GM 8192 160 Baud ALDL Interface

GM 8192/160 Baud ALDL Interface

NEW!
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we'll soon describe an alternative, possibly cheaper, two transistor circuit. Here's a sneak preview. We'll have 160 and 8192 baud software soon too (but see below for a range of free software available now).
A simple hardware interface between GM's 5 Volt 8192 baud ALDL data stream and a PC's serial port is described here. This same hardware can be used for earlier 5 Volt and 12 Volt 160 baud ALDL data streams. But use this simple interface if you only need to look at 12 Volt 160 baud ALDL data.
ALDL 8192 baud Hardware

There have been a number of designs published (none by GM) to enable the GM proprietory ALDL data stream to be tapped into. Our design uses a MAX232 (or MAX233) because this is the simplest way to do it. We also avoid using a separate power supply by powering the MAX chip from the PC's serial port (DTR and RTS signals must be set to +ve). This circuit can also be used to read older ECU's 160 baud ALDL signals. Here's our circuit using the MAX232 (or MAX232A). Vehicle signals are on the left, PC signals on the right, with DB9 (and DB25 in brackets) pin assignments shown (pin N on DB9 is N/9, etc.).
Note that the 3.3 uF capacitors (C1-C4) may be reduced to 1 uF if these are readily at hand, or to 0.1 uF if you use the MAX232A. If you use a MAX233, which has a different pinout to the MAX232, you don't need to use any of the capacitors C1-C4, but the regulator still requires C5 and C6. More information is available from Maxim, or you can download the data sheets for their 5 Volt Interface Products. As well, get the 78L05 data sheet from Natsemi, and the IN914A data sheet from Fairchild. Early ECUs produced a fixed 8192 ALDL data stream when the user placed a 10k ohm resistor between ALDL connector pins A and B. Later ECUs added internal receive circuitry (the SXR Delco/Delphi transceiver chip). for enhanced capabilities, and their firmware was upgraded too. Software can be used to enable the 8192 ALDL data stream from these later ECUs. The 8192 baud Rx and Tx data to/from the PC is combined with a diode and resistor (D3, R1) before being sent to the ECU. The 160 baud data is sent to the PC and appears as a toggling CTS signal. thus no mechanical switching is required to select either 160 or 8192 baud data streams. The diagnostic sense resistor R3 may not be required for later ECUs where software controls the ALDL data. The power supply uses two signal lines (RTS and DTR) from the PC to provide a positive voltage for the MAX chip. The two diodes (D1 and D2) are used to ensure power is available even if only one signal line is positive. Capacitor C6 ensures the low power 78L05 regulator is stable in operation. Capacitor C5 provides decoupling
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and filtering from the PC. C1 through C4 are the charge pump and inverter capacitors - their orientation (assuming you use tantalum types) should be double checked.
Connectors
To our knowledge, there have been at least four different ALDL connectors used world wide (and probably more exist too!). Tell us about them!
6 Pin Australian connector

In Australia, the VN and VP models used a 6 pin connector. The diagnostic link, a paper clip (red dotted line), is used to enable "flashing diagnostic mode", and is not described here. The data from this connector is at 160 baud when the diagnostic link is a 10k ohm resistor. You'll find this connector under the glove box on the VN/ VP.
12 pin US style connector

Here's a view of the 12 pin US style ALDL connector, and where to connect the above circuit to. The pin numbering scheme is the same as that used on the VN/VP Holden Commodores (but those vehicles used the 6 pin connector shown above). This connector is also found in the Holden JE Camira and the Nissan LE Pulsar. This diagram is courtesy Carsten Meyer.
16 pin OBD-II style Australian Connector

Later Australian Commodore models (VR, VS, etc.) use a 16 pin OBD-II style connector, but the pinouts are unique to Australia. This connector is located under the steering wheel.
10 pin European (Opel) Connector
European Opels use a 10 pin connector. Image courtesy Bert de Boer of Holland.
Software - 160 & 8192 Baud

A number of people have produced free software of varying complexity and platform support that will work with the above interface. We don't have any 8192 baud software yet, but we do have 160 baud simple and generic software for DOS. Here's a short list of some of the people/web pages I've come across (under construction, and in no particular order, tell me if you find a broken link, or you have another link to add). Andrew Whittaker's Esprit99 for Lotus Esprit, in C++ for 32 bit Windows. Alan McNicol's ElanScan for Lotus Elan M100. Paul Blackmore's EFI Live ALDL program for 32 bit Windows. Carsten Meyer's ALDMON for the 1227727 and 1227730 in Turbo Pascal 7, for DOS. Dave Hempstead's PCMComm for 16188051, a 16 bit Windows program. Craig Moates' ECUtest for 1227165, a QBasic 4.5 DOS program. Andrew Mattei's GCAR for the 16188051, in C for DOS. Peter Ohler's EV1 (electric vehicle) monitor, for Palm Pilot (nb., follow links). 160 baud WinALDL by Jonas Bylund, supports the 1227808 too. Dan Burk's 160 baud mostly US Vehicle ALDL data stream information (no code).
q q q q q q q q
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If you have a free ALDL program that will work with the above hardware, then send me eMail and I'll attempt to include you here.
Prototype Hardware - Construction

