GAEKW AD'S ORIENTAL SERIES

Published under the Authority of the Government of His Highness the Maharaja. Gaekwad of Baroda

GENERAL EDITOR :

B.

BHATTACHARYYA, RAJY ARATNA,

M.A.,

PH.D.,

JNANAJYOTI

No. C

KRTYAKALPATARU,

OF

BHATTA LAKSMIDHARA
I''

Vol. XI. RAJADHARMAKANDA

Edited by

K. V. RANGASWAMI AIYANGAR

Baroda
Oriental Institute

1943

Pages 'l-~ ~ ~ printed by ] aya Krishna Das Gupta, at Vidya Vilas Press, Benares City and pp. i-xxii, and 1-95, ~ ~ 13-~ "~ printed by C. Subbarayudu, at the Vasanta Press, Adyar, Madras, and Published on behalf of the Government of His Highness the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda by Benoytosh Bhattacharyya at the Oriental Institute, Baroda.

Price Rs. 10

r- c

r.

Cl-

lr" I

i -.,...'

PREFACE ANCIENT INDIAN POLITY has been for many years in the front line of topics of academic interest. The 'discovery' of the Arthas'astra of Kautilya and its publication a decade later in 1909, was to oriental scholarship as the discovery the Institutes of Gaius in 1816 was to students of Roman Law. The publication of its text and English translation coincided roughly with the beginnings of the movement for Indian Svaraj. Political interest proved both a stimulus and a handicap. It drew many students to the study of our ancient political institutions. At the same time, it developed a tendency to see occasionally in the evidence it furnished much more than was strictly justified by critical scrutiny. Since then, a considerable literature on the ancient Indian theory of the state and Indian administrative institutions has come into existence. In the synthesis attempted in modern works, texts of Dharmas'astra have come to be drawn on side by side with those of the much smaller literature of Arthas'astra. The tendency, however, has been to treat the former as subsidiary to the latter. Dharmas'astra is held to present ideals, which were never wholly put into practice, while Arthas'astra or Nitistastra is considered more valuable because more realistic. Students of smrti and Arthas'astra overlook the classical distinction between the two, familiar to their predecessors centuries ago, and agree in holding Arthas'astra as wanting in the

VI

THE RAJADHARMA KANDA

canonical sanction that lay behind smrti. The error has spread even among paQgits professing to follow tradition. In a polemic work, composed in recent years by three distinguished paQgits, in which certain reforms were subjected to criticism as contrary to Hindu Dharma, a specified view is summarily rejected on the ground (which itself is baseless) that it is an Arthas'astra dictum. 1 As I have showed elsewhere, Arthas'astra is among the eighteen sources of Dharma, and it is also brought under one of the Upa-Vedas. 2 The rule in smrti that m a conflict between Arthas'astra and Dharmas'astra the former must give way, refers not to the general inferiority of the former class to the latter, but to the superiority in Indian convention of rules which have an adr~fa-phala behind them to those for which a visible benefit (drfita-phala) can be shown. Both smrtis and works on Arthas'astra contain many dicta, under both these categories, and the standard set between the two must be applied in both. Concurrence of smrti and Arthas'astra may indicate a close approximation to actual practice, where action is guided solely by volition or custom, but it will not make an action for which a dr!ifa-phala can be quoted of the same value as acts for which the sanction is based on their enshrining an adrfifa-phala. The criticism levelled against behaviourism-that it fails to furnish as secure a basis for ethics as transcendental sanction-is analogous to that levelled against artha rules as compared with Dharma precepts. The former are commendatory while the latter are mandatory. An artha precept may be over-ruled by even another artha precept, but no Dharma rule can be over-ruled at all. If a Dharma precept seems to be in conflict with another, the difference must be treated, in Indian convention, as apparent but not
1
2

Dharmapradipa, Calcutta, 1937. Rajadharma, 1941. p. 95.

PREFACE

Vll

real, and as indicative of either a possibility of reconciliation or of allowing options to conduct. Many of those who have attempted a synthesis of our old polity by utilizing indiscriminately the data furnished by both sources, without visualizing the traditional values of the two types of dicta, which writers on both Arthas'astr.a and Dharmas'astra have accepted, have been led away from a correct apprehension of basic political doctrines and facts, and have made statements and drawn conclusions which are not correct or sound. Training in traditional methods of study and interpretation, for which many modern students evince little respect, is vital if one should grasp thoroughly teachings, stated cryptically or with exasperating brevity, in books of which the authorized interpretation has been transmitted only orally. Referring to the Buddhist Canon, T. W. Rhys Davids long ago uttered the warning that a sutra book was not intended to be read; it was to be used merely as a syllabus of headlines, to be filled up by lessons from those who had received its interpretation orally from their teachers, to whom it had descended in similar fashion through countless generations of past teachers. 1 The harm done to scholarship by the absence of such a training is intensified by two further causes : the first is the habit of using ancient books in modern translations, often made by writers imbued with a contempt for the traditional interpretation that they had not themselves acquired; the second is ignoring the background in which the thought has to be viewed. Since the days of Max Muller, who visualized the risk in regard to the study of Indian philosophical systems, an indication of the common postulates of our philosophical systems finds some place in modern books on Indian philosophy. 2 In studies of ancient Indian political theory and law, the practice is
1 Dialogues of the Buddha, Vol. I. Preface, pp. xx-xxii. ' Six S~stems of Indian Philosophy, passim.

Vlll

THE RlJADHARMA KA~J?A

not foHowed. To read the present into the past is an admitted defect in historical writing, in spite of the essential unity of human nature, which makes it possible to presume ordinarily that the same historic causes will have the same reactions at all times and places, other things being equal. A similar tendency may be recognized in many modern presentations of ancient Indian political thought in which the qualification implictt in the underlined clause is usually disregarded or forgotten. Much that seems trivial or absurd or unreasonable might be found to be quite defensible if the limiting conditions are recognized. The point may be illustrated by reference to the contents of the Rajadharmaka?U!a of the Krtya-Kalpataru. To one who would approach its study, let us say, in an English version, or even to one who reads it, as if it was a self-contained book, Lak~midhara's treatment of Rajadharma will appear as lacking in a sense of proportion and as dominated by sectional motives. Over and over again the apparent privileges of one vartta seem to be emphasized unjustifiably. Undue importance appears to be ascribed to ritual and magic, to the detailed description of omens and portents, and similar themes which offend our reason and taste. But it must be remembered that Lak~midhara wrote at a time when India was on the eve of the Muslim conquest, and the air was filled with anxiety. In such times, men turn back to old beliefs in magic and ritual, which are enshrined in popular memory. We can see it today.! The signs can be read in history under similar circumstances in many countries in which the same vague fear of impending evil was oppressively present in the minds of both the common people and responsible leaders. True to the ideals of a nibandhakara, who selects only just those things as have Dharma sanction, Lak~midhara indicates only those rites which (unlike the proverbial S'yena-yaga) have Dharma

PREFACE

IX

authority behind them, for the state to perform with care and devotion, to ward off any unforeseen dangers that threaten the kingdom. His citation of PuraQ.ic authority for the rites described in the concluding chapters provides canonical validity for those festivals and ceremonies. There are hundreds of similar ceremonies, which he has not included, and of which he must have been cognizant. The implications of the selection and conscious omission will appear only from a knowledge of the omitted rites. He must have believed, like his king and contemporaries, in their efficacy. The reassertion of the old sacerdotalism is explicable on the same grounds, as it is in the context of the Gupta empire, at the time of its rise, after the period of Indo-Bactrian, Parthian and S'aka contacts, or at its decline when it had to face the HuQ.a inundation. In studying a work like the Rajadharmakatz4a of Lak~m1dhara, proper comprehension requires two other antecedent conditions. Firstly, this section has to be read in relation to all the other sections of the treatise. Its position in the Krtya-Kalpataru is not a matter of accident. Lak~m1dhara, with one possible exception,-and that a contemporary/-was the first of the nibandhakaras to provide a special section for Rajadharma, in its narrower sense. His example was not immediately followed. A section on the subject was not contemplated by CaQ.Q.es'vara in his Dharmaratnczkara. His Rajan'tti-ratnakara was L:omposed when he had become an octogenarian, by special request of his king. The title Rajan'tti is significant. Dharmas'astra lays down what is obligatory, while N'ttis'astra deals with what is advisable. It is noteworthy that with rigorous consistency, Lak~m!dhara deals only with what is laid down in smrtis, PuraQ.as and other
1 Gopala, author of the Kllmadhenu, now lost. referred to by CaQ,ges'vara.

A section of it on Rajaniti is

THE RAJADHARMA Ki!!J?A

sources of Dharma and does not quote any work on Nitis'astra or Arthas'astra. Cal)ges'vara does so, and so do Mitramis'ra, Nilakan~ha and Anantadeva. The constitutional implication of the difference is worth noting. To go against what is enjoined in Dharmas'astra is a dereiiction of duty, but to go against what is advised in Nitis'astra only amounts to unwisdom. Nitis'astra derives its authority from the great names behind its authorship (e.g. Kau~ilya, S'ukra} and from its appeal to reason. A work of the class is not correlated to any other work. In a digest of Dharma, every section must be construed in relation not only to every other section of the same work but to the entire body of Dharma literature, including all its sources. Primarily, it must be consistent with the rest of the digest. The same topic will be treated in a digest in different sections, as viewed from different angles: e.g. vartta immunities, crimes, marriage etc. A nibandha must be read as a whole and judged as a whole, and not section by section, as if the parts were unrelated and not inter-dependent. Judged in this way, the first thing to note is that the duty of a king is both personal and official, and the two are inseparable, so long as one is king. The slender sections on rajadharma in smrtis claim to deal with the personal duty (gutta-dharma} of the consecrated K~atriya (murdhabhifiikta), which includes the duties of his station, of his vartta and his cts'rama (Grhastha). The comprehensive duty of the king is to maintain the scheme of vartta and as'rama, and paripalana, (protection, in the widest sense) includes this. The King and the BrahmaQa are said to uphold jointly the world-order, and to have undertaken a lifelong vow to do so (dhrta-vratau}. Neither can change the social order or alter its features to the slightest extent. The all-embracing obligation thus laid upon the ruler, i.e., the State, makes it necessary that the head of the executive, i.e., the Rajan, must treat all Dharma as his duty,

PREFACE

XI

After Arthas'astra works grew in number and in influence, Rajadharma and Rajan'tti were sometimes confused with each other, and the former came to mean only the enfeebled description of the state administration and the daily duties of the king. By overlooking the background . of Rajadharma, even in the restricted sense, and reading the sections on it apart from their context in a large digest, much of political and institutional value is missed. In no other part of Dharmas'astra is the tas~ of interpretation by reference to the entire content of Dharma more necessary than in that which bears the title of Rajadharmakat;uf,a. It has been the aim of the Introduction, prefixed to this edition of the eleventh section of the Krtya-Kalpataru, which bears this title, to attempt this task. Looked at in the light shed by the rest of Dharma literature, this section will be found to be both interesting and significant. When Lak~midhara composed his digest, Indian independence had not been lost. He served a powerful king, and held, after his father, the position of chief minister in a great kingdom. With the exception of CaQQ.es'vara, the later writers on Rajadharma or Rajan'iti were paQQ.its, not statesmen. The range of Lak~midhara's reading is as wide as that of the best digest writers. A feature in which he excels is his faculty for selection and for terse comment. His views have to be inferred as much from his omissions as from his express citations. Later writers had neither his discrimination, nor perhaps his recognized authority. They became diffuse, repeated themselves, and padded their works with needless citations on the same topics. From the scrutiny of this section and its study in relation to the wide literature of Dharma, a number of conclusions emerge, which are detailed in the Introduction. Among them may be mentioned the conception of king$hip as a position of dedicated service, and the

Rajadharma.

xu

THE RiJADHARMA ~J;>A

exposal of the misuse of the theory of the divine origin of kingship in a defence of royal absolutism. There is no right divine to do wrong. The significance of the rite of abhifieka as a ' new birth ' emerges. It is shown how the social balance as well as internal order and external security, was ensured with the minimum of violence under Rajadharma, in which duties were described and not prerogatives. There was no r:eed to a king to take a coronation oath to rule justly. The obligation was implicit in the office of king, as part of raja-dharma. A proper balance between the use of force and the maintenance of the rule of ahimsa resulted from it. The power of datz4a which was vested in the king, was not to be exercised capriciously, but only in accordance with rule. For many years Rajadharma has occupied the leisure of the editor, both in its wider and its narrower connotations. His results have been given in his Considerations on Ancient Indian Polity (1914, second edn. 1935, Madras University), Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Economic Thought (1934, Benares Hindu University) and Indian Cameralism (Calcutta University, 1934). In his lectures in the University of Madras on Rajadharma (Adyar Library, 1941} an attempt has been made to provide the prolegomena to the study of the literature of bharmas'astra. Reference to these may be permitted, as they carry on the consideration of aspects and topics, which have not been dealt with in the Introduction to this section of the Krtya-Kalpataru. Rajadharmakatz4a is the eleventh section of Lak~mi dhara's nibandha, and the third to be published, its predecessors in publication being the Dcxnakatt4a and the Tirthakatt4a, which form the fifth and eighth parts of the digest. In the Introduction to the last, the reasons for not following in publication the natural sequence of the sections have been briefly stated. A complete set of the nibandha does not exist anywhere now, except in my

PREFACE

Xlll

possession. Two parts which -were wanting, out of the fourteen, were discovered by me. Till recently, the beginning of one kav4a was defective; it has since been rectified by the discovery of a second manuscript. Even now the concluding portion of one of the earliest sections, for which only one manuscript is available, seems wanting. The manuscripts represent the achievement of generations of ignorant or careless scribes, and abound in omissions, wrong conjunctions and repetitions, as well as grammatical and scriptorial errors. Lak~midhara had a wide repertory, and many of the works he cites are now lost. Several of them were in prose or in sutra form. He had a high sense of textual accuracy, and his readings, where they differed from accepted versions, have been deferentially noticed by later writers, even when they related to the texts of smrtis which had been commented on by distinguished scholiasts like Medhatithi or Vis'varupa. Further, as regards the bulk of extant smrtis, the texts have not even now been established definitively. This may be seen in V asi~thasmrti, and to a smaller extent in V i~v-u smrti.1 In editing the oldest surviving digest, an obligation therefore rests on its editor to collect every manuscript of every section of it, which is known to be in existence or which assiduous exploration may reveal. Many editions of nibandhas abound in errors which such an exhaustive survey might have avoided. The feeling of responsibility for presenting as full material as a collation of all available manuscripts can furnish has weighed upon the editor. The Rajadharmakav-4a fortunately existed in a manuscript, which was fairly complete and correct and came from the almost complete set in the Udaipur Palace. 2 It was immediately made the basis of the rough press copy. Soon after
1 My edition of Vi~!'usmrti with the Kes'ava Vaijayanti is in the press, and will be published in the Adyar Library Series. 2 It bears the date Samvat 1612 i.e., 1565 A.D.

xiv

'rHE RiJADHARMA KiNDA

(between June and September 193 7) the manuscript in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (No. Ill, G. 76) was secured and compared with the press copy. The Calcutta manuscript bears the date 1805 A.D. and it is a modern transcript. Some manuscripts of the kCltuf,a, whose existence came to my notice subsequently (e.g., those in the Varendra Research Society, Rajashahi, and in the Samskrta Sahitya Pari~ad, Shyam Bazar, Calcutta) are merely copies of this manuscript. Of the two manuscripts irr the India Office, which were also obtained for collation, only one had individual features. This bore the number 1386 and it is described in Eggeling's Catalogue of the Library. The other manuscript furnished very few readings, was very defective in orthography and grammar, and claimed only to be a transcript made in 1865 A.D. of an older manuscript dated 1695, in an era that is not specified in the appended chronogram. After all these manuscripts had been utilized in collation, the press copy was sent to the press and the printing was finished upto the end of Appendix D before the end of 1938. While the printed sheets were kept aside, pending my getting the requisite leisure for preparing an introduction, I came to know that a manuscript of the Krtya-Kalpataru, which contained the R"lljadharmakCltuf,a, existed in the Anup Library at Bikanir, though it was repeatedly declared as lost and not discoverable, when I applied for its loan. I obtained a transcript of it after several months, and added its readings as Appendix F. The date of this manuscript is Samvat 1737. Interruptions due to my work in connection with the starting of S'ri Venka~es'vara Oriental Institute at Tirupati, and the Tenth session of the All India Oriental Conference held at Tirupati, as well as other causes of a personal nature, delayed the composition of the Introduction that was felt to be necessary for a proper

PREFACE

XV

comprehension of the katz-4a. Thus a book which has been virtually in print for four years is released only now. A year ago, when I was at Delhi, I saw an advertisement of an edition of Rajadharmakatz-4a in the catalogue of a Lahore publisher. I obtained a copy of it and have now examined it. It has been edited and published at Lahore by Mr. Jagadish Lal Shastri, M.A., M.O.L., a research scholar of the Punjab University. It claims to be based on only one manuscript, viz. that of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. It has an introduction in English which endeavours to furnish some information on Lak~midhara, the Krtya-Kalpatartt and the available manuscripts of the nibandha as described in the published Catalogues of Manuscripts, Peterson's Report of 1883, and Rai Bahadur Man Mohan Chakravarty's papers in the J .A.S.B., 1915. A short account of Lak~midhara, from Mahamahopadhyaya P. V. Kane's History of Dharmattastra, volume I, is furnished. Mr. Jagadish Lal Shastri makes no reference to the edition of the Dana-Katz-4-a, which was published towards the end of 1941, as volume XCII of the Gaekwad's Oriental Series and to the Introduction of that volume where the date of Lak~midhara and of the Krtya-Kalpataru is discussed, though his edition first appeared in the Lahore Oriental College Magazine only in May 1942. Since 1938 the fact of an edition of the Krtva-Kalpataru being in preparation or in the press, has been notified in the lists added to the volumes of the Gaekwad's Oriental Series. The Lahore edition contains several errors both in the Introduction and in the body of the text. A few may be mentioned. On p. 5 of the Introduction, India Office Manuscript No. 1385, which contains only the Danakatz-4a (and which has been used in my edition of that katz-4a) is described as containing twelve kaQc;las ! The mistake seems to be due to taking the description of the digest, which is appended to the descriptive note in the Catalogue, as an

XVI

THE RAJADHARMI\ KA!!J?A

indication of the contents of this manuscript. About eighteen instances were noticed in which the text, while claiming to follow the Asiatic Society's manuscript, has substituted for its readings those of Mitramis'ra's RajanUiprakas'a. On p. 57 the omission of some words in line 11 of the text makes it unintelligible. On p. 58 a s1Ura of V i~ttu smrti (III,15) is combined with a comment, as if it were a part of it. On p. 63 a big gap of about two pages in the manuscript used has not been detected, with the result that a part of <' sutra of V asi~{hasmrti and a comment on it have been telescoped with a sutra of Vi~ttusmrti. On p. 100 a sutra of V i~ttusmrti is printed as a comment on a passage of Manusmrti. These examples are illustrative. They point to the risks which are inevitable, when one attempts to print from only one manuscript, an impcrtant section of a nibandha of which other manuscripts are known to exist. It remains to make an acknowledgment of my obligations. In passing the edition through the press, I have Leen assisted by Mahamahopadhyaya A. Chinnaswami Sastri, now Principal of the College of Oriental Learning in the Benares Hindu University as well as by my former student and frequent collaborator Mr. A. N. Krishna Aiyangar, M.A., L.T. of the Adyar Library. The General Editor of the Gaekwad's Oriental Series, Rajyaratna, Jnanajyoti Dr. B. Bhattacharyya, M.A., Ph.D., was compelled by the rule of the India Office precluding its manuscripts going out of the custody of the borrower, to do himself the collation of my press copy with the India Office Manuscripts. Such labor is not part of a General Editor's duty. I am specially grateful to him for having undertaken the task. I am under a special debt to Sir V. T. Krishnamacharya, K. C. I. E., Prime Minister of Baroda, for having secured for my use, a transcript of the Krtya-Kalpataru manuscript in the Anup Library, Bikanir, after my attempts to do so had failed.

PREFACE

xvii

I learned of the existence of this manuscript in Bikanir, after it had been declared lost, through Tarkatirtha PaQc;lit Laxman Shastri Joshi, the erudite editor of Dharmakos'a and his assistants. Dr. C. Kunhan Raja, M.A., D. Phil. of the University of Madras, obtained for me particulars of the manuscript in the Anup Library, which enabled me to secure a transcript of it ultimately through the Baroda Government. I am grateful to Mr. C. Subbarayudu, Superintendent of the Vasanta Press, Adyar, Madras, for kindly undertaking the printing of the Introduction and preliminary matter in spite of other commitments.

V asumat'i V illls Mylapore, Madras, 20th December, 1943

K. V.

RANGASWAMI

CONTENTS
PAGE PREFACE ERRATA INTRODUCTION

v
XXll

1-95

The place of Rajadharma m a digest (p. 1). The Social Balance (p. 2). The Postulates of Dharma (p. 3). The wide range of Rajadharma (p. 4). Lak~midhara's claims (p. 9). Features of the Work (p. 11). Literature of Rajadharma (p. 11). Plan of Rajadharmakatpf,a (p. 14). Necessity for the State (p. 14). Evolution of the idea of Divine Right (p. 17). Its place in Dharmas'astra (p. 18). Magnification of the King (p. 19). Who can be King? (p. 21). The Royal Coronation (p 23). S'ivaji's coronation (p. 25). The coronation ritual (p. 26). The problem of succession (p. 28). Epic ritual of Abhi$eka (p. 29). The PuraQic ritual (p. 30). The Vedic Coronation (p. 33). The Pledge of Prthu (p. 35). The PuraQic ritual (p. 35). Its constitutional significance (p. 36). Coronation of a successor (p. 36). Qualities required in the King (p. 37). Duties of the King (p. 40 . The daily routine of the King (p. 41). Sacerdotalism : the Purohita (p. 43). The Saptatiga (p. 45). The official hierarchy: Amatya~ (p. 47). The Administration (Rastrasamgrahavam), (p. 51). Revenue and treasure (p. 53). Fiscal fi!xemptions (p. 54). BrahmaQa immunities (p. 56). The Ally (Mitra), (p. 60). The Fortress (durga), (p. 61). Construction of a town (p. 63). Forces (dat_uja). (p. 64). The operations of War (p. 66). Booty (p. 71). The ethics

XX

THE RAJiDHARMA Ki1!J?A PAGE

of violence (p. 72). Supernatural support (p. 76). Standing religious obligations of the King (pp. 76-80) : 1. Devayiitra (77) ; 2. Kaumudimahotsava (p. 77) ; 3. Indradhvajocchraya (p. 78) ; 4. Navaratripaja (p. 79) ; 5. Chi~maP17ja (p. 79) ; 6. Gavotsarga (p. 79) ; and 7. Vasordhiira (p. 80). Freedom and Destiny (p. 82). Royal Abhaya (p. 82). Rak$ii, the corollary of Abhaya (p. 83). The King-in-Council (p. 84). Upaya, $agu~Jya and RajamatJala (p. 85). The Indian Theory of the-State (pp. 89-95).
~Tiif~'{o:fil~~
~

~-"(~~

l1W~l~i!_ I t~~T
~.

~
~

~l:jj'tf~~~

~~'d.

Oif~q.Cfi:
~J:jj'~:
a:{111~:

~~ ~~ ~~

c-... ~\9,

S:ill!Ur
<m.=n<ni!~: ~~~~~fl'Tlt
~::rr:
~~=

""
\9~
~\9

~.

~.

0.

n.
n.
~'d.

~+{_
{l:jj'3~~~T

~"
~
0

~G_

~~ ~

~ ~-

l1r?{:
~r:s,wqJI_

~n

qy:;;n
~~~+{_

nc..

~~~
~'d~
~\9~

~ 'd. a1. a:i~~Uifq 'fi~Tf~

~~.

