About The Group

A US $24 billion corporation with a market capital of US $23 billion and in the League of Fortune 500, the Aditya Birla Group is anchored by an extraordinary force of 100,000 employees, belonging to 25 different nationalities. Over 50 per cent of its revenues flow from its operations across the world. The Aditya Birla Groups products and services offer distinctive customer solutions worldwide. The Group has operations in 20 countries - India, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Philippines, Egypt, China, Canada, Australia, USA, UK, Germany, Hungary, Brazil, Italy, France, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Malaysia and Korea. In India, the Group has been adjudged The Best Employer in India and among the top 20 in Asia by the Hewitt-Economic Times and Wall Street Journal Study 2007. Globally the Aditya Birla Group is : A metals powerhouse, among the worlds most cost-efficient aluminium and copper producers. Hindalco, from its fold, is a Fortune 500 Company. It is also the largest aluminium rolling company and one of the 3 biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia, with the largest single location copper smelter No. 1 in viscose staple fibre The 3rd largest producer of insulators The 4th largest producer of carbon black The 11th largest cement producer globally and the 2nd largest in India Among the worlds top 15 BPO companies and among Indias top 3 Among the best energy efficient fertilisers plants.

In India :

A premier branded garments player The 2nd largest player in viscose filament yarn The 2nd largest in the Chlor-alkali sector Among the top 5 mobile telephony companies A leading player in Life Insurance and Asset Management.

Rock solid in fundamentals, the Aditya Birla Group nurtures a culture where success does not come in the way of the need to keep learning afresh, to keep experimenting. Beyond Business : Working in 3700 villages Reaching out to 7 million people annually through the Aditya Birla Centre for Community Initiatives and Rural Development, spearheaded by Mrs. Rajashree Birla Focus areas are : health care, education, sustainable livelihood, infrastructure and espousing social causes Run 45 Schools and 18 Hospitals Transcending the conventional barriers of business to send out a message that We Care

Concrete is most vital material in modern construction. It has versatile properties like easy mouldability, high compressive strength and long lasting durability. These properties of concrete have made it most popular construction material for all types of civil engineering works. The latest developments in concrete technology have made it possible to use it in intricate and architecturally complex structures, requiring high degree of performance and aesthetic appearance. In addition to normal concrete, other varieties in use are, high strength and high performance concrete, self compacting, light

weight, high density, fibre reinforced, polymer, coloured concrete etc. The ingredients of good and bad concrete are the same. The difference lies in the technology used for production, transportation and placement. The making of concrete is an art as well as a science. Science because all the ingredients are proportioned as per the standard codes of practice to get the targeted strength & durability, and an art because in addition to accurate proportioning, quality of concrete depends on the way it is mixed, placed, compacted, finished, cured and protected. Ready mix Concrete(RMC) technology results in a perfect blend of the Art and Science. In all the developed as well as most of the developing nations, use of RMC for construction has made it possible to achieve speed and quality. The advent of commercial RMC in India is about a decade old, but in recent years it has become the preferred choice of architects, engineers and consumers. UltraTech Concrete is committed to provide customised high quality RMC for ensuring speedy construction.
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Classification

Grade M10

Applications PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) e.g. Levelling course, bedding for footing, concrete roads, etc. PCC e.g. Levelling course, bedding for footing, concrete roads, etc. RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc. (for mild exposure) RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc. RCC e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc. RCC e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc. RCC e.g. Pre-stressed concrete, slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc. RCC e.g. Runways,Concrete Roads (PQC), Prestressed Concrete Girders, RCC Columns, Prestressed beams RCC e.g. Runways,Concrete Roads (PQC), Prestressed Concrete Girders, RCC Columns, Prestressed beams RCC e.g..Prestressed Concrete Girders and Piers RCC work Where high compressive strength is required such as high rise buildings, long span bridges, ultra-thin white topping etc and constructions in aggressive environment e.g. Spillways of dams, coastal construction

Ordinary

M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

Standard M45

M50

M55 M60 M80

High Strength

In addition to producing normal grade concrete ranging from M10 to M80, we produce customized special types of concrete for different applications.
Types of Special Concrete High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Silica fume concrete Application Mass concrete, raft foundations, roads, pavements etc. All high strength concrete applications in extreme environmental exposure condition like marine structure etc. All underground RCC application requiring high chemical resistance and enhanced durability All RCC application directly in contact with aggressive soil / chemicals in marine environment and in sewage / effluent treatment plants Repair and rehabilitation work, for thermal insulation, light weight structural fill, and light weight pre - cast panel etc All types of RCC applications in high water table area including work near coastal areas, water tanks, etc Repair and rehabilitation work for floorings and buildings where high early strength is required

GGBS, Slag based concrete Ternary blend concrete

Light weight concrete

Corrosion resistant concrete

Polymer concrete

Self Compacting Concrete

Thin sections and elements with congested reinforcements. Recently IS 456 has also included SCC with specifications in its codal provision. For architectural and aesthetic use For concrete with higher ductility and abrasion/erosion resistance Concrete for parking areas, pavements, drive-ways to ensure drainage or rain-water harvesting Terraces, basements, water contact structures

Coloured Concrete Fibre-reinforced Concrete Pervious Concrete Water-proof Concrete

Temperature Controlled ConcreteMass concrete, hot-weather concrete etc.

For more details on speciality concrete, please click here to download the brochure.

