give a product that is less than 100 microns. Grinding is usually done wet. The principle purposes of grinding are:

i. To obtain the correct degree of liberation in mineral processing. ii. To increase the specific surface area of the valuable minerals for hydrometallurgical treatment; i.e. leaching. Mineral processing combines a series of distinct unit operations. The flowsheet shows diagrammatically the sequence of unit operations in the plant.

A simple flowsheet of a mineral process plant Ore Crushing Oversize (+) Screening Undersize(-) Grinding Underflow(-)

Classification Overflow(+) Concentration tailings

Concentrate Comminution and concentration are two primary operations in mineral processing as it can be seen from the above flowsheet, but many other important steps are involved. e.g. Sizing by screens and classifiers. Dewatering by thickeners, filters and driers, etc. Auxiliary operations conveying, sampling, etc.

There are two methods of industrial sizing. i. Screening ii. Classification Screening is generally carried out on relatively coarse material, as the efficiency decreases rapidly with fineness. Screening is generally limited to materials above about 250 microns in size, finer sizing normally being undertaken by classification. Industrial sizing is used in closed circuit with a crusher or a ball mill.

For the large lump sizes coarse grizzlies made of rails or trommel (revolving) screens made of punched plate may be used. For finer material, screens are usually made of woven metal wire. The material that passes through the openings (apertures) of a particular screen is known as the undersize (-) and material that remains on the screen is the oversize (+). Laboratory screening : The other use of screening is as a measuring technique with the purpose of determining the relative amounts of various particle sizes in a given material. The particle size distribution of crushed or ground ore is determined by means of a screen analysis. For this purpose standardized screening scales are developed. Most common is the American Tyler Screen Scale (Tyler Standard Series) where the screen number (mesh number) is given as the number of meshes (openings) or wires per linear inch (1 inch=2.54 cm): the

Diagonal of each screen opening is equal to the edge of the previous screen. So, the linear dimension of each opening differs by a constant factor of Tyler screen scale starts with 1.05 inch (26.67 mm), for smaller particle sizes the dimensions are usually given in microns (1 micron = 10-3 mm). Thus, 200 mesh (#) is equal to 74 microns in the Tyler Screen Series, Table 2. The result of a screen analysis is given as the fraction of the sample which passes through one screen but which is stopped by the subsequent screen so we can say that a certain percentage is + 26.67 mm (coarser than the coarsest screen), another percentage is 20 mesh + 28 mesh (dimensions between 0.833 mm and 0.589 mm) and finally that a certain percentage is 200 mesh (finer than 0.074 mm or 74 microns). The mesh number does not directly indicate the size of the aperture, and the aperture can be calculated from the mesh number if the wire diameter is known