Here's a picture of the prototype constructed on a plated thru' prototype base. Note the connector on the left hand side that goes to the vehicles ALDL connector via a "patch plug" (not shown) that will suit your particular vehicle and ALDL connector. The right side connector is a DB9-S (solder tail style) that plugs direct to my laptop for in-car use or to a long RS232 extension cable for remote operation on my desktop PC.
Here's the other (solder) side showing the 22 k ohm resistor.
The assignments of the 6 pin connector on the left are (pin 1 has a black stripe on connector body, ie. bottom of top picture):
Pin
Schematic
Assignment
1 2 3 4 5 6
A B M E n/c H
Vehicle GND 10 k ohm - Mode Select Resistor 8192 Baud Data Stream 160 Baud Data Stream Polarisation marker (plugged) Vehicle +12 Volts
Note that pin 5 is plugged to prevent the "patch plug" from being inserted the wrong way. Another thing to watch, if you use a plated through prototype PCB as I have done, make sure that you drill the pads off one side of the board under the DB9. The second photo shows this rather indistinctly. If you don't do this then you'll inevitably get a short from one side of the DB9 to the other.
Updated 19 July 2004 | There's a broken link here!

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8192 Baud ALDL Description
GM's 8192 baud ALDL Data Stream

This page will eventually give a more compleat description of GM's 8192 Baud ALDL data stream. If you want an 8192 baud ALDL data stream to PC interface then they can be made cheaply. Free software is also available from many sources. Information on GM's 160 baud ALDL data streams is also available.
Different ALDL data streams

Early GM ECUs provide limited information about their operational status, and the status of the vehicle. This is provided at the leisurely rate of about 20 bytes per second (160 baud). Later ECUs provide more information at the faster rate of about 800 bytes per second (8192 baud), but they only output a fixed amount information. Setting the ECU to output this information requires a mode sense resistor across two of the ALDL connector's pins. Still later ECUs, as well as transmitting data, could receive commands from diagnostic equipment and other in-vehicle computers. With these ECUs you can (if you know how) modify their internal operating parameters on the fly. These ECUs have a single bi-directional ALDL data stream, and require a special interface before commands can be sent, and data received.
8192 baud ALDL description

The low level logical format of GM's 8192 baud ALDL data stream is a simple async data stream with 8 data bits, no parity bit, and 1 stop bit. This is the type of data stream that most UARTs (Universal Async Receiver Transmitter) can handle. The PC (IBM clone) has a UART that can be set close to 8192 baud (actually 8226.6 baud, using a divisor of 14 with the 115,200 Hz UART clock - giving a 0.42% fast clock, a negligible difference).
8192 baud Frame Format

Commands to the ECU are organised into groups of bytes called command frames. Command frames If you have suggestions as to what information would be appropriate here then contact us via eMail.
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8192 Baud ALDL Description
last updated Nov 20 1999. Copyright (c) 1999, Tech Edge Pty. Ltd. Author P. Gargano, Home | Feedback | Copyright
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Information on GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream
GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream

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General Motors 160 baud ALDL data stream is described here. The abbreviation ALDL is generally known as Assembly Line Data Link (or Diagnostic Link), and refers to the fact that it is used on the assembly line (during manufacture) to determine that the vehicles ECU systems are functioning correctly. This data stream can be tapped into and used as a diagnostic tool. A simple device (or a more complex "universal" device) that attaches to a PCs serial port can be made to intercept this data stream. Simple software (or more complex software) can then be used to read the ALDL information.
Further, and more recently written, 160 baud information can be be found here. Many GM ECUs used the 160 baud format. These same ECU can also be found on some Australian Nissans, Daewoos, etc. Any specific information shown below (eg. oscilloscope traces) relates to the author's 1990 VN 3.8L V6 Holden Commodore (described as a "VN" below) using an ECU with GM/Delco part number 1227808 (often referred to as an '808, or '7808) We have attempted to make information in this document as generic as possible and have omitted physical details such as a description of the different ALDL connectors. Note: 8192 baud ALDL info can be found here.
160 baud ALDL Voltage Levels - 5 and 12 Volts