AVINGS ACCRUED THROUGH ULTRATECH CONCRETE

Use of UltraTech Concrete provides numerous advantages over site mixed concrete and results in superior quality and overall savings.
Description Saving in UltraTech Concrete

Wastages in Site Mixing: Cement spillage, shortages in All these wastages are avoided withUltraTech Concrete as it quantity of aggregate and sand during delivery, storage and takes care of all ingredients and the ready-to-use product is mixing at site, leftover aggregates after completion of concreting delivered to the site. results in approx 5-7% wastage. Wastage of concrete during handling: Spillage during UltraTech Concrete facilitates pumping of concrete to the point transporting from the mixer to the point of placing is unavoidable of placing and hence there is no wastage due to spillage etc. and results in approx 0.5-0.7% wastage. The leftover concrete in pump-hopper can be used for site casting. Manpower Saving: For proportioning, mixing, transportation, placing, compaction and finishing a lot of manpower is required. The manpower increases with the increase in the number of floors. UltraTech Concrete requires minimal manpower (for compaction and finishing only). Manpower and infrastructure requirement will be the same irrespective of the number of floors.

Time Saving: A lot of time is required for concreting operations UltraTech Concrete delivers large quantities of concrete and the output is very low (3-4 cum/hr), thus prolonging through transit mixers at short intervals, increasing the output construction time. manifold (10-20 cum/hr), thus reducing construction time considerably. Space Saving: Site mix concrete consumes lots of space to store cement, aggregates, sand, water, mixing equipment etc. UltraTech Concrete delivers the ready-to-use product and requires no extra storage space at the site.

Savings in House keeping Cost: Site mixing involves cost and UltraTech Concrete virtually eliminates all housekeeping and time for continuous cleaning and housekeeping operations. cleaning operations during concreting. Saving in Testing Cost: High cost (20-22 Rs./cum) is involved UltraTech Concrete takes care of total testing of concrete in testing of ingredients as well as concrete in fresh and supplied including raw materials. hardened state.

Making Good Construction Better

Efflorescense and leaching in concrete

 Vibrating Concrete Cold Weather Concreting Bleeding in concrete Hot weather concreting Fibre Reinforced concrete Cover for Reinforcement Curing Plastic Shrinkage Cracks General Precautions

Plant and Machinery

UltraTech Concrete is manufactured at state-of-the-art computerized automatic batching & mixing plants with contemporary technology. Some of the special features of our plants are:

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Entire process is fully computerized, leaving no scope for human errors. All the control systems are Windows based. Cement and other raw material are checked as per our quality plan. All the raw materials are stacked in separate bins and are stored under cover so that aggregates are not exposed to direct sunlight and environment pollution. Cement, Fly ash, Slag etc. are stored in separate silos for better control on recipe. Handling of fly ash and slag are done from closed bunkers to silos directly. Separate weigh-batchers are provided for each ingredient like cement, water, admixtures and aggregates. The weighing is done on sophisticated electronic weigh batchers. Precise weighing of all materials is done through electronic load cells made up of special alloys. Homogeneous mixing of concrete is ensured by use of special high-efficiency mixers like pan-type or turbo-twin shaft mixers. A fully equipped onsite plant laboratory is available at each plant. A Sprinkler system is installed to ensure temperature control of aggregates in hot weather.

7. 8. 9.

10. In line with Groups focus towards environment and eco-friendliness all silos are installed with bag filters and level indicators to avoid any kind of pollution. 11. Processes are in place for effective and periodic maintenance and calibration of all critical components. 12. Laser sensor and moisture control are used for a stringent quality assurance. 13. Well trained and experienced engineers are available at every plant to take care of the quality of concrete

Raw Material used for Concrete

Cement

UltraTech Concrete plants use fresh cement directly procured from the state-ofthe-art cement plants mainly through cement bulkers, which in turn is pumped directly into UltraTech Concrete silos, thus protecting it from the external environment and humidity.
Coarse Aggregates

UltraTech Concrete directly sources the aggregates from selected and approved

suppliers and these aggregates are tested as per IS stipulations at regular intervals for: Shape, size and gradation (elongation/flakiness test) Impact value and crushing value test for their strength
Fine Aggregate

UltraTech Concrete directly purchases sand from selected and approved suppliers. The sand is tested as per IS stipulations at regular intervals for: Moisture content Gradation for fineness modulus Silt content
Water

UltraTech Concrete tests the quality of water as per BIS standards at frequent intervals and in case the water needs any treatment, water purifiers are used.
Mineral Admixtures

In UltraTech Concrete plants, mineral admixtures are obtained from proven sources conforming to relevant BIS standards. High-tech facilities are used for collection, transportation and storage to avoid contamination due to environment and any other source.
Chemical Admixtures

In UltraTech Concrete plants, high quality admixtures are used in concrete during mixing to improve certain properties of fresh concrete such as workability and setting time. The admixture is sourced from reputed companies and is tested for compatibility with cement before use.
Workability of concrete

In UltraTech Concrete, workability is properly controlled through scientific methods by appropriate dosing of admixtures. Workability is measured (and recorded) for every batch to facilitate efficient transportation and pumping.
Batching and Mixing

UltraTech Concrete is proportioned using computer aided scientific methods conforming to relevant standards. Mixing is done through high efficiency pan mixers or twin shaft vibro-mixers in fully automated mixing and batching plant leaving no scope for human error. These measures ensure consistent quality in every batch.
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Manufacturing Process

Handling & Maintenance

lacing of Concrete

Well-designed UltraTech Concrete, is pumped from the transit mixer to the location where it is being placed through concrete pumps with horizontal and vertical pipelines. The flexible hose pipe attached at the end of pipe line makes the pouring convenient at the point of placing, thus reducing shoveling / dragging and avoiding segregation. In UltraTech Concrete, qualified and experienced Application Engineers are exclusively dedicated to each pumping operation who provide advice regarding placing, compacting, finishing and curing of concrete. Application engineers provide following services: Advice on correct alignment of shuttering and formwork before concreting operation starts Coordination for pumping operation and actual requirement of concrete Coordination with plant for requirement of number of Transit Mixers Checking the quality of concrete in terms of workability and feedback to plant for any rectification, if required Advice regarding maintaining correct thickness of slab, compaction, finishing, protection and curing Advice on precautionary measures during rainy season and for hot weather concreting Assistance in testing of concrete at site
Overview | Types | Saving | Making Good Construction Better | FAQs | Manufacturing Process |
Handling & Maintenance

AQs
1. What will happen if shape of aggregates used in concrete is not rounded/cubical?
If the shape of aggregates used in concrete is not rounded (or) cubical the interlocking of aggregate in concrete will not be proper and strength of concrete will decrease. If the aggregates are elongated (or) flaky the strength of concrete will be seriously affected and concrete will become porous..In UltraTech Concrete the 20 mm & 10 mm aggregates are properly checked for elongation or flakiness and their quantity is restricted within the limits of BIS standards, to get cohesive & durable concrete.

