Project File Arithmetic Progressions

Submitted by: Submitted to: BBA (M) 1stsemester Enroll no. 09217001709

Tecnia Institute Of Advanced Studies Madhuban Chowk Rohini Delhi 110085

Arithmetic progression
In mathematics, an arithmetic progression (A.P.) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant. For instance, the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, is an arithmetic progression with common difference 2. If the initial term of an arithmetic progression is a1 and the common difference of successive members is d, then the nth term of the sequence is given by:

and in general

A finite portion of an arithmetic progression is called a finite arithmetic progression and sometimes just called an arithmetic progression.

Sum (the arithmetic series)

The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series. Express the arithmetic series in two different ways:

Add both sides of the two equations. All terms involving d cancel, and so we're left with:

Rearranging and remembering that an

= a1 + (n 1)d, we get:

This formula has long been known, but Carl Friedrich Gauss is said to have rediscovered it at the age of eight. He stunned his teacher by adding up 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99 + 100 within a few minutes. Here's how he did it: He counted 101 terms in the series, of which 50 is the middle term. He also realized that adding the first and last numbers, 1 and 100, gives, 101; and adding the second and second last numbers, 2 and 99, gives 101, as well as 3 + 98 = 101 and so on. Thus he concluded that there are 50 sets of 101 and the middle term is 50. So the sum of the series is: 50 (1 + 100) + 50 = 5050.

This can be rewritten as: 100/2 (1 + 100) + 50 = 5050 or 101/2 (1 + 100) = 5050

Arithmetic mean.
Given x, y and z are consecutive terms of an A. P., then y-x=z 2y = x + z

y is known as the arithmetic mean.

QUESTIONS
Q 1 The sum of the first 10 terms in an arithmetic progression is 50 and the sum of the next 10 terms is 250. Find the thirteenth term. Solution: Sum of first 10terms = 10/2 [2a + (10 - 1) d] = 50 5 (2a + 9d) = 50 2a + 9d = 10 .....(1) Sum of first 20terms = 20/2 [2a + (20 - 1) d] = 250 + 50 10 (2a + 19d) = 300 2a + 19d = 30 .....(2) Solving (1) and(2) simultaneously, d = 2, a = -4 13th term = a +(13 - 1) d = -4 + 12(2) = 20 Q 2 The second term of an arithmetic progression is nine times the fifth term and the sum of the first eight terms is 56. Find (i) the first term and common difference. (ii) the least number of terms of the A. P. which must be taken for the sum to be negative. Solution:

Second term = 9 (Fifth term) a + d = 9 (a + 4d) 8a + 35d =0

.....(1)

Sum to first eight terms: 8/2 [2a + (8 - 1) d] = 56 8a + 28d = 56 .....(2) Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, d = -8, a = 35 Let the least number of terms be n. n/2 [2 (35) + (-8) (n - 1)] < 0 39n - 4n2 < 0 n (39 - 4n) < 0 n > 9 3/4 sincen > 0 The least number of terms is 10.

Q 3 If the first, third and thirteenth terms of an arithmetic progression are in geometric progression, and the sum of the fourth and seventh terms of this arithmetic progression is 40, find the first term and the (non-zero) common difference. Solution Let the first term of the arithmetic progression be a and common difference be d. First term = a Third term = a + (3 - 1) d = a + 2d Thirteenth term = a + (13 - 1) d = a + 12d Since the first, third and thirteenth terms are in geometric progression,

(a + 2d)2 = a (a + 12d) a + 4ad + 4d2 = a2 + 12ad 2ad - d2 = 0 .....(1)

2

Fourth term + Seventh term = 40 a + (4 - 1)d + a (7 - 1)d = 40 2a + 9d = 40 2a = 40 - 9d

.....(2)

substitute (2) into (1): d (40 - 9d) - d2 = 0 d (4 - d) = 0 d = 0 (rejected) or d = 4 a=2

Q 4 The ninth, thirteenth and fifteenth terms of an arithmetic progression are the first three terms of a geometric progression whose sum of infinity is 80. The sixteenth term of an arithmetic progression is equal to the fourth term of the geometric progression. Calculate the sum of the first sixteen terms of the arithmetic progression. Solution Let a be the first term of arithmetic progression, d be common difference and r be common ratio of the geometric progression. First term of G. P. = 9th term of A. P. = a + 8d Sum to infinity = 80

a + 8d = 80 - 8r .....(1) (a + 12d)2 = (a + 8d) (a +14d) geometric mean d (a + 16d) = 0 d = 0 (rejected) or a = -16d .....(2) Given 16th term of A. P. = 4th term of G. P., a + 15d = (a + 8d) r3 -16d + 15d = (-16d + 8d) r3 subst (2) r3 = 1/8 r = 1/2 -8d = 80 - 8r d = -(10 - 8(1/2)) = -5 a = 80 Sum of 16 terms = 16/2 [2(80) + 15(-5)] = 680 substitute (2) into (1) substitute r = 1/2