Some early US ECU equipped vehicles, and Australian VN/VP Commodores, came with 12 Volt levels where the ALDL data output pin is connected to the CEL (Check Engine Lamp) or SES (Service Engine Soon) lamp. Later US models came with 5 Volt (often described erroneously as TTL) levels, and the SES lamp was connected to the ECU via a different circuit. If you have a 12 volt signal then you can use the simple 160 baud interface, otherwise you'll need to make the universal 160/8192 baud interface (more expensive, but more useful too). I believe that all 12 Volt ALDL data streams will flash the SES/CE lamp (at 160 baud) when set to 160 baud ALDL (diagnostic) mode, and 5 Volt models don't do this (to be conformed!). All models will flash the SES/CE lamp when set to "flashing error code" mode.
160 baud ALDL Data BIT Format

The 160 baud (also called bps, or bits per second) data stream is sent as a continuous stream of single data bits. Each bit, as viewed at ALDL connector (pin E on the VN), is made up of a number of signal transitions within a single bit time of 6.25 mSec. All voltages described below are measured relative to the vehicle's ground (considered to be at 0 Volts). For 12 Volt ALDL data (connected to the vehicles CE/SES lamp) The lamp will go on when the ECU pulls the ALDL data pin low (to 0 Volts). When the ALDL data pin is high, the CE lamp is off, this is the normal state of the CE lamp and data pin. When the ALDL mode is first entered, the ECU will pull the ALDL data pin low, and the CEL will come on for a short period. For 5 Volt ALDL data the CE/SES lamp is independantly operated, and may not flash when the ECU sends ALDL data.
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Each data bit starts as a rising edge of the ALDL data stream (shown at T0 and at T4 in the diagram). After a small delay (T0 to T1) called the start time, the line is driven to the value of the data bit to be sent. For a logic 1 level this means the voltage level will be remain high. For a logic 0 level the line will be driven to a low voltage level. At time T2, between 1.52.3 mSec into the character time, the data level is guaranteed to be stable and should be sampled here. At T3, the end of the character time, the signal line is driven low (or remains low for a logic 0). The interval T3 to T4, called the stop time, is a minimum of 0.5 mSec. At time T4 the process starts again for the next data bit.
q q q q q
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
= = = = =
Rising edge indicating start of a new bit. this is the start time. Falling edge if the bit is a zero, the line stays high if the bit is a one. Sample period (high voltage = logic 1, low voltage = logic 0) Falling edge indicating end of current bit (only if we had a logic 1 bit). Start of next bit (ie. T0 for the next bit).
The period T0 to T4, called a bit time should be exactly 6.25 mSec. thus there are 1000/6.25 or exactly 160 bits transmitted per second. A bit per second is called a baud (after Baudot, a developer of the teletype) Although I have not found a definitive specification for the individual times T0 to T4, they can be observed on real units. As measured from the above signal, the following intervals are calculated for the VN (although, in reality, the ECU memcal program actually determines these times):
q
q q
T0-T1 = mSec. T1-T3 = mSec. T3-T4 = T0-T4 =
B = 0.5 C = 4.75 E = 1.0 mSec. total = 6.25 mSec
The easiest way to determine if a 0 or 1 bit is being transmitted is to measure the time interval between negative going transitions (ie. the end of the start time) and then the next positive going transition's (ie. the start of the stop time). A method for doing this is described on this site.
160 baud ALDL Data BYTE Format

Data bytes (8 bits) are transmitted with the most significant bit (MSB) first. A leading 0 logic level start bit (indicated as the P bit in the photo) is added to delimit successive bytes. This gives a total of 9 bits per transmitted byte. The screen shot here shows 3 groupings of 9 data bits (the waving signal is due to the measurement technique - a sound card based oscilloscope). The first character is a SYNC character (described below) followed by the character 20H (000100000) and 0FH (000001111).
160 baud ALDL FRAME Format

A unique 9 bit combination of characters is used to begin each new grouping of data bytes. This grouping is called a data frame and begins with a SYNC (or synchronisation) character made up of a logic 1 start bit and 8 logic 1 bits. The screen shot above shows the SYNC character as 111111111 (note the preceeding short inter-frame delay). This combination of 9 ones cannot occur within the data part of a frame as each normal start bit is a 0 and at most we could expect to see 8 ones (a FFH character) both followed and preceeded by a 0 start bit. GM has not defined a standard "frame data format" for the ALDL information. Rather, each ECU, and in fact, each specific ECU's memcal program, determines what ECU/memcal data is present in the ALDL data stream. Thus a '808 with a VN memcal may have different ALDL data than the same ECU used on a Nissan Pulsar. Additionally, automatic, manual and airconditioned variants may have slightly different data interpretations. As an exercise, we have completed an interpretation of the VN Holden Commodore's ALDL data stream.
Serial port interface to read 160 baud ALDL data

The 160 baud ALDL data stream is NOT a standard format that can be read directly into a standard PC. However the data rate is relatively slow and it can be fed into a PC's serial port and interpreted even on a machine as slow as the original IBM XT. One simple scheme, used by the author, is to feed the data into a single transistor level converter that is connected to the PC's serial port. Rather than use the traditional Rx (or receive) line, the CTS signal line receives the data stream. The corresponding software measures the time intervals between signal transitions on the CTS line (using the PC's 8253/8254 counter/timer) and regenerates the ALDL data bytes for display on the PCs screen. Note however that this scheme is prone to noise, and the newer serial RX data approach described here should be understood.
Further technical information on building a PC based ALDL interface is available from this site.
last updated 29 November 2001 (CSS styles, 160 serial link). To ensure the correctness of this document, we greatly appreciated your feedback on the information presented here. Copyright (c) 1999, Tech Edge Pty. Ltd. Author P. Gargano
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160 Baud ALDL Hardware Interface

A simple hardware interface between GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream and a PC's serial port is described here. Additionally, simple software is available to display the captured information, and details of a simple ALDL data stream emulator are presented. I also have newer information on reading GM's 160 baud ALDL with a serial port which uses the Rx data line rather than the CTS line, as describd here. Note: This description is for Australian VN and VP vehicles where the CEL (also known as SES or Service Engine Soon) light is connected between 12 Volts and the ALDL data stream from the ECU (1227808 pin A5). US and other vehicles that use an ALDL data stream that switches between 0 and 5 Volts requires a 5 Volt 8192 baud ALDL circuit that can also be used for 8192 baud ALDL data. This interface allows the vehicle's ALDL data stream to be displayed in real time on a PC using simple software. The hardware is designed to be able to be constructed by the average hobbyist who has a temperature controlled soldering iron and basic skills in constructing simple electronics. It uses a minimum of (readily available) components consistent with good electronics design.
ALDL 160 baud Hardware

I describe here one of the simplest 160 baud ALDL interface that connects to a PC's serial port. Because RS232 cables can be quite long, and can pick up electrical noise easily, the serial port was chosen as the PC interface.
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The design uses one transistor, 5 resistors and an LED for diagnostic display purposes. A schematic and also a component and solder side view of the prototype are shown here. The transistor (a general purpose PNP transistor, like the BC557 or 2N2907) is used as a level converter for the 0 to 12 Volt levels from the 160 baud ALDL data stream to the RS232 levels expected by the serial port. The LED is used as an indicator of the 160 baud data stream and also to ensure the transistor is cut off when the ALDL data is HI. When the ALDL signal is close to 12 Volts (the dash Check Engine Light will be OFF) the transistor will be turned off and its collector will be close to the (negative) DTR level (from pin 4 of 9). The DTR pin is set by the software to a negative RS232 level so that the level read on CTS (pin 8 of 9) will also be negative. When the ALDL signal is close to 0 Volts the transistor will be saturated and drawing its maximum collector current. Collector voltage will be close to 12 Volts less the voltage drop across the LED and the transistor's Vces. The CTS input will be at a positive level which will be compatible with a positive RS232 level. The RS232 levels on CTS are inverted by the PC's RS232 receiver and again by the PC's 8250 serial controller (or variant such as the 16550) chip. The level read from the 8250's modem status register will reflect the level at the transistor's collector. Put another way, as the transistor also inverts the signal, the 8250's status register will read a 0 when the ALDL data is at 12 Volts, and a 1 when the ALDL data is at 0 Volts.
Parts List
The parts are almost junk box components and most hobbyists will have no trouble obtaining these parts. I used a BC557 transistor but a 2N2907 should work fine too. The resistors are 1/4 watt metal film parts but anything that is physically compatible should work fine. Using perforated board for construction may make your version more robust and easier to construct but it can equally be built in "free air". You may think about building the unit so it fits into a DB9 or DB25 plastic shell, but make sure you anchor the ALDL cable to the circuit as this will be one of the first points of failure.
BC557 LED 1k x 2 3.3k 10k 22k DB9S your PC
(or 2N2907) any GP LED resistors resistor resistor resistor connector
General purpose PNP transistor prototype used a green LED (black-brown-red) (orange-orange-red) (black-brown-orange) (red-red-orange) or DB25S (socket=female) as appropriate for
perforated board, solder, wire, etc. (optional DB shell or case)
Connectors
The connections A through H on the schematic are connected, via another cable with appropriate plugs, to the vehicles ALDL connector. There are at least two vehicle ALDL connectors that are used worldwide (and probably many more!). The following details are by no means exhaustive. Note that the connections are shown as one would see when viewing the connector from it "front", or the end that plugs into its mating connector. Some connectors may actually have markings on them indicating the pin's numbering.
Australian Commodore VN/VP 6 pin ALDL connector