"

~T~l~~:

~ \9,

~~~(~Cf: ~Cf>il~~p:J~~:
~<l'Cflfi ~T

~~~
~~'d

~~-

~~~

CONTENTS

XXl

PAGE

~~. ~o. ~~.

~~: rr~:

~~e.. ~~~

CJfft~in

~0 ~-~ ~~

APPENDIX A. Vedic Mantras Cited

~~~
~~(\
~ ~ \9

" "
" "

B. Authors and Works Cited C. Identifications of Quotations

D. Index of Half-verses

~ ~<::: ~~

E. List of Works on Riijadharma

F. Readings of the Bikanir Manuscript

\9

"

~\~-~\9~

ERRATA
'\c:,

n, ~~1 for ~')q~m \'\, '\'-\, ~qf: for ~qf:

v~, \, ft;!l~: for 'fui;' '-\ ~. ''1, I. 0., ~~:, A. S. B., SS'lCIT for 1, 0. ~:
~ '\. ~ ~. ' before' for 'befor '

(;'I, \, ~r~ran<r for ~"<r~

'\ ov,
'\ o (;

~. ~R..

for

mr-r.
arT~Tll3o~:

'\ o\ll, '\ (;,

MaTJ.c;lalas for Mandalas Last line, ' First ' for Frist
+

'I o \ , 'I'-\ Add

after

'\ (; \, '\ \, omits for 'appropriates'

'I o \ , ~ '\, 'continues' for 'contrives' '\'IV,
'\YY,
W~,
\ll'

Manusambita for Manusamhita Mitramis1ra for Mitramisra

'\~,

'\'-\, Pai;J.c;lita for Pandita

'1'-\~, ~. Add, (~, c:~

Q,o)

after~:

Introduction p. 1, I. 15 Kaustubha for Kau~tubba p. 62, I. 4 Insert ' is' before "to safeguard"

INTRODUCTION
THE PLACE OF RiJADHARMA IN A DIGEST

IN the scheme of the Krtya-Kalpataru the eleventh and twelfth sections are assigned to the exposition of Riijadharma and Vyavahiira. The specific duties of the king include the administration of law and justice. Vya~'ahara is logically comprehended in Riijadharma in its narrower or specialised form. But its volume and complexity justify its treatment in a section by itself. Yajiiavalkyasmrti assigns, for instance, its central division to Vyavahiira, but even there the treatment of Vyavahiira follows closely on the heels of the exposition of the specific duties of the crowned kljatriya in the Aciira section. The intimate connection between royal duties and law and procedure is the justification for some writers, like Anantadeva, the author of Riijadharmakau!jtubha, who treat of Vyavahiira in their treatises on Rajadharma. The relegation of the duties of the king and the administration of law and justice to almost the end of a comprehensive exposition of Dharma is alw noteworthy. To a modern student, law and polity have more attraction. than the description of the duties of the castes (var~a) and orders (iisrama). In the Hindu view of life a king's efficient discharge of his duties is only the means to the end of all human activity, viz., freedom from rebirth (mok!ja). The ruler qualifies for it by discharging the duties of his station in the approved manner. The progress of his subjects towards the goal is rendered possible only if the head of civil society sees that there is order and justice within the state, protection for every one from external danger and from seasonal vicissitudes, which are due to the neglect of his spiritual or sacramental duties, 1 and that the state
1

Cf.

Rl!maya~;ta,

I, 9, 7-8 on the long drought in Anga-

~~ ~~ $1 ~: SffiJqqfo{_ I

art! 51"~ mtT ~ ~:

II

THE RAJ A DHARMA KAf!l;>A

maintains vart;r,iis'rama-dharma and prevents the confusion which will spring from persons abandoning the duties of their station and birth and taking up other duties and from mixture of castes
(vart.uzsamkara).
THE SOCIAL BALANCE

The function of the ruler, i.e., of the state, is to maintain the social balance or, to vary the metaphor, to keep the ring. Every person's salvation depends primarily on his own efforts. He approaches or recedes from the goal according as he fulfils his appointed duties or neglects them. In_ the four stages of life, (aS'rama), the first is mainly educative, while the last signifies a withdrawal from society, except to the extent of being dependent on society for the support of life till the moment of dissolution arrives. Society, as well as all individual and social effort, is based on the existence of the second as'rama, i.e., of the householder (grhastha). 1 He alone is competent to discharge the triple debt (rna-traya) in which man is born, viz., the debt to sages (r$ir1Ja), the debt to the gods (deva-rt;r,a), and the debt to progenitors (pitrp;ta), and he does so by study and teaching, by wo:-ship and by continuing the family line by marriage and progeny! The second stage of life (grhasthas'rama) is also the only one of the four to which men of every caste (vart;r,a) are eligible. In the orderly sequence of divisions of the Krtya-Kalpataru, the first section deals with the first stage of life (brahmacaryas'rama) and the second undertakes a general survey of the second
~8i~~~fu~

~~~~mcmn
See the references in my Ancient Indian Polity, 1935, p. 108, and my Rajadharma, 1941, pp. 102-109. 1 See th~ Brahmacarikat_J<ja of the Krtyakalj>ataru, and Manusmrti, III. 77-80, Vast~tha, VIII, 14-16, and Vi~t_Jusmrti, LXIX, 27-29.
2

~ro ~iflre ~!ftvnlif a~r OR: 1 ~ ;:;rr~a ~~ra- 51~~~ u ~<tlill+!"!"i) ~: ~~ +flif<t: I ~~~Til ~~if 51~T ~ ~~ ~ct. I ~iii~~ Oliffl ~~II

~ ~'l:l~

I See also~.~. ft ~.

'~

INTRODUCTION

stage (grhasthaS'rama), followed up in the third by details of the householder's daily duties (tihnika). The next seven sections deal with the various ways in which the householder (and sometimes men of the other tiS'ramas also) may effectively discharge the debts to the gods, to God and to ancestors. These are open in varying degrees to members of all var~as. On the second va~a, viz., the k$atriya devolves the duty of assuming the protection of the entire society and of maintaining the social order by undertaking the functions and obligations of government. 1 The eleventh section naturally follows with a treatment of the specific duties (gu~adharma) of the consecrated k$atriya, and, by extension of the idea, of any one on whom the duties of the k$atriya devolve, even if he is not a member of the second var~za. The twelfth division, which details civil and criminal law, is a supplement to the eleventh. In the nicely balanced order of the Universe, any neglect of individual or collective duty, may have grave results, and to obviate them propitiatory rites of both a personal and public character are prescribed. Hence the proper place for their consideration is after the discussion of Rajadharma. The driving motive for all human effort being the aspiration for mukti (release), the treatment of mok$a is the lClgical finial to the edifice o~ DharmaS'astra. Mok$aka~da is accordingly the concluding book of Lak~m'idhara's great digest. The order of treatment is roughly anticipated in the most authoritative of smrtt's, viz. Miinava-dharmas'astra.
THE POSTULATES OF DHARMA

The basic assumptions of Dharma include a primary and general duty, devolving on every one, to maintain the division of 'castes and orders' (var~aS'rama). Its fundamental tenets have universal applicability, in space and time, and in that sense are described as sanatana (eternal). In an important but superficial feature works on DharmaS'astra differ from the ethical or moral codes of other peoples, ancient or modern. Not only modern legislative acts, but even such statements of moral ideals as the
1 Cf. ParllB'arasmrti, I,

61~

fu

~ ~ ~~~: ~Til. I

~ q(~i41 R tt.mr "1ifuu ~ II

THE RlJADHARMA KAt;li?A

Christian decalogue, state what should not be done. Their position is negative. In the DharmaS'astra, on the other hand, one is told what should be done, what any particular person should not leave undone. The difference reflects a fundamental difference in outlook. In the Indian view (Brahmanical, Jaina or Buddhist) man is an animated bundle of duties. When every one does his or her duty, universal harmony results. Neglect of one's duty recoils not merely on the delinquent but upsets the whole established order. The magnitude of the evil which might follow individual default and afflict society calls for a corres ponding strength in the regulating authority, which will reduce the lapses from duty in number and gravity. The weight of the authority of the whole community should be behind the maintenance of Dharma. The head of the community (i.e., the ruler) or its spiritual and intellectual leaders should exercise this power. In organized society, the ruler alone can apply in all such cases the requisite social pressure. The upkeep of Dharma in all its protean forms becomes therefore the first duty of the state and its head. All Dharma is Riijadharma. The reach of the state's duty extends to every form of activity.
THE WIDE RANGE OF RIJADHARMA

In recent times the wider conception of Rajadharma has become obscured but the implications of the term in its larger and narrower sense have always been understood by Indian writers. In the Mahabhiirata, Dharma and Rajadharma are used indifferently to signify the corpus of Dharma. In requesting Bhi~ma to explain Riijadharma to him, Yudhi~thira, to show its value declares how all sentient beings depend on Riijadharma 1 and the four ends of life (catur-varga) are elucidated by it. This is made still more explicit in a further declaration that the safe-guarding of the duties of the four var~zas (caturvarl)yasya dharmasya rak~a) is the king's dharma (rajiiam dharmaM. The comprehensive character of Rajadharma is emphasized in Bhi!;ma's declaration, at the end of a panegyrical passage, that

INTRODUCTION

"all Dharma has entered into Riijadharma." ' The first work on the science, the thousand-chapter treatise of Svayambhu (Brahma) is stated to have dealt with the customs of nations, castes and clans' as was required in a work of such universal applicability. The idea is also implicit in the rules for the education of princes, which makes it obligatory for the future king to possess a competent knowledge of all Dharma, 3 and in the composition by royal command of digests of the over-grown Dharma literature for their use. So vast a range places the " Dharma of kings" beyond the capability of most rulers. A king is under Dharma in two capacities, i.e., as a person, of a definite va~a, subject to the Dharma of that var~a, and secondly as a crowned ruler. In the second capacity, as a public functiona.ry, he has duties which he is expected to discharge directly and those which he discharges indirectly through skilled helpers. He cannot shed his perso1lal obligations; and cannot prudently delegate some of his more important regal duties. The definition and elucidation of these is necessary for successful kingship or administration. The parallel development of Arthas'astra resulted in an elaboration of the duties more directly concerned with government of states. The sciences of Dharma and Artha deal with the modes of attainment of these two ends of life (puru$artha). The other two ends are the satisfaction of the emotions, especially those resulting in pleasure of the senses (kama) and mok$a or liberation of the spirit. The last is the ultimate and highest end, to which the others only lead. Kama and Artha are proximate ends, and in their relative importance the ultimate aims are the most important. The Mahiibhiirata declares the accepted Indian view that of the three puru$iirthas, Dharma is the best, Artha is next best and Kama is the lowest, and that both Artha and Kama
1

eif ~'If:

~"iif 3lfcm: (51r~q~, ~~. lo)

2 ~~~IRif\'51-mf
3

"iijf: eq~:

(eJ. "'e, "~).

1

"l'l"~f.i. ~ ~ ~mf~m1: ~
II

~ ~~: ~~ llft-

tlf.'Jif:
4

~~,

af.

,~" e, li'lT-q;jl ~ ~~ '!"~~~I

~ lJ~Tf.rfu 'it ~ ~lift~: II

THE RiJADHARMA ~J?A

spring from Dharma.' This view is endorsed by both Kautilya and Vatsyayana, who however declare that Artha is the chief end of the king. The complexity of human nature makes it impossible to convert it to pure asceticism and to a contempt for economic and emotional satisfactions. Accordingly, there is unanimity in laying down that each end (except Mok$a) should be striven for, if it does not conflict with those preceding. A comfortless life is not for man. The subordination of lower aims to the higher is part of the discipline of life, which will lead to the ultimate goal.' ArthaS'iistra recognized the paramountcy of Dharma, and regarded it as a common denominator of all action, while for human expediency, it stresses the greater importance of Artha. The ultimate sanctions of Dharma and Artha are to be found in a common source, viz. S'ruti, i.e. the Veda. The end of society is the same for both. "The king should permit no neglect by living beings of their appropriate duty (svadharma). By standing fast in one's duty, happiness is possible in life as in death. Society (loka~~) prospers and does not decay, when it maintains the bounds of conduct of Aryas (vyavasthitarya-maryada~), stabilizes the order of castes and stages of life (krtavaNJiiS'rama-sthiti~) and seeks refuge in the Vedas (traiya hi rak$ita~)." 3 For the normal upkeep of organized political order it is sufficient to take a lower standard than for the determination of what is Dharma and what is A-dharma. But, when there is a conflict between DharmaS'astra and the science of affairs (vyavaharikam s'astram), admits Kautilya (Ill, 1), the rule of Artha has to be construed in
1

e<~n(\~iJN~, eJ. ~' ~ ,, ~'fl'~iii~A<c or 'Of ~tl UiJftfu

i\'

"t~ 'iifi(~ ~ ~
2

or ~

11

<fir~S{ (,, w-,~> ~-"~ ~m

l'f:

~~~ ~

~~:

~~~ ('\ 1 " ) <!l''fl'-"l::li~Nffc!(l~if 'fiTii il fit~(S~t.fltl_l ~q <lT ~~q;:q);:qJiir"1J{_ I ~ ~ ~a) ~ <tiTilTiff ~~ ~ ~I eN~ !ill::lTil ~ ~: I~~ ~~ ~''II
1 d""1.6tk'Cttil<ti<!IISII7fT:" II

m"

~qif ~t mr

if

~fli ... t<~t~.

~ ~~~~

~~~ ~"~: ~:1 ~~~~:~or

~II('\,\.)

INTRODUCTION

consonance with those of Dharma. 1 DharmaS'astra deals with action that is enjoined, and therefore beyond argument. ArthaS'ii.stra deals with action that is manifestly feasible and advantageous. In smrtis an Artha content is to be found, while the normal material of Arthas'astra is Dharma. It is on this account that a wellknown text of Yajfivalkya (II, 21) lays down the superiority of an injunction of Dharma to one relating to worldly affairs (Artha). It is rightly interpreted by ,VijfianeS'vara 3 as referring not to the inferiority of the science of Arthas'astra generally but to Artha rules contained in smrtis. He illustrates the point thus. A manifest assassin (iitatiiyin) may be killed whatever be his status, age or spiritual relationship (Manusmrti, viii, 350-351). But, by another rule, there is no expiation possible for killing a BrahmaQa (lb., xi, 89). The second rule is absolute; therefore, the first merely aims at showing the enormity of assassination. The first rule is therefore an Arthas'astra rule, and is superseded by the second, which is an injunction of Dharma. A common aim, viz., the upkeep of the order of vartta and iis'rama, which can be brought about only by the existence of a supreme human authority supervising conduct and enforcing conformity by penalties, unites both the Dharmasastra and the ArthaS'ii.stra in regarding political union and the state, as well as the power of punishment (Datufa), as of divine creation. Both laud the king (i.e., the state) and magnify the sovereign. The state, i.e. the king, was brought into existence to end
1

itcr.n

~fu:n~.~,.)
3

~~~r ~ m~ iff~~ 1 ~~~a~ AA~ ('l. ,~o.) 2 ~~ ~ ~ 01.1~e~= 1 aN~rt~ ~amfllfcl

'"'

~.{~li~l~~if ~Of~~ aMrm~~ ~.{~li~IRI'ldi!!'l' ~

;fl~qq~ f<fclfey~ I ~~{GI'i{ I if ofiJCI.-" ~ <tT

or~ iff ifT~ efT itS~ I alldolfli<ifqriJRi ~~'I'~~ II illCRT~ ~ ~ctfu ~if I SR:u" iff Wfim cl'f ~ ~fu II (~, ~ I \ I
~o, ~,.) 11 a~-' atr~qr~~~ ~fi'dii ~ 1 ~~o:ci ~qfmr'il

~ ~r ~i'l II' ~T~ 8f~~'lll ~ ~~6~T Sllfl~ Cfifqffi fu~ I

CfiTiRff ~~~ ~ ;f f.NF~a (~Jij. , ,, ~<t,) ~f.{ "ili~r~ 11 a~T

~1:1~~~~11

THE RAJ ADHARMA KA:!!J?A

anarchy and to restore and maintain Dharma. All Dharma is within the ambit of the king's;; responsibility. As the duty can be discharged only by the display or by the use of the coercive power of the state, all Dharma becomes subject to the king's jurisdiction. The former defines the attitude of DharmaS'astra, and the latter that of ArthaS'astra. The only difference lies in the elaboration which rules of duty (Dharma) underwent in ArthaS'astra, which had to concern itself as much with what was enjoined as with what was feasible and advantageous to the community. The treatment of administrative matters was there fore fuller in works on ArthaS'astra or Riijaniti than in Dharma. S'astra digests or smrtis. Many topics of Riijaniti do not appear in the sections on Rajadharma in dharma-nibandhas, because they are dealt with in other sections of the digests. Another reason for the com paratively smaller bulk of works on Rajadharma is that by convention writers on NUiS'iistra or Arthasastra are not cited in digests of Dharma. The cause is not due to any idea of the unauthoritative nature of ArthaS'astra. Such an apprehension is cleared up by the addition of four subjects viz., Ayurveda, Gandharva-veda, Dhanurveda and Arthasastra to the fourteen sources of learning or Dharma (vidyiisthiina) enumerated by Yajfiavalkya (1, 3).' This is done by the Vi:;;t;upuriit;a, from which the slokas are cited by Lak~midhara in the paribhii:;;ii section of the Krtya-Kalpataru.~ Apararka has a:gued that while the fourteen mentioned by Yajfiavalkya are described as sources of learning as well as Dharma, the four added to the fourteen are described only as viyii{~. and that therefore the four are not as authoritative as sources of Dharma as the re maining fourteen.' Lak~mldhara, whose view is endorsed in almost the same words by MitramiS'ra in Paribhii:;;ii-prakiisa,

~T~'ltel~~~: I~: ~~1:1~~~11 ,, ~.)II 2 aJJrf.r ~t"''m ;ft;rtm ~r~f.ffiR: 1 1:1qn guoi :q f<fm tilm~ ~ II an~ ~ fl~~fu a 31~: I eNm~ ~if ~ f.im mmT ~~T: II
1

(~.

~fu

f4&!!J3(idl (~, ~. ~.:, ~'-)

3

~ fiWT~q~sn<i, or ~Tilc<n~~ 1 ~;u<(r.rt ~ ~

(,.

~~rcr. I ~~~!Cl ~ ar~~ if~ I ~ ~:

~)I

INTRODUCTION

states on the other hand that the fourteen pertain to Dharma (whose effects are invisible, adr$fartha) while the additional four, like Arthas'astra deal with visible wordly matters (dr$tiirtha), and they are also sources of Dharma. 1 But throughout his great nibandha there is not a single citation from any work of Arthas'iistra. The reason should be sought not in any low estimate of the authoritative character of Arthas'astra but in the circumstance that the authors of books on Arthas'astra, unlike the authors of smrtis, are not sages or semi-divine beings but ordinary men, eminent as scholars or statesmen. The distinction is not kept in mind by later writers like Mitramis'ra and Bhatta Nilakal}tha, who freely quote the Nitisara of Kamanqaka! It is noteworthy that citations from Kautilya (wrongly printed as Kaut;u!inya) are to be found in Jimutavahana's Vyavahiiramatrka. Lak;;midhara is more consistent in his principle and practice. The inclusion of Arthas'astra under U pa-veda which he sanctions in Vyavahiirakii~;~r;Ja, would also stand in the way of his rejecting its authority, especially in a digest of Rajadharma.
LAK~MIDHARA'S

CLAIMS

IS

Judged by bulk, the Rajadharma-kiit;uja of /{rtya-/{alpataru one of its smaller divisions. To a modern student of ancient Indian polity, it will also appear somewhat barren and theoretical, when compared with, for example, the Kaufiliya. In the manga{aS'loka Lak;;midhara claims to be animated by the
I

"~~srfi!fcl 'SiRlSII:1T;rrfir I 'if~: ~'Sii:1Ti!T: 'fiT~1f.filliqif511ff111-

~-=-~

1:1ifsfif

SIITTO'JI{" ~ ~~1:1~: I f;r~f;rmsf?f ~q o:qf~T:q~-' ~fa

r

""~'"'<""'~r: ~= 1 a~ '<fg~~SII:1Ti!l:, '<JC!f?l: SiR'2T~~I:'JTil'T: 1 "i+t+tl'1 ""~"il

~~,

.~,~

Sf~ ~ if ~ 'if ~~~ ~1:1': I" (<ft. f;r, qft~ ., 'l 'I '1.) ~if t=<4!id~l~i.i#4E'~il<ii~ ('l. '1~.)-" atrrfif ~~ ~~f.t ~ arric{~J'((1iff ~rn: if ~<~en ~ ~'!. 1 ''
Mitramis'ra quotes Kamandaka only once (p. 30) in Nitipraklls'a, but quotes him fifty-nine times in Nitimayukha. 3 Of the six quotations from ' Kaundinya' (pp. 288 and 340-1) one is a quotation from the Kau(iliya, while the others are paraphrases of passages in the Arthas-astra. I pointed this out first in my Ancient Indian Polity, p. 136.
2

Nilakat~tha

~~ '~'~ ~J;fll~af ~ ~fra.ir

~ ~q: I Q"~~ ~ ~; ~~tmi!~ ~ ~11:1(: 'fiT~ ~ttfu {~~~~~:1

2

mn ~fir~ a:q(;q4i)Mr~

10

THE RiJADHARMA KAJ'!J?A

spirit of piety (putJyadhi~), as one who essays to expound Dharmasastra should be, to have assuredly (Khalu) been responsible for ensuring the supremacy of Govindacandra over many kings by his advice and spells (mantra), and to have by his counsel made the king tread the path of justice and liberality to the good men of the world. The use of mantra in its double sense is significant. As chief minister it was his duty to guide the king by timely and wholesome advice. As chief priest he ensured victories by the use of appropriate spells or prayers. The importance attached by him to the superhuman factor in ensuring worldly success, particularly in a king, will be evident in the inclusion in this section of the digest of instructions for the correct performance of many rites in festivals and worship of certain divinities, for the welfare of the State. They are scattered throughout the book and also take up the last seven chapters of the section, which is divided into twenty-one sections in all.l Unless Govindacandra, as well as his contemporaries, acquiesced in the services thus claimed, as rendered to his king and country by Lak!?midhara, it is inconceivable that he would have been allowed to state them so openly in a work written under a royal mandate. The assignment of a section of a dharma-nibandha to the exposition of the gutJa-dharma of the crowned k$atriya (tm7rdhiibhi$ikta) is dictated by the importance of the subject. In one respect Lak!?midhara stands above later writers on the subject. His king was a powerful independent ruler, whose authority extended over a considerable area of Hindusthan. The life of Govindacandra was eventful, and he was largely the architect Lak!?midhara himself was no of the Gahadwala empire. mere arm-chair political theorist. He was a tried and successful statesman and administrator, who guided the foreign policy of an adventurous and ambitious ruler in eventful times. The fact that his father had held the same offices, and circumstances pointing to his association with Govindacandra during the years in which, as crown prince, he virtually held the reins of the kingdom, would point to Lak!?midhara's being a grandee of
1 . r:a~~mi~hara does _not specify the number. of chap~e~s. In this edition the book ts dtvtded mto 21 sechons. The Lahore edthon by dtvtding chapter XIV into two, makes the chapters twenty-two.

INTRODUCTION

11

the chief court in North India in his day. He belongs thus to the class of writers, whose works derive additional weight from their being distinguished statesmen, empire builders and administrators. Hemadri and Togarmal had administrative experience comparable with his, but had perhaps not the same guiding influence on the foreign policy of their kings. Kautilya is a more eminent figure of the class, while Madhavacarya might well be placed after Lak~m!dhara in the category.
FEATURES OF THE WORK

The great expectations raised by these features may not be met by a study of this book. But, it should not be ascribed either to capacity and experience of the author not being up to the level of his position and record, or to the sterility of Rajadharma as such. The chief function of the author of a digest is to select his citations wisely and string them up with brief explanatory notes. Many topics and dicta, which a statesman might well be expected to deal with in a work on polity, will be excluded in an exposition confined to the positive injunctions laid down in smrtis for the regulation of the life and activity of an orthodox king. The hypotheses of Dharma necessitate a static, as contrasted with a dynamic, treatment. Matters which will be stated openly in a modern work on polity, will have to be gathered in a dharma-nibhandha by inference from scattered dicta. Works on kingcraft, which are realistic, tend to become secret possessions of rulers and ministers. As the mark of Dharma is its mandatory character, the principles of Rajadharma gain a constitutional significance, from their imposition on rulers and their accessibility to every man. Behind bald statements and injunctions lie hidden propositions of constitutional importance. Without comments which bring out their full implications it will be difficult to search a proper appreciation of a work like the Rajadharmakii1J{la of the Krtya-Kalpataru.
LITERATURE OF RijADHARMA

The discrimination between Rdjadharma and NUis'iistra, which is seen m Lak~midhara's work, appears to have been

12

THE RA.JADHARMA KA~I;JA

forgotten by later writers on Rajadharma, as part the dharma nibandhas which they composed. CaQQ.eS'vara (c. A. D. 1300), who counts Lak~midhara as one of his models and who bor rows wholesale from Krtya-Kalpataru, names the supplement which he composed to the seven ratnakaras, Rajanfti-ratHakara. It was apparently not in his original scheme, and the composition of the supplement was undertaken by command of king Bhaves'a, who is identified with Bhavasimha of the Kames'vara dynasty of Tirhut, who became king in succession to his brother Kames'vara about 1370. The dynasty was set up by the sultan of Delhi. Its fir::.t ruler was the raja-guru or spiritual preceptor of the former kings of Mithila. As Cai}QeS'vara claims to have performed a tulapuru$adana, after a successful expedition into Nepal in A. D. 1314, he must have been about 85 years old when he composed his treatise. Coming of a family of prime ministers and having also held the office of chief justice, CaQQ.es'vara had qualifications for composing a digest, comparable in every way to Lak~midhara's. He states in the introductory verses that Bhaves'a commanded him to prepare a digest of rajanlti (rajaniti1tibandhaka). According to Kamandaka, Nitis'iistra is 'the nectar churned out of the ocean of Arth~S'astra.' 1 That CaQQ.eS'vara regarded the Rajanitirat11iikara as a supplement to his sevenvolume digest of Dharmas'astra (each of which bore a title ending with the word Ratnakara, i.e., ocean) is evident from the title he gave to the work of his old age. The titles of other works composed after he had completed the seven-volume digest do not bear this mudra : they are named Krtyacintama~ti, Diinavakydvali and S'ivaviikyiivali. Though he draws freely on works on Nltis'astra like Kamandaka's Nitis'ara, the distinction between this class of literature and a Dharmas'astra-llibandha was apparently not known to him. For, he cites Lak~mldhara's work as NUi-kalpatam (p. 8). He cites a passage from the work of Kamandaka (p. 55) as Arthas'astra. This looseness of expression and citation of both Dharma and Nlti works in a Dharma-Jtibandha is equally evident in the works of MitramiS'ra and Nilakantha. The work of the former is named RajallltiprakaS'a and of the latter Riijattiti or Nitimaytikha. Both cite the Kamandak'iya.
1

See his description of

Kau~ilya

(1, 6).

iftfcromr~ ~fil~m~~= 1 ~ ~ iliff:~ ~~ ~~ 11

INTRODUCTION

13

Anantadeva gives the title Riijadharmakaustubha to his work, and does not quote any work on Nitis'iistra, but this is perhaps accidental, for he refers to the corresponding section of the Krtya-Kalpataru as the Nitikatp;la of the Kalpataru (p. 326). The nice distinction between the two categories seems to have become obscure even by the fourteenth century. The lost work of Lak~midhara's friend and contemporary (vayasya) Gopala had apparently a section on Rajadharma but it is cited in Cai)Q.es'vara's work as Riijan'iti-Kiimadhenu (p. 2, p. 4) just as Laksmidhara's work is referred to in the same book as Niti-Kalpatru. Cai)Q.es'vara obviously paraphrased both titles. Krtya-Kalpatartt is virtually the only digest composed for a powerful and independent Hindu king. When Indian independence was lost, and non-Hindu supremacies were established over areas formerly under independent Hindu rulers, the composition of summaries of Dharma dealing with Rajadharma would seem purposeless. The failure to include sections on Rajadharma in later digests or the perfunctory composition of such sections, when composed merely to round off a digest, may be explained in this way. But foreign conquest did not fail to leave its mark on some doctrines of Rajadharma in the works composed in the period of Musulman supremacy. Cai)Q.es'vara for instance, as the minister of a ruler who was a tributary of the Musulman sultan of Delhi, and who was also not a kf}atriya, recognized the incongruity of his giving the old Dharma rules making abhif}eka obligatory for a king and restricting sovereignty to members of the second var~ta. The sacrament of coronation, which the Kamadhe11u, along with Lak~midhara, had insisted on, to mark the commencement of sovereign power and obligations, is therefore rejected by Cai)Q.es'vara, who argues that the theory of consecration fails to account for the beginning of the authority of a conqueror over territories gained by his prowess 1 (kevalam s'auryiit-prapta-riijyasya riijatva vyavahiiriit, p. 3). Kulli.ika (c. A. D. 1250) had already anticipated the point by declaring
1

u:o~iftfc\'f.Til~ 'U:i~T~~"1i) U:o!T Sl:ifl1lrer!T~~<\1~<lrt Cl~:sllif., ~T<!'

~ll<U~' !{fc\ ; :sr;orrqr~ Sl'l~:

!l:fu or&:<!:

I q~gCI~ :sl:iffi:!T~Wfi!Wrnq.~)s~

cmu~qr:;i ~~~ ~"if.l' :srftt~) u:o~r ; 'i6CI~~r~furfl~!i'~ u:o~c<Io~~ru~' ~fcl ~~ct: 1 (u~r.Mroo~, ll. ~) 1

14

THE RAJADHARMA KA~J?A

that the word ra;a m Matwsmrti, VII, 1, was not restricted to k$atriyas, and his opinion is cited by Cal).qes'vara with approval. In the literature of Riijadharma, Lak~midhara's contribution to it remains the only work which strictly follows the old distinction between Dharma and NUi. He for one avoids the error of commentators on the Riimiiyatza or the Mahiibhiirata who elucidate passages on Rajadharma in the epics by citations from the Kiimandakiyii NUisiira.
PLAN OF RXJADHARMAKA~J?A
Lak~midhara divides his book into chapters of unequal length. They fall into three well marked divisions. The Indian state is traditionally held to be composed of seven elements (saptiitiga) beginning with the king or ruler. To these the first twelve chapters are devoted. They form the first division. The six-fold policy ($iil;i-gutzyam) is expounded in the second division, which takes up the next two chapters. A chapter (the fourteenth) recites the duties of the king more fully than in the first division. The third division comprises the last seven chapters, which deal with ritual performances that advance the welfare of the state. The scheme is roughly followed by later writers like Mitramis-ra, who essay an even fuller treatment of Rajadharma. The traditional order of discussion is illustrated by Kamandaka's work and the seventh book of Matmsmrti, as well as the J{aufiliya Arthas'iistra (especially books VI and VII).

NECESSITY FOR THE STATE

The belief in the entire system of the Universe being divinely ordained and governed by an immutable system of castes and orders, whose equipoise is a necessity for universal harmony, is responsible, as already pointed out, for the craving for a strong power able to prevent any disturbance of the social order and to keep every one within his bounds. A stateless or, to use the more common expression, a kingless condition spells anarchy, confusion and violent dislocation of the social order. The restraint on individual volition and freedom, which the system of var~JiiS'rama implies, because it takes away the option to change

INTRODUCTION

15

one's caste or occupation, necessitates, as a logical corollary, the existence of both an external agency that can maintain the restraints, and arrangements which will induce willing and habitual submission to the restrictions on freedom. The inculcation of a belief in the divine creation of the order, which reduced individual freedom, and of the hopelessness and impiety of endeavouring to unsettle it, is a pre-requisite of the voluutary acceptance of the system. This is the task of Dharmasastra. The extert1al agency, which can secure the object, is political organization, providing a strong executive armed with penal power. The vivid descriptions in the epics and literature of the evils that follow anarchy, in reons in which human nature is imperfect and fallible, furnish both the justification for political union, involving the submission of the many to one executive, and the rational inducements to agree to end the anarchy in that way. 1 The ascription of a divine origin to kingship, i.e., the state, makes disruptive action both a sin and a treason. Mere union is insufficient to combat the tendencies to anarchy. The authority which stands for the union must be armed with the power to punish. The power of just coercion must be placed beyond discussion. If divinely created the power gets beyond human criticism. Indian political thought can recognize a philosophical anarchism as possible only in the Golden Age. Kingship or the state is, in Indian legend, an after-thought of the Creator. A pre-political state preceded the political. The king was created by the Lord (Prabhu) to end the clamour following the confusion and anarchy of the kingless, i.e., stateless condition of man.~ A social comp~ct in which the king pledges himself to maintain the divinely sanctioned social order and Dharma, and the people agree to support the executive by obedience and contributions is the consequence of the creation. The legend is found not only in the sources and in the body of DharmaS'astra but it is found in Arthasatra also. The king wields ' the rod of punishment ' or DaQQ.a. DaQQ.a is really Dharma (Duty), given that form by the Creator 3 (Dharmo hi
1 On the horror of anarchy see the extracts in Anc. Ind. Polity, p. 49 and pp. 82-83. 2 Ibid., pp. 39, 80 and 81. For the legend of the creation of Kingship and the Social Contract, see Manusmrti, VII, 3, Mahabharata, S'antiparva, ch. 67-68, Kaufiliya, I, 13, and S'ukraniti, I, 11. 125-140. 3 I, 35l:l.

16

THE RXJADHARMA KX~J?A

Da~uj,a-nipe~za Brahma~za 11irmita~1 pura), says Yajiiavalkya: " God created for his (i.e., the king's) sake in the remote past His own son, Da~;t<;la, as the protector of all living beings, as an incarnation of Dharma and created of God's glory," declares Manu (VII, 14).t The elaborate panegyric on Da~;t<;la in Manusmrti (VII, 15-31) identifies the Spirit of Punishment with Dharma, and declares that Da~;t<;la will destroy the king who swerves from the path of Dharma along with his kinsmen, kingdom and all his possessions. (lb. VII, 28-29)! The twin concepts have thus a contitutional implication. The king is supreme and must be obeyed, because he holds a position that is of divine creation. At the same time, he is able to assert his authority solely because he is supported by the di~inely created power of chastisement of the unrighteous. When the king is himself unrighteous and strays away from the path of duty, the power which upholds his authority will turn against him and destroy him. The king is king by right divine, but he is king only so long as he rules according to Dharma. Oppression cannot plead divine sanction. So great a power in a king entails a corresponding responsibility. Its safe and salutary exercise is possible only for a ruler who has proper counsel, and who possesses the necessary intellectual, educational and moral qualifications. A king who takes no counsel, who is a fool, who is covetous, who is a sensualist and whose mind remains unimproved is unfit to exercise the power with safety to himsel. 3 (lb. VII, 30). The autocrat is provided with external and internal checks to the capricious exercise of his authority by the imposition of assistants in administration and by the compulsion to educate himself. The elaborate catalogue of the good qualities that a king should possess (rajagu~tii~t) in the smrtis, which is condensed in a separate chapter by Lak;;mldhara (ch. 3), is followed up by another catalogue of vices or bad habits, (riijavyasana) which kings are prone to and should avoid (pp. 142-148, infra), and the citation of legendary instances of kings, who by

~~r~ ~cfq_GT;:rt iltflr{ 1:1~~ ' iili;iait~ c;:o<S+i(blc'(~+il'ei{: 11 i:\llit ~ g~m ~{~JliCIR'+if~: l 1:1+il~ ~CI ~ ~~ II CICI) ~ :q U~ "' ~<i; :q ~~U"'OI_ l at<-~llC!i~ ~~~ ~ II 3 ~)S~ilrWl ~ ~T~~~ I if ~ ~~ffi ~~ ""' ~!J "' II
1

INTRODUCTION

17

disciplined lives attained greatness and fame, or were 'lost ' (vina~tii~) by unrestrained (a-vinaya) indulgence in the vices (lb. p. 157). The specification of these qualifications to the apparent absolutism of the divinely created kingship both at the beginning and at the end of his treatment of the seven elements of the state (saptiitiga) by an official like Lak~midhara IS noteworthy.
EVOLUTION OF THE DIVINE RIGHT IDEA

The concept of evolution is foreign to a political thought, which is founded on a belief in its being part of a revealed and eternal order. But, modern criticism can note the chief stages in the transformation of a kingship of pui"ely human origin into one of divine creation. The Aitareya Briihmat;a (I, 14) shows how, as elsewhere in the world, war begat the king.' The leader in war becomes the king in civil life. The theory of the contractual origin of kingship, fore-shadowed in the epic, the Manusmrti, the ArthaS'iistra and Buddhist literature, reflects the birth of kingship from the need to end internal chaos. The election of the king is incomplete without the mystic ceremony of abhi~ecana (sprinkling) by which certain qualities necessary for kingship are instilled into the person selected as ruler, as the result of prayers to certain deities. " Savita is prayed for energy, the family fire (giirhapatya-agni) for domestic virtues, Soma for power to protect forests, Brhaspati for eloquence, Indra for ruling capacity, Rudra for power to protect cattle-wealth, Mitra for truth, and lastly, VaruQa for protection of law."' In the different duties of the king, a resemblance to the well-known functions or powers associated with divine beings is noticed. The parity of functions between the divinities and the mortal ruler is first stated, in the familiar form adopted for vivid ex pression, in similes. He burns (tapati) the eyes and hearts of -his enemies or the enemies of law-like Aditya (the Sun). He showers blessings on the kingdom, as Indra sends rains. He
1

~"'1..
~

~~T CfT
OJ

Q3

U~o<rf ~ ;it ~ I U~ 'li~TIJW ~ I e~imf ~ m4 ~filii~

(p. 10. Hang's ed.)

~ ~iF<i'O I . ffifealSWfSWi<i .. ~ ~T
I

~ ~)ilrr ~ ~~~ ~lfot I

3

Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, 1924, ii, 23.

18

THE RiJADHARMA KiJ:iJ?A

does the work of the Sun (arka-'Vratam caran) when, like the Sun, he draws the moisture from the earth, in the form of taxes. As, Vayu, the wind-god. permeates the world, so he pervades the kingdom through his spies. As Yama pulls up friends or enemies equally, when their time is up, so he has to control every one in the kingdom impartially. And so forth. Every writer sees some resemblance between the king's functions and those of gods. From this recognition of similarity, it is only a step farther to assuming that in discharging various functions the king is performing vows to the different gods to whom the functions are appropriate. The simile then turns to metaphor. The king is not merely like the various divinities, but he is the quintessence of divinity. The particles of divine essence adhere to the king. A temporary god-hood comes to the king at some of the great sacrifices, like the Vajapeya and the Riijasiiya. It is only a step forward from this idea to that of a king being a divinity all the time, once the consecration is over. The god-like king has become a god. The mystic power of certain rites to transform a man, making a common person a semi-divine ruler, making a regenerate person of one who is not upanita, and even making a human being a divinity, is widely credited in primitive society, and the belief persists even when the community advances in culture or becomes sophisticated!
THE DIVINE RIGHT IDEA IN DHARMAS'ASTRA

The different stages in the development of the idea of the king-god are not perceptible in DharmaS'astra. Its writers could have been hardly conscious of it. The fallibility and the manifest vices or weaknesses of consecrated kings would open every one's eyes to the weakness of the divinity idea, when construed literally. The twin hypotheses of the divine creation of both kingship and the power of punishment, without which monarchy is ineffective and powerless, showed a way out. It is kingship, or political union, as we would put it, which is divine, not the person of the king. There is no "right divine to do wrong" in any king. Misgovernment leads to the elimination
1 The_s~crificer dies ~ystically and is reborn as a King; see A. K. Coomaraswamy, Spmtual Authorty and Temporal Powe~ in ~he Indian Theory of Government (A.O.S., 1942), p. 10 and A.M. Hocart, Kmgship, 1927, ch. I, passim.

iNTRODUCTION

19

ol the king but not of kingship. The king is the state but, in only one sense : he takes the entire responsibility for all administrative acts of commission and omission. It is only through his negligence or lack of power that subjects can err ; he must accordingly share in the guilt and the sin. He must make good stolen property which he is unable to recover and restore to the owners. The ultimate responsibility for miscarriage of justice in the courts is the king's. Even for seasonal vicissitudes and calamities of nature his is the responsibility. The awful burden cannot be shifted on by the king to any one else. He makes his age, ra1smg or lowering its tone by his actions, (raja ki'ilasya kara1Jam).
EXALTATION OF THE KING

Position and power go with responsibility. The exaltation of the office and person of the king in the epics and in smrtis meets this logical requirement. Not only Narada, who is commonly (and wrongly) supposed to be the advocate of absolutism, but Manu (infra, pp. 4-7) exalts the office and person of the king in terms, which, construed literally and without reference to literary nuances and the context, would appear to be an advocacy of autocratic rule! A king, who is a boy, should not be slighted because he is a mere boy, for he is a mighty god in human form says Manu (VII, 8). "Wealth springs from his favor, victory from his prowess in war, death from his anger." His acts of favor towards those who are attached to him, and of illwill towards those whom he dislikes should not be questioned, adds Manu. But, immediately below this sweeping claim, Lak!?midhara cites the words of Manu (inf. p. 6) declaring that DaiJ.da is Dharma, whose unsleeping vigils guard subjects and punish their derelictions. The king is called Raja because i}e pleases the subjects (raiijayati praja~!).' The king is like the teacher to his subjects, because he reforms offenders and frees them from sin by
1

Cf. Raghuvamsa, IV, 12-

~qf ~~~~: ~~nqreqifl ~l!fT I

o~ ~i~s~~T U~T sri'ffi(ifl~ II

'The etymology, though now scouted, is old and is found in Yaska.

20

THE RAJADHARMA KA~IJA

punishing them and at the same time protects them. Penal law is corrective and reformative and not retributory. But such statements as that ' while fire scorch~s only the person who approaches it too close, the anger of the king destroys the person agai"nst whom it is directed along with his family and property,' (i11j. p. 6) have a realistic touch. The sudden outbursts of a wayward and passionate ruler are not controllable by a mere reference to Dharma. It is best to avoid the king's anger. It will be poor consolation to the unlucky person, who has irritated the king, to know that Katyayana (inf. p. 155) declared that the king who, without properly understanding a matter, flies into a rage pays for it by detention for half a kalpa in Hell ! The ruler's moods must be studied. His pleasure and displeasure are serious things to those who are about him. The long extract from MatsyapuriitJa, which Lak;;mrdhara has given pp. 34-38), on the deportment of royal servants (anuj"iv"i-vrttam) is half code of court etiquette, half worldly wisdom addressed to those who minister to an absolute ruler. There is real risk in telling a wholesome but unpalatable truth to a king, and the flatterer, who echoes a king's sentiments, is commoner than the loyal servant who speaks an unwanted truth (inf. p. 106). For all state decisions the king takes sole responsibility. He has to consult ministers and obtain their advice, but their function is merely advisory. He is discouraged from open discussions of important questions of policy with many ministers or to decide them alone (inf. p. 104). Such a lonely position sometimes acts as a corrective to absolutism. The consultation with departmental experts, described in ch. 4, and with the council of ministers (ch. 12) will act as a brake on impulsive royal action. The qualifications laid down for ministers and councillors will ordinarily ensure that the advice tendered is based on knowledge, experience, loyalty to the king and faith in Dharma. The passages in Niiradasmrti, which are reproduced (pp. 4-5 infra) represent the exaltation of the king in an extreme form, in a way not quite in harmony with the views expressed by Narada in other parts of the smrti. The king is described as without beginning and without end (like the Supreme Being) and is therefore beyond criticism unless he deviates from the prescribed rules of conduct (padacyuta{t, i.e. bhra~tiiciira{l). The qualification

IN'tRODUCTION

is noteworthy. "What he decrees, just or unjust, settles the law between litigants." (p. 5 _inj.) The real implication is-not that an unjust decision of the king ceases to be so because it emanates from him, but-there should be finality attaching to the decision of the highest judge in the state. Recognized customs (caritra) are proclaimed by the king in order that there may be some fixity in affairs (sthityarthatn). As a good wife is devoted to even a worthless husband, so the subjects should be loyal, i.e., obedient, even to an unworthy ruler (p. 5). The emphasis in the passage is on the need for stability in affairs and finality in decisions such as can ensue only from an executive authority whose every act is not liable to be called into question. Such exaggerated statements are common in Dharmasastra, but they are made, following a literary convention, merely to emphasise a point, and can not be constructed literally. The constitutional position of the king 'Vis a 'Vis the subject, in theory and practice, can be discovered only after a review of the entire body of arrangements for conducting the affairs of the kingdom. We shall revert to the subject later.
WHO CAN BE KING?

The 'Var~u'israma scheme does not contemplate non-K!iatriya kingship. Manu interdicts residence in the dominions of a S'udra king (IV, 61). 1 He prohibits a S'udra deciding Dharma as a judge or assessor tVIII, 20-21).~ If a considerable area of India was under S'udra rule, when the present Manusmrti was composed, such an interdict could not have been made. The Pura!)as declare that K!iatriya rule ends when the Nandas ceased to rule. 3 Though the expression .raja in Manusmrti, VII, 1, has been declared by Medhatithi not to refer exclusively to a k$atriya,' in the very next verse the two words are used as
;:;' ~ ~~I fit<tN~ill'l~ I .... 2 ~~ ~ ~ g ~: ~lilif I ~~ ~ ~ ~; ~~f<f.\'"1'11{ I ~ ~l{fcr 00~ q( ~ft<J ~~C!: I 1

3~ey~~~
4

u~~~~ iti[ eyfWJ~furfif; fci; ~ ar~Wi~~'Tf~fir g~'-i

Cfaa"

(VII, 1) but in explaining eyf.Ptol ~~r

ftN '

in VII, 2, Medbatitbi adds-

22

THE Ri.JADHARMA ~:J?A

synonyms. The entire trend of the smrtis is to insist on k$atriyas alone being entitled to be kings. This view is upheld by MitramiS'ra and Ni:lakaJJtha Bhatta, while CaQQeS'vara and Apararka hold that any person, who is de facto king, can be called riijd. Madhavacarya also maintains that only a k$atriya can be consecrated as king.' Not only in Mauusmrti but in Kamandakiya Nitisdra the terms raja and k$atriya are used as synonyms. CaQQ.eS'vara tacitly accepts the position by omitting to treat of abhi$eka. Lak~mldhara does not raise the point at all, but the drift of his treatment is to confine lawful kingship to men of the k$atriya caste. His king claimed to be a Rajput. The general attitude of Lak~midhara is conservative. From his citing only the descriptions of coronations from the Brahmapurt'itJa and the RamdyatJa no inference can be drawn against this view. The two accounts paraphrase, as Pural)as often do, the Vedic ritual. It is Lak~midhara's practice to indicate briefly the mantras to be used in such rites and leave the prayoga to the qualified priests who would officiate. In the seventeenth century the point came to the fore again in the claims of S'ivaji to be crowned and of Savai Jaisingh of Amber to perform the AS'vamedha sacrifice. The injunctions of Rajadharma are held to be binding on every one who actually exercises the functions of a king, independently of his caste. The view is apparently old and conferred on kings de facto, who accepted the Brahmanic system the rights in regard to the performance of Vedic sacrifices, which only k$atriyas were under a strict construction entitled to. When a powerful ruler set up a claim to belong to the k$atriya caste, it was neither wise nor expedient to dispute it. The retention of sections on coronation in works on Rajadharma composed in the :epoch of Muslim rule in India is to be explained on the ground that even tributary kings must, if duly qualified, undergo the rite, before they could strictly claim to be Rajas.

, ~~-~ ~~~ ~ u~TN'fil'Mi ij,_Roll. 1 ~f-r~r~ a~~sfq

!ffifl: I ar-'il~ !J~q~rf.{fu ~Jq": " I
1 Mitramis'ra's patron Bir Singh of Orccha claimed to be a K!jatriya. In the mangala-s'lokas prefixed to his commentary on Parasara-smrti Madhava refers_ to his patron only as K!jmapatii:J, wh1le attributing to him all kingly qualities.

INTRODUCTION
THE ROYAL CORONATION

23

In Indian theory the right to protect the subjects and other contingent rights devolve only on a duly crowned ruler. In the Matsyapuriit;.a, cited by the Viramitrodaya, this is expressly stated. The kingdom vests in the ruler only after his head is wet with the water of abhi$eka (abhi$ekiirdra sirasii),' and he can proceed to appoint his ministers (lb. p. 13). The term Riijii is interpreted only in the sense of " the anointed k$afriya " (riijii abh$ikta k$afriyab). Vijfianesvara prefaces his treatment of riijadharma with the remark : " Having spoken of the ordinary duties of the householder, he (i.e., Yajfiavalkya) proceeds to speak of the special duties of the householder (k~atriya) who has undergone riijyabhi$eka." 2 Bhatta Nrlakantha similarly holds that the legal acquisition of kingship dates only after the abhi$eka.' In the Atharva1Ja-parisi$tha, after describing the ritual of pu$Piibhi$eka in coronation, it is stated that the king, who has had a lustral bath after coronation, proceeds to enjoy the earth.' Anantadeva states categorically that the use of the word Raja in reference to a ruler is inappropriate before the coronation.' It is noteworthy that in the coronation ritual described in S'atapatha Brahmat;.a the king-elect is described only by the pronoun " he " and that it is only after the ceremony of abhi$ecana (sprinkling) is completed that he becomes invested with the royal powers and office and is called Raja (king). 6 The position is upheld by
1

~sflt~~

fiii

~ ~~ ~ 1
1

""'~

d em~ ~~~"51~ ~fu~ ~41<(ifl~RI ~

eSt<r~i~ Ulli' (i"*il"'~f.fiirr I ~~J4q(uj ~ ~ ~ 51~ II

2

1. 309~q{I1JTO[ ~q+~affi~loff

<T:il~T~~~~~~~ ~

~~ I (firm~<T) I 3 ~~lf4(J$1jt{l<(J(( 5fT11f1t ~~f~a::. ~: ~~~~ ~~sfq 'l;m~ lif(UIIU{~2~f~ I (oft~:, 'l ,,) 4 ~ ~) 'ltf ~ (<ft. fir. 'l. 'I '1~) I 5 ~l_cj';rtq Uil~~) ~:, ~~~~{UJNJrltii 'OflkW"'ifl<'<tl\'1.' I

('l. n~->
It is noteworthy that As'oka counts his reign from B.C. 269, the date of his
abhi~eka.
6

Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, II, p. 15,

24

THE RiJADHARMA Ki~A

Manusmrti (VII, 2) which rules that the protection of the kingdom in accordance with justice should be undertaken by the k$atriya who has been consecrated according to the prescribed rites by the BrahmaQa (i.e., rajyiibhi$eka). A prince might be made to undergo the abhif}eka in the lifetime of his predecessor, either as a yuvariija, as was arranged in the case of S'ri Rama, or as co-king. An abhi$eka could be done only at an auspicious moment (inf. p. 9). Months might elapse before the Court Astrologer, (siimvatsarika~t), who becomes an important functionary on this account and who officiates as such at the coronation, can find an auspicious date for the commencement of the ceremonies leading to the alhi$eka. What was to happen in the interval between the death of a king and the coronation of his successor? Lak~midhara does not answer the question. Bhatta Nllakantha's opinion, based on the Vi$1JUdharmottara, is that on the death of a king his successor should, without delay and without any attention to the auspiciousness of the moment, be bathed in tila and sarpis, according to ritual, be seated on a throne different from that used by the dead king, be proclaimed as king by the Court Astrologer and Chief Priest (siimvatsara-purohitau) and exhibited to the people as the new king. The new reign would begin at once, but the ruler will await the arrival of the auspicious time for his consecration as king.' That an interval would usually occur between succession and consecration is evident from the rule of Vasi~tha (II, 49) declaring a moratorium on debts in the interval.' We know that an interval of about four years occurred between the succession and consecration of AS'oka. 3 Kharavela of Kalinga states in the Hathigumpha inscription that he was installed (consecrated) as yuvariija, when his period of adolescence was over in his sixteenth year, and that he was a yuvaraja for nine years, getting consecrated by the Mahiiriija-abhi$ecanam at the end of his twenty-fourth year.' Mr. K. P. Jayaswal thinks that the throne was vacant before his consecration as Maharaja,
1

at;;r

~~ '!.~~ ~. ~~~. a~s~ Rieetfq91tift4J~~Ii!ra

~. ar.l.lre~:. !il~r: ~Of. at~~~ifii~ 1 (~. ~.) 2 U~T i1 7la~~Of ~ ~~I !f-JT ~~~'it ~ II
3 J.M. Macphail, AS'oka, p. 19; Cambridge History of India, I, p. 503. 'Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Societ)' III (1917) pp. 425-507. ' '

INTRODUCTION

25

or to give the title used by the queen, as Kalinga-Cakravartin. 1 Dr. 1ayaswal reads a rule into this supposed delay of the consecration as king, viz., that a king could not be given his abhi$eka till his twenty-fourth year.~ The suggestion is unsupported by any rule of public law in India. Hindu Law makes no distinction as regards the age of majority between kings and private persons. It is sixteen for both. Kharavela was installed as yuvaraja as soon as he reached the age for majority. The public inconvenience of a long interval between accession and coronation would work against its prolongation. The long delay in the case of Asoka has yet to be satisfactorily explained. Buddhist and 1ain rulers, like Brahmanical kings accept the dictates of astrology. Among the Co!a kings the reign of one who had been installed as yuvaraja was dated from the date of such inauguration. The purpose of the installation was obviously to overcome the risks attending uncertainty as to who should succeed, when there was more than one grown-up prince.3 As a regal inheritance could not be divided, the ordinary private law of succession to property could not be applied. The training of a grown-up yuvaraja in administration, rising from the exercise of minor authority to the highest positions in the kingdom, is recommended in the passage from the Matsyapurat}a, which takes up most of the small section (inf. p. 100) that Lak!;>mldhara has set apart for the 'guarding of the prisce.' (rajaputra-rak$ii).

S1IVAJI'S

CORONATION

The belief that a Hindu ruler could not be deemed to be fully entitled to recognition till he had undergone the abhi$eka is illustrated by the famous 'coronation ' of S'ivaji in 1674, when for many years he had been recognized as a powerful and independent ruler. As he claimed to be a k$atriya, descended from the kings of Mewar, his failure to undergo upanayana within the age limits prescribed for the samskiira in the case of k$atriyas had made him a vriitya. His purification and rehabilitation had therefore to precede his abhi$eka, which was conducted, according
Ibid., p. 438. For the title, see Epigraj>hia Indica, XIII, p. 159. Hindu Polity, II, p. 52. 3 K. A. Nilakanta. Sa.stri,-The Colas, I, 1935, p. 13 .
I

...

26

THE RiJADHARMA KANDA

to the rites prescribed, under the supervision of VisveS'vara Bhatta of Kasi, familiarly known as Gaga Bhat. S'ivaji is said to have gone through the abhi$eka, because many old sardars of Mahara~tra professed to be his equals in rank and refused to sit below him even in his own Darbars (Sivadigvijaya, pp. 406-408). The abhi$eka established his right to simlzii.sana and chatra, and he took the title of Chatrapati from the date of its performance, June 6, 1674 (jye~ta S'uddha Trayodasl, S'aka 1596). The coronation was followed by a tulapurU!}a-dii.na, and his weight in gold coins was distributed among the Brahmal).as who had flocked to the ceremony.'
THE RITUAL OF CORONATION

The word ' coronation ' is used here, following the western usage, for the formal ceremony, though_ the 'crown ' has no prominent place in the ceremonial. The act of sprinkling or abhi$eka is the vital act of the ritual. After the sprinkling and a bath following it, the prince has the crown placed on his head (abaddha-makufa~~) and the fillet of gold tied round his forehead (baddha-Pattah). Then, with garlands placed on his neck, as a sign of the completion of the ceremony, he has to see one-hundred-and-eight holy objects (pUt;yam a$tottaram S'atam) and one hundred auspicious things (manga!anii.m satam pasyet). The crown is not among the articles needed for thP. installation of S'rl Rama as yuvaraja, which are described in the Ramaya~;~a, as collected and kept by the royal priest Vasi~tha for use on the occasion. The rites described in Vedic Brahma~;~as are designed to endow the personage selected for the office of king with the attributes and power required for kingship. A ruler may have been selected but before he can function as a proper king (rii.jii) he must undergo the ceremony, in which he is said to be 'born.' It is therefore a raJasiiya. Among the great Vedic sacrifices two, viz., the V ii.japeya and the Riijas1iya, were indicated for performance by k$atriyas, who desired universal dominion and kingship respectively. They were not parts
1 See S'ivadigvijaya, pp. 406-408 inS. N. Sen's Sivachhatrapati 1920 pp. 241-242, and Kincaid and Parasni~-History of the Marathas, 1931, pp.' 92-94:

INTRODUCTION

27

really of the ceremony of the installation of a king. But, apparently, one who was already a ruler gained in splendour, majesty and superhuman power by performing them. The ordinary ceremony of installation of the king was also a rajasfiya, because the king was ceremonially ' born ' of it, but the two must be distinguished. The sacrifice of Riijasftya took about two years to finish, and was therefore a dirgha-sattra. The installation ceremony, on the other hand, lasted only some days. The Vedic form of the ceremony had apparently gone out of use, and simpler rites, which repeated parts of the old ritual, were in use. They are described in the PuraQas and the epics. In the Ramayat;a there are descriptions of one half-completed abhi!}eka and of S'ri Rama's final coronation, as well as a reference to the abhi!}eka of his sandals by Bharata. The last merely mentions that Bharata, having got the sandals sprinkled (abhi!}icya), himself held over them the umbrella (chatra) and wielded the fly-whisk (ciimara) .1 The arrangements for the abhi!}eka of S'ri Rama as his father's assistant, in the capacity of yuvariijii, are described in the first six chapters of the Ayodhyii-kat;a. The relevant parts of these descriptions have been reproduced by Lak~midhara. (inf. pp. 12-17). In the concluding chapter of Yuddha-kiit;a there is a very brief description of S'rl Rama's final coronation! The last passage states that the hero was sprinkled with scented water, brought from the four oceans in golden pots, by the rtviks and the assembled Brahmal)aS first, and then by virgins, ministers, and warriors, to the accom paniment of Vedic rites (sa-~taigamai~~). The gods who had all assembled in the heavens at the moment and the divine guardians of the four quarters sprinkled him with the juice of every medicinal plant. Vasi~tha then seated S'ri Rama on a jewelled stool (nanaratnamaye Pithe) and placed the crown of the dynasty on his head. The officiating priests (rtviks) adorned him with jewelled ornaments. S'atrughna held over the king's head the white umbrella, the two white fly-whisks (camara) were handled by Sugriva and Vibhi~al)a. The ceremony was concluded by the presentation of diverse gifts to
1 AyodhyakatJ.Qa, ch. 115, sl. 25. Ch. 131, sl. 59-71.

28

THE RAJADHARMA KA~J?A

his allies by the hero. The context suggests that the entire ceremony was begun and concluded in one day.
THE PROBLEM OF SUCCESSION

The abhi$eka of a ywr,ariija was apparently by the same rites as of a king. The arrangements upto the day of abhi$eka are described in the Ayodhyii-kiitp;la. The first step was to choose the person for abhi$eka. The heir-apparent to be crowned as yuvariija has to be selected for the possession of the qualifications, which are indicated in DaS'aratha's words to S'ri Rama, when he was called up to hear of his abhi$eka as yuvariija (inf. p. 17). S'r'f Rama's fitne_ss for the installation is illustrated by his being the eldest son, by the seniormost queen, whose lineage was equal to that of the king, by his pre-eminent virtues, by the king's affection for him and by his pleasing qualities, which had made him universally popular. The implications of the passage are that the successor to the throne should be an aurasa son, be the eldest of such sons, be dear to the king and popular with the subjects, owing to his virtues. Lak~midhara does not categorically state that the eldest son succeeds auto-matically. His citing this passage suggests that in his view mere seniority, untempered by merit and popularity, is insufficient. Manu declares that seniority among sons does not follow seniority among their respective mothers. 1 The Kalikapurii~Ia does not give an unqualified rule of primogeniture among princes, as supposed by Mitramisra, as it insists on the eldest son being an aurasa endowed with all kingly qualities (sar'tJarajagu~air vrtam). Kautilya' rules that except in order to get over a crisis, kingship is the right of the eldest son. Kamandaka," who almost invariably follows Kautilya, does not refer to the eldest son's installation as yuvariija and only says that an aurasa son, who is well-disciplined (vinita)
1

~~~-ft!J ~Tffii!T S~f1ll!+ifci~li!CI: I il ilTcBt ::i~Biit~ft:CI ~<miT ::i~~ii~:;;;ljij- U ( '\, 'n '-\).

Cfil~'liTS~ g ~il~H U::i~ ~q2il'cr ~~CII{ -i3NTllf\TR \!:>IT ~t'l~f::i~s~iq.~~<r. 1 :;~n~t~ilt~~ 3~ ~~U~!l~~a-q_ u ~fa u~~sr~ (~. ~ ~). 3 ~r~Tll~ ~~ ~g~Jlft g ~~ (~ 1 , , , " ) .
2

iNTRODUCTION

29

should be selected! CaiJQ.es'vara, who discusses the question, cites the views of Narada, S'ukra and Brhaspati, as set forth in their books on Nltis'astra, that the eldest son should succeed to a kingdom, even though there may be a better endowed younger son (p. 70). The printed S'ukranitisara gives a king, on the other hand, the option to appoint (in this order) as yuvaraja an aurasa son, a younger brother, a younger cousin, or an elder brother's son, any son, a grandson who has been made a son, (putrikrta) and an adopted son. The rule of primogeniture seems recommendatory, not mandatory. The old elective kingship of the Vedic age had given place to the hereditary monarchy of the epic period. The search for popular approval of the selection of a successor must have then been dictated by prudence rather than by law. Das'aratha was able to leave the throne, like personal property, to Bharata, in redemption of an old pledge, in the teeth of universal disapproval, and the kingdom had to be given back to the lawful heir by Bharata.3
EPIC RITUAL OF ABHI$EKA

The coronation rites of the RiimiiyatJa fall into five clearly marked stages. The first stage is represented by the selection of the heir-apparent for abhi$eka. The popular approval of it is expressed by acclamation (janagho$a). The next stage witnesses first, the selection of auspicious time for the commencement of the ceremonies and of another for the actual, crucial
1
2

fcr-fia~~~ s~ l!t'I{P~sfuifq~cr_ 1 ( " ~ ).

~+!~ u~ ~ ~F"r~"'T1.!' S~TfuCI+i~f~uq u:;<f <\TC!o<i ~~~ ~"f.+f~ U~Sirfufifl;<rJq_ I i!S!! ~~~ ~fu ~l=SI'<\Tl!: l i!~ U;J{tJ~T~ U~!J"'~ 'fi~ ~ ~a~f;rfu ~ 1 ~"t<f i! tr~lN+iwrm~~fusrrl!'TCL 1 'OJ"! fcrCJRqR{RT~filfu ' ~I:'R: 1 u~~~fu q~a: 1 u~ffi ~=-

u:;zi sufcrCJT~ '"' ~~'fi~ol rqg: , !!11JC!t~ 'lf.f3!! ~~ 1:1;" ~+~~fu n

~ u~'tfu~i.iir'lit, ~.
3

fm~<il~I=!N~ ~l"i~'l~if: I
~,q. ~ffir ~3 u~ ~~qu~;rq_ 11

"o.

'l,~T +!Ttl:rc6T l=I'TCIT <\~ ~ +!+! I

~iUf+! !Jil~o:<f 'i~TC'O[~T llll II (~T'J~, 'I~,, ~. ~).

30

THE RiJADHARMt\ KA~J?A

ceremony of abhi$eka, and next the collection of the necessary materials and of the men who are to officiate at the functions. The third stage sees the prince go through his own purification and preparation for the abhi$eka. The fourth is the abhi$ekakrtya with its p1irviiliga, which are barely hinted at. The post-abhi$eka duties take up the last stage. The description is incomplete in the Riimiiya~Ja, as S'r1 Rama did not pass through the last two stages for the yuvariijyiibhi$eka. Das'aratha himself announces the auspicious time for the event. 1 The preliminary arrangements include the decoration of the palaces and the capital, the assembling of festive crowds, the collection of gold, precious stones and jewels, white garlands, fried rice, madhu and sarpis, all usual weapons, untorn raiment (ahatiinivastriivi), a whik charger, an elephant with auspicious marks, a chariot, a pair of fly-whisks (ciimara) a- flag, a white umbrella, one hundred golden pots, a bull with horns tipped with gold, a complete tiger-skin and the various articles required for homa. In addition, there were procured for the occasion water from the confluence of the Ganges and the Jumna at Prayag and from other holy streams, a palanquin borne on the shoulders of men, 'all seeds' and scents, pots full of gorocanii, curds, clarified butter and honey, eight virgins decked in ornaments, haeterae, a cow, a lion-throne (simhiisana), kus'a grass and samit for the sacred fire, all musical instruments and performers, holy birds and animals of auspicious appearance, citizens in their guilds, and learned Brahma!).as. S'r1 Rama passes the third stage in propitiation of the sacred fire, worship of Vi~Q.u, consuming the remnants of the fire-offering and observing a fast, lying on kuS'a spread on the ground, in company with his consort. The articles collected include regalia and " auspicious " objects.
THE PURi~IC RITUAL

Two excerpts, a shorter one from the Brahmapurii1J.(l and a longer one from Vi$nudharmottara, are given by Mitramis'ra,
1

~~= ~ri'i~ 11ra: w~= sf&r:re<iiTi'ii'i: 1

~Cf~T~ri Ull'~~ ~~~all{ II

c~~U'G', ~.

v).

INTRODUCTION

31

Bhatta Nrlakantha and Anantadeva, while the first alone is given by Lak~midhara. The Purai:tic ritual is an elaboration of that in the Ramiiyat;a. After the proper dates for the beginning of the ceremonies and for the abhi!}eka proper are settled in the consultation with the astrologer (Siimvatsarika) of the court, a chief priest is chosen to direct the rites. He was not to be the chief priest of any other ruler.' Then a preceptor (guru) was to be invited for the occasion. The persons who should officiate as well as the various articles needed and collected had to be inspected by the prince. The queen should be sprinkled along with the king, if the latter is already married at the time of the installation. If he marries later, the chief queen has a subsequent abhi!}eka.' A chief minister (mantrin) should be chosen to officiate on the occasion. As seven or eight ministers are indicated for daily consultation, the appointment of this full number of ministers is also deemed necessary. It was done by S'ivaji, when he appointed the a!}tapradan before his coronation and made them officiate at it. The ceremonies begin with various preliminary and propitiatory rites, like Vinayakas'iinti to overcome obstacles, Grahas'anti and Nak!}atraS'iinti (propitiation of the planetary and stellar deities), Abhyudaya-s'riiddha (to propitiate pitara~L) and Aindr'is'iinti, to overcome internal and external enemies. These should ordinarily take seven days, during which the prince should fast and also observe continence. Before the A indri-s'iinti is done the worship of Vi~I:tu (Niiriiyat;a-p17jii), the worship of the Divine Mothers (Matrka-pujii) and Vasordhiirii (the ritual for which is given by Lak~midhara in the concluding chapter of the book) as well as svastiviicakam and anumati (or sanction by the assembled Brahmai:tas) must be finished. On the day of the abhi!}eka the priest should decorate himself with a turban and ear rings, begin the ceremonies and proceed to propitiate the sacred fire with offerings to the accompaniment of thirteen specified hymns (inf. p. 10). The prince, who has already had a bath, should again be bathed ' like a god ' (deva-vat) with paiicagavya and with water,
1 '

ars~ 3Uft;;J~171;J~U'ii3Ufum

if

mto: ' 1 (u;;r~~~~' ~, -.. -..).

"~Ol!T 11 (u. ~- -..~).

u~r e~ ~!f\ i3i~ i3i'ffi i3itll~~if \T~r q!lffil ~

32

THE RiJADHARMA Ki~~A

milk, curds, and nectar (amrta), in pots of earth, copper, silver and gold, by a S'udra, standing to the west of the prince, by a Vais'ya standing to the south, by a K;;atriya standing to the east, and by a Brahmal).a standing to the north. Earth collected from twelve different localities (a hill, an ant-hill, the temple of Indra, the king's palace, a temple, anywhere but lifted by an elephant with its tusk and by an ox with its horn, the house of a prostitute, the confluence of a stream, a horse stable, a cow-shed and a river bed) should be used to rub him on various parts of his body. The prince should then be conducted by the priest to his couch (bhadrasana), made of a tree yielding a milk-white sap, and seated on it. He should then have water sprinkled on him by members of the four castes, by chaste women and by women with living children. This finishes the abhi$eka. When water is poured on him, it should be through a golden sieve having a hundred-and-eight holes, and the prince should stand all the time on a plate similarly bored. The crown (mukufa) should then be placed on his head, a fillet of gold, in the shape of a headcovering, should be tied to his forehead, and he should be garlanded and decorated. When this was done, he should gaze on 100 auspicious objects, and 108 holy articles. After finishing any other Vedic rites that remain, and fed the sacred fire, he should bestow on the fire the puYIJahuti. He should next worship GaQeS'a again as well as Brahma, Vi;;Qu and S'iva. In their honor and for the satisfaction of the planets, the gods and the manes, he should bestow gifts. He should convey an assurance of freedom from fear (abhaya) to all living beings. He should release cows. He should then be seated by the Chief Priest on a lion-throne covered with a tiger skin. Having worshipped his weapons and regalia, he should give darS'ana to his subjects. After this is done, he should mount an elephant, make a circuit of the capital, return to the palace, feed the guests and royal servants, when taking his own food. Next, having rinsed his mouth (acamya), partaken of betel, he should enter the inner apartments and refresh himself again. So ends the coronation. The details given above are added to by the Vi$nudharmottara. The additions to the ritual described by Lak;;midhara may now be noted. After the sprinkling, the ministers should

INTRODUCTION

33

serve the king by holding over his head the royal umbrella, waving the fly whisks, etc. Music and Vedic chanting should go on all the time. An acclamation should follow the abhi!;eka. The king should look at his own reflection in a mirror and in a vessel of melted butter. The chief priest should present madhuparka, the highest complimentary offering, to the anointed king. He should walk round the sacred fire thrice, bow and arrows in hand. An amnesty should be proclaimed to convicted offenders, poor feeding should take place on a lavish scale, the S'r'istikta from the Vi$nupuriitJa be recited, and a levee of the chief dignitaries and citizens be held. Before mounting the elephant and going round the city, he should mount for a moment the state charger. In the procession through the city, gods in temples on the route should be worshipped, and largesses be scattered all the way. On the day of the coronation, the king should again sleep on the bare ground and observe continence. The PuriiQas recommend the repetition of the abhi$eka on every anniversary of the coronation. The detailed account contained in the biography of S'ivaji by Malhar Ramrao Chitnis (paras 259-274), which has been printed at Poona, shows that the full ritual was followed scrupulously at his coronation. Gaga Bhat was the rtvik. The eight pradhiins, among whom there were representatives of the four castes, did the sprinkling. Arti was offered by married women. By the completion of the ceremonial after the full number of days. S'ivaji became a mt7rdhabi$ikta k$afriya, and began to date his further regal acts from the date of the coronation. The simplified ritual given by Lak~midhara was likely to have been thus added to by the experts who officiated at such ceremonies from time to time. He omits completely the Vedic ritual given in the different BrahmaQas, obviously because PuriiQic sanction is sufficient in Dharmas'astra and some of the Vedic ritual was more relevant to the Rajastlya sacrifice than to an ordinary coronation.
THE VEDIC CORONATION

MitramiS'ra gives the Vedic (S'rauta) ritual from the Aitareya Brahmat;a with explanatory comments, after exhausting
5

34

THE RAJADHARMA KAJ:ti!A

the PuraQic descriptions, which also prescribe the use of certain specified Vedic mantras during the ceremony. That the significance of the ancient rite was then forgotten is evident from the incorrect explanations given by him as well as other commentators. The latter explain the term raja-kartiira{1 (king-makers), the ratnitlS (twelve in number, including the riijat~ya), who officiated at the Vedic coronation and took part in the abhi$ecana, as ' ministers' (mantri~1a{z), while Mitramis'ra (p. 97) interprets it as " agnatic relations " (jJitrv;a-bhriitriidaya{l) 1 ! They naturally miss also the constitutional import of the institution, though in the Riimiiyiit;za it is signified by their assembling, along with the leading BrahmaQas, sages, and ministers, to consider the interregnum which had occurred on the death of DaS'aratha! The participation of representatives of the four vart;zas and the ministers in the epic ritual is a survival, whose origin and nature must have been also forgotten in later times. In the abhi$ecana described in S'atapatha Briihmat;za, the king steps on a tiger skin spread in front of the sacred fire, and he is then sprinkled by a BrahmaQa, a K~atriya, and a Vai~ya as well as by a Janya (a member of a hostile tribe), whose place is later on taken by the S'iidra (Sat. Br., V, 3, 5, 11-14). The king who has meanwhile been given his mantle, diadem and underwear, is then announced to ' all men ' (iivit miirtyii{t) as well as to certain immortal gods viz. Agni, Indra, Mitra-VaruQa, Pii~an, ViS'vedeval), Heaven and Earth (Dyii'lJiiPrthvi) and Aditi. 3 The king next takes a vow, or oath in modern parlance, in the following terms : " Between the night m which I am born and the night I die, may I be deprived of
1

See the comments on the term in Ayodhyaka1J4a, 79, 1.

oll~cn~t ~ ~~fiil~~~;;:~ a~: 1 ij~ u;;zr'f,ah:: ~~lifts ~Rizr: n (aM. 'fiT. \Jo 1 ~).
<n~i-f~~~Tff~Ti{. ( ~ o -~)tlttT-

a:{l~~~~ ~T~ '8T a:{fR~~~~~~~ ~ - ~~efT ~T~'m (!511<ftuiT 'e{Cf~T~: I

1

TIT ~SQ1t~r

~rf<t':ar ~n"t~ @SQ~~ <ftfcr'8t~ffl~T II

36

THE RAJADHARMA KA~J?A

reflect his sovereignty. All sacred literature and all learning are to show him the way to victory (vijayam pratidiS'antu). All sacred waters then known are invited by name to bathe him (abhiiiicantu).
HAS IT A CONSTITUTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

It has sometimes been suggested that the Vedic ritual was deliberately omitted in medireval nibandhas from a wish to leave monarchy absolute and unfettered by any restrictions. This is not correct. All nibandhas place the king under, not ab.:>Ve, Dharma. His obligation to abide by Dharma is emphasized over and over again. The moment the king becomes abhiikta, he comes automatically under a vow (dhrta-vrata) to safeguard Dharma. His freedom ends with coronation. A vow taken at his installation cannot be a more potent restraint on wayward conduct than the daily reminder of his subordination to the laws of divine justice.
CORONATION OF A SUCCESSOR

Cat;ges'vara is the only nibandha-kiira, who has dealt with the question of the installation of a successor, in the life-time of the previous ruler, with his concurrence and sanction. The case must have been of occasional occurrence, and would normally be possible only when the abdicating ruler was assured of the good feeling and loyalty of the successor! In early ages, glorified in literature, when a king laid down his sovereignty and retired to the forest as a viinaprastha, as the heroes of the RaghuvamS'a are said to have done," such a case must have ordinarily arisen. The usual coronation rites would be supposed applicable in such an event. CaQQeS'vara's extract describing the procedure on the occasion of the transfer of sovereignty is stated in one manuscript to be from Riijadiitta-taratiga (Rajyadli.na ?). The ritual is briefer than the Purli.l)ic and has some points of difference. It is as follows. After finishing his daily rites, the king, or his chief priest, enters the hall of sacrifice (yajiiasiilii) where the
1

Rdjanitiratn<Zkara, pp. 66-69.

~ ijf.r~'tiif (,,

c:)

INTRODUCTION

37

ceremony ts to take place, clad in white. He places there a golden pot, in front of the firepit, fills it with Ganges water or other holy water, covers the mouth, invokes Varul)a into the pot and worships him, using a bunch of five leaves for sprinkling. After the worship, medicinal plants are thrown into the pot. The following divinities are then be invoked and worshipped: S'ri, Vi~l)u, Uma, S'iva (IS'ana) and the lords of Gal)as (Ga!).apati), the planets (Grhapati, i.e. Siirya) and of the quarters (the Lokapalas), with fire offerings, through ajya, with appropriate mantras. After the invocation is revoked (vis?fya), the king sprinkles (abhi$iiicet) the heir-apparent with water taken in the tuft of leaves aforesaid, in the presence of allies, Brahmans, merchants, ministers and relations, the appropriate mantras of propitiation (S'iintimantra) being recited simultaneously. The prince stands on a tiger skin, when being sprinkled. The king then seats the prince on the throne, garlands him, smears him with sandal, decorates him with the royal fillet (Pa!a) and headdress (u$~i$a) and jewels set with pearls and precious stones, and presents to him the royal umbrella, fly-whisks, and sandals. Thus dressed up, the kingdom with the remaining six elements ($atjmiga) is made over to the nev. ruler. The old king makes the tilaka on the forehead (of the new ruler thrice, of the size of the great toe. Diirva grass and rice are spinkled on his head, and he is made to see curds and fried grain (laja). The retiring king then proclaims again and again-" From today the kingdom is not mine, this is the king, and may he protect the subjects", and call upon every one, including the subjects (in whom there lies divinity, praja- Vi$~um) to witness the change of sovereignty.
THE QUALITIES REQUIRED OF THE KING

In the glorification of kingship the stress is on the duty of the subjects to the ruler. The relation between the two necessitates a corresponding elaboration of the qualities which a king should possess if he should deserve the office. The Mahiibhiirata, the Pural)as and the smrtis deal comprehensively with the requisite riijagu~ii~t. A collection of these is made by Lak~mi dhara in chapter III. The enunciation of these qualifications is necessary, because of the exaltation of the monarch's person and

38

THE RiJADHARMA KAJ:IJ?A

office. It should be made clear that a king is no king, when he does not come up to the required standard. Brhaspati (infra. p. 82) has pointed out that lordship and his office do not desert the innocent king. \Vhen defects in a king's son have a limited scope for public harm, the vices or weaknesses of a king will prove a major disaster. A section of the book is devoted accordingly to the actions of the consecrated king (abhi$ikta-krtyiini). One wanting in ability could not fill the position properly. "A king lacking ability will surely be unable to protect his subjects. A kingdom is a heavy burden, difficult to bear.' A des~ription of the vices or temptations to which kings are likely to succumb is as much called for as the specification of the good qualities which ensure a successful reign. The royal weaknesses or temptations are collectively termed 'Vyttsana. Ten of them are born of "passion " and eight of anger, says Manu (inf. p. 143). Hunting, gambling, sleeping by day, scandalous talk, drink, excessive indulgence in music, acting and dancing, music and drink, and aimless tours are vices of the first type. Meanness, rashness, treachery, envy, slander of rivals, wastefulness, violent temper, and excessive severity are of the second class. They have all to be conquered by careful self-discipline. In wastefulness must be included neglect of forts and buildings, and lavish gifts out of season and to undeserving persons. The enemies of man are said to ~six ($a{i-varga) viz. sexual indulgence, temper, intoxication, pride, covetousness and self-satisfaction. An undisciplined nature and want of humanity leads to disaster. It undermines a king's prosperity as age destroys beauty (p. 148). Six ancient instances of rulers destroyed by arrogance are given (p. 157) from Manu, and four of those who were raised by modesty. The correctives to the tendencies to vice are careful education and training as a prince, proper choice of associates from youth upwards, good advisers, a life full of beneficent activity and methodical habits. Natural gifts should be strengthened by training and study. On the positive side, the enumeration of virtues is fairly exhaustive. About forty-five are enumerated by S'anka-Likhita
1

~fro~ (~,, ..-~) ~'iT-i'l ~r~en ~: 3l~: OOfu ~feygl{ I

~m

fu !J~T"l 'ffiQ ~ i'!r;r ~~ u

INTRODUCTION

39

(p. 18). A broad outlook (stMdalak$ya), gratitude, reverence for the aged, personal purity, a charitable-disposition, courage and mastery of the relevant sciences are emphasized by Yajfiavalkya (p. 19). Self-reliance, eloquence and conversational gifts are indicated by Katyayana (p. 20). Vi~QU looks for success only in the close identification of the ruler with the happiness and sorrows of his people. A compassionate disposition, sympathy with the poor and afflicted, kindness to servants, relentlessness towards foes, and straight dealing are also emphasised (p. 21). All concur in calling for consideration to Brahmal}as. Gautama roundly declares that the king "rules " every one except the BrahmaQa, and the declaration is interpreted as implying that when they err they should receive more consideration than others who transgress. It is not a claim for imperium in imperio on behalf of a class, like that claimed in Europe by the Church in the Middle Ages. India knows no such thing as the "benefit of the clergy." The smrtis lay strees on certain virtues and weaknesses more than others, leading to the implication that they were likely to be more needed (as virtues) and more common (as vices) than others. One of these qualities is prompt despatch of business, and condemnation of laziness or postponement of business. The dirgha-sfttra, the procrastinator, is condemned by all authorities. An autocrat, with ministers, has every inducement to leave the disposal of business to them and to let things slide. Dilatory methods in administration afflict the people. Delayed justice is injustice. This is why Asoka lays claim to his own prompt disposal of business, to his availability at all places and times for the transaction of state business, and to his determination to see that there is . no delay in the disposal of business by his own servants.' But promptness is not the same as impulsive and hasty action. To act in haste, anger, pride, over-confidence (mana) and rage and in an impious mood is not the promptitude required in administration (p. 153). Self-control is dictated to kings as much by prudence as by ethical considerations. A king who is master of wealth but not of his passions or temper courts ruin.(p. 150). One brake on
1

patch.

The whole of the Sixth Rock Edict is devoted to the subject of prompt des See D. R. Bhandarkar, Asoka, 1932, pp. 315-316.

40

THE RXJADHARMA KA:t:rt;>A

hasty action is the practice of consultation of ministers. Yama is quoted in Viramitrodaya 1 for the view that the king who ne\er acts alone in business (naika~t kiiryiil)ai ya~l kztryiit) succeeds in permanently gaining the earth (atyantam yiiti me.dinlm).' Constant association with virtuous and learned men is held up to the king as of lasting benefit to himself and to the kingdom. On the other hand an atheist or blasphemer must be kept out,' and the cultivation of philosophy (iinvfkl}ikf or iitmavidyii) must be in branches which are not opposed to the scriptures (vedaviruddha). Both the motive to right conduct and restraint of wrong-doing must be based on a conception of morality, which finds its meaning in the faith that goodness is grounded in God, that He alone is perfection, as well as the ground and goal of goodness, and that all action must aim at an approximation to Him. This is the Dharmic view. It is particularly applicable for restraining autocratic authority. The ciirviika or tziistika or Pii~JatJ{la recognizes no standard but his own, and a king who falls under their influence will degenerate into the slave of his own impulses and sensual cravings, to the ruin of himself and his kingdom. The atheist's crime is his undermining the foundations of moral conduct. This is why writers on Arthasastra also condemn his association. '
THE DUTIES OF THE CROWNED KING (ABHI$IKTAK~TYA)

The treatment of the duties is usually prefaced by discussions of the proper place of self-reliance and dependence upon divine action, or to put it in a different way, between free will and predestination. The quality which makes a ruler function properly is termed PaurUI}am (manliness). The
1

NitiprakaS'a, p, 134.
See Manu, VII, 55, quoted infra, p. 23 and the Mahabharata, on p. 149. Cf. Manu, IV, 123.-ii'TfuloR ~ ~ ~T ~ ~I ~ ~
:q

2
3

:q

;noi

~fu: I ~;d'f!J ~ CI~'1T ~ ~ f.!~"\ ~: I ~ ~~~~rif iil~'fil ~~~: I

iiiN

~~ ~ ~

I and II,

10,11-!jffi~ ~) f.$l) ~~m il ~

I

~S~CI ~ ~ t~Tllf

See P. V. Kane, History of Dharmasastra, II, (1941). pp. 359-360 for further references. See S'ukraniti, IV, i, 194-222.

INTRODUCTION

41

consideration of the topic is brought by MitramiS'ra under counsel (ma11tra), while Lak~midhara brings it under expedition (yiitrii), one of the six traditional expedients of policy. His sovereign was in a real sense a vijigi$tt, ' would-be-conqueror,' imbued with a desire to extend his dominions. A fatalistic disposition in such a person will spell ruin. Certain verses attributed to Manu, but not found in the extant Manusmrti (p. 140), are quoted to advocate a combination of reliance on one's own effort as well as on divine support, and to condemn a spirit of fatalistic qmet1sm. Fatalism is the creed of the coward and the sluggard, says the Riimiiyal)a (p. 140). For success a conjunction of divine support, personal initiative and a suitable moment are all three needed (p. 141). What is termed Daiva (divine support) is really one's own making (iitmakrtam vidyiit), says Vyasa (p. 141) ; for, it is only the fruit of individual effort in a past birth, which is remembered and acts in the next. Man is the master of his fate. The negative aspect of royal conduct, i.e., what the king has to avoid, has been already indicated. On the positive side, some desultory advice is given. The king should be humble, and continue to learn the art of government. Even from the prattle of a child he may learn wisdom (p. 149). The king who will not heed the advice tendered by his real friends is his foe's best ally (p. 150). His efforts should be directed to keep up his strength for offence and defence (Gautama). He must be secret and yet master the secrets of his foe. In attack he must be a lion, in swiftness of movement a hare, in tenacious hold a wolf, and in prolonged reflection a heron.
THE KING'S DAILY TIME-TABLE

There is agreement among both the writers on Dharmas'astra and ArthaS'astra in arranging the daily routine of the king, so that certain periods of the day are set apart for certain duties. Methodical attention is the only means of preventing accumulation of work or the cultivation of the condemned habit of dilatoriness. The day and the night are each divided into eight parts, of an hour and a half each, and each such part has its appointed work. The king awakes to the sound of music, and according
G

42

THE RAJADHARMA KAJ:~J?A

to the kavyas, to the chaunts of heralds and bards (t~andi miighadhiiM 1 He retires to rest also at night to the sound of trumpets, which apparently declare that after that hour no one can see the king on business (samviset tztrya-gho$ena, pratibuddhyet tathait~a ca). He should attend to his accounts the first thing in the morning, an injunction which emphasizes the vital consequence of finance to the kingdom. He should devote the next period to the personal conduct of trials and causes. After his judicial duties are over, he must be available to his ministers and to persons who wish to see him on public affairs. Then follow the bath and mid-day meal. After some rest and amusement in the inner apartments, he should return to work. There must be a daily review of the forces, inspection of stores and treasure, consultations with ministers (meetings of the" privy council " so to speak), and audience to the-Senani, conference with the secret agents, who will make confidential reports in person, immediately after his evening devotions. Then supper and rest. In intervals, he should study and employ himself in listening to the sage counsel of the aged and the wise. The drift of the arrangement is to leave no part of the day unemployed. A king should have no idle hour or holiday. Manu considerately allows him to delegate duties to the chief minister, in case of indisposition (p. 163). The three-fold duty of the king (according to Narada) viz., protection, adjudication and service to the aged and wise, will thus be daily discharged (p.154). The importance of the king's personal safety leads to the injunction to propitiate the unseen powers constantly, and to take precautions against assassination and poisoning. In audience he should always be well guarded, (krta-rak$a~~). Elaborate advice is tendered to the king on the precautions to be taken against poisoning. It recalls the detailed prescriptions of the Arthas'astra, but consistently with his practice to rely only on Dharma sources, Laksmidhara extracts the relevant matter . from a puriit)a, and from Manu (pp. 158-161). Manu gives the general advice that the personal servants of the king, male and

e.g. Raghuvamsa, V, 66-75, beginning with ' uf'SI.-loT ~fu~of <R ~

~~!if'
2 I, 20-21 Medhatithi (VII, 152) refers to three out of the seven cases of assassination in the Seraglio recounted by Kautilya.

INTRODUCTION

43

female, should be chosen for their loyalty, incorruptibility, vigilance, and knowledge of spells and antidotes against poison. They should have been well examined before appointment. The women who attend on the king should be first examined, with the object, obviously, of seeing that their clothing or ornaments contain no poisons or weapons. The king's carriage, bed, seat, bath and toilet as well as the ornaments he wears should be examined first before he uses them. The king is advised to wear jewels containing gems which detect or cure poison (an old and widespread belief, which we find all the world over). The Chief Butler (Sipadhyak!}a) 1 and the Betel-bearer (Tambiiladhari) are made important court functionaries in the pura!)ic extracts cited by later writers, with the special qualifications needed for their duties.
SACERDOTALISM: THE PUROHITA

It was an age of intense faith in the efficacy of sacrifices and rites for th~ placation of divinities. Lak~midhara shares the belief. As all such rites have to be conducted under the direction or by the royal Purohita, this functionary has to be chosen with great care. He should be more than a priest. Expert knowledge of Astrology and Arthas'astra will be expected of him. On the same ground, liberality to s'rotriyas is enjoined. The gods find delight in hearing the chanting of the Vedas, says Katyayana the jurist (p. 168). Donations to them constitute an inexhaustible treasure (ak!}aya-nidhi~z). Errors in administration are corrected or expiated by the prayers of Brahma!)as (p.173). There is thus identity of interest between king and Brahma!)a, who should accordingly be generously patronized (pp. 171-176). Regal duty does not stop with sectional .patronage. It includes development of trade and crafts (p. 171), the relief of destitution, and liberal medical relief, for which hospitals should be founded.

~3uii't- ~cn~m ~ey: ~~: ~'fT:q::r.: I m~'ffi: ~~'<iT~: ~q::r.r~: ~ ~""-!'a II ' ~Ril~: ' ifW-l'!T~-!a~IITT~!iCI~q~y~~: I 'anf.li ~ij~ ' 'C1!6(qJ~ ~~~ <t~' ~~~ f.r[q-ll:~TiJT<:f q;f~y~~~ (eft. fir., 'Z. 'I c~).
1
2

;ry~ <aiif~T~~EI~ ~l'!Rfi~ qyftl~ I CITP{W~:Trt\ ~fu ilrd 'fii<J~ C@JIT II ~

..

eft. f;J., 'l.

'I G '1

44

THE R.AJADHARJ\IA KAJ:<~A

The humane advice reflects the practice of good kings like Asoka, who believed in their spiritual efficaciousness.' The indication of the need to maintain the first var~za is supported by specific advice on the necessity to perform, with its help, certain ceremonies in order that calamities threatening the kingdom may be averted and the favour of super-natural agencies may be secured. Besides the daily worship of the household divinities every evening, bali offerings must be made to goblins (pisiicebhya~t).' Every year, two lak!}a-homas must be performed, and in a reign, atleast one koti-homam for the removal of fear (abhaya-prada). With the help of his min:sters and priest, the king should perform the ordinary, special and purposive (kiimyani) rites. Expiatory ceremonies should be done at eclipses, and a mahii-siinti, when there has been an earthquake (p. 166). A king should specially worship two divinities, viz. Kartikeya (to overcome enemies) and Dev!, in her many manifestations, separately and as residing in the royal sword, dagger, cr0wn and sandals, and emblazon her figure on the royal stand!rd. They will give him victory in battle. (p. 177). Such advice reflects Lak$mldhara's own convictions born of his study of the Vedic (especially Atharval)a) rites, and the Puraoas, which developed magic. The belief has always been there, and it tended to grow in times of special anxiety. We find it in the advice of the usually cool-headed and rational Kautilya. 3 Tantric practices had grown fast in the days following the disruption of the Gupta empire and found their place in the tiimasic Puraoas. The times were shrouded in anxiety.' The Gahacjwala kingdom had sprung in the seething troubles of the age, and it was faced by a greater peril than any yet encountered, in the assaults of the Muslim invaders, whom Govindacandra had defeated, but who were destined
1

See his Second Rock Edict, Bhandarkar, op. cit., pp. 299-300.

' infra, p. 176.

C!il~~ . ~~~ (l. ~ \ o ) - " ~~~~<~; ~rfil: 3J~TU ~~<fl ~~fi au~<T ~: ~~~~= 1 arijt ~'ffl-iiiTi'WI3JfUrqrC'IC'I: fu:a: 1 aro:f~fcmm<~f ~if ~rss~ft ~ilcl. 1 ~'-!UlT'<tcloi <fi~ fu;a:r(;:~~ ~~: 1"
3

This is reflected in the belief in portents and treatises like Ballala Sena's

Adbhuta-sagata, composed in the generation following

Lak~midbara's,

INTRODUCTION

45

ultimately to destroy his empire. A kingdom's safety lay no longer in just rule or in the administration of vartzas'ramadlzarma, as in the heroic past. The harassed mind of the statesmen caught at means of forcing superhuman support, other than these. The reiteration of the old adjurations to maintain sacerdotal privileges, which Buddhism had attacked, the recommendation to enlist for monarchy the support of the first var~ta, in a work on Rajadharma, in a manner which offends our sense of proportion, and the specification of magical rites, of the worship of special divinities, and of the regular performance of the festivals and rites described in the last six chapters of his work,-when taken side by side with his vigorous commendation of self-reliance, energy and initiative, his severe censure of fatalistic quietism as the cult of the coward and sluggard, and his repetition of the old injunctions for just rule,can only be interpreted as reflecting the anxieties of the age and their repercussions on the mind of a scholar-statesman. The numerous inscriptions of the period (and particularly of Govindacandra and his family) show how such advice fell on willing ears and was gladly acted upon. The same advice, repeated in the hey-day of Mughal supremacy, by later writers on Rajatziti, is a patent anachronism.
THE SAPTANGA

The traditional enumeration of the elements of a state is to be found in smrtis like those of Manu (IX, 294) and Yajiiavalkya (1, 354), as well as in works on Nrtis'astra (e.g. Kamandakiya, IV, 1) with slight variations in names and orderof enumeration. The lists of Yajiiavalkya and Kamandaka are identical. The seven are the king (sviimr), the ministers, the capital (usually fortified and therefore called pura or durga), the organized population (jana or ril$tra), treasure (kos'a), the armed forces (bala or datpj.a), and allies (suhrt or mitra). Manu places them in this order and states that each preceding one is more important than those following. Kamandaka remarks that they are all mutually helpful, i.e. that each affects all others cparasparopakiira). In modern terminology it only means that the complete kingdom should have an organized population, a ruler,

46

THE RiJADHARMA Kir:n?A

a capital, resources in men, money and material, allies who will help in times of stress and ministers. The insistence on wealth, as an essential element, will recall the remark of Henry IV of France-' poor peasants, poor country, poor country poor king.' Placing the king at the head of the elements is in consonance with the hypothesis of Indian polity that he stands between the people and anarchy (a-riijata). The insistence on ministers, in an organization in which the king is personally responsible for the administration, is a special feature of Indian polity. The minsters may be mere advisers, but they derive their sanction from the same source as kingship itself. It would be therefore contrary to Dharma as well as to expediency, for an Indian king to rule all by hiMself, dismissing his ministers. The force of any advice tendered to a ruler will depend largely on the qualifications and consitutional position of the adviser. This is the reason for the great detail into which the nibandhas, following the smrtis go into on the qualities of the ministers and royal servants. Manu's capital becomes the fortress (durga) of the Gupta epoch writers. It is tempting to read into this change the experience of the country when invading hosts of S'akas and Huns found it easy to over-run a vast campaign. like the Gangetic basin, when it had few or no fortified cities, within which the population can withdraw and stand a successful siege. The precedence given to rd$!ra (i.e., the organized people) over the fortress-capital may reflect a war experience that showed (as in our own days) that cities may be taken by an enemy, but an organized nation will survive the fall of its capital. Material resources (koS'a) take precedence of the army (bala), as our own experience shows. War equipment, even in a primitive economy, means ample supplies. A suitable alliance may avert war, or distribute its burden, when it cannot be prevented. The apparently crude list will thus be seen to contain much empirical knowledge. The list contains other implications also, when furnished by a Dharmas'astra. Universal peace and disarmament, based on non-violence, are not reflected by it. On the other hand, the conditions postulated are those of potential war at all times, The king is usually termed, unless he is a man of no spirit, vijigt$U, a would-be conqueror. It represents an epoch of unstable frontiers. A kingdom must always to be prepared for an attack

INTRODUCTION

47

on any of its frontiers, unless it has become a great empire. The kaleidoscopic changes of mediaeval India are due to the spirit. The ambition to extend the area of tributaries was nourished by the war spirit that was induced in the standing militia of K~atriyas. It made for internecine struggles, which weakened those who habitually took part in them, and it made them unfit to stand the assault of an enemy far more powerful than the neighbour across the frontier. In such conditions, the desire for a balance of power is automatically imposed on kingdoms, and the riijama1Jala consisting of enemies and allies of diminishing degrees, actual and potential, is evolved in fact and embodied theory. This is illustrated in mediaeval India by the struggles of the powers that happened to have become supreme in the KarQ.ataka, the Dakhan and Hindusthan. A common enemy unites in alliance his neighbours on opposite frontiers. 1 The saptariga concept has very much more history and experi ence behind it than a superficial survey might disclose.
THE OFFICIAL HIERARCHY (AMA.TYA.H)

The initial quotation from Yajiiavalkya (I, 312) lays down two injunctions to the king: he should appoint good ministers (san-mantritJaM and he should hold consultations with them on matters relating to the kingdom.' The consultation should be followed up by a discussion of the advice (received from the minsters individually) with the chief Brahmal).a i.e. the Purohita, before the king takes a decision. Manu indicates the number of minsters to be appointed as seven or eight. There is a difference in the consultations, as envisaged by the two sages. Yajiiavalkya makes it collective (tai~~ siirdhamL while Manu would make it individual consultation (te~iim svam abhiprayam upalabhya Prthak Prthak). Every matter should be so taken up (sarvakiiryii1)). There is no cabinet of ministers, with a collective responsibility. The relation is more like that of the American
1 Note the alliance between Govindacandra and Kulottunga Cola, united by fear of the ruler of the intervening Dakhan, Vikramaditya.VI (Calukya). and the Pa!)dya and Simhalese revolts against the Cola emperor fomented by Vikramaditya. See Introduction to DlJnakllt;tf!a, p. 14 and p. 36.

2 Lak~midhara, as noted by Mitramis'ra (p. 177), adopts the reading ~~: in Yajnavalkya, I, 312, while Vijiianes'vara reads~ ~OT:

48

THE RAJADHARMA KANDA

ministers to the President. The Purohita is expected to be able from equal or superior knowledge, such as a mere priest will not ordinarily possess to review the expert advice tendered. The "chief Brahman" is the lineal successor of the Vedic Puro{ihii, whose identity with his king was represented in picturesque figures. When S'ivaji created the famous A$(apradiin council, the Peshwah was styled Pa~z{iit Pradhiin, being the chief adviser. A premiership is not however implied in the Purodhii as, unlike the other mantriiJS, he is not the head of a department of the administration, there being a special Dharmiidhikiirin for ecclesiastical affairs. The qualifications specified are designed to ensure both loyalty and efficiency. The ministers are all to be of good lineage (kulim'i~t). They should be hereditary subjects of the kingdom (mattl(T) and so have a stake in the country, and remain there to experience the results of their own advice and actions. The ministers are pledged to speak out what they honestly think and feel, and are immune from the king's displeasure if they do so. Once they have discharged the duty, and the king has come to a different decision, they must carry it out loyally. Katyayana pointedly observes that the kingdom is ruined in which ministers, assessors and physicians merely try to please the king by giving advice which is palatable, instead of speaking out (p. 24). The minister should speak what is good for the ruler, not what is agreeable to him. " Easily found are men who always speak what is agreeable; far harder is it to find one who will utter unpalatable truth and the ruler who will hear it patiently" (Riimiiya~a, inf. p. 103). The qualifications for the several offices are laid down with insight into their requirements. The Chamberlain (Pratihiiri), for instance, who played the part of a modern aide-de-camp, is to have a fine presence, tact, charm and suavity (p. 25). The Sandhivigrahika should be an adept in the six-fold policy, a judge of opportunity and a diplomat. The description is interesting in view of the office having been held by Lak~mi dhara himself (p. 26). The officers are to be watched by reliable secret-service agents (ciira). The Dharmiidhakiiri should be chosen for being a leading BrahmaQa, well versed in Dharmasastra, and absolutely impartial. The attendants in the seraglio

INTRODUCTION

49

should not be under fifty years of age, if women, and under seventy, if men. An officer of high rank was the Dt7ta, usually taken as equivalent to a modern ambassador extra-ordinary.' Great importance was attached to his service, which might secure war or peace. His knowledge and ability should be correspondingly high. He was expected to collect information from other courts for his own king. Selection for the duty implied great confidence in his talent, integrity and judgment. S'rl Kp;;Qa acted as Ditta for his PaQQ.ava cousins and Haniiman as dtUa for S'rl Rama. By recognised inter-statal usage a Dftta could not be slain but, if caught in unfriendly acts, he might be chastised, or disfigured (p. 34). The offices specified are obviously illustrative, not exIt is not right to presume that all the offices haustive. mentioned were in existence in every state of ancient India. An attempt would of course be made to Sanskritize the names of functionaries peculiar to a state, as was done in the Maratha kingdom founded by S'ivaji. Some idea of the actual offices in the kingdom of Kanauj in Lak~m!dhara's time may be derived from the extant inscriptions. The chief queen (paf!a-mahi~i) and the yuvariija exercised almost regal powers in the time of Govindacandra's predecessor, and their consent to grants is recorded therein. As in the PuraQa extracts, officers of state and officers of the royal household are mixed up in the inscriptions, as in mediaeval Europe. The following officers are named in inscriptions of the dynasty : Mantrin (Chief Minister) ; Purohita; Pratihara, or Chamberlain ; Senadhipati (Commander-in-chief) ; Bhat;U;lagarika (Storekeeper) ; Ak~aPatalika (Record-keeper, the Nana FaQ.navls of the Maratha times) ; Bhi~ak (the PraQacarya of the PuraQa), the chief physican; Naimittika or Astrologer (the old S'amvatsarika of the coronation) ; Anta~~purika (Seraglio Superintendent) ; Duta or envoy ; Kayastha (scribe) ; Akaradhikiirii, Superintendent of mines ; and Patta1Jiidhikara-puru~a (Mayor of Town). A Dharmadhikarat~ika is also mentioned in an inscription. The list shows that the Puranic extract was well chosen for its tallying with actual conditions.
1

No permanent embassies are contemplated in Indian polity.

7

50

THE RiJ ADHARMA Ki~J?A

The copper plate grant of Candradeva and Madanapala of the Gaha~vala dynasty, dated 1097-98, is addressed to his queen, heir-apparent and officers as under: Riijariiini, Yuvariija, Mantri, Purohita, Pratihiira, Seniipati, Bltiitp;fiigiirika, Ak~a Patalika, Bhi~ak, Naimittika, Anta~purika, Dtita, Kari-TurgaPatfat;~a-Akara-Sthiina-Gokula-adhikaripuru~iin, samajniipayati, bodhayati, iidiS'ati ca. The order of enumeration seems to follow a warrant of precedence and the forms of communication (samiijnapayati, bodhayati, iidisati, i.e., commands ', ' calls the attention of' and ' orders ') to the styles appropriate to the rank of the persons addressed. The Gaha~vala grants show that they passed through three officers, whose names are often found, apparently for authentication, in the documents the-mselves : one of them drafts the grant e.g., Pandit Vidyadasa, who composed the grants of 1105 A.D., (No. E 11 and 12 in the Lucknow Museum) ; another writes it out (in ink) on the plates, (usually a KaraQika or Kayastha) and then, a goldsmith or other artisan engraves the grant, following the writing of the KaraQika. Some of the KaraQikas bear the title of Thakkiira. It is evident that a Sandhivigrahika, even of lower rank than the MahaSandhivigrahika, did not draft such grants. In one case the writer of the grant (not the composer) bears the designation Dharmalekhin. Most of the grants found in Benares are to the hereditary Purohit, JagiiS'arman, who is termed Mahiipurohita in an inscription of Govindacandra, dated Samvat 1176. In an inscription written 21 years later, this priest is referred to as Dik~ita Jagiis'arman, having perhaps performed in the interval a yaga (sacrifice). This priest's place is taken from 1151 A.D. by his son Paharajasarman, who also bears the title of Raufa. The position of chief minister or adviser, which the smrtis would give to the Mahapurohita or Purodhii appears in historical times to have passed on to other ministers. Ka!idasa, the general of Jagadekammalla, was Mahapradhan (premier). The Mantri of the Gaha~valas was their premier. Lak~midhara refers to himself as MantriS'vara, Chief Minister, while the title Mahiisiindhivigrahika, by which he styles himself and his father, is not among the dignitaries to whom the

INTRODUCTION

51

Gahagvala order cited above is addressed. It may indicate that the two offices were combined in him, as premier. The description of qualifications in the smrtis and Pural).as would indicate that the Commander-in-chief was expected to be an educated person, but the other ministers were not necessarily expected to lead armies in the field.
THE ADMINISTRATION (Ri$TRASAMGRAHA!!AM)

Samgraha is interpreted as 'means of protection.' A properly formed administrative system furnishes the means. Its consideration logically follows that of the central executive consisting of the king-in-ministry (raja-amatya). A chapter (ch. 7) is devoted to it by Lak;;midhara. The local administration is interpreted in terms of the classificat-ion made by Manu, beginning with the family (kula) as the unit. A village (grama) is made up of several resident families. The villages are grouped in tens, hundreds and thousands. It is unlikely that such decimal grouping was actual. It is only illustrative. The village community managed its own affairs, only offences which the state had to deal with being disposed of by the headmen of villages and higher groups who were appointed by the state. The smaller groups of 10 to 30 villagers are known from inscriptions to have been under officers, who were usually also at the head of the small forces settled for internal order in the midst of groups of villages. The group above it was the bhukti, comprising from 100 to 500 villages, under bhogapatis or bhogikas. Several bhuktis made up a vi~aya or district, and several vi~ayas a rti~tra (province), indicating by its title that it was formed from some old chiefship. The rii:jtrapati would usually exercise authority over an area corresponding to a modern division. His status often gave him the rank of maha-ma~uj,a les'vara. Such a personage would be more than a sahasradhipa of Manu, entitled to reimburse himself for the cost of his administration from the income of several towns, made up from the daily contributions in kind or service, as distinguished from the land revenue, which was an a1mual payment, and other taxes. For military organization, S'ankha-Likhita (p. 82) indicate a salary of two gold coins a month for the cavalryman.

52

THE RAJADHARMA Kil!J?A

For special service rendered by soldiers, extra payments in the form of gifts, marks of distinction, etc. will be given. Compassionate grants are to me made to the families of soldiers killed on duty (p. 82). This must again be regarded as merely illustrative of the line of action which a king should take. Wages for men and women engaged in state work are to be on a daily basis, and bear a due relation to the status of the workman and the task assigned to him. The king is warned to protect the subjects against the illegal exactions and oppression of his subordinates (p. 83). The accountant (kiiyastha) had, then as now, a bad name for his ingenious devices for making illicit profit. Yaji'iavalkya (like KalhaQa) singles him out for special mention among habitual oppressors (p. 83). A duty is laid on the king to maintain S'rotriyas (learned Brahmal}as) who will be usually poor and engaged in ungainful occupations, destitute young women and widows, and infirm family men. "The king is the refuge of those who lack protectors, the asylum of those who are homeless, the son of the sonless person, who has none else to maintain him in old age, and the father of destitute orphans." (Katyayana, p. 84). The task of public education devolved on the learned Brahmal}a, who could exact no fee from his pupils for his teaching and the board he gave them. Meeting his expenditure from the fisc was equivalent to grants for education. A sixth of the spiritual merit of the educational, sacrificial and devotional labour of the Brii.hmal}a was believed to accrue to the king, on the analogy of the sixth of the increase of the land that goes to the ruler (p. 85). Anchorites, sanyiisins, learned Brahmal}as and those among them who maintain the sacred fire (iihitiignaya~) are persons, who do contribute to the commonweal, because they too yield a sixth of their harvest of merit (jJUtJya), declares Yama (p. 85). The idea of this invisible contribution is elaborated by Manu. He declares that the king receives from every one his sixth, be it of wealth or of merit or of sin ! This is the logical extension of the idea that sin and putJya in the kingdom result from the kmg's neglect or conservation of Dharma. The protection, which the king gives, is not only material, i.e., internal security and security against invasion. It includes protection against seasonal vicissitudes and other

tN1'RODUCTION

53

manifestations of the displeasure of the gods. A ruler who takes his taxes, but omits the performance ~f his religious duties is a thief, declares Manu. The emphatic assertion of a duty that a king of lax belief might neglect reflects the importance which is attached in DharmaS'astra to the spiritual obligations of the State.
REVENUE AND TREASURE

The Dharmas'astra is less concerned with the details of a complete scheme of public finance than is Arthas'astra. The pre-occupation of the former is with what may be rightfully taken and the fiscal obligations which rightfully lie on the king. As the king is expected, along with his officers, to be well trained in Arthas'astra and the economics of agriculture and commerce (varta and vat;tijya), it is not necessary for a dharma-nibandha to go beyond laying down certain general principles, and certain injunctions and inhibitions. Fiscal devices that do not contravene these are legitimate, and may be resorted to. A king without treasure is no king. He cannot function. He draws his resources from the wealth of his subjects, the increase of whose riches is therefore to his own advantage. Wealth need not be despised. It is the source of not only all human satisfactions but of the craving for right-action and ultimate release (p. 87). Wealth begets wealth, as elephants are caught through elephants, an injunction which implies the wise and productive uses of wealth by the individual and by the state. A tax scheme which trenches on capital is condemned on this principle. The wise milker leaves enough milk in the cow's udder to sustain the calf, for whose sustenance milk is secreted. The tax should be so collected as not to strain the payer. The king should imitate the leech (varyaka), the calf, and the bee. The simile also suggests collection in instalments, which will not impinge on the productive and saving capacity of the subject. Duties, which fall (in the first instance) on the merchant, i.e., indirect taxes, should take into consideration all equities and make all due allowance for cost-price, sale-price, carriage, overhead costs, and depreciation. Taxes should be only on what accrues. Remissions of taxes on failure, partial or

54

THE RiJADHARMA KA!!J?A

total, of harvests, must be given. It is just to expect every one to contribute what is in his power to the support of the kingdom. Greed should not impel a king to cut his own roots as well as those of his subjects. He should ignore no just source of revenue or grasp on any which will destroy the tax-payer. (p. 93). Even when he is hard up, let not the king lay his hand on what he should not take, nor give up any claim, merely because the treasury is already full. The second maxim may seem to offend the modern fiscal conscience, which abhors hoarding, unless it can be shown that it is needed as a war reserve or as an insurance. War and famine were ever-present menaces in India. The building up of surpluses as a reserve against them is therefore defensible. The rates of taxation laid down in smrtis, which must have been based on accumulated experience, are specified (pp. 28-89). To exceed the proportions will be a contravention of Dharma. The items specified are not deemed exhaustive. Outside specified items, it is open to raise revenue, when needed, without violating the fundamental principles. Hence it was the practice, not to alter the fixed rates, but to add in imposts made up of supplementary charges. Their number tended to increase with the needs of the state and the ingenuity of the finance minister. Lak!?midhara's own king levied quite a number of such additional taxes or imposts, as may be gathered from the inscriptions of the reign (vide R. S. Tripathi, History of Kanauj, 1937, pp. 346-351). One of the new taxes was turu$ka-datJ4a, a war-levy to meet the extra burden of resisting the Muslim invader.'
FISCAL EXEMPTIONS

Taxation is based in ancient India on certain principles. First, it is according to faculty. He who has no resources need not be asked to pay taxes. The poor, the maimed, and those who from their dependent condition are themselves in need of help are naturally exempt, as are also recluses. Apastamba is cited (p. 91) in support of the exemption from state dues of learned Brahmaoas, women of the four varvas (thereby excluding
1 So, V. A. Smith, Early Hi3tory of India, 4th ed., p. 400. Sten Konow (Epig. Ind., IX, p. 329) suggests that it was a tax imposed on Muslims settled in the kingdom of Kanauj-a Hindu equivalent to the Jizya. This is unlikely.

INTRODUCTION

55

from the exemption women of pratiloma castes) boys, students who live with their teacher (and are supported by him) and those who perform lawful austerities (dharmapara~), thereby excluding from the exemption those who practise sorcery or witchcraft, or rites designed to attain specific aims or power, S'udras, who live serving Brahmal)as (literally, 'washing their feet'), the blind, the dumb and the very old, persons actually afflicted by disease (incapacitating them for gainful occupation) ; and those who, by their order, are prohibited from holding or acquiring wealth e.g. sanyasms. The cripple, the idiot (jaff,ah) and men over seventy years of age are exempted by Manu from taxation of any sort (p. 92). Vasi!;]tha, (XIX, 23), in a passage which is not cited by Lak!;]midhara, explains the exemption of a learned Brahmal)a (S'rotriya) by specifying his exclusion, in spite of the wider rule (I, 43) exempting all Brahmal)as, and the commentator Kf!;]l)apai)Q.ita, thinks that the king, however distressed should take no contribution from the Vaid'ika Brahmal)a while under such circumstances the unlearned Brahmal)a may be taxed. There must be a surplus left after meeting the cost of maintaining bare life before one can be taxed. Hence, the rule of Vasi!;]tha (cited on p. 92) exempting forest tribes, who make a precarious living by burning the jungle and getting a catch-crop. The second principle is that double payment should be avoided. A contribution may be in cash or in kind. Thirdly, every one must contribute, to the extent of his potential capacity. He who is physically competent but poor should contribute his labour. It applies to artisans, apparently as an option (p. 92). Taxes and contributions levied from subjects are in return of the protection afforded by the king, i.e. the state. The king, who collects them but fails to give due protection, is a robber in fact, if not in name. One of the six, who should be abandoned, even as a wrecked ship is by its crew, (bhinnam navam ivar~ave) is the 'king who fails to protect' (arak$itiiram riijiinam), says the Mahiibhiirata. 1 The
1
~,, .. oqq, l.o,~,
~
0

"d'"d'-led. Kumbakonam)-

tR~ ~ror. '"~t~IT~ R:i:;;ri ifr'lrn<n~ ,

a:fii~Rrrif ~~~'!~ ll ~aT{ ~ +r~r =<ufir~<ir~rftll. '
!:Tfq~ .q ;ltqr~

Cfrr<tiT+i :q ifT~Clli. u

56

THE RiJADHARMA KA~A

same work (ib. 61, 31-32) declares that a cruel tyrant, who fails to protect his subjects but robs them, is a Kali in the guise of a king ; he should be killed by the united people (hanyu~ prajah sannahya.)1 On the other side no subject can escape making his contribution to the state. Taxability is personal. Potential capacity to earn income is equal to the possession of taxable income, and a sturdy mendicant, who is now a burden on the community, could have been made to work for his quota. It is permissible to see in this rule the means of reducing idle vagrancy, which becomes a menace to society.
BRiHMA'~:'A IMMUNITIES

The question of the freedom of the Brahma~w from taxation raises again the consideration of the bases of va~a privileges. The immunities are laid down in every smrti and book dealing with Dharma. The Pural}as go even farther than the smrtis. Manu emunciates the theory that the state is firmly based on a union of the two first varQas (IX, 322). Without the Brahmal}a to perform the expiatory and propitiatory rites, on which the king's prosperity depends, the king cannot prosper : nor can the Brahmal}a subsist without the king to protect him and his religious rites. The union of the two makes for prosperity in this and happiness in the next world. Yama, in an expressive simile, compares the Brahmal}a to the root of the tree which is the king, the subjects to its leaves and the ministers to its branches (inf. 173) The king should not appropriate the wealth of the Brahmal}a (Brahamsvam). It is more deadly than the most virulent poison.' The resumption of any gift of land made
1

3l'~feycm.' ~R ~~)m~ifil'<JT<fiil. 1

~ffiilqcJ, ~ ,, ~ ' ~ ~

(ed. Ray).-

~ ~ U:o!~ ~~: !il;or]"PJ~ ~ II ' ~~ crT {f~ ' ~iff<iT <n if ~ ~R:Jtr: I ij" ~ f.Wao~: ~" ~ ~= 11
2

i!TS~~Sl~ i!Tst_i:l ii11t Cfia I if~ ey:;f 'if ~ 'ifTS~~ ~ II ;fuflr::l)~~. ~. ,'\oOf f.r:i mf+!Z4llli!ile<i ~a , ~f.f.ir ~a sme<i eH'!_(ltlll"{.ll

"~~Fcr.

' t~ ~.

INTRODUCTION

57

to a BrahmaQa is prohibited, whether the gift was made by a king or by a predecessor. 1 A BrahmaQa's property is not lost by adverse possession or by limitation.~ (Manusmrti, VIII, 149) All finders of treasure-trove have to surrender to the king, according to their vartza, a portion of the find, except the BrahmaQa who gets the whole, besides shares in all finds.' There is a difference of opinion among commentators like VijiianeS'vara and Apararka on the reconciliation of the apparent conflict between the injunctions of Gautama, Manu, Vasi~tha, Vi~QU and Yajiivalkya on the different proportions of treasuretrove to go to the state and to the finders of different castes. MitramiS'ra discusses it at length (pp. 266-268). The topic is omitted by Lak~midhara. When MitramiS'ra wrote the question must have passed, with well-established Mughal sovereignty, outside the field of practical politics. The position is stated by Vasi~tha (I, 42-43) : "The king who rules in accordance with Dharma shall take one-sixth of wealth ; but, from others than BrahmaQas ; for he obtains a sixth of the (merit) of i$!a and p~irta rites (performed by them) ; and (because) the BrahmaQa enriches the Veda (i.e. makes the Veda bring prosperity by using it in rites), and rescues (all) from calamities. This is why the BrahmaQa is non-taxable. Soma is his king." This declaration seems to place the members of the first vartza outside not only the fiscal but the entire jurisdiction of the state. Mahabharata (S'anti-parva, 76, 8), describes BrahmaQas, who desert their spiritual offices and austerities and betake themselves to low occupations, and winds up by declaring that they are not S'rotriyas, because they do not maintain the fire (an-ahitagnaya~t). Them the
1
2

~t 'if ~ iiTqm_ I (~~fu, ~~ ~ ~).

ar!N: ~T <m5~if ~Wif.!N: Jlii'll': I ~m:cj ~tfSr~ 'if ii ~

~fu II (~, ,~,).

3 If the King himself found a treasure, he was to yield a half to Brahmattas. See Gautama (X, 43-45), Vasi~~ha (III, 13-14). Vi~ttu (III, 56-64), Yajnavalkya (II, 34-35) and Manu (VIII, 37-38).

~ !I ~u~~~~mktti ~~ ~ 1 ~:;r

iilmurrot_l

~21'.df4 !I tf!!i~

~ful
8

ifmuit

~~q ~ iilmun arrq~ :a~rn ~~ iil;:J': I ~WI~

~~~~~

..

58

THE RiJADHARMA KA~:J?A

king must compel to pay every kind of tax. 1 It has already been shown that Vasi~tha himself restricts total exemption from taxation to S'rotriyas, and the commentator implies that even a BrahmaQa, who is not a S'rotriya, enjoys the exemption, except in times of difficulty for the king. There is history behind the statement that while every one's king is the de facto ruler, Soma (the god) is the king to Brahma~;tas. This is stated in the Satapatha Briihmat)a." While everything is "food" for the king, the king himself is "food" -for the BrahmaQa. The king wields the dat)rf,a (rod of punishment) over every one, but the BrahmaQa has a counter-rod (pratidat)fj,a)-the power of the curse or excommunication, which can be used even against the king (PaficavimS'a Briihmat)a, X VIII, 10, 8). It shows the superiority of the spiritual to the the temporal power. It may be regarded, as is done by Dr. A. K. Coomarasamy, as the mastery of mind over mere force, of the adviser over the executive. Without the Brahma~;ta's co-operation a yiiga is impossible, and both are the supporters d the sacrificial rites (dhrta'Vratau). Dr. Jayaswal holds that the original claim was only for tax-exemption, which was later on expanded into one for independence of a civil power.' Dr. A. K. Coomarasamy holds' that the claim for superiority is Vedic, that the smrti merely repeats what is in the Veda, and that there was no conscious imposition of the Brahmanical power over the civil in the days of the Dharmasastras. It is worth noting that no mere assertion of such a claim will receive recognition from king or people except in an age in which both believed in them, no less than those in whose favour they seem to be urged. It is this feeling which is behind the exaltation of both the spiritual power, as exemplified by the Brahma~;ta, and the ' civil,' as denoted by the king in the DharmaS'astra
1

<~~mf.rlir: ~~ t:f<l' ~'cl 'ifi~!Wi: 1 e~~ilf;:r 'i~ {T'"fT iii~ fc!~ :q ~ u (m~tr<f, "~, ~).
mfq~iiH~, (.._,,
"t 1
,,

~):I Cl~m~T if!~: I

C!i\fifT S ~"" ~'I~

crofa iiH~CC14l'!idd

mif-

U~T

ft

~II

s Hindu Polity, II, p. 32. 'spiritual Authority and Temporal Power in the Indian Theory of Got~ernment, New Haven, 1942.

INTRODUCTION

59

literature. It negatives the division of the motives impelling to the formation of the state into temporal and spiritual, and affirms the union of both as necessary for the upkeep of society. The chief priest (Purodha) takes precedence of the king, and he who puts him before the king is the king himself. This is shown by the use of the marriage formula-" I am That, thou art This, I am the Sky, thou art the Earth," etc.in the colloquy between priest and king in the Aitareya BrahmatJa (VIII, 27). The support of the wielder of spiritual power enables the wielder of force to function rightfully as the head of the community. A king is no king, endowed with the rights and duties of the office, till he has been sprinkled (abhi$ikta) in the ceremony of coronation, conducted by the BrahmaQa. It is reading history backwards to interpret the mutual relations of the sacerdotum and regnum as rivalry, and not willing union, and to read the minds of those who accepted the arrangement by our own psychology. In the minds of the persons, who accepted the idea, inherent in vartJtiS'rama-dharma generally and in the first vartJa specifically, the apparent immunity is no immunity, as it is contingent explicitly on the fulfilment of obligations, lying on the first vartJa from birth, by the members of it to whom the exemptions from taxation, or from ordinary scales of punishment or ordinary jurisdiction, are to apply. Honour in lieu of material advantages, voluntary gifts on a few occasions in lieu of inherited wealth, casual income, liability to a life of austere poverty, hard study and unremunerated teaching, went along with protection from wanton insult (warded off by exce-ptionally severe penalties), freedom from calls that would stand in the way of the discharge of religious obligations (e.g. exemption from summons to courts as witnesses, Vi$1JU, VIII, 1-2), and a tariff of penalties, which differs from the ordinary in attacking only those possessions, which constitute the BrahmaQa's strength and claim to consideration. The first vartJa was deemed an asset to the kingdom, if its members discharged their appointed functions or did their Dharma. This is why in colonisation, and the formation of fortified cities or fortresses, which are destined for refuge in times of grave national stress, the king is enjoined to fill them them with s'rotriyas. Their decay leads

60

THE RAJADHARMA KA~J?A

to a weakening of the kingdom in every one of its elements. This is the meaning of the warning that the kingdom in which Brahmax:tas perish of starvation itself perishes/ and of the denunciation of the eight forms of baiting or persecution of Brahmax:tas as steps in rapid ruin! The same principle underlies the special treatment of BrahmaQas in civil and criminal law. There is no intention in the scheme of making things easy antl comfortable to one vat1fa at the expense of others. The inscriptions of mediaeval India show how thoroughly society was steeped in this belief. Differences of treatment based on service or merit, when duly recognized: do not create a feeling of unfair discriminaton and class rivalry.
THE ALLY (MITRA)

The section on the ally, who is included in the traditional enumeration of the seven limbs of the kingdom (inf. p. 97), as the last and the least in importance, is one of the briefest, and is reproduced entire by the Viramitrodaya. In a condition of weak inter-statal law, and of small states, alliances are obviously desirable, particularly for small powers. But, since the aim of every state will be to look first and last to its own interests, alliances which are not based on natural causes, such as situation, are apt to be weak. The ally of today may be the foe of tomorrow, and the enemy of today may become an ally in the future. Self-interest is the strongest motive (sviirthastu balavattara~L) and it overcomes likes and dislikes (p. 97). Interests create friendships and enmities in states, and there is no such
~~ll'~l-

~~ ~ ~ mf-;r~: ~fa lilT I a~<i tl~ ~ ~~O<TT~CI~'f.{: II

2qm~-

(eft. fil'., 'l.,

n" ).

~frffiffirr.r if=<T fiRftl&<ra: 1 Pm;1111TOJ.. 3l'Pf ~f! iiiT~T~ ~'qa II

jfmuJOOfir '<!~ Vl'T~~ ~etef I

em

~~ ~ ~~ sroet ifl~~fu II ~a~ ~!I ~a~~q~tef 1

~t: 51~ ~:fl'q'T ~~ f.m~ct II

(eft. ft:J., 'l.

'1~~).

tNTRODUCTION

61

thing as a permanent entente cordiale between states. A power which is now weak may become strong in future, and a growing power should be made an ally and kept an ally by all devices. Even a weak ally, if he is loyal and dependable, is an asset. It is this which makes an alliance more valuable to a state than the acquisition of treasure and territory (Manu, inj., p. 96). The implication is two-fold: secure an ally even by subsidies and by conceding territory; and, conversely, do not lose an ally by cupidity. Natural allies are those who have been so for generations (e.g. Britain and Portugal), or the discontented feudatories or the enemies of the enemy (p. 96), and artificial allies (krtrima) are secured by appeals to their avarice. Of these, natural allies are preferable. It is noteworthy that the shrewd Kautilya has no faith in permanent alliances, and regards alliances only as arrangements to get over immediate difficulties 1 He recommends allies to be closely watched. Refusal to accept payment for help in extricating an ally from internal disorder or an invasion, may cement friendship between two states, and secure similar good service in future to the helpful ally. Contrary to the DharmaS'astra valuation of the relative uses of alliance, gold, and territory, Kautilya holds the first to be the weakest of the gains, since an ally can always be bought by subsidies or territorial concessions.'
THE FORTRESS (DURGA)

In ancient warfare, in the absence of explosives and means of attack from the air, such as we now have, a fortress offered real protection. It could only be carried by escalade, as was Aslrgarh in the Central Provinces, on the road between the Dakhan and Hindusthan, or starved into submission. The success with which the fortified town of Bhartpur withstood a siege by Lord Lake in 1804 furnishes another illustration of the impregnability of such a defence. It is easy to appreciate the value attached by ancient writers to a large fortress, well
1

Arthasttstra, (first edn.), pp. 287290.

~~51"~1Ut ~{O"(i~~f~TiU~(l'ffU ~~: ~R.I fil'l~ ft ~~r;crc1: ~~(O"l!~T~Ict "11 tit ~r~: fu:G:: ~~.mo:~e~( t~r~~fa 1
2

(p. 287).

62

THE RA.JADHARMt\ ~J?A

supplied with provisions and means of defence, and well-garrisoned, to a kingdom. The walled city and the walled village The purpose of were common features of India's past. such a fortress, according to Yii.jiiavalkya, to safeguard one's people, treasure and person (iana-koS'iitmaguptaye). Natural advantages may be made the most of by such a fortress. It may be surrounded by a wide stretch of desert, offering no harbourage to the enemy and no means of concealment to a foe (dhanva-durga) ; it may be built on a high plateau (mahidurga) like Chitorgarh in Rajputana; it may be strongly protected by mud walls (mr-durga),' like Bharatpur; it may be protected by imrenetrable jungle (vark~am) as mediaeval Bedniir, was in Karnii.taka; or it may be placed on the top of a hill (giridurga), like Gwalior (Gopii.dri) and, Dt:vagiri (Daulatabad), or be simply a fortified encampment (nr-durga). A town on a ridge, surrounded by concentric walls, one within another, like Chitorgarh, offers obvious advantages, which are stressed by Manu (p. 41). Brhaspati gives detailed directions for equipping such a fortress to stand a siege. Craftsmen of all kinds, soldiers, cattle, horses as well as elephants, siege engines, and munitions of war and weapons, besides every kind of food, should be kept there. But, true to the beliefs of the age in supernatural agencies affording, when placated, the best of all protection, the king is advised to keep in all such fortresses a number of Brii.hmaQas, learned in the Vedas and maintaining the sacred fire (Vedavidyii'Vido 'Vipriin agnihotriJJa~t), so that they may perform the various periodical and special sacrifices and ceremonies for the king and subjects. They should be freed from any kind of contribution (p. 41). If a king has a choice of settling where he pleases, he is advised to select a region which is fertile and salubrious, peopled by Aryas, has a docile baronage, and is independent of the fickle seasonal rainfall. But, inaccessibility to tht: foe is the most important merit to be looked for. When the Rii.jput states of Hindusthii.n were overthrown by the Musulmans in the 12th century, the fugitives sought refuge in the deserts of Rajputana and in the Himalayan fastnesses.
1

Printed editions of Manu, VII, 70, and Mitramis'ra read ~~~

for Ji~~~ of Lak~midha.ra. Ab-durga is described a.s a fort surrounded by unfathomabie water (Medhatithi).

INTRODUCTION CONSTRUCTION OF A TOWN

63

Lak;;midhara, like his successors, devotes much space to the rules for constructing a town, and for building in it different types of buildings. The extracts he gives throw light on ancient town planning. The town should be walled all round, and there should be gates and a flag-staff in a central position (p. 42). A scheme of squares, one within another, with streets between, is recommended. In the centre must be the temple. In the square surrounding it, the king's palace with its outhouses should be built, and in the third the house of the chief judge and the courts of law (p. 42). The treasury, the elephant stables, and the arsenal should be to the south of the palace, which should face east. To the north of it i.e. to the left of it, should be built the royal kitchen (mahanasa), the quarters of the royal chaplain (purodha), the minister and the royal physician. The distri bution obviously is dictated by convenience, and it is to be found in most old Indian capitals, in which the structures of the preMuslim period have survived. Much further advice is given, based partly on mystic beliefs, in the good or bad luck that attends specific locations, and partly on experience. The fortress should not be crowded with unnecessary people (na bahiiniim ato durgam vina karyiim tato bhavet). Among means of defence it is interesting to note the advice to keep deadly cobras in pots, to be thrown on the attacking enemy (p. 46). Another interesting suggestion is to have various condiments prepared from named ingredients, which have nourishing and hunger resisting properties (pp. 46-47). They were for use in a prolonged siege, during which provisions run short. The erection of temples to divinities, who are named, is recommended. It will procure their protection to the fortress and city. But, the direct line of vision (dri!}ti) of some deities can be fatal, while that of others is beneficial. This should guide the location and erection of public and private buildings (pp. 53-54). The interruption of the direct line of vision of some deities, e.g. Devi, bodes misfortune. No building directly in front of their temples should be built. It is lucky to build the shrines of some deities only at stated parts of the city and inauspicious in others. This is an extention of the old belief in the 'evil eye.' The idea is found in Indian astrology,

64

THE RiJADHARMA KA!!!~A

where malefic or beneficial " aspects " (t~ik$a~) form vital elements in the selection of suitable moments for action. Certain moments represent invisible channels of time, in which one can progress safely and certain others the converse (pp. 5556). The site chosen should possess good features and mystic virtues. The inspection of the site (viistu-parik$ii) is an essential preliminary to building on it. The laying of the foundation should be preceded by the worship or the placation of superhuman beings (pp. 58-60). The planting of trees, except in specified places in relation to a residence, may bring bad luck (p. 69), such as loss of wife or children, and, in the case of a king, of subjects (prajii-hani). 'the first entry into a newly built house or palace should be made at an auspicious moment, and after specified ritual ((grhapra'Ves'a-vidhi~, pp. 7073). There are definite rules, largely empirical, even for gathering the timber for construction (diirviiharat;za-vidhi~, pp. 73-74). The royal flag-staff should conform to specifications (dhvajalak$at;zam, pp. 73-76). The antiquity of the tests applied to the selection of sites is shown by the quotation from the ancient Grhya-sfitra of As'valayana (Bahvrca-grhya) reproduced on pp. 76-77, which is typical of what is found in other grhyaSlitras also. There is, in the rules furnished in the Sltfras, the mixture of good building knowledge and much mysticism. The Pural).ic extracts, which are quoted, merely summarize and paraphrase what is found in the older sutras. The rules are the same for public or private dwellings and the directions to the king are to be deduced from those to the K$atriya. The welfare of the king and the state demands attention to the taboos and the prescriptions that are designed to ensure luck. A Dharma digest excludes black magic.
FoRCES (DA!!!J?A)

The only remaining element of saptariga is Dat;~cja, which interpreted as Send, armed force. It is so called as with it alone is chastisement (dat;Jcja) of the enemy or rebels possible. The chapter in which Lak!?midhara deals with the armed forces is the shortest in the book. It consists of two verses from the Mahiibhiirata, selected from Bhi!?ma's summary of the contents
IS

INTRODUCTION

65

of the encyclopaedic treatise composed by Brahmii., which dealt with Rajadharma (S'antiparva, ed. Kumbakonam, ch. 58, sl. 40-41). They indicate two divisions of the forces of the state, open and secret, the first of eight classes and the second of many types. The eight-fold senii consists of chariots, elephants, cavalry, infantry, conscripts (vi~#), navy, intelligence corps (ciirii~t) and guides (deS'ikii~t). Lak~midhara interprets vi~# as "compulsorily impressed labour corps" (baliitkiiretJa iikr~!a~t karmkarit)a~t) and "deS'ikii " as ' natives '. The last interpretation seems as in correct as that of the commentator on the Mahabhiirata (XII, p. 92) who explains it as "teachers who instruct." Neither suits the context. If it means " persons born in the country" it must be "these of the invaded country." It is noteworthy that nothing is said about the troops being made up of k$atriyas only. Even before the days of Kautilya the army was recruited from all castes, and he discusses the relative fighting value of recruits from each vartJa 1 Manu (p. 247) advises the soldiers recruited from the inhabitants of Kuruk~etra, Mii.tsya, Pancii.la, and S'i.irasena (i.e., the area between Thanesar and Muttra) to be placed in the van of battle, as "shock " troops. The ordinary soldier was apparently a salaried servant. Nii.rada places him in the highest class of paid servants, judged by remuneration. 1 Lak~midhara concurs in the view that even a small army, which is loyal, well-fed and in good spirits, can acquit itself remarkably-" conquer the earth " (mah'im jayati)-the implication being that the troops should be well looked after and kept contented and cheerful. Training, proper leadership, and good pay are stressed by Kii.mandaka3 as necessary for mllitary efficiency. He also
I t iifTl;ll1f.eyfsr~-~~-$tti'~ a;;r: 3ii:lrnlf({ ~ ~ ~~: ~~~fll'gq_' ~=<i~f: I ~fu chl~~: I !;!fUrqfflij' lilT~~ q~Tsfi:l~n:_ I !;I([{O'!fcl~rfclifui g ~~~ ~<1:, <I~!:IR 'l'T ~~~~ifof<i'lfirfu II ( ,, "- ~. ~ Y~) I 2 ~a<tfuf<Nl ~~ Ji'E~+ftSI:lJi:, I ~fui~'fflt"!~qT ~~~qf iiiJih.l~T ~fC!: 1 ~R'Cf~l:'fi~S"'' 11~;~~ '1Nt<~<15: I afl:l+it ~T~'f!"i2~~Tfi(f~'f ~T

~o: II ("', .._.._ .H, ~

3

'lY"') I f!niqar~ <i'H: r:i([ffl ~ail': 1 fct<:"o~noqr~

;;r;:;q: ~~~: ~~cjo: II

i!Ti!T!;I~unqffi i!TifT~fcro~: I i!Ti!T~T1:1!:111T'tft1111 iftU~Cf([l!trt: II WI'HlT<iT~:~ ~~!J '<i 'llci~Ji: I ~~;~: a_if:i'<i!;!T~ ~u:it ~~~t lief: II (<fiT~, Y, ~ ~~ ~"')
9

66

THE Ri.JADHARMA Ki~J?A

envisages a standing army-i.e., which has served father and grandfather, pitr-Paitamaha.
OPERATIONS OF WAR

The directions for the conduct of military operations should follow logically the section on armed forces (DatJtfa), but Lak!?midhara treats the subject under the six-fold expedient ($iitJ-gutJya) and expedients (upaya). The procedure is also followed by Mitramis'ra (pp. 328-412). War, considered as one of the six expedients, is technically termed yiina (march), but Lak~midhara and Mitramis'ra prefer the term yiitrii for it. The choice of a suitable time for the expedition is first discussed. Naturally, it will be available only to the power that takes the initiative. It will not be possible in defensive war. The attack is to be directed against the capital of the enemy (yiiyiid aripuramsanai~), which is the ultimate objective of the campaign. The adverb s-anai~z ('slowly') indicates that the march through hostile territory will be contested and will have necessarily to be slow. The concentration of the resources of a state in a fortified capital makes its capture the decisive act of the campaign. One interpretation of the obscure expression dvaidhi-bhava, which has been explained in different ways,' is this, viz., that this concentration of resources and forces should be given up, when a division is rendered necessary by the fear of the enemy encircling the army. The king is advised by Manu (inf. p. 114) to commence the campaign in "the auspicous month of Miirgas-ir$a ", or ' according to his resources' in the months of Phiilguna and Caitra. He may begin operations in any other month, provided victory is virtually certain owing to the difficulties of the enemy (vyasane votthite ripo~). The reasons for the advice are thus stated by Medhatithi. "In Miirgas-irsa (December-] anuary) the autumn harvest would have been garnered, and the invader will be cheered by the prospect of having also his spring harvest. The time is good for siege operations. The rivers will then be running low, the ground hard, and there will be no over-growth of jungle through which the army will have to march. The
' Cf. Medhatithi on Manu, VII, 160 and VII, 167 Kamandaka, X, 24-27, and Kau~ilya, VII, 1 and 7 (p. 264 and pp. 280284).

lNTRODUCTION

67

season will also be neither too hot nor too cold." " At any other season, food grains, though sufficient, will not be diversified in kind and quality, the season of three harvests being far off. Further, at other seasons the enemy can take shelter under a powerful king. This will dissipate the grain stock of both combatants, and the attacking forces will be weakened." " If, however, the invader is only anxious to inflict some injury on the em~my, the expedition is expected to be of short duration and the invading forces are quite strong, the invasion may take place in Phiilguna or Caitra (March-May), especially if the country which is to be attacked is rich in spring harvests. The invader can be sure then of adequate fodder supplies and will also be able to destroy the spring crops in the invaded country." 1 The time chosen must also be suitable to the utilization of the particular part of the army, in which the invader is most strong : infantry and elephants can be used in rains (padati-niiga-bahulam senam pravri$i yojayet, in. p. 123). Summer is suitable for the operations of a camel corps (kharo$frabahuliim senam tatha gri$me). Every arm of the forces can be used only in s'arat (end of Autumn) and vasanta (Spring). Before using any particular section of the army the terrain must be carefully studied. Thus, chariots need hard, level ground. A king who is strong in one arm more than others should select both the route and the time most suitable for its use. Strategy and tactics are for the trained Senapati (generalissimo). War experience in ancient India had crystallized into certain general principles of military evolution. Fancied resemblance to certain objects or animals gave to each type or formation (vyiiha) its technical name e.g., the 'needle' (siici), the 'thunderbolt' (vajra), the 'swan ' (hamsa), the 'lotus' (padma), the ' staff' (da1J4a) etc. Their indication, as mere illustrations (Manu, VII, 191), suggests that the struggle was to be on both sides conducted according to well-understood principles of strategy. This implies adequate training and discipline, which alone will make it possible for quick changes to be made in formations, and for the habituation of the armies to recognized rules of war. The second aspect is very important in view of the insistence
1

Trn. Uha), III, pp. 390391.

68

THE RAJADHARMA KA:!!:J?A

m Rajadharma on the conduct of the war in accordance with stringent rules, penalizing practices, that were deemed inequitable. Thus it is lawful to a kingdom which has been invaded to apply the principle of the " scorched earth." It is allowed to lay waste the open country, to destroy standing crops and the bunds of irrigation reservoirs, to flood the country, to pull down fortifications and buildings, which may be useful to the invader, and to burn up grain stores. "The (defending) king shall gather for himself all the corn; what he cannot take away, he should burn ; all standing crops 5hould be destroyed ; fords and bridges should be destroyed ; water from reservoirs should be let out ; stagnant water, as also wells, should be rendered unfit for drinking; jungle near the beleaguered fortress should be burnt: the branches of larger trees should be lopped off, if they are beyond the glacis." (p. 125). The aim is to prevent an invader from living off the land, while carrying on a siege, or advance under cover. The same destruction practised by an invader will be another matter, and will not be allowable. A surprise attack at night is permissible, but only to create confusion and panic in the enemy.' (Manu, VII, 186). It is forbidden to kill men while' asleep (ib. VII, 92). The aim of the expedition (yiitrii) is to bring the enemy to his knees, but it is allowable to effect it only by 'lawful' methods. Non-combatants cannot be slain. Megasthenes noted that the cultivators, "at the very time when a battle was going on might be seen quietly pursuing their work of ploughing or digging unmolested.'' But, in the heat of battle, it is difficult to enforce the ethical rules of a military code. In his Thirteenth Rock Edict, Asoka states that in his war against Kalinga. 150,000 were taken prisoners, 100000 persons (apparently com batant5) were slain, " and many times as many died.'' Violence, death and banishment are inevitable," he states in poignant repentance, " even for householders, and ascetics, if a country
Mahabharata, SauptikaParva, 8. In explaining 'bhrsadat;uJastu satru~u ' in Manu, VII, 32, Medhatithi explains that the invader should not destroy the inhabitants in the invaded kingdom, ir' it is at all possible to save them : q~(T~'frfuonsfq u~~~ ~~
1 2

~~ (~~~~if ~o:qra I
p. 410.

For Megasthenes, see c"amb. Hist.

~~

India, 1.

tNTRODiJCTION

69

hitherto unconquered is conquered." 1 The aged and the sick, women and children, Brahmat;~as, students, and the outcaste cannot be slain. Nor can persons without weapons or armour, or those who have laid down their arms and surrendered. A prisoner cannot be maltreated. The use of weapons which cause needless pain (liked barbed arrows, which lacerate the flesh), or which are poisoned or of flame-throwers is forbidden.' Fugitives cannot be pursued and killed 3 (Apastamba II, 10. 11). Kfcta-yuddha, war by secret and unregenerate methods, is absolutely forbidden in Rajadharma. An open fight is expected. An ambush (sattra~~) comes under kfcta-yuddha. A king can be slain even in battle only by a king. The Nitisiistra allows ki'ita-yuddha. A chapter of the Kautiliya' (X, 3) is devoted to it. Kamandaka defends it and argues that for the destruction of a foe the use of stratagems is necessary. He holds that it does not violate Dharma (na hi tirayati dharmam). He refers with approval to the notorious nocturnal attack made by Asvatthaman on the sleeping Pat;~Q.ava host, and its destruction when lying unsuspicious of such an unfair attack." Lak~mldhara's loyalty to the ancient principles of righteous war (dharmayuddha) is reflected in his omission of authorities sanctioning kuta-yuddha. Yajiiavalkya (1, 323) restricts entry to heaven only to those who fight fair and die in battle doing so. Since a battle is described as a yajiia (sacrifice), it cannot be
1 See Bhandarkar's Asoka, p. 329. As'oka views the slaughter in the war as not characteristic of' righteous war' (dharmavijaya), which will henceforth be

the ideal of his future conquests : ~~ ~~ ~ ~<Jii&~~ ~ 1:1ilf<l~~) (~ o) (Shahabhazgarhi Text).

'if ~f~: if~~: SJ~<r. (~r~or. ~. ~-

.,, ,~, ,o)

1 Cf.Maha-

bharaia, S'antiparva, 95, ll......;r~reR) if ifi1lff ~Til. 8HI~CI~~ 1 vide infra p. 131. Manu's Kutayuddha ("concealed weapon') will include modern 'boobytraps ' and land-mines. Most weapons of modern warfare will be outlawed by Hindu Dharma. Medhatithi (VII, 90) describes the Karnika, as an arrow whose tip or middle is ear-shaped, with keen edges, which makes it difficult to withdraw the arrow, without tearing the flesh, Expanding bullets were once outlawed on similar grounds.

3ff~. ~~., ~. , FifiiT~r~i<f~ 'lft~i!. I

3
1

o, ., ,, ~~U-i'~~~- SJ~~-srr5ffa-~
~~T-

Bk. X, ch, 3.

~tr (,~,

__,,)

~fil1i~El:"'~li!. ~~~ ~\"1. if ~ ffi(~fCI ~~ Otliff ~~~lfCI: I al~~~W !JlVScfliflqift;fi f.rfu gf.rfu~ i{tOTij_~ ~ II

70

THE RiJADHARMA KA!!J?A

a Yajiia, if it is waged unfairly. The deterioration of moral standards after the Muslim conquest of India is reflected in the open manner in which the defence of ktl!a-yuddha in the Kamandakiya is quoted with approval in Bhatta Nilakantha's treatise. The use of chivalrous methods in fighting a ruthless enemy, who will not follow them, was a serious handicap to the Rajput dynasties, on whom fell the brunt of the Muslim attack. Equity and wisdom dictate considerate treatment of a conquered enemy. When a king is overthrown or killed, his state is not to be destroyed, and his kingdom dismembered or annexed. Enemy subjects are immune from maltreatment ; for, as Katyayana points out, the war was not waged with their sanction (p. 139). A defeated kingdom must be allowed to function as of old, though as a tributary. Its ancient customs and laws must be conserved and left to function as in the past. Compelling a conquered people, on any ground, to adopt the laws and customs of the conqueror, is repugnant to both Dharma and Niti. 1 Not only do smrtis like those of Manu (VII, 203), 2 Vi~Qu (3, 42) and Yajfiavalkya (I, 342) insist on the equity of preserving the constitution and laws of the conquered kingdom and the conservation of its customs, but on grounds of prudence also, the same injunction is given by Kautilya, who goes so far as to advise the conqueror to make himself acceptable to the conquered people by adopting himself their modes of life, customs, dress and language.' It may be remembered that this was done by Alexander the Great after the conquest of Persia. The sins of the conquered ruler are not to be visited on his people or state. " Even though the enemy may have been wicked" says Katyayana (VM. p. 411), "the conqueror should not destroy his kingdom." After victory, the conqueror is enjoined by Manu (VII, 201) to grant cultivators in the conquered kingdom remissions of taxes, for one or two years, in order that those who had already suffered in the war, might not suffer further.' A
3

1 ~Rl!:IT{. V, ~, ~ in f. pp. 138-139. XIII, 5 Modern conquerors have also adopted these methods of concilia4

o,.

'

tion.

~~~<'f.ll~~HifT J;i~f.t-1 <:l~T a~r '-IT e'-1~1]{~ ;_~) '-IT ~11!_ I ~TOJT q\~~Ofql:;. OR?TOJT ~~TQ~(t_ lt: ~r;~~Ullli'[ ~Til~~ a~rqfq Bffi~ llqr ~ ~ ~rqr( 6GRl2~ " ~fu I

iNrrefil(", <_o,)~~r-~fi!OJT qft~ru~ ft:~re: ~~~t~ f.tft2ifi{-

-"a:

INTRODUCTION

71

general amnesty is to be proclaimed. No one is to be penalized for his loyalty to his king, or, for what we now call "war-guilt." If, after all these gracious acts, the conqueror finds the people still devoted to their old rulers, he should set on the throne a member of the old dynasty. Rajadharma does not sanction the exaction of territorial concessions from a conquered enemy,' or of an indemnity to cover the cost of the war. A king is indeed described :iS making war for getting additional territory, but it clearly signifies supremacy rather than annexation. To compel cessions of territory or to insist on indemnities is akin to asura-vijaya, not dharma-vijaya.' Conquered territory should be gradually evacuated.
BOOTY

It is contrary to Rajadharma to sack a captured town. Booty is defined as only what is taken on the field of battle, and it does not include loot. All booty belongs in theory to the king. The smrtis state some exceptions to this principle. The old rule of Gautama (I, 20-23) ' is that the soldier gets the spoils, but chariots and riding animals belong to the king, even if they have been won by a private in single combat. All other booty, goes to the common stock from which the king will make suitable rewards to those who deserve them for their contribution to the victory.' In Manu, (VII. 96) the old rule is relaxed in favour of the soldier. He can hold what he has won, if it be chariots, elephants, umbrellas, grain, animals and women. Medhatithi rules that everything else must go to the king, viz. arms, conveyances, gold, -silver, buildings, cattle etc!
1
2

~rf.:CiqcffUJ, \' , .,_ o, ~~T-

~fit'T if ~ ~ ~ ~q: t'if~I1Tf'-'fCI: I This is why the king is enjoined to mark the behaviour of his soldiers in battle (Manu, VII, 194, infra p. 130).
3

"~ ~-l{P.lrct~<r.mt u~ Q;<~' 1 ~'l'~ qftllfV!nq_ 1 an~~~<rr{"frf.r u~ ~ , ~ro:~f<Oift \!~r.!qrrwrra:. ~if ll)-~~r~?1a 1 n~r u~r~~o
4

Sl~" (~~rfu~, "' \')I

Wilson, History of the Madras Army, 1882, I, 120, 160; II, In 1758 the Crown transferred by letters patent its rights to all plunder taken by their troops and ships to the East India Company. After this was done, the Company of its own accord consented to one half of all such booty (or prize money) bei_ng given to the. troops with t_he exception ~f cannon, military stores and ammumtion. The d1stnbut10n of pnze money ra1sed many 11ndignified and acrimonious controvers1es after every war. >See W.
336-339; IV, 193-212.

J.

72

THE RAJADHARMA KA~~A

Even the soldier who gets his share of the booty should voluntarily present a choice object to the king (Manu, VII, 97). These wholesome rules are obviously intended to prevent indiscriminate plunder and such scramble for the spoils of the war, as was to become an ugly feature of the campaigns of the East India Company. \Var conducted on the lines laid down by Rajadharma has the great merit of not leaving behind any lasting bitterness among a conquered people or of generating in them a hankering for revenge, such as would lead to another war. Rajadharma wisdy recognized that moderation in victory gives the only real assurance of lasting peace. The struggle for supremacy among rulers was not to degenerate into wars of peoples. Except world opinion, there is no other sanction behind the humane principles of war enunciated by Dharmas'astra. Violations of the rules of chivalrous war can only be visited by public condemnation. The treacheries in the war, which preceded the accession of Har!;ia (608 A.D.) roused universal reprobation 1 In the . struggles between the Calukyas and the Pallavas their respective capitals were burnt down! The harsh and ignominious treatment accorded to the heroic Mufija (Vakpatiraja), after sixteen successful compaigns, by his old foe the Calukya Tailaapa, roused the indignation and horror of his contemporaries. 3
ETHICS OF VIOLENCE

War is the last resort of kings. It is not to be started hastily. The injunction to try every means of averting it is due less to the dislike of the evil that it brings in its train to both combatants and to non-combatants than to the uncertainty
1 Har!!<l's brother Rajyavardhana was treacherously assassinated. His sister Rajyas'ri was married to Grahavarman, the Maukhliri king of Kanauj. He was defeated and killed, and Rajyas'ri, was imprisoned with " fetters kissing her feet." See Blit;ta's Har~a-carita, Ucch. VI, passim. 2 Kanci, the Pallava capital was sacked by the Calukya Pulakesin II (c. 609 A. D.) Narasimhavarma I. retaliated, and destroyed Vatapi, the Calukya capital. (J. F. Fleet. Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, 1896, p. 328.). 3 Ibid, p. 432. See, Merutuftga's Prabandha-cintama!Ji, which describes Munja's sufferings (pp. 34-35), and D. C. Gangoly-History of the Paramara Dy!'asty,_ 1933, pp. 5661. Muiija, like Belisarius, had to beg his food in the streets, before bemg put to death.

INTRODUCTION

73

of victory for the king who starts the war. The fortunes of war are governed by visible and invisible causes. Precautions may be taken against the former. To avert disaster due to the latter, the only course is to secure superhuman support. While ahimsii, aversion to inflict pain, is held up as an ideal of personal conduct, it is recognized that it is impossible to avoid the infliction of pain in the universe as constituted. He who inflicts pain accumulates du$-karma. Its effects will survive death and pursue him in after-life. Pantheism and the doctrine of the all-pervasive Atman combine to restrain the disposition to hurt. But infliction of pain is often needed for ultimate relief. A teacher who punishes a refractory pupil causes immediate pain for the reformation and ultimate good of the pupil. The physician causes pain in ord~r to banish it altogether from the patient. The king restrains and punishes wrong-doers, so that they may be purified by punishment, others might take a lesson from their fate and avoid similar wrong-doing, and in order to protect the people. One may hurt an assailant in self-defence, or oppressors of the poor and the helpless.!! Pain may be caused by carrying out the Vedic injunctions in animal sacrifices. The himsii caused in such sacrifices is declared to be ahimsii. 3 One may be outraged by the sight of harm done or impending to BrahmaQas, cows and women and take up arms to defend them, using violence to resist violence.' One may take up arms in defence of his home and country. Lastly, a person may be obliged to fight because he is engaged on a salary to fight for his master, or it may be a matter of duty to him, owing to his var~a. A k$atriya should not die in bed.> In every one of these cases, the
1 Mahabharata, Anusasana, 227, 3-5. See Sir P. S. Sivaswami Aiyer, Ahimsa and Asatiga, 1941, passim. Manusmrti, VIII, 350, and Mahabharata, S'antiparva, 14, 89-ana-

ffi~Oill'T~~
3

aJftr ~~fr(l41<01( I ~'<lie~

f~it~T'!:IT~

a-l ~ ~~il I
~

Manusmrti, v, 44-~T ~~fuar ~tiT f.r'!:loTSft:'lW{. '<JU~ I ~eril'il

'Ibid. X, 62-iiiT~TTif fliiT~ qy a:~~mTS~4~o: I ~iiT~"\ '<f' ii!mTifT fuf.lrctiY{ll!q I Even persons who are out-castes are redeemed by such acts.
5

crt ~il ~~~ fu ~"'

Vi~~usmrti, 3, 44-r!ff~ ~f ~Hi): Cl'~~fl'H:1~ q;f: I Mahabharata,

10

S'anti(>arva, 97, 23.25--a{~~: ~~-11~~ ~~T~ ~~ 1 ~~ ~rf.r

74

THE RiJADHARMA KANDA

violence or pam that is caused is not merely defensible but is positively meritorious. It is the aim of man to overcome sin. Among the many ways of doing so is the performance of the horse-sacrifice (Asvamedha). Even a mortal sin like that resulting from the murder of a Brahmal}a is destroyed by the performance of the horse-sacrifice. There is Vedic authority for the belief. 1 According to Gautama and Manu, if the murderer of a Brahmal}a first confesses his guilt and then bathes in the water in which the king, who has completed the horse sacrifice, has had his lustration, he is freed from his sin. It was a matter of caste prestige for a k!}atriya to do the horse sacrifice.' It enables a king to gain all his objects, gain all prosperity and win all victories if he performs it. The- sacrifice will be ruined if an enemy gets hold of the sacrificial victim, i.e., the horse.' Accordingly, only a powerful king can give the needed protection to the animal. Wars must result from the undertaking of this sacrifice. Again, loyalty to an ally, desire to extend one's dominion, and desire to obtain wealth may induce a ruler to make war. In all such cases, the test of real ahimsii is its practicability. Ahimsii becomes synonymous with needless infliction of pain. Once it is conceded that war is justifiable on var1Ja-dharma or gu1Ja-dharma, it becomes obligatory for combatants to do everything that would ensure success. The zealous exertion of the soldiers, or others who take part in the struggle, is needed for ultimate victory. Doubters must be reassured, slackers stirred up, the timorous heartened up, and assurances of advantages not realizable except through death in battle have to be held out to the fighters. A paid retainer or soldier, who refuses to fight for his master, is guilty of the sin of ingratitude
~ tfft:~mt I ~ail' ~t-1 ~ ~)s~~~fa I ~f'SI'li) ifTfRJ sroaf.:a ~Utlf<;:: I if ~ iitoi ffi(f ~f,;rlif1'1t ~~~~ 1 1 aiTtl ~ail iil~a{cr_ ali qp:;ffii a~~ ~~t li)s~ liia' (~ooli
~fu(fr,
2

'-\ 1

~1

~,

,,

~). See also Gautama, 19, 9 and Vasi~tha, 22, 6.

Manusmrti. XI, 82-ffi~r ~~ ~~TifT if~~aiJT1ri:t 1 ~S<rli;Riffilf

~~ Fctw~~'
1 Its complexity, difficulty and rarity raised the prestige of the K~atriya who performed it, 'P, V. Kane-History of Dharmasastra, II, 1941, p. 1233.

1NTRODUCTION

75

(krtaghnatii). A k$atriya cannot show his back to the enemy. In the quaint language of Yama (inf. p. 130) a k$afriya has the Brahmal)a 'on his back,' and he must not expose him to the enemy. There is no higher duty for him than to die in battle. He who fights straight in battle (akutairiiyudhaily,) and loses his life in it, goes to heaven, like a Yogi (Yajii.avalkya I, 304). The k$afriya who dies in defence of his people wins the same fruit as he who does a horse sacrifice (Devala, inj. p. 133). He goes to the heaven of Indra. He dwells there as long as there are particles of dust stained by the blood oozing from his wounds (inj. p. 133). There is no death equal in merit to that in battle for kings.' The king killed in defence of the property of Brahmal)as is the spirit of sacrifice incarnate (siik$iif yajnadharma~t p. 134). There is no greater sin for a k$atriya than flying from a battle (Vyasa, inf. p. 134). The soldier who flies from battle takes over all his ruler's sins, when he is killed in. flight; and whatever merit he has accumulated till then goes to the king (Manu, inf. p. 135). Every step taken by one who deserts his king in battle is equal in sin to Brahmal)a-slaughter (Pariis'ara, p. 135 infra). There is no other way of requiting the king's wages than dying for him in battle (Adityapuriina, inj. p. 135). He who dies in battle stands in no need of the usual funeral ceremonies; he communicates no pollution to his relations by his death. Thousands of celestial damsels wait for the hero who dies in battle exclaiming " He will be our husband." The hero who listens unmoved to the tale of woe of a Brahmar;ta, without going to his rescue, goes to Hell, (inj. p. 136). Such are the exhortations to the soldier to fight to death. Lak~midhara devotes much space to the topic. It is permissible to see in it the reaction to the conditions of his age, when the death struggle with the Muslim invader had begun, and it was vital that every Indian should be stirred up to the patriotic and pious duty of fighting for his king, country, culture and religion, and, if need be, of dying for them. Doubtless such appeals were addressed to soldiers before a campaign or a battle, and powerfully helped recruitment, mobilization and resolute fighting.
1 In 1250 A.D., Rawal Chachik of Jaisalmir fearing the ignominy of death by mere age. begged the Langa prince of Multan to give him '" the gift of battle (yuddka-dana) ' and died in the battle after performing prodigies of valour (H. B. Sarda. Hindu Superiority, 1917, p. 53).

76

THE RAJADHARMA KA:!:~I?A SUPERNATURAL SUPPORT

The army would gain confidence from the knowledge that supernatural agencies had been enlisted by the king in its support. Happiness and suffering in this existence are not wholly due to the actions done in former births, but they affect the disposition, character and instincts of a person in this life. One's actions in this birth, as affected by the vasana, the mental and moral traits, which constitute his initial equipment in life, may be responsible for his good fortune or bad luck. A wise ruler therefore tries to avert and to correct any tendencies to misfortune or ill-luck by taking precautions governing his own conduct, as well as by expiatory or p~opitiatory rites prescribed-by his spiritual guides. Omens and portents must be carefully studied, partly because they convey warnings to a king not to run risks, and partly to suggest means of propitiation of the offended divinities, whose displeasure bodes misfortune. Lak;;mrdhara deals with such indications with some fulness. The king is also advised to pay heed to the warnings or hopes conveyed by dreams. Knowledge of dream-lore is held essential in normal times and even more in the conduct of war (pp. 116-122). The health and efficiency of the army are ensured by the regular performance of niranjana, or lustral purification, every year in the month of .Asvina, and again specially before an army is put on the field. This ceremony is not explicitly advised by Lak;;m!dhara, in the preparations for war, probably because it was a routine observance. MitramiS'ra and later writers deal with the rite very fully. Before the commencement of the march the king should take a 'bath of victory' (jayabhi$eka), which should be followed up by a special niranjana and a ghrtakamba!a-s'anti (op.cit. pp. 340-396). The ritual is described from the Lingajmra1_1a, a work which Lak;;m!dhara often draws upon. An ordinary Ptija to the gods should follow the victorious termination of the campaign (p. 137), and be accompanied by largesses to Brahmal).as.
STANDING RELIGIOUS OBLIGATIONS

Belief in the efficacy of the worship of the gods and of the performance of certain rites is responsible for the indication by

INTRODUCTION

77

Lak?midhara of such of them as seemed to him to be important enough to deserve special mention and description. The last seven chapters of his RajadharmakiitJda are devoted to them. They are simply reproduced by MitramiS'ra. The Pura!}as inculcate the worship of many deities and the performance of numerous ceremonies. It has to be presumed that Lak?midhara, who has furnished a list of seven of these, felt that they should not be neglected by a king who desired to be prosperous.
1. DEVAYA.TRA. (FESTIVALS IN HONOUR OF DEITIES)

Certain tithis, nak$atras and months are associated in sacred legends with particular divinities. To worship a deity on such a conjunction is specially efficacious, and the festivities in honour of the deity should terminate on that date. The first lunar day is sacred to Brahma, the second to the goddess of learning, the third to Ganga, the fourth to Vinayaka, the fifth to the Nagas (serpents), the sixth to Skandha, the seventh to the Sun, the eighth to Rudra with his attendants as well as to Indra, the ninth to Durga and the Mothers, the tenth to the Earth-goddess, the eleventh to the Creator and to ViS'vakarma, the twelfth to Vi?QU, the thirteenth to the God of Love (Kama), the fourteenth to Kapardin, and the full-moon day to the ViS'vedevas and the Moon-god. All these come in the bright fortnight. In the dark half of the month, the Manes are worshipped on the New Moon, Yama (the god of Death) on the fourt;h and fourteenth. Every day is auspicious for the worship of the Supreme Being, Naraya!}a. The festivities are to last atleast seven days in each case. For each day particular duties in connection w.ith the festival are indicated. These are all annual functions, and they are to take place in the temples concerned in the six months following Vais'iikha. They grant lasting prosperity (p. 181). In any kingdom in which these festivals and worship are neglected, the harvests are destroyed by floods or by drought, and famine and pestilence follow. The king's duty is to see that such calamities are averted by insisting on the due performance of the worship of the above gods (p. 181).

2.

KAUMUD!-MAHOTSAVAM

Kaumudimahotsava is special festival dedicated to S'iva culminating on the full moon day in the month of Kartika. Its

78

THE RAJADHARMA KAf:7J?A

special feature is illumination of all houses during the whole month preceding, practice still followed. Animal sacrifice on the days is enjoined for the king, who is to take the lead in organizing and observing the festival. 3. INDRADHVAJOCCHRA.YA (RAISING A FLAG STAFF
OF INDRA)

The ceremony consists in the erection of a flag-staff on the eighth day of the bright fortnight in the month of Bhiidrapada (August-September), or on the day in which the constellation S'ravaQ.a occurs in the bright fortnight of the month of As'vina. It is a public ceremony to _be done by the king himself, with due pomp, attended by his court (p. 189). The erection oi this flag-staff and its worship, according to a ritual, which is fully described, destroys all threats to the kingdom (samasta ghoriit.tiim niis'anam) and ensures constant victory (jayadam). The staff represents the staff of victory, which Vi~Q.U obtained from S'iva. From Him it passed on in succession to Brahma, Indra, Soma and the patriarch (Prajapati) Dak~a. From the days of Dak~a, kings are said to raise this flag-staff. The king who annually erects it becomes the lord of the world and his kingdom never suffers from want of rain (p. 190). Elaborate rules are given in regard to the choice of the tree for the flag-staff. It should be one of seven named kinds, and be absolutely flawless. It should not break or get injured when cut down or transported, as various misfortunes will follow such mishaps, e.g. death of the queen. The pole should be crowned with a banner. It should not become a roosting place for inauspicious birds. On the night of its erection, the king and his priests should keep awake to guard it. The staff itself should be worshipped with appropriate Vedic hymns. Lak~midhara's account is extracted from the DevipuriitJa. There is in the Mahiibhiirata an account of the gift of a banner (dhvaja) by Indra to king Uparicara of Cedi, of his ceremonious worship of it, displayed on a pole in a special festival, of lndra's pleasure thereon, and his pledge that who-soever celebrated the festival shall be free of all calamities and be assured of victories (Adiparva, 64 36-38). The flag-staff is represented

INTRODUCTION

79

there as standing for Indta. Literary references show that the erection of the pole was the signal for the commencement of popular festivities in a kingdom. Neither Nllaka!)tha nor Anantadeva has prescribed the festival, for the good of the state, as Lak~mi:dhara and MitramiS'ra have done.

4.

DEVIPUJA IN NAVARATRI

The nme days beginning with the New Moon in the month of Kiinya (September-October) are prescribed for pujas, to the three goddesses, Durga, Sarasvatl and Lak~ml. The Devipura1Ja enjoins the worship of Durga, in her aspect as the destroyer of the buffalo-demon (Mahi$iisura-mardin'i), on the night of the eighth lunar day. After worship, the king is to decapitate with his sword at midnight a sacrificial animal (pas'u), and the blood of the victim is to be offered to the god Niruti (p. 194). The night is to be spent in worship of the goddess and the Mothers, and followed up next day by a procession in which the image of the goddess is taken round in a festal car. The sacrifice is prescribed for the attainment of fame, sovereignty, children, longevity and wealth (yas'o-rajya-putrayur-dhanam). This popular S'akta rite is still celebrated in many parts of India on the night specified, but the victim is now a buffalo.

5. CHII;INA-PUJA (WORSHIP OF EMBLEMS)

Another form of worship prescribed for kings, to ensure every form of prosperity to the king and. kingdom, is that of the goddess Durga, in different pictorial representation, each of which stands for her in one of her aspects. Worshipped as Uma, mounted on a lion, she destroys the king's enemies. The same result is attained by worshipping her as Mahamiiya, mounted on a monkey. Worshipped as mounted on the bird Garuga, she destroys epidemics, and so forth. For convenience, the pictures are to be drawn on banners, which are then to be worshipped.
6. GAVOTSARGA (LIBERATION OF Cows)

A number of cows, after being decked and worshipped with Vedic mantras, are to be marched between two upright poles,
I

Ibid., pp. 178-181,

80

THE RiJADHARMA KA~I;JA

then tied up and finally let loose. It is to be done on the new moon m the month of Kiirtika (October-November). Its fruit is relief of the kingdom from the six traditional calamities ($a{i-'itaya~) viz., excessive rain, failure of rain, rat pest, locustinvasion, birds which eat away unharvested grain, and royal avance. The last benefit shows that the commendation of the ceremony 1s even more in the interests of the subjects than of their ruler.

7. V ASORDH.i.Ri
The last of the rites recommended_ for kings by Lak~mi dhara is the Vasordhiirii. The word means ' stream of wealth,' 1 and refers to a thin stream of some liquid, usually clarified butter, (ajya), which is made to trickle slowly and continuously through a minute hole made at the bottom of a metal vessel hung above the fire-pit (agni-kutJ{ia). The rite is ancient, and is described in the Vedic Samhitas. In the Vedic ritual the stream of fluid flows from a sruk made of udumbara wood, which after the ceremony, is thrown into the Fire. The Fire god (Agni) is all-powerful. The object of the rite to secure for the sacrificer all the powers of the god. In the Pural).as, the rite has been modified. The power in the Fire is described there as due not to Agni but to a more potent deity residing in the Fire. In the passages extracted by Lak~midhara, the divinity is described as Devi, who is specially pleased by this form of adoration. She is worshipped as above because she grants all wishes (sarvakiima-pradiiyikii, p. 201). She resides in the Fire (va~misthii). Every deity, approached through the Fire, grants some wish of the sacrificer. It is more so with Devi. In the Pural).ic ritual, which is reproduced in the text, a special building is asked to be erected for the ceremony (p. 203). A fire-pit (kut)f)a), preferably square in shape (S'iikram), is to be made in the middle of the hut. The vessel from which the ghrta (clarified butter) is to trickle down should be of gold, silver, or copper. The oily stream should descend neither too fast }
1 Ibid, PP 825-826 for a description of the lndra-dhvaja ceremony from the Kausika-sutra. It is often referred to as lndramakha, See Brhatsamhita ch. 43 for a story of its origin, ' '

INTRODUCTION

81

nor too slow. Devi is to be approached by her miila-mantra, and the Fire is to be adored by the homa of mahii-vyahrti. Many deities are to be conceived as then present in the Fire (and latent in Devi). They are to be invoked with appropriate mantras. A prayer which is to be addressed to the Fire-god is also furnished (p. 206). The Fire is to be watched as its appearance will indicate the good or bad results that will flow from the ceremony. The effects of the rite may be strengthened by uttering specified special mantras (e.g. mrtyumjaya). The value of the rite is 'greatest in destroying the enemies of a king (p. 211). But, the rite should not be treated as a substitute for the daily worship of the Fire by the King. All occasions are good for the performance of the rite, e.g. the anniversary of the coronation, the birth of a prince, the sol stices, eclipses, the appearance of terrifying portents and rites for counteracting adverse planetary influences (graha-krtyopasamane, p. 211). The benefits accruing to the king who performs the Vasordhara are described with laudatory exaggeration, in a form which will make a powerful appeal to rulers and their advisers. Faith in its all-round po\\er to ward off evils that threaten a king or kingdom is the justification for the inclusion of this comprehensive rite in a compendium meant for the guidance of kings. The underlying idea in this rite is the response of lndra and the gods to sacrifices in their honour. Kalidasa expresses the idea prettily.' His hero, Dilipa milked the Earth for the gods, and Indra milked the heavens for their fertilizing showers. From this to the idea of a shower of wealth falling over the head of a royal sacrificer is only a step forward. The trickling of the ghrta on the Fire, which is the universal agent of all the gods, is mimetic. It is a visible vasordhara. The shower of blessings is invisible, but follows on the heels of the sacrifice. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy points to a pictorial representation of the idea in Amaravati. A seated emperor (cakravartin) is holding up his right arm, and a shower of coins is falling over his head. That is the divine response to the sacrifice.'
I

;ft~"\ <ii~'iil'"l~J{ II
2

Raghuvamsa, I, 2~

afl!Tll '1'~ f~~ I ~f.r~. See his Spiritual Authority and Temporal Power in Ancient India,

fiT a ll~

pp. 68-69. 11

82

THE RiJADHARMA Ki~l!A

S'iikta influences, which had become very powerful in the days of Lak!?midhara, substituted Durga for the Vedic gods, as present in the Fire or approached by offerings poured into the agni-ku1J4a. The appeal of a rite, which promises to avert evil, in a time of peril and anxiety, is more powerful than that of one which offers only positive benefits. The drafts made on the S'akta Upa-PuraQas, like the DevipuriitJa and the KiilikapuriitJa, by Lak!?midhara, in many parts of his digest, reflect the new spirit.
FREEDOM AND DESTINY: ROYAL ABHAYA

The definition of the scope and inter-relations of Freedom and Destiny, (Pauru$a and Daiva) in Rajadharma has a specific aim. It is to infuse into the ruler a feeling of devout submission to God, and to Dharma, which derives its sanction from Him, and at the same time to teach him that only by his own exertion will his own duty, both as a man and as a king, be discharged properly. Tht: magnification of the office and person of the king has two aspects : the exaltation of his position and the intensification of his personal responsibility. It is rank impiety for a ruler to become a fatalist, and allow things to drift. It is both foolish and futile for him to try to shift the burden of government as well as responsibility, to the shoulders of ministers, as the transfer will not relieve him of his personal liability. A king can shift his burden only to a successor. The world is bound by action (Lokoyam karma-bandhana~).l The sacrifices and religious acts, which propitiate the higher powers, spring from action (yajna~~ karmasamudbhava~1)! Of all the terrors which living beings dread, starvation is the chief. The first impulse of a living creature is to sustain life by getting food. From hunger springs death.' But, in the divinely ordained cycle, food springs from fertilizing showers, rain is the response of the gods to sacrifices made to them. The king is the chief sacrificer. Regal neglect of the pious duty leads to starvation, and all evils
1

Bhagavadgita, III, 9.

Ibid,

III,

14-3NI~f.:o ~ffifir ~~~'iffi~'f: I ~~~'lftf q~) ~":

1

~e~:
3

Brhadarat;~yakopani!jad, I, 2, 1-anr.rr~r ~ ~:

iNTRODUCTION

83

that spring from it,-disease, disquiet and death. The impulse to action springs from Divinity (karma brahmodbhava). It springs also from the good done in past lives. It is revealed in the instincts of the ruler, who models his life on the lines of Dharma. Evil of every kind, anticipated or experienced, infuses fear (bhaya). It is the supreme mark of the Divine Being to give all those who make pious submission to His will, an assurance that they will not experience any fear (a-bhaya). In iconography the attitude is represented in idols by the representation of the right palm held open, with the fingers tapering upward m what 1s termed abhaya-mudra. The coronation infuses divinity into the king. His first duty, after abhi$eka, is to grant abhaya (assurance of protection from fear) to all living beings.' (inf. p. 12). The fulfilment of this promise is signified immediately by the release of cattle and of a proclamation of the immunity of men and animals from molestation and death. (ib. p. 12).
RAK$A THE COROLLARY OF A-BHAYA

The comprehensive duty of protection is the logical corollary of the assurance that no living being in the dominions shall experience fear, except of the consequences of its own misdeeds or cnmes. Protection is the first-and the last-duty of kings. It includes guarding the subjects frof!l every conceivable harm, objective and subjective, natural and supernatural. It carries the implication of active state intervention to secure the aim. Security from invasion and from internal disorder will not cover the whole area of the duty. It is not enough for the state to keep the ring; its action must be positive as well as negative. A king is more than a crowned policeman. He must remove not only the immediate causes of fear among the people, but must strike at the root causes of social misfits and endeavour successfully to remove them. Perpetual vigilance and ceaseless activity are the prices which he must pay for his exalted position. For everything that goes wrong he alone is morally responsible. It is the function of those conversant with Rajadharma to
1
2

Ibid., III.

15-'fi~ ii!!;t)~~ fq~ Cl~~~~~~q_ I

I

~~ ~~ ~lf~ C'I3J <Nrfu ~

84
indicate to obligations.

THE RiJ AD HARM A Ki!!J?A

the king the ways and means of fulfilling his

THE KING-IN-COUNCIL

The constitution of a council of ministers and of an organization to carry on the administration (rii$fra-samgraha~tam) of the state are among the means devised to help the king in his all-round duty. It may be noted that every minister or adviser of the king is expected to be conversant with the principles of Dharma and to be imbued with zeal for conducting himself and helping others -to conduct themselves in accordance with those principles. The king is brought up in a milieu favourable for his reception of Dharma. His education and training are so modelled as to give him an understanding of Dharma and a passion for it. But it is not enough to provide the mental and moral endowment of the king, No one is omniscient (na hi sarva~ sarvam jiiniiti). Few, who have to take lone decisions, can be sure that they are not the results of insufficient knowledge and inexperience or of the impulse of the moment. This is the reason for insisting that a king must always consult ministers. He should not deliberate alone (naiko mantrayet) ; nor should he take counsel with many, as then there is danger of his decisions travelling outside the frontiers of his kingdom.' The elaborate precautions, which are advised when consultations are held (inf. pp. 102-103, are obviously intended to ensure the secrecy of the decisions. In a period of weak international law and of states more are less equal in strength and resources, there is always a danger of war. If war breaks out, he who has the initiative gets a decided advantage. In the social milieu, incitement to war always existed. Restric tion of kingship to a caste of warriors, whose ideals comprehended the desire not to die in bed and the winning of the supremacy which will enable them to perform the great sacrifices

~i'QP~~ ~: ~f,..'ll <rSf~Rt~ I iti~ ~:ffil ili=STT {I~ if 4~T~fu , , ,~:)I 2 ~ (~r~aiJ. .~. ''-') ~tir-rr 'it l'l{lli are ~~TlJJt Sl~a ~~~~~ aNif li~ ffil.ll
1

1
1

(~Mf<tiTII~,

iNTRODUCTION

85

that great conquerors can alone perform (e.g. As'vamedha, Rajasftya etc.), tended to produce, apart from personal bellicosity of

kings, and of soldiers, a state of permanent political dis-equilibrium. But the results of an ordeal by battle are not always upto expectation. Avoid war, as victory through it is the violent (jaghanya) way of conquest.' The harm which wars do are recognized. The temper of the times made it impossible to confine a struggle to two kings. Others will be drawn into it by fear or by interest. The rules of humane conduct and chivalry, imposed by Dharma on the actual combatants, had no restraining influence on those who might start a war .. The unpreparedness and weakness of a king may disincline him to begin a war, but if they are known to a powerful neighbour, he will begin it. Except in epochs in which large and powerful empires ruled over large areas, formed of many smaller kingships, there was always a danger of war breaking out. The means of preventing wars and of ensuring successful prosecution of wars, with external help, studied empirically, led to the formulation of principles and rules, which, formalized and classified, passed into treatises on Rajadharma and ArthaS'astra. The most valuable part of such knowledge would be secret, and those who possessed it in a high degree would be chosen as royal advisers. The unstable political conditions are reflected in the increasing importance of the minister who advised the king on peace and war (siindhivigrahika). A nice balance of power is indicated when a prime-minister has to take charge of the ministry of foreign affairs.
UPA.YA, $A.J?GU~YA AND RA.JAMA~J?ALA

The theory of foreign relations of states is concentrated into three topics, which, in accordance with Indian custom, are again crystallized into a specific number for each. Ways and means are indicated by the upiiyas (policies) and the ' expedients'. The former are four: appeasement or conciliation (siima), subsidising or gifts (dana), sowing discord (bheda) and punishment or war (datJtf.a). This is the enumeration of Dharma1

~~~~a!!'~,

Q,,

,,

~~-~ ~li Cf~il'~l:ir~q:

1 ~'-liJTifchr;r

~"' ij~fN!!' I

86

THE RAJADHARMA KA~J?A

sastra. Well applied, says Yajiiavalkