Next Generation of SDH Overview

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Agenda
Evolution of Transport Technologies First Generation SDH Second Generation SDH Ethernet Transport over SDH GFP VCAT LCAS Differential Delay Ethernet Transport Solutions/Limitations

The situation The economic situation in the Telecom Industry has changed...

...and so has the technological approach to meet new challenges!

The future - as seen in 2000

Seen Status SONET/SDH Network SONET/SDH for VOICE Services

Future Network Fully Routed Optical IP Network LAN One new network for both applications! Optical IP for DATA Services

The Status Today

SDH/ SONET - is the deployed technology in the core network with huge investments in capacity! Ethernet - is the dominant technology of choice at LANs and well known at all enterprises worldwide! Data traffic is still growing, but only at a slower speed than expected All network topologies focusing on a IP/Ethernet ONLY approach are shifted to long-term future.

The future today:

Bring SONET/SDH and Ethernet together!

Ethernet vs. SDH

Ethernet Mass market Asynchronous Dynamic Bandwidth Connection less Best Effort Service SDH Carrier Class market Synchronous Fixed Bandwidth Connection oriented High Quality of Service

How to solve all these challenges?

Evolution of Transport Technologies

RPR Ethernet Switching Packet ADMs

Cost-effective Packet Support LCAS GFP, Bandwidth-onVCAT demand Optical Edge Standards-based, Devices (OEDs) flexible Ethernet Proprietary Ethernet support, ADMs integrated TU cross-connects Switched SDH Resilient but rigid pipes, no native data capability, only rings Next-Gen SDH Legacy SDH

1995 to

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

The Existing Technologies

Multiplexing Technology (TDM)

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Underlying multiplex structure of PDH and SDH transmission architectures based on electronic TDM Combines traffic from multiple lower-speed inputs streams onto a single common high-capacity output stream SDH evolved for carrying multiple 64Kbps TDM service Unused timeslots can not be shared by anyone else Circuit Multiplexing could be hierarchical

Multiplexing Technology (Packet)

Packet Multiplexing (Ethernet, IP)

No dedicated time slots Packet lengths could be variable Requires complex resource scheduling and queuing algorithms for guaranteeing Quality of Service

Packet Networks
Key benefits Multiplexing efficiencies Dynamic traffic support Ethernet Switching Protocols IP Routing Protocols Easy management Auto-discovery Key limitations Protection switching times Performance monitoring and Fault detection capabilities Quality of Service Availability

PDH Systems World-wide ( since 1960s)

Order 5.

Japan
397200 kbit/s 397200 kbit/s
x4

USA (ANSI)

Europe (ETSI)
564992 kbit/s E5 /DS-5E 564992 kbit/s
x4

4.

97728 kbit/s 97728 kbit/s

x3

274176 kbit/s 274176 kbit/s

x6

T4 /DS-4 x3 T3 /DS-3

139264 kbit/s E4 /DS-4E 139264 kbit/s

x4

3.

32064 kbit/s 32064 kbit/s

x5

44736 kbit/s 44736 kbit/s

x7

34368 kbit/s 34368 kbit/s E3 /DS-3E

x4

2.

6312 kbit/s 6312 kbit/s

x4

T2 /DS-2 x3 T1 /DS-1

8448 kbit/s 8448 kbit/s

x4

E2 /DS-2E

primary rate

1544 kbit/s 1544 kbit/s

2048 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s

E1 /DS-1E

x 24

x 30/31

64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s
T0 /DS-0

Disadvantage of PDH
Inflexible and Expensive for Telecommunication Networking Inefficient use of transmission capacity (typically 75% fill per stage) Extremely limited network management and maintenance support capabilities

First Generation SDH

SDH (Since 1990s)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy is a new transmission technology for fiber optic transmission standardized by ITU-T

Why SDH ?
Growing demand for service options Open for new applications to carry PDH, ATM, MAN etc Greater bandwidth (up to 10Gbits/s) Network simplification ( Simplified add and drop function) Survivability ( Protection mechanism) Performance monitoring Standardization Inter-operability

First Generation SDH Key Features

Traffic protection mechanisms Sub 50 ms restoration Fault detection and isolation capabilities Performance monitoring capabilities Centralized network management Carrier class redundancy 4-5 Nines availability