The Australian VN and VP Holden Commodores (1988-1992) were the first Australian Holdens to have a Delco/GM EFI system. The ALDL connector is found under the glove box compartment, close to the ECU. Shorting pins A and B (with a paper clip?) will enable the vehicles "flashing diagnostic codes" mode.
----------| G E F B | | H A | ----| |-----Pin A B F E G H
Mating connector type XB4 (make unknown) GM "Tech 1" mating connector TA02329A
Function Earth, 0 Volts Diagnostic test terminal Torque converter clutch Check engine light (CEL) and ALDL data (0 to +12v) Fuel pump test +12 volts
North American 12 pin ALDL connector

------------------------| F | E | D | C | B | A |-| |-----------------------| | --| G | H | J | K | L | M |-----------------------North American ALDL connector pinouts
late 1980s and early 1990s.
This connector is found in many North American vehicles of the mid to
Pin A B C D E F G H J K
Function Earth, 0 Volts Diagnostic Terminal, (short to pin A to activate diagnostic mode)
160 baud ALDL Serial Data.
12 Volts (switched from Ignition)
L M
CTS Interface Hardware

I built a prototype of the interface on a piece of perforated board. Both sides of my prototype are shown below. I used a DB9 (9 pin) connector but the schematic above also shows the corresponding DB25 (25 pin) connections should you wish to use that connector instead. Whichever DB plug you use you can readily obtain an 9->25 or 25>9 pin adapter for use with PCs having the other DB plug. On your interface, the LED should be mounted on the side that most suits your PCs serial port orientation. The LED has a diagnostic use as well as being a part of the electrical design, it cannot be omitted. Note also that the LED will be OFF when the vehicles check engine light (CEL) is ON. When the ALDL data stream is being read, both the LED and the vehicles CEL lamp will flicker irregularly. The connector to the left in the above pictures does NOT connect directly to the vehicle's ALDL connector. Another cable, with corresponding plugs, adapts to each connector. This was done so that a short cable for in-vehicle use and a longer cable for workshop use can be use as appropriate.
The component side of the prototype 160 baud ALDL interface showing the transistor and 4 resistors.
The solder side of the prototype 160 baud ALDL interface showing the green LED and another resistor.
Simpe Software
Simple software to display the raw ALDL data stream is available on this site. It is not designed to be fancy, but provides enough information to diagnose many simple ECU and vehicle EFI problems. Tech Edge intends to make a more complete feature packed package that will be available at low cost from this web site. If you wish to be informed of the availability of this software then we'll contact you as soon as we have completed our prototype.
last updated 29 Nov. 2001 (links). To ensure the correctness of this document, we greatly appreciated your feedback on the information presented here. Copyright (c) 1999, Tech Edge Pty. Ltd. Author P. Gargano
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LM78LXX Series 3-Terminal Positive Regulators
May 2003

General Description
The LM78LXX series of three terminal positive regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78LXX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, and lower quiescent current. These regulators can provide local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages available allow the LM78LXX to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid state electronic equipment. The LM78LXX is available in the plastic TO-92 (Z) package, the plastic SO-8 (M) package and a chip sized package (8-Bump micro SMD) using Nationals micro SMD package technology. With adequate heat sinking the regulator can deliver 100mA output current. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistors is provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating.
Features
n LM78L05 in micro SMD package n Output voltage tolerances of 5% over the temperature range n Output current of 100mA n Internal thermal overload protection n Output transistor safe area protection n Internal short circuit current limit n Available in plastic TO-92 and plastic SO-8 low profile packages n No external components n Output voltages of 5.0V, 6.2V, 8.2V, 9.0V, 12V, 15V n See AN-1112 for micro SMD considerations
Connection Diagrams
SO-8 Plastic (M) (Narrow Body) (TO-92) Plastic Package (Z)
00774403 00774402
Top View 8-Bump micro SMD
Bottom View micro SMD Marking Orientation
00774424
Top View (Bump Side Down)

