NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

AND

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

Presented by

G.kulasekhar III/IV B.Tech (CIVIL) Sekhar.kula2@gmail.com

J.samuel III/IV B.Tech (CIVIL) samuelsm792@gmail.com

VIJETHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE Narsapur, W.G.Dt.

ABSTRACT:- Natural disasters are inevitable, and it is almost impossible to fully recoup the damage Caused by the disasters. But it is possible to minimize the potential risk by developing disaster early warning strategies, preparing and implementing developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters, and helping in rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures. Space technology plays a crucial role in efficient mitigation and management

of disasters. Out the all the natural disasters earthquake is a severe one, which causes huge damage in a short time. This paper describes the basic idea about natural disasters and the intuitively design of Earthquake resistant structures from the civil engineering perspective. INTRODUCTION:Natural Disasters are inevitable, and Indian subcontinents is prone to all types of Natural Disaster either it is flood, drought, cyclone, earthquakes and forest fires etc.

Disasters can be classified in several ways. A possible sub-division of disasters is: 1. Natural Disasters 2. Human Made disasters. 3. Human induced disasters. The main controlling factor leading to disaster may be 1. Meteorologically 2. Geomorphologic/geological 3. Ecological 4. Technological 5. Global environmental 6. Extra terrestrial. Duration of impact and time of forewarning: 1. Strikes within short period, devastating outcome 2. Slow onset period, equally/serious repercussions. IDENTIFICATION OF DAMAGE:Geographical Information System is a computer based information system that enables capturing, modeling, manipulation, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of geographically referenced data, It is a facility for preparing, presenting, and interpreting facts that pertain to the surface of the earth.GIS based Decision Support System (DSS) provides an advanced modeling system for environmentalists so that they can reliably generate and simulate more information about environmental parameters. One of the key components in spatial DSS is the Data Warehousing and analysis.

GIS operates as a front end with disaster management database, providing it flexibility to respond to user queries regarding specific details of availability of infrastructure.GIS allows the combination of different kinds of spatial data with nonspatial data, attribute data and use them as useful information in the various stages of disaster management. Remote sensing and GIS in disaster management Mitigation of natural disaster management can be successful only when detailed knowledge is obtained about the expected frequency, character, and magnitude of the hazards events in an area. Remote sensing and GIS provides a database from which the evidence left behind by disasters that have occurred before can be interpreted, and combined with the other information to arrive at hazard maps, indicating which area is potentially dangerous. Using remote sensing data, such as satellite imageries and Ariel photos, allows us to map the variabilities of terrain properties, such as water, vegetation, geology, forest etc.

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Earthquake Engineering can be defined as the branch of engineering devoted to mitigating earthquake hazards. In this broad sense, earthquake engineering covers the investigation and solution of the problems created by damaging earthquakes, and consequently the work involved in the practical application of these solutions, i.e. in planning ,designing ,constructing and

managing earthquake-resistant structures and facilities. General Goals in Earthquake-Resistant Design and Construction:-The philosophy of earthquake design for structures other than essential facilities has been well established and proposed as follows:
1. To prevent non-structural damage in

frequent minor ground shaking 2. To prevent structural damage and minimize non-structural damage in occasional moderate ground shaking 3. To avoid collapse or serious damage in rare major ground shaking This philosophy is in complete accord with the concept of comprehensive design.

Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, built to withstand earthquakes, swayed more than 1 foot but was not damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake

DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS:

1.Building (superstructure and nonstructural components) should be light and avoid unnecessary masses.:- It is of utmost importance that in seismicresistant design the designer recognizes from the beginning that the dynamic forces in a structure can be controlled by proper selection of its structural system and by the amount and distribution of its reactive masses (masses that will react to the shaking of the building foundation). The smaller the reactive masses, the smaller the earthquake forces (inertia forces). The use of unnecessary masses should be avoided

2. Building and its superstructure should be simple, symmetric, and regular in plan and elevation to prevent significant tensional forces, avoiding large height-width ratio and large plan area:-Field inspections of earthquake performance of buildings demonstrate that the simpler the building the better the behavior. Symmetry and regularity in plan and elevation are desirable for much the same reasons. Symmetry is important in both directions of a plan. Lack of symmetry (in mass distribution and/or in stiffness, strength and ductility) leads to tensional effects which are difficult to assess properly and which can be very destructive.

Hotel Macuto Sheraton, Caraballeda, Venezuela. Overall view of the front facade (entrance) of the 10-story main building after the 1967 Caracas Earthquake.

Symmetrical structure unsymmetrical structure

3. Building and its superstructure should have a uniform and continuous distribution of mass, stiffness, strength and ductility, avoiding formation of soft stories:-In shaking a building, an earthquake ground motion will search for every structural weakness. These weaknesses are usually created by sharp changes in stiffness, strength and/or ductility, and the effects of these weaknesses are accentuated by poor distribution of reactive masses.

4. The non-structural components should either be well separated so that they will not interact with the rest of the structure, or they should be integrated with the structure:- Some building components (architectural, mechanical, and electrical) can become very responsive during the earthquake shaking of the building foundation. The effects of the interaction can be grouped into two categories: first, the effect of the response of the structural system on the non-structural components; and second, the effect of the non-structural components on the response of the structural system. The more flexible the basic structural system.

The effect of the non-structural components on the response of the structural system is in analysis of building performance during earthquakes has shown that numerous building failures result from the fact that basic structural systems are designed neglecting the structural modifications introduced by the non-structural components, particularly by the addition of infills (partitions and walls)

Conclusions:In conclusion, due to the need for displaying and analyzing a huge volume of the spatial as well as non-spatial environmental hazards and exposure data in a fast and accurate way, and also due to the progressive increase in the g-Readiness of the users, GIS based software applications would continue to serve as powerful tools for effective environmental risk assessment and management.

Structure after the 1983 Coalinga Earthquake. While the light metal roof was intact, most of the corrugated asbestos cement siding suffered significant damage, emphasizing the need for proper attachment of non-structural components to the structural system.

Design of Foundation:In order to obtain good performance of structures during severe seismic ground shaking it is necessary to analyze thoroughly the dynamic characteristics of the real threedimensional soil-foundation (substructure)superstructure system. Except for the cases where base isolation techniques and/or energy dissipation devices are used, the basic rule for earthquake-resistant design is to achieve integral action of each of the main parts of the system and between these main parts, that is, the whole substructure and superstructure should be tied together.

Avoiding serious damage is the main goal of earthquake-resistant construction. The seismic-resistant design provisions of most codes are concerned only with assuring an effective design and construction of structures against damage that might be induced by the vibratory response of the structure to the shaking introduced at their foundation by the ground. Integrated field inspection and postearthquake analyses of structural damage that result from earthquake shaking is one of the most effective means of gaining knowledge on seismic response and improving the state of the art and of the practice in seismic-resistant design and construction. Such integrated inspection and analyses have revealed that besides the soil conditions, the seismic performance (degree of damage) of a structure is very sensitive to the following aspects (or parameters): type of foundation; configuration of the structure; structural material; and design and construction detailing.

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