2.

What is workability of concrete?

The ease of placing, compacting and finishing of concrete in desired manner is called workability. Normally the workability is measured through slump. More the slump, higher the workability. Low slump leads to difficulties in placing of concrete. Therefore it is required to decide the workability based on experience and site conditions.

3.

How will you ensure that the ingredients of concrete are proper?
The right proportion of aggregate, sand, cement, water in concrete are ensured by experience in volumetric proportion. However, in UltraTech Concrete, the mix proportions are designed in a scientific method and proportions are fixed by weighment. Mixing is generally done through high efficiency pan mixers(machine mixing). The number of rotations of the shaft is very important in proper mixing and should be monitored strictly. The material may segregate in case the raw mix is over mixed. Improper mixing may lead to reduced strength. UltraTech Concrete is equipped with computerized batching and mixing plants, to strictly monitor the quality of concrete. The recipe of raw mix design (Cement: Sand: Coarse aggregate: water: admixture) is stored in the computer and the quantities of raw materials are weighed automatically as per the design mix. The water-cement ratio for a particular mix is fixed as per the design, which is kept constant throughout and hence consistency in quality is maintained.

4.

What is the importance of water-cement (w/c) ratio?

W/c ratio is very important in making concrete to satisfy the strength & durability criteria of concrete. If w/c ratio is more, the strength of concrete will be reduced due to void formations in concrete. In UltraTech Concrete, w/c ratio is pre-designed through scientific mix design as per BIS specification. The effect of w/c ratio on compressive strength of concrete is as shown in the table below: Water Cement (w/c) Probable Compressive Strength (%) 0.40 100 0.50 87 0.60 70 0.70 55 0.80 44

Importance of Water-Cement Ratio: Factors

Compressive strength Water permeability Shrinkage Water Bleeding

Low w/c ratio

High Low Low Low

High w/c ratio

Low High High High

5.

What is the importance of mixing in concrete ?

The mixing of concrete may be compared with Dosa mix. If the ingredients of Dosa are measured & ground properly, the Dosa will be soft, thin, of good taste and non sticky. In the same way, if the ingredients of concrete are properly proportioned and mixed, the quality of concrete will be uniform, cohesive and consistent. In UltraTech Concrete, the mixing is done through turbo mixer, which ensures uniform and consistent quality of concrete.

6.

What is the segregation of Concrete?

Segregation is the separation of coarse aggregate from cement paste. It mainly occurs due to excess water in concrete and non-cohesiveness of concrete. In UltraTech Concrete, the well-designed concrete is pumped from the delivery truck to the location where it is being placed through concrete pumps with horizontal and vertical pipelines. The flexible hose pipe attached at the end of pipe line makes the pouring convenient at the point of placing, thus reducing shoveling / dragging and avoiding segregation.

7.

What is bleeding of concrete?

Bleeding is the emergence of water to the surface from freshly placed concrete which results in deposition of solids to the bottom during compaction. It can be avoided by proper control of w/c ratio and desired level of compaction.

8.

Why concrete has to be cured?

Curing is unfortunately neglected at the construction site. In case of roof slabs, quick drying of surface will lead to plastic shrinkage cracks. Apart from this, if timely curing is not done, the top surface dries to such an extent that hydration process almost stops at the top surface making it weak and porous. Therefore, it is emphasized that curing is the essence of good concrete.

9.

What is plastic shrinkage crack in concrete?

During the hydration of cement paste in concrete heat of hydration is produced. This heat dissipates from the surface of concrete leading to formation of cracks on surface of concrete. These cracks are called plastic (or) drying shrinkage cracks. These can be reduced to a great extent by early curing.

10.

What is the importance of testing concrete?

The concrete has to be tested to know the strength of concrete at 28 days for each desired grade. Usually the concrete at site is not tested for its strength, workability, yield and other factors that ensure the performance of concrete over a period of time. However in UltraTech Concrete, the samples of concrete are tested for every batch to ensure consistent quality and supply of durable concrete.

Overview

Types

Saving

Making Good Construction Better

Plant and Machinery

UltraTech Concrete is manufactured at state-of-the-art computerized automatic batching & mixing plants with contemporary technology. Some of the special features of our plants are:

1. 2.

Entire process is fully computerized, leaving no scope for human errors. All the control systems are Windows based. Cement and other raw material are checked as per our quality plan. All the raw materials are stacked in separate bins and are stored under cover so that aggregates are not exposed to direct sunlight and environment pollution. Cement, Fly ash, Slag etc. are stored in separate silos for better control on recipe. Handling of fly ash and slag are done from closed bunkers to silos directly. Separate weigh-batchers are provided for each ingredient like cement, water, admixtures and aggregates. The weighing is done on sophisticated electronic weigh batchers. Precise weighing of all materials is done through electronic load cells made up of special alloys. Homogeneous mixing of concrete is ensured by use of special high-efficiency mixers like pan-type or turbo-twin shaft mixers. A fully equipped onsite plant laboratory is available at each plant. A Sprinkler system is installed to ensure temperature control of aggregates in hot weather.