00774433
Top View
2003 National Semiconductor Corporation
DS007744
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LM78LXX Series
Absolute Maximum Ratings
(Note 1)
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If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Power Dissipation (Note 5) Input Voltage Storage Temperature ESD Susceptibility (Note 2) Internally Limited 35V 65C to +150C 1kV
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Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 10V Symbol VO Output Voltage 7V VIN 20V 1mA IO 40mA (Note 3) 1mA IO 70mA (Note 3) VO VO IQ IQ Vn Line Regulation Load Regulation Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change Output Noise Voltage Ripple Rejection 8V VIN 20V 1mA IO 40mA f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz (Note 4) f = 120 Hz 8V VIN 16V 47 40 62 140 IO = 5mA 0.65 6.7 230.9 7 7V VIN 20V 8V VIN 20V 1mA IO 100mA 1mA IO 40mA Parameter Conditions Min 4.8 4.75 Typ 5 Max 5.2 5.25 Units
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LM78LXX Series
LM78LXX Electrical Characteristics Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25C, Bold typeface applies over 0C to 125C for SO-8 and TO-92 packages, and 40C to 85C for micro SMD package. Limits are guaranteed by production testing or correlation techniques using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Unless otherwise specified: IO = 40mA, CI = 0.33F, CO = 0.1F. (Continued) LM78L62AC
Symbol VO VO IQ IQ Vn Line Regulation Load Regulation Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change Output Noise Voltage Ripple Rejection 8V VIN 20V 1mA IO 40mA f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz (Note 4) f = 120 Hz 10V VIN 20V 40 50 46 140 IO = 5mA 0.75 7.9 (Continued) Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 12V Parameter Conditions 8.5V VIN 20V 9V VIN 20V 1mA IO 100mA 1mA IO 40mA Min Typ 65 55 13 6 2 Max 175 125 80 40 5.5 1.5 0.1 V dB mA mV/C V mA mV Units
IPK
VIN (Min)
Minimum Value of Input Voltage Required to Maintain Line Regulation
LM78L82AC
Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 14V Symbol VO Output Voltage 11V VIN 23V 1mA IO 40mA (Note 3) 1mA IO 70mA (Note 3) VO VO IQ IQ Vn Line Regulation Load Regulation Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change Output Noise Voltage Ripple Rejection 12V VIN 23V 1mA IO 40mA f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz (Note 4) f = 120 Hz 12V VIN 22V 39 60 45 140 IO = 5mA 0.8 9.9 11V VIN 23V 12V VIN 23V 1mA IO 100mA 1mA IO 40mA Parameter Conditions Min 7.87 7.8 Typ 8.2 Max 8.53 8.6 Units
7.8 80 70 15 8 2
8.6 175 125 80 40 5.5 1.5 0.1 V dB mA mV/C V mA mV
IPK
VIN (Min)
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LM78LXX Series
Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 15V Symbol VO Output Voltage 11.5V VIN 24V 1mA IO 40mA (Note 3) 1mA IO 70mA (Note 3) VO VO IQ IQ Vn Line Regulation Load Regulation Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change Output Noise Voltage Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz 15V VIN 25V 38 11.5V VIN 24V 1mA IO 40mA 70 44 140 IO = 5mA 0.9 10.7 11.5V VIN 24V 13V VIN 24V 1mA IO 100mA 1mA IO 40mA Parameter Conditions Min 8.64 8.55 Typ 9.0 Max 9.36 9.45 Units
8.55 100 90 20 10 2
9.45 200 150 90 45 5.5 1.5 0.1 V dB mA mV/C V mA mV
IPK
VIN (Min)
LM78L12AC
Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 19V Symbol VO Output Voltage 14.5V VIN 27V 1mA IO 40mA (Note 3) 1mA IO 70mA (Note 3) VO VO IQ IQ Vn Line Regulation Load Regulation Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change Output Noise Voltage Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz 15V VIN 25 40 16V VIN 27V 1mA IO 40mA 80 54 140 IO = 5mA 1.0 14.5V VIN 27V 16V VIN 27V 1mA IO 100mA 1mA IO 40mA Parameter Conditions Min 11.5 11.4 Typ 12 Max 12.5 12.6 Units
11.4 30 20 30 10 3
12.6 180 110 100 50 5 1 0.1 V dB mA mV/C mA mV
IPK
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LM78LXX Series
Symbol VIN (Min) (Continued) Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 19V Parameter Minimum Value of Input Voltage Required to Maintain Line Regulation Conditions Min Typ 13.7 Max 14.5 Units V
LM78L15AC
Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 23V Symbol VO Output Voltage 17.5V VIN 30V 1mA IO 40mA (Note 3) 1mA IO 70mA (Note 3) VO VO IQ IQ Vn Line Regulation Load Regulation Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change Output Noise Voltage Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz 18.5V VIN 28.5V 37 20V VIN 30V 1mA IO 40mA 90 51 140 IO = 5mA 1.3 16.7 17.5 17.5V VIN 30V 20V VIN 30V 1mA IO 100mA 1mA IO 40mA Parameter Conditions Min 14.4 14.25 Typ 15.0 Max 15.6 15.75 Units
14.25 37 25 35 12 3
15.75 250 140 150 75 5 1 0.1 V dB mA mV/C V mA mV
IPK
VIN (Min)
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Electrical specifications do not apply when operating the device outside of its stated operating conditions. Note 2: Human body model, 1.5 k in series with 100pF. Note 3: Power dissipation 0.75W. Note 4: Recommended minimum load capacitance of 0.01F to limit high frequency noise. Note 5: Typical thermal resistance values for the packages are: Z Package: JC = 60 C/W, = JA = 230 C/W M Package: JA = 180 C/W micro SMD Package: JA = 230.9C/W
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LM78LXX Series
Typical Performance Characteristics