First Generation SDH Topology

STM-16 STM-16

STM-16

STM-16

STM-16

STM-16

Electrical patching to interconnect different rings

STM-4 STM-1 STM-4
STM-16

NEs with two optical ports for ring or linear chain topology
STM-16

STM-4 STM-4 STM-1

STM-1
STM-16 STM-16

STM-4 STM-1 STM-1

STM-16 STM-16

STM-1

Limitations in traditional Data solution

No native data interfaces (e.g. Ethernet) Not a cost effective solution. High priced router has been used primarily only for protocol conversion (Data mapping to PDH/SDH circuits) . Non Scalable Inefficient utilization of bandwidth. Granularity varies either to 2 Mbps or 34 Mbps or 140 Mbps

First Generation SDH

SDH Backbone
SDH with PDH tributaries Data Mapped to PDH/SDH SDH with PDH tributaries Data Mapped to PDH/SDH

10 Base-T 20.2% Utilization

VC-3 Gigabit E VC-4 16c

100 Base-T

VC- 4 41.7% Utilization

66.7% Utilization

Ethernet 10 Mbps

SDH 51.84 Mbps VC 3

Usable Payload 48.384 Mbps

Utilizat ion 20.2%

100 Mbps

155.52 Mbps VC 4

149.76 Mbps

66.8%

1000 Mbps

2,488.32 Mbps VC 4-16c

2,396.16 Mbps

41.7%

Second Generation SDH

(Second) Next-Generation SDH

SDH with PDH + Data tributaries

SDH Backbone

SDH with PDH + Data tributaries

(Second) Next-Generation SDH

Key feature: Data transport over SDH
Data (e.g. Ethernet) interfaces on SDH Flexible mapping to multiple virtual circuits Hitless increase/decrease of bandwidth

Key technologies
Generic Framing Protocol (GFP) Virtual concatenation (VCAT) Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)

Main limitations
Data support is primarily for transport Limited Switching capability

Who is benefited?
Vendors Tap the revenue share of the market using different technology. Less risky transition from one technology to other. Service Providers Reduced Capex and Opex More revenue from variety of services Easy transition without changing infrastructure More reliability, manageability & operational efficiencies. End User Cheaper and wide verities of services

Ethernet Over SDH

Ethernet over SDH (EoS) was developed primarily to provide a simple, flexible and costeffective solution to customers offering Ethernet based services.

Integrated Ethernet support in SDH

Provides a point-to-point LAN service Bandwidth allocated in increments of 2Mbps Allows voice/data bandwidth split to be changed at will significantly reduce equipment cost by building a unified TDM+IP network Can work seamlessly with existing TDM (SDH or SONET) infrastructure Use of Ethernet card eliminates the need for costly WAN interfaces (E1/E3/STM-1) on routers connecting to SDH/SONET WAN bandwidth can be provided directly from customers Ethernet switches, potentially eliminating routers at customer sites Bandwidth-on-demand, even for short time-periods

Ethernet Over SDH Transport mode

Transparent transport of Ethernet frames between two customer locations. No mixing of traffic belonging to different customers in the same circuit. Each subscriber is assigned dedicated bandwidth that is not shared. Service is as secure as traditional leased lines. Compared to the traditional leased line services, it is cost effective, high level of QoS and the flexibility in adapting the bandwidth to demand.

New SONET/SDH at the

Customer
Edge
Ethernet Native Interfaces Adaptation

Edge
Operator
Core

GFP

VC

Ficon Escon Fibre Channel

Link Generic Virtual Frame Concatenation Capacity Adjustment Procedure Scheme LAPS

LCAS

SONET MUX/DEMUX

SONET/ SDH

That Thats New SONET/SDH

Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)

Concatenation?
Contiguous Concatenation Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps One towing truck (POH) for all containers All containers are on one path thru the network

VC-4-4c

Contiguous Concatenation C-4-4c 599.040 Mbit/s C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s

Virtual Concatenation Offers structures in a fine granularity Every container has its own towing truck (POH) Every container might take a different path
VC-4 #4 VC-4 #3 VC-4 #2 VC-4 #1 VC-4-4v

VCAT
What is VCAT ?
VCAT is virtual concatenation Splits SONET/SDH bandwidth up into right-sized groups Flexible mapping; Effective use of bandwidth VCAT functionality required only at path termination nodes Resiliency through diverse routing of VCAT group (VCG) members

VCAT- higher order and lower order VCAT

Higher order- VC-3 (51 Mbps) or VC-4 (155Mbps)
Gigabit Ethernet

Lower order VC-12 (2 Mbps)

10/100 Mbps Ethernet

Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)

Ethernet Data STM-1 signal (63 Time Slots)

Each Circuit (Time Slot) can be routed diversely to the destination

Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG)

Differential Delay
When paths within a group are provisioned over different parts of the network, the order and phase must be realigned at receiver. A scheme helps to identify the differential delay and the associated realignment process. VCAT devices support data buffering to handle the variation in delay between different paths. The standards allow for up to 128ms of differential delay (enough to go round the world).

Virtual Concatenation
Ethernet 10 Base-T 10 Mbps VC 12 - 5v Concatenation Payload bps 5 2.176 = 10.88 Mbps 2 48.384 = 96.768 Mbps Utilization

92%

100 Base-T

VC 3 VC 3
VC 4 VC 4 VC 4

100 Mbps

VC 3 - 2v

100%

Gigabit E

VC 4 VC 4 VC 4 VC 4 7 149.76 = 1,048.32 Mbps

1000 Mbps

VC 4 - 7v

95%

Virtual Concatenation Granularity Advantage

Realizes fine granularity mapping

User 1 Mapped to 2 Mbps User 2 Mapped to 6 Mbps

10/100 Mbps

Bandwidth Assignment on the SDH Pipe User 1: 1 VC-12

Ethernet Tributory Card (10/100 Mbps Ports)

10/100 Mbps

STM-1

User 2: 3 VC-12s User 8: 50 VC-12s

...
User 8 100 Mbps Mapped to 100 Mbps

Virtual Concatenation Bandwidth Efficiency

Current Bandwidth User 2: From Bandwidth Demand increases for Assignment 3 to 6 VC-12s New Bandwidth Assignment

User 1: 1 VC-12
OC-3/STM-1

User 1: 1 VC-12

User 2: 6 VC-12s 3

User 2: 6 VC-12s User 2: 3 VC-12s

User 8: 50 VC-12s

User 8: 50 VC-12s

Any three idle VC-12s and concatenate them. No need to reconfigure existing traffic. The six unused channels are usable for any concatenation combination.

Link capacity adjustment scheme

(LCAS)

LCAS
What is LCAS ?
Link capacity adjustment scheme
Provides a mechanism for hitless increase or decrease of VCG size Adding or removing of a container to a VC-x-nv group is carried out with LCAS without affecting the traffic. LCAS guarantees the continuous availability of the service without traffic interruption with reduced bandwidth. Advantages
Bandwidth on demand Inbuilt fault recovery mechanism

LCAS
Link capacity adjustment scheme - New protocol a companion to Virtual Concatenation. LCAS facilitates the dynamic bandwidth management of a Virtually Concatenated data stream A real time control mechanism to increase/decrease capacity of a virtually concatenated group without incurring hits to active traffic. Can autonomously remove failed members temporarily from a group (not hitless removal). When failure condition is remedied, LCAS will add members back into the group (hitless addition).

LCAS Advantages
Dynamic Scalability : Allows bandwidth to be dynamically tuned in small increments on demand to match desired data rate and avoid wastage. Efficiency : Allows for more efficient usage of an existing networks available bandwidth by trimming bandwidth to match the subscribers work schedules. Compatibility : Backward compatible to Virtually Concatenated services not offering LCAS. Inter working between LCAS and non-LCAS nodes is facilitated. Resiliency : Individual members of a virtually concatenated group can be routed as diversely as possible across a network. So if one member is lost, the others are likely to be operational albeit with a reduced bandwidth.

LCAS: Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

Normal state
2 5

STM-16 Ring
9 14

GigE

VC4 1-4 (620 Mbps) EMS requests addition of 2 VC4s to group

GigE

14

GigE

VC4 1-4 (620 Mbps)

GigE

Updated state at increased bandwidth

12

14

GigE

VC4 1-6 (930 Mbps)

GigE

Ethernet Path Protection with LCAS

6 Mbps 10 Mbps traffic is provided by giving 6 Mbps (3 VC-12) along the blue path and 4 Mbps (2 VC-12) along the red path between the ingress and egress node. In case of failure as shown in the figure the bandwidth would come down to 4 Mbps without the traffic being hit This would provide protection for at least 4 Mbps of traffic even when there is a fiber cut and hence a cheaper solution compared to full protection but clear differentiator compared to unprotected connection.

10Mbps 4 Mbps

4 Mbps

GENERIC FRAME PROCEDURE (GFP)

Due to the recent introduction of Virtual Private Network (VPN),there is basic need for a QoS, standard mechanism to transport IP,Ethernet and SAN traffic over SDH and DWDM networks. Based on this interest, a mapping of all such Variable Bit Rates ( VBR) signals into a Constant Bit Rates (CBR) signals was developed. This mapping is defined as GENERIC FRAME PEOCEDURE (GFP).

GFP
What is GFP? GFP GFP (Generic Framing Procedure) is a recently standardized traffic adaptation protocol. This is defined in G.7041 Provides a standard mapping/framing technique for Ethernet signals into SONET/SDH Effective way to map data into SDH i.e. convergence between packet switched and transmission networks GFP-T: optimized for low-latency applications as in Storage Area Networks GFP-F: optimized for IP, Ethernet and MPLS traffic

Benefit : : Benefit Internetworking Internetworking

SONET/SDH Vendor B SONET/SDH Vendor A

B Network
End-to-end SONET/SDH path

A Network

GFP is a traffic adaptation protocol which offers. GFP maps packet based protocols such as Ethernet, ,Fiber Channel ( FC), Enterprise Systems Connectivity (ESCON ) and Fiber CONnectivity (FICON) etc. typically using VCAT to provide right sized pipes for data services.

Intelligence in Next-Generation SDH

All IP routers can do the following Track the network topology (know other routers and their interconnectivity) Calculate routes to all other routers in the network Route/forward traffic (packets) automatically to their destination through the network On the other hand, traditional SDH/SONET network elements have none of the corresponding capabilities No awareness of network topology and available resources (bandwidth) Inability to provision circuits by automated signalling Makes bandwidth provisioning ia lengthy, manual process Making SDH network elements intelligent means giving them IP-routerlike capabilities Simplify management and bandwidth provisioning

Intelligence in Next-Generation SDH

Topology discovery A newly added node is just configured with its address Automatically communicates with its neighbors All nodes become aware of new node New node learns the current topology Routing and resource allocation Nodes retain topology map Keep track of available bandwidth/resources on each link Can compute routes based on bandwidth availability and protection requirements Automated provisioning Each node can be automatically signalled to provision bandwidth Provisioning can be triggered from an NMS by point-and-click User equipment (e.g., routers) can automatically provision circuits

VC Nomenclature

VC-n -X v
Virtual Container n n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
Defines the type of virtual containers, which will be virtually concatenated.

Number of virtually concatenated containers

All X Virtual Containers form together the Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG)

Indictor for Virtual Concatenation

v = virtual concatenation c = contiguous concatenation

VCVirtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!

Summarize To Summarize.
Campus B
Ethernet FICON Ethernet

SONET/ SDH
Optical Core Network

SONET/ SDH

Campus A

SONET/SDH DWDM Edge NE Core NE

SONET/ SDH
Fibre Channel

Storage Servers
Remote Servers

Lets zoom in!

New SONET/SDH at the

Customer
Edge
Ethernet Native Interfaces Adaptation

Edge
Operator
Core

GFP

VC

Ficon Escon Fibre Channel

Link Generic Virtual Frame Concatenation Capacity Adjustment Procedure Scheme LAPS

LCAS

SONET MUX/DEMUX

SONET/ SDH

That Thats New SONET/SDH

Virtual Concatenation - Benefits

Economical
Re-use core network equipment invest only at the edge

Efficient & Scalable

Fine granularity & multi-path capability

VC BENEFITS Low Investment

deployment only on customer demand Fast ROI

Well-known
SONET/SDH is well engineered & reliable & trained

LCAS Overview
Add/Remove bandwidth uninterrupted Extension for Virtual Conc.
carried in H4/K4 byte

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Handshake Protocol between edge NE

End-to-end Real-Time Communication

Standardized ITU-T G.7042, referred by ANSI

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Enables Value added services
Bandwidth on demand Soft Protection 99.999% up-time

Cost Efficient
New NE necessary only at the edge Transparent to core network

LCAS BENEFITS Flexible & scalable

Offers variable VC bandwidth in realtime!

Restoration
Virtual Concatenation link protection & recovery

GFP Overview
Data Encapsulation for various services Rate Adaptation Mechanism

Generic Frame Procedure

Standardized ITU-T G.7041 referred by ANSI

Asynch. clients over synchronous networks

Third Generation: Switched SDH

Key Features of Third Generation SDH

Adds flexibility of packet networks to TDM technologies Offers seamless integration of access technologies: Underlying technologies are transparent to applications Supports integrated access to a wide variety of backbone technologies A single intelligent network that blends the best features and capabilities of SDH and MPLS/IP networks Multiplexing efficiencies Sub 50 ms protection switching Different grades of Quality of Service Fault detection and isolation capabilities Performance monitoring capabilities

Thanks

THANKS