3.
4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. In line with Groups focus towards environment and eco-friendliness all silos are installed with bag filters and level indicators to avoid any kind of pollution. 11. Processes are in place for effective and periodic maintenance and calibration of all critical components. 12. Laser sensor and moisture control are used for a stringent quality assurance. 13. Well trained and experienced engineers are available at every plant to take care of the quality of concrete

Overview
Cement is an essential material for today's society because concrete is made from cement, which is an inevitable element for housing, commercial and infrastructure development. Measured on a kilogram per capita basis, concrete is 2nd most widely consumed material in the world, second only to water. Cement manufacturing process will have -Local impacts (landscape disturbance, dust emission) and Global impacts (CO2, SOx and NOx emissions). Because of these impacts, sustainable development has recently become a major strategic issue for cement manufacturers around the world. Cement industry is giving very specific and serious attention for managing CO2 emissions. In 2000 a group of 10 major cement companies collaborated as "working group cement"(Cemex (Mexico), Lafarge (France), Cimpor (Portugal), RMC (Great Britain), Heidelbeurg (Germany), Siam Cement (Thailand), Holcim (Switzerland), Italicementi (Italy), Votorantim (Brazil) has sponsored study under World Business Council for sustainable development (WBCSD). WBSCD has entrusted this study to an independent organization namely, Batelle Memorial Institute. The ideas emerged from this study indicate that the cement industry:

. Operates manufacturing or processing facilities in 150 countries. . Has estimated a turn over of USD 97 billion. . Directly employs an estimated 850,000 workers worldwide

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Manufacturing Process

An organization (or organisation see spelling differences) is a social group which distributes tasks for a collective goal. The word itself is derived from the Greek word organon, itself derived from the better-known word ergon - as we know `organ` - and it means a compartment for a particular job.

1862 Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union.

There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including: corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations,armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and universities. A hybrid organization is a body that operates in both thepublic sector and the private sector, simultaneously fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities. As a result the hybrid organization becomes a mixture of a government and a corporate organization. In the social sciences, organizations are the object of analysis for a number of disciplines, such as sociology, economics, political science, psychology,management, and organizational communication. The broader analysis of organizations is commonly referred to as organizational structure, organizational studies, organizational behavior, or organization analysis. A number of different perspectives exist, some of which are compatible: From a process-related perspective, an organization is viewed as an entity is being (re-)organized, and the focus is on the organization as a set of tasks or actions. From a functional perspective, the focus is on how entities like businesses or state authorities are used. From an institutional perspective, an organization is viewed as a purposeful structure within a social context.
Contents
[hide]

1 In management and

organizational studies

2 In sociology 3 Organizational structures

3.1 Pyramids or hierarchies

3.2 Committees or juries

3.3 Matrix organization 3.4 Ecologies

4 Organization theories 5 Leadership in organizations

5.1 Leadership in formal organizations

5.2 Leadership in informal organizations

6 See also

[edit]In
7 Notes

6.1 Related lists

8 References 9 External links

management and organizational studies

Main article: Organizational studies Management is interested in organization mainly from an instrumental point of view. For a company, organization is a means to an end to achieve its goals, which are to create value for its stakeholders (stockholders, employees, customers, suppliers, community). moreover, (Samson, p 25. 2005) describes organising as the management function concerned with assigning tasks, grouping tasks into departments, and allocating resources to departments [edit]In

sociology

Sociology can be defined as the science of the institutions of modernity; specific institutions serve a function, akin to the individual organs of a coherent body. In the social and political sciences in general, an "organization" may be more loosely understood as the planned, coordinated and purposeful action of human beings working through

collective action to reach a common goal or construct a tangible product. This action is usually framed by formal membership and form (institutional rules). Sociology distinguishes the term organization into planned formal and unplanned informal (i.e. spontaneously formed) organizations. Sociology analyzes organizations in the first line from an institutional perspective. In this sense, organization is a permanent arrangement of elements. These elements and their actions are determined by rules so that a certain task can be fulfilled through a system of coordinated division of labor. An organization is defined by the elements that are part of it (who belongs to the organization and who does not?), its communication (which elements communicate and how do they communicate?), its autonomy (which changes are executed autonomously by the organization or its elements?), and its rules of action compared to outside events (what causes an organization to act as a collective actor?). By coordinated and planned cooperation of the elements, the organization is able to solve tasks that lie beyond the abilities of the single elements. The price paid by the elements is the limitation of thedegrees of freedom of the elements. Advantages of organizations are enhancement (more of the same), addition (combination of different features) and extension. Disadvantages can be inertness (through co-ordination) and loss of interaction. [edit]Organizational

structures

Main article: Organizational structure The study of organizations includes a focus on optimizing organizational structure. According to management science, most human organizations fall roughly into four types:

Pyramids or hierarchies Committees or juries Matrix organizations Ecologies

[edit]Pyramids

or hierarchies

A hierarchy exemplifies an arrangement with a leader who leads other individual members of the organization. This arrangement is often associated with bureaucracy. These structures are formed on the basis that there are enough people under the leader to give him support. Just as one would imagine a real pyramid, if there are not enough stone blocks to hold up the higher ones, gravity would irrevocably bring down the monumental structure. So one can imagine that if the leader does not have the support of his subordinates, the entire structure will collapse. Hierarchies were satirized in The Peter Principle (1969), a book that introduced hierarchiology and the saying that "in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence." [edit]Committees

or juries

These consist of a group of peers who decide as a group, perhaps by voting. The difference between a jury and a committee is that the members of the committee are usually assigned to perform or lead further actions after

the group comes to a decision, whereas members of a jury come to a decision. In common law countries, legal juries render decisions of guilt, liability and quantify damages; juries are also used in athletic contests, book awards and similar activities. Sometimes a selection committee functions like a jury. In the Middle Ages, juries in continental Europe were used to determine the law according to consensus amongst local notables. Committees are often the most reliable way to make decisions. Condorcet's jury theorem proved that if the average member votes better than a roll of dice, then adding more members increases the number of majorities that can come to a correct vote (however correctness is defined). The problem is that if the average member is subsequently worse than a roll of dice, the committee's decisions grow worse, not better: Staffing is crucial. Parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order, helps prevent committees from engaging in lengthy discussions without reaching decisions. [edit]Matrix

organization

See also: matrix management This organizational type assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organized by products, regions, customer types, or some other schema. As an example,(this is not reliable) a company might have separate individuals with overall responsibility for Product X and Product Y, and different individuals with overall responsibility for Engineering, Quality Control, etc. Individuals responsible for quality control of project X with therefore have two reporting lines. [edit]Ecologies This organization has intense competition. Bad parts of the organization starve. Good ones get more work. Everybody is paid for what they actually do, and runs a tiny business that has to show aprofit, or they are fired. Companies who utilize this organization type reflect a rather one-sided view of what goes on in ecology. It is also the case that a natural ecosystem has a natural border - ecoregions do not in general compete with one another in any way, but are very autonomous. The pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline talks about functioning as this type of organization in this external article from The Guardian. [edit]Organization

theories

Among the theories that are or have been most influential are:

Enterprise architecture, is the conceptual model that defines the coalescence of organizational structure and organizational behavior.

Actor-Network Theory Agency theory (sometimes called principal - agent theory)

Contingency theory Complexity theory and organizations Critical management studies Economic sociology Garbage Can Model Human Relations Studies (going back to the Hawthorne studies, Maslow and Herzberg) Labour Process Theory Marxist organization analysis Network analysis New institutionalism and new institutional economics Organizational culture Organization ecology (or demography of organizations) Scientific management (mainly following Frederick W. Taylor) social entrepreneurship Transaction cost economics Weberian organization theory (refer to Max Weber's chapter on Bureaucracy in his book 'Economy and Society')

[edit]Leadership

in organizations

Main article: Leadership A leader in a formal, hierarchical organization, who is appointed to a managerial position, has the right to command and enforce obedience by virtue of the authority of his position. However, he must possess adequate personal attributes to match his authority, because authority is only potentially available to him. In the absence of sufficient personal competence, a manager may be confronted by an emergent leader who can challenge his role in the organization and reduce it to that of a figurehead. However, only authority of position has the backing of formal sanctions. It follows that whoever wields personal influence and power can legitimize this only by gaining a formal position in the hierarchy, with commensurate authority.[1] [edit]Leadership

in formal organizations

An organization that is established as a means for achieving defined objectives has been referred to as a formal organization. Its design specifies how goals are subdivided and reflected in subdivisions of the organization. Divisions, departments, sections, positions, jobs, and tasks make up this work structure. Thus, the formal organization is expected to behave impersonally in regard to relationships with clients or with its members. According to Weber's definition, entry and subsequent advancement is by merit or seniority. Each employee

receives a salary and enjoys a degree of tenure that safeguards him from the arbitrary influence of superiors or of powerful clients. The higher his position in the hierarchy, the greater his presumed expertise in adjudicating problems that may arise in the course of the work carried out at lower levels of the organization. It is this bureaucratic structure that forms the basis for the appointment of heads or chiefs of administrative subdivisions in the organization and endows them with the authority attached to their position.[2] [edit]Leadership

in informal organizations

In contrast to the appointed head or chief of an administrative unit, a leader emerges within the context of the informal organization that underlies the formal structure. The informal organization expresses the personal objectives and goals of the individual membership. Their objectives and goals may or may not coincide with those of the formal organization. The informal organization represents an extension of the social structures that generally characterize human life the spontaneous emergence of groups and organizations as ends in themselves.[2] In prehistoric times, man was preoccupied with his personal security, maintenance, protection, and survival. Now man spends a major portion of his waking hours working for organizations. His need to identify with a community that provides security, protection, maintenance, and a feeling of belonging continues unchanged from prehistoric times. This need is met by the informal organization and its emergent, or unofficial, leaders.[1] Leaders emerge from within the structure of the informal organization. Their personal qualities, the demands of the situation, or a combination of these and other factors attract followers who accept their leadership within one or several overlay structures. Instead of the authority of position held by an appointed head or chief, the emergent leader wields influence or power. Influence is the ability of a person to gain cooperation from others by means of persuasion or control over rewards. Power is a stronger form of influence because it reflects a person's ability to enforce action through the control of a means of punishment.[1] [edit]See

also

Affinity group Bureaucracy Business organization Charitable trust Coalition Collective Cooperative Enterprise architecture Hybrid organization Impact of healthy v destructive narcissism on organizations

International organization Mutual organization Non-governmental organization Onboarding Organizational culture Organization design Organization according to operation Organization according to ownership Organization according to objective Organization according to activity Organization according to nature Pacifist organization Requisite organization Service organization Size of groups, organizations, and communities Strategic management Strategic planning Terrorist organizations The Organisation Umbrella organization Virtual organization Voluntary association

[edit]Related

lists

List of civic, fraternal, service, and professional organizations List of environmental organizations List of professional organizations List of trade unions

[edit]Notes

1.

^ a b c Henry P. Knowles; Borje O. Saxberg (1971). Personality and Leadership Behavior. Reading, Mass.: AddisonWesley. pp. 88489. ISBN 0140805176 9780140805178. OCLC 118832.

2.

^ a b Cecil A Gibb (1970). Leadership (Handbook of Social Psychology). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 884 89. ISBN 0140805176 9780140805178. OCLC 174777513'''.

[edit]References This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009)

Richard Scott. Organizations. ISBN 0-13-266354-6 Richard Scott. Organizations and Institutions Charles Handy.Understanding Organizations Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull. The Peter Principle Pan Books 1970 ISBN 0-330-02519-8 Ronald Coase (1937). "The Nature of the Firm" Economica, 4(16), pp. 386405. Julie Morgenstern (1998). Organizing from the Inside Out. Owl Books ISBN 0-8050-5649-1 Henry Mintzberg (1981). "Organization Design: Fashion or Fit" Harvard Business Review (January February),

Thomas Marshak (1987). "organization theory," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 75760.

Bent Flyvbjerg (2005). "Design by Deception: The Politics of Megaproject Approval." Harvard Design Magazine, no. 22, Spring/Summer issue, pp. 50-59.

Daniel Katz; Robert Louis Kahn (1966). The social psychology of organizations. Wiley. OCLC 255184. Richard Arvid Johnson (1976). Management, systems, and society : an introduction. Pacific Palisades, Calif.: Goodyear Pub. Co.. ISBN 0876205406 9780876205402. OCLC 2299496.

Virginia Satir (1967). Conjoint family therapy; a guide to theory and technique. Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books. OCLC 187068.

James G March; Herbert A Simon (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471567930 9780471567936. OCLC 1329335.

Carl R Rogers; Fritz Jules Roethlisberger (1990). Barriers and gateways to communication. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business Review. OCLC 154085959.

Hewlett, Roderic. (2006). The Cognitive leader. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc. Samson, D., Daft, R. (2005). Management: second Pacific Rim edition. Melbourne, Victoria: Thomson Charles Handy.21 Ideas for Managers: Practical Wisdom for Managing Your Company and Yourself, First ed San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000 Print

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Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted transit mixers . This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. The first ready-mix factory was built in the 1930s, but the industry did not begin to expand significantly until the 1960s, and it has continued to grow since then. Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of the precision of the mixture and reduced work site confusion. However, using a pre-determined concrete mixture reduces flexibility, both in the supply chain and in the actual components of the concrete. The leading ready-mix concrete supplier worldwide is the Mexican concrete company Cemex; its main competitor is France-based Lafarge and the leading ready-mix concrete supplier in Middle East is the Unibeton Ready Mix. Ready Mixed Concrete is also referred as the customized concrete products for commercial purpose. the Readymix Concrete Company offer different concrete according to user's mix design or industrial standard. The Ready mixed concrete company is required to equip themselves with up-to-date equipments, such as transit mixer, concrete pump, and Concrete Batching Plant, which needs visualized production management software and also PLC controller. Ready Mixed Concrete, or RMC as it is popularly called, refers to concrete that is specifically manufactured for delivery to the customer's construction site in a freshly mixed and plastic or unhardened state. Concrete itself is a mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregates comprising sand and gravel or crushed stone. In traditional work sites, each of these materials is procured separately and mixed in specified proportions at site to make concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete is bought and sold by volume - usually expressed in cubic meters. RMC can be custom-made to suit different applications.

Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at site using sophisticated equipment and methods. RMC assures its customers numerous benefits. [edit]Advantages

of Ready mix Concrete over Site mix Concrete

A centralised concrete batching plant can serve a wide area. The plants are located in areas zoned for industrial use, and yet the delivery trucks can service residential districts or inner cities.

Better quality concrete is produced. Elimination of storage space for basic materials at site. Elimination of procurement / hiring of plant and machinery Wastage of basic materials is avoided. Labor associated with production of concrete is eliminated. Time required is greatly reduced. Noise and dust pollution at site is reduced. Reduce cost.

[edit]Disadvantages

of Ready-Mix Concrete

The materials are batched at a central plant, and the mixing begins at that plant, so the traveling time from the plant to the site is critical over longer distances. Some sites are just too far away, though this is usually a commercial rather than technical issue.

Generation of additional road traffic; furthermore, access roads, and site access have to be able to carry the weight of the truck and load. Concrete is approx. 2.5tonne per m. This problem can be overcome by utilizing so-called 'minimix' companies, using smaller 4m capacity mixers able to access more restricted sites.

Concrete's limited timespan between mixing and going-off means that readymix should be placed within 120 minutes of batching at the plant.

It is cost effective Modern additives modify precisely that timespan however, the amount of additive added to the mix is very important.

General
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of cement, sand,

aggregates and water. RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a factory according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located batching plant. Ready-mixed concretes ubiquitous use as a building material is largely because of two advantages. It is cheap. It also allows great diversity in design and function, because in its fluid form, it can be poured into molds of any shape.

Process
The raw materials (sand, aggregate, cement) through automatic the mixing machine become ready-mixed concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at site using sophisticated equipment and methods.

Technology
Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) offers high-tech solutions to the needs of the public works and construction industries. It allows these industries to build everlonger bridges, ever-higher buildings, tunnels, dams, etc. The basic process for making ready-mixed concrete has not changed for the past 60 years: dry raw materials are measured, loaded into a bin, mixed, placed into a truck, and water is added (sometimes the order of the last two steps is interchanged).

Market
The RMC market, which has grown from 2.65 lakh cubic metre in the first half of 2002-03 to 3.99 lakh cu.m in the corresponding period of the current fiscal, will be the "segment to vouch for in the future. The growth of RMC is predominantly driven by demand from the metro cities. In cities like Mumbai, the mandatory use of RMC is in construction of flyovers provided the requisite impetus to growth, according to an ICRA analysis. RMC is particularly useful when the building activity is located in congested sites where little space is available for

siting the mixer and for stock piling of aggregates. The use of RMC is also advantageous when only small quantities of concrete are required or when concrete is to be placed only at intervals. The ready-mixed concrete industrys faster-thanaverage growth in total factor productivity has been reflected in real ready-mixed concrete prices. The ready-mixed Bureau of Labor Statistics PPI index saw average annual price growth that was 0.2 percentage points lower than annual CPI growth over 1958-2006 Entrepreneur who want the information on "Products , Market, Manufacturing Process, Plants Used, Suppliers, Company Profile, Reports, Equipment " can

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What is the history of cement and concrete? The invention of portland cement is credited to an English stone mason named Joseph Aspdin. He obtained a patent for portland cement 1824. He called his new product Portland Cement because when hardened, it resembled the color of natural stone quarried on the Isle of Portland in the English Channel. Concrete was used on a very limited basis from its inception through the late 1800s. It was mixed on-site until about 1920 when the idea of mixing at a central location and then hauling it to the project site became popular. This innovation improved quality and consistency and was so convenient for contractors that it became the preferred method of producing and using concrete. The term Ready Mixed Concrete caught on because the concrete was already mixed when it arrived at the jobsite. Please click here for a timeline history of cement and concrete developed by the University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign.
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Is there a difference between cement and concrete? Yes, there is a difference. Cement, or portland cement, is a finely ground powder made from limestone and other raw materials. The materials are blended together and fired in a kiln at extreme temperatures. The resulting stone sized pieces, called clinker, are then ground into a fine powder that we call portland cement. Portland cement is the active ingredient in concrete. Concrete is the product used in buildings, bridges, road paving,

sidewalks, patios, etc. Concrete is a mixture of portland cement, water, aggregate (sand and stone), and miscellaneous chemical admixtures. Concrete is mixed at a concrete plant facility and delivered to customers in revolving drum truck mixers, also referred to as concrete trucks or mixer trucks. Concrete is sometimes generically referred to as ready-mix because it is ready to use or already mixed upon arrival at the project location. Many concrete producers have incorporated various forms of this terminology into their company name. Its common to see names such as Ready Mixed Concrete Company, Hanks Ready Mix, Smith Redi-Mix, etc.
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Are there any safety concerns regarding concrete? Fresh (wet) concrete is highly alkaline and can cause skin irritation, severe third degree chemical burns and serious eye damage. Always wear protective gloves and glasses or goggles when working with wet concrete. Waterproof boots must also be worn if standing or walking in wet concrete. If clothing becomes contaminated with wet concrete, it should be removed at once and the affected body area(s) washed immediately. Flush eyes with clean water immediately after contact. Seek medical attention if you have persistent or severe discomfort.
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Is concrete a Do-It-Yourself project? Concrete can be a do-it-yourself project provided recommended concrete practices are followed. Some things to consider are subgrade preparation,finishing methods, jointing and curing. Concrete is a perishable material so it is imperative that it be placed and finished in a timely manner. Additionally, most concrete producers assess holding charges if concrete trucks are held at the delivery location in excess of a predetermined amount of time. Concrete is very heavy so it is recommended that you have adequate assistance and the proper equipment and tools when placing and finishing. Should you decide to hire a concrete contractor, it is recommended that you verify your contractors references.
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What type of concrete should I order? Durable, long lasting, low maintenance concrete begins with selecting the proper mix design. To resist the affects of snow and ice, freezing and thawing, and deicing chemicals, the American Concrete Institute and National Association of Home Builders recommend using a mix designed

for a minimum compressive strength of 3500 psi and a maximum waterto-cement ratio of .45. Ready Mixed Concrete Co. personnel are available to assist you with selecting a mix design suitable for your application. Pleasecontact us for assistance.
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What information is necessary to order concrete? We will need to know who, where, when, what and how much. Please be prepared with an accurate delivery address, date and time of delivery, quantity and mix design. Please refer to CIP 31 for more information on ordering concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete Co. personnel are available to recommend a mix design suitable for your application. Please contact usfor assistance.
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How is concrete quantity calculated? Concrete is sold by the cubic yard, in one-quarter cubic yard increments. Concrete producers usually require a minimum purchase of one cubic yard as smaller batches are sometimes less consistent. All measurements should be converted to feet then multiplied, and finally, divided by 27. An example would be a patio measuring 10 6 long x 14 3 wide x 4 thick. The example would be calculated as: (10.5 x 14.25 x .33) 27 = 1.83 cubic yards. It is common to add ten or fifteen percent to small loads and five to ten percent to larger orders to compensate for subgrade settlement, uneven subgrade, spillage and waste. In the example given, adding fifteen percent would bring the total to 2.1 cubic yards. The total should then be rounded up to the nearest one-fourth cubic yard, or 2.25 cubic yards. Please see CIP 8 for more information about concrete yield. You can also contact us for assistance.
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Can concrete be placed in extremely hot or cold weather? Concrete can be placed at various temperatures if precautionary measures are taken. In extremely cold weather, concrete should not be allowed to freeze until it has gained sufficient strength to withstand the damaging affects of freezing. Concrete will lose its workability and set up considerably faster in hot weather. Please refer to CIP 12 for more information on placing concrete in hot weather.
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Can all concrete mixes be pumped? Many concrete mixes can be placed successfully with a concrete pump. Some considerations that may affect pumpability are type of pump, cement content and aggregate size. Its best to discuss mix selection with your concrete pumping contractor.
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What causes concrete to crack? There are different types of concrete cracks. The most common of these is related to the natural shrinkage of concrete as it cures and dries. Shrinkage cracking can be controlled or hidden by following proper jointing techniques. Different factors and conditions can contribute to each type of cracking. It is important to understand these potential causes and take appropriate action to prevent cracking.
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Why does some concrete develop surface deterioration? Surface deterioration is usually referred to as scaling. Scaling is a local flaking or peeling of the finished, hardened concrete surface, resulting primarily from multiple freeze-thaw cycles. The condition can be aggravated by the presence of deicing materials such as salt. Any product that is intended to melt ice and snow can contribute to scaling. Even products labeled Safe for Concrete can contribute to scaling. The probability that scaling may occur can be reduced or eliminated by using a durable concrete mix and following recommended concrete placing, finishing and curing/sealing practices. Ready Mixed Concrete Co. personnel are available to assist you in selecting the concrete mix and curing and sealing products for your project. Pleasecontact us for assistance.
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What causes discoloration of concrete? There are different types and causes of concrete discoloration. Dark, shadowy areas may appear if the fresh concrete was placed over alternating wet and dry areas of the subgrade. Darker areas are typically located where the subgrade was too wet or actually muddy. Temporarily covering concrete with poly sheeting or construction blankets can also cause the hardened concrete to be darker in appearance. Another possible cause of dark, mottled areas is the uneven application of curing/sealing products. Curing/sealing products should be applied as uniformly as possible with a nozzle that will produce a fine spray or mist.

There can also be differences in coloration between concrete slabs placed on different days. This is usually due to slight variations in temperature and weather conditions from day to day. The potential for discoloration can be greatly reduced by following recommended placing, finishing and curing practices, as
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How soon can new concrete be put into use? During periods of moderate to warm weather, new concrete could be opened for pedestrian traffic in twelve to twenty-four hours, or when the surface becomes scuff resistant. A general guideline is that new concrete should not be opened for vehicular traffic for a minimum of seven days. This seven-day period can be significantly reduced by using a faster setting, stronger concrete mix. Please note that concrete gains strength more slowly in colder weather so more time may be needed before putting your new concrete into use.
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What are the benefits of fiber reinforced concrete? Fiber reinforcing will reduce the potential for cracking and improve the impact and abrasion resistance of your concrete slab. For more information on the benefits of fiber reinforced concrete, please refer toCIP24.
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For more information from the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association. Links and references to 'Concrete in Practice' publications ('CIPs') are to documents published by the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. These documents are provided courtesy of the NRMCA. To order print versions of these CIPs, please emailpublications@nrmca.org or call (301) 587-1400.

About Ready Mix Concrete

By Debbie Tolle, eHow Contributor

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Ready-mix concrete is made at a batching plant and delivered by a cement truck to a work site. This type of concrete speeds up the construction process by having the concrete already mixed and ready to pour once it reaches the site. Ready-mix concrete saves builders time and money.

1. History
Ready-mix concrete was first mixed in a factory in the 1930s. It wasn't until the 1960s that ready-mix concrete became more in demand. Since that time, the ready-mix concrete business has continuously grown and is now a major industry.

How Ready-Mix Concrete is Made

Ready-mix concrete is made out of 10 to 15 percent cement, approximately 60 to 75 percent aggregates, and about 20 percent water. Cement is made out of limestone, sand or shale, and clay. Aggregates are sand, gravel and rock.

Function
Ready-mix concrete is used for small and large construction projects. It is used to pave driveways and for foundations on homes and large commercial buildings. It is also used for bridges, roads and sidewalks.

Benefits
There are several benefits to the use of ready-mix concrete. Ready-mix concrete helps speed up the building process. Construction companies save time and money by using concrete that is already mixed. It eliminates the need for a crew to mix concrete at the work site. Ready-mix concrete also helps to reduce construction-site pollution. A lot of dust is created when concrete is mixed on site.

Limitations
Ready-mix concrete cannot be transported over long distances. When concrete is mixed at a batching plant, it must be poured within two hours to hold up to industry standards. This creates the need for central mixing plants to serve the construction industry.

Speculation
The advantages of ready-mix concrete far outweigh all limitations. The building and construction industry would be greatly inhibited without it. What used to take several man-hours to do can now be accomplished in a very short period of time.

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oncrete is the most widely used construction material in the world and with a 9000-year history it has played a major part in shaping modern civilization. The Romans were particularly adept at using concrete but it was also known to the Egyptians and in a primitive form to Neolithic civilisations.

The main difference between the concrete found in these classical civilisations and modern ready mixed concrete is the binding agent. The Egyptians used crushed gypsum, the Romans knew how to make lime by burning crushed limestone and they even discovered that adding volcanic ash or old bricks and tiles improved the setting characteristics of their cement. Modern concrete was developed after the discovery of Portland cement. First patented in 1824 but not developed in its present form until 1845 when higher kiln temperatures were achieved, Portland cement made new forms of construction possible. Despite these advances attempts to supply the building trade with ready mixed concrete on-site foundered until the late 1920s when delivery trucks were fitted with a drum that agitated the concrete while on the move. In the UK, the first Readymix operation was set up in 1930 and by the 1960s a successful national network of concrete plants was firmly established. Today, Readymix concrete comprises a mix of aggregates, cement, water and a variety of admixtures. Understanding these individual ingredients in a little more detail provides an insight into ways of obtaining the best results for different types of project.

Main components of concrete

Cement Portland cement is made from a mixture of finely ground limestone or chalk, clay and sand, which is heated almost to melting point (around 1,450oC) in a large rotating kiln. The cement clinker that emerges is then ground to a powder with a small quantity of gypsum, added to control the setting time of the end product. Just as the Romans found the benefits of adding volcanic ash to their cement, so the properties of modern cement can be modified and enhanced by blending Portland cement with other cementitious materials. The most widely used of these are fly ash - one of the residues from burning coal - and slag, which is the waste from steelworks. Blends incorporating fly ash are designated CEM II cements, while those using slag are known as CEM III. As slag and fly ash are by-products of other industries they are a recycled ingredient, which makes blended cement an environmentally friendly product reducing carbon footprint by up to a half. Based on international research and agreed standards, Readymix uses the appropriate form of cement for each type of mix. This means that not only will you be supplied with the rightconcrete mix for each application, the concrete will also have good workability. Aggregate and sand The coarse aggregate used in concrete is of a prescribed size - typically 5-20 mm. It is extracted from quarries and from offshore reserves in a sustainable manner. Where practical, recycled concrete may be used as a replacement for primary, quarried aggregate. A relatively coarse type of sand known as sharp sand is usually used to make concrete. Sharp sand typically has grains in the size 63 micron - 5 mm. Water The dangers of adding too much water to concrete are well known. Excess water weakens the finished concrete and therefore the proportion of water to solids in Readymix concrete is always tightly controlled. It can be tempting to increase the amount of water to make the concrete flow and find its own level but there are much better ways of achieving this, such as by using a free-flowing and self-levelling concrete designed specially for foundations. Admixtures A variety of admixtures are used in concrete to improve handling characteristics and the strength of the concrete when set. For example, a plasticiser may be added to improve workability, reduce water to improve strength and enhance durability.