Maximum Average Power Dissipation (Z Package) Peak Output Current
00774414
00774416
Dropout Voltage
Ripple Rejection
00774417
00774418
Output Impedance
Quiescent Current
00774419
00774420
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LM78LXX Series
Typical Performance Characteristics
(Continued)
Quiescent Current
00774421
Equivalent Circuit
LM78LXX
00774407
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LM78LXX Series
Typical Applications
Fixed Output Regulator
00774408
*Required if the regulator is located more than 3" from the power supply filter. **See (Note 4) in the electrical characteristics table.
Adjustable Output Regulator
00774409
VOUT = 5V + (5V/R1 + IQ) R2 5V/R1 > 3 IQ, load regulation (Lr) [(R1 + R2)/R1] (Lr of LM78L05)
Current Regulator
00774410
IOUT = (VOUT/R1) + IQ > IQ = 1.5mA over line and load changes
5V, 500mA Regulator with Short Circuit Protection
00774411
*Solid tantalum. **Heat sink Q1. ***Optional: Improves ripple rejection and transient response. Load Regulation: 0.6% 0 IL 250mA pulsed with tON = 50ms.
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LM78LXX Series
Typical Applications
(Continued)
15V, 100mA Dual Power Supply
00774412
*Solid tantalum.
Variable Output Regulator 0.5V-18V
00774413
*Solid tantalum. VOUT = VG + 5V, R1 = (VIN/IQ LM78L05) VOUT = 5V (R2/R4) for (R2 + R3) = (R4 + R5) A 0.5V output will correspond to (R2/R4) = 0.1 (R3/R4) = 0.9
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LM78LXX Series
Physical Dimensions
inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
NOTES: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED 1. EPOXY COATING 2. 63Sn/37Pb EUTECTIC BUMP 3. RECOMMEND NON-SOLDER MASK DEFINED LANDING PAD. 4. PIN A1 IS ESTABLISHED BY LOWER LEFT CORNER WITH RESPECT TO TEXT ORIENTATION. REMAINING PINS ARE NUMBERED COUNTERCLOCKWISE. 5. XXX IN DRAWING NUMBER REPRESENTS PACKAGE SIZE VARIATION WHERE X1 IS PACKAGE WIDTH, X2 IS PACKAGE LENGTH AND X3 IS PACKAGE HEIGHT. 6. REFERENCE JEDEC REGISTRATION MO-211, VARIATION BC.
8-Bump micro SMD Order Number LM78L05IBP or LM78L05IBPX NS Package Number BPA08AAB X1 = 1.285 X2 = 1.285 X3 = 0.850
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10
LM78LXX Series
Physical Dimensions
inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)
S.O. Package (M) Order Number LM78L05ACM, LM78L05ACMX, LM78L12ACM, LM78L12ACMX or LM78L15ACM, LM78L15ACMX NS Package Number M08A
Molded Offset TO-92 (Z) Order Number LM78L05ACZ, LM78L09ACZ, LM78L12ACZ, LM78L15ACZ, LM78L62ACZ or LM78L82ACZ NS Package Number Z03A
11
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Notes
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONALS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user.
National Semiconductor Americas Customer Support Center Email: new.feedback@nsc.com Tel: 1-800-272-9959 www.national.com National Semiconductor Europe Customer Support Center Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email: europe.support@nsc.com Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171 Franais Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790
2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Support Center Email: ap.support@nsc.com
National Semiconductor Japan Customer Support Center Fax: 81-3-5639-7507 Email: jpn.feedback@nsc.com Tel: 81-3-5639-7560
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448
Small Signal Diode

Absolute Maximum Ratings*
Symbol
VRRM IF(AV) IFSM
TA = 25C unless otherwise noted
Parameter
Maximum Repetitive Reverse Voltage Average Rectified Forward Current Non-repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current Pulse Width = 1.0 second Pulse Width = 1.0 microsecond Storage Temperature Range Operating Junction Temperature
Value
100 200 1.0 4.0 -65 to +200 175
Units
V mA A A C C
Tstg TJ
*These ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of any semiconductor device may be impaired.
NOTES: 1) These ratings are based on a maximum junction temperature of 200 degrees C. 2) These are steady state limits. The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle operations.
Thermal Characteristics
Symbol
PD RJA
Characteristic
Power Dissipation Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient
Max
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 4148 / 4448 500 300
Units
mW C/W
2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448, Rev. B
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448
Small Signal Diode

(continued)
Electrical Characteristics
Symbol
VR VF
TA = 25C unless otherwise noted
Parameter
Breakdown Voltage Forward Voltage 1N914B/4448 1N916B 1N914/916/4148 1N914A/916A 1N916B 1N914B/4448
Test Conditions
IR = 100 A IR = 5.0 A IF = 5.0 mA IF = 5.0 mA IF = 10 mA IF = 20 mA IF = 20 mA IF = 100 mA VR = 20 V VR = 20 V, TA = 150C VR = 75 V VR = 0, f = 1.0 MHz VR = 0, f = 1.0 MHz IF = 10 mA, VR = 6.0 V (60mA), Irr = 1.0 mA, RL = 100
Min
100 75 620 630
Max
Units
V V mV mV V V V V nA A A pF pF ns
IR
Reverse Current
720 730 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 25 50 5.0 2.0 4.0 4.0
CT
Total Capacitance 1N916A/B/4448 1N914A/B/4148 Reverse Recovery Time
trr
Typical Characteristics
160
Ta=25 C
120
T a= 25 C
Reverse Voltage, VR [V]
150
Reverse Current, IR [nA]
100
80
140
60
130
40
120
20
110 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100
10
R everse V oltage, V R [V]
20
30
50
70
100
Reverse Current, IR [uA]
GENERAL RULE: The Reverse Current of a diode will approximately double for every ten (10) Degree C increase in Temperature
Figure 1. Reverse Voltage vs Reverse Current BV - 1.0 to 100 uA
Figure 2. Reverse Current vs Reverse Voltage IR - 10 to 100 V
550
750
Ta= 25 C
Ta= 25 C
Forward Voltage, VR [mV]
450
Forward Voltage, V [mV] F
500
700
650
400
600
350
550
300
500
250
450 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 3 5 10
Forward Current, IF [uA]
Forward Current, I F [m A]
Figure 3. Forward Voltage vs Forward Current VF - 1 to 100 uA
Figure 4. Forward Voltage vs Forward Current VF - 0.1 to 10 mA
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448
Small Signal Diode

(continued)
Typical Characteristics
(continued)
1.6
900
Ta= 25 C
Forward Voltage, V F [mV]
800
Typical Ta= -40 C

o
Forward Voltage, VF [mV]
1.4
700
1.2
600
Ta= 25 C
1.0
500
Ta= +65 C
400
0.8
300 0.6 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 800 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 10
Forward Current, IF [mA]
Forward Current, IF [mA]
Figure 5. Forward Voltage vs Forward Current VF - 10 to 800 mA
Figure 6. Forward Voltage vs Ambient Temperature VF - 0.01 - 20 mA (-40 to +65 Deg C)

4.0
0.90
Reverse Recovery Time, t rr [ns]
TA = 25 C
Ta = 25 C
3.5
Total Capacitance (pF)
0.85
3.0
2.5
0.80
2.0
1.5
0.75 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1.0 10 20 30 40 50 60
REVERSE VOLTAGE (V)
Reverse Recovery Current, Irr [mA]

IF = 10mA - IRR = 1.0 mA - Rloop = 100 Ohms
Figure 7. Total Capacitance
Figure 8. Reverse Recovery Time vs Reverse Recovery Current
500
500
400
Power Dissipation, P [mW] D
400
DO-35
Current (mA)
300
300
200
IF(
AV )
- A VE
R AG
SOT-23
E RE C
200
TIFIE
D CU
R RE
100
NT -
mA
100
0 0 50 100
o
150
0 0 50 100 150
o
200
Ambient Temperature ( C)
Temperature [ C]
Figure 9. Average Rectified Current (IF(AV)) versus Ambient Temperature (TA)
Figure 10. Power Derating Curve
TRADEMARKS
The following are registered and unregistered trademarks Fairchild Semiconductor owns or is authorized to use and is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all such trademarks.
ACEx Bottomless CoolFET CROSSVOLT DenseTrench DOME EcoSPARK E2CMOSTM EnSignaTM FACT FACT Quiet Series
DISCLAIMER
FAST FASTr FRFET GlobalOptoisolator GTO HiSeC I2C ISOPLANAR LittleFET MicroFET MicroPak
MICROWIRE OPTOLOGIC OPTOPLANAR PACMAN POP Power247 PowerTrench QFET QS QT Optoelectronics Quiet Series
SILENT SWITCHER UHC SMART START UltraFET SPM VCX STAR*POWER Stealth SuperSOT-3 SuperSOT-6 SuperSOT-8 SyncFET TinyLogic TruTranslation
STAR*POWER is used under license
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY FAIRCHILDS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 2. A critical component is any component of a life 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or support device or system whose failure to perform can systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life the body, or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose support device or system, or to affect its safety or failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be effectiveness. reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user. PRODUCT STATUS DEFINITIONS Definition of Terms Datasheet Identification Advance Information Product Status Formative or In Design First Production Definition This datasheet contains the design specifications for product development. Specifications may change in any manner without notice. This datasheet contains preliminary data, and supplementary data will be published at a later date. Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at any time without notice in order to improve design. This datasheet contains final specifications. Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at any time without notice in order to improve design. This datasheet contains specifications on a product that has been discontinued by Fairchild semiconductor. The datasheet is printed for reference information only.
Preliminary
No Identification Needed
Full Production
Obsolete
Not In Production
Rev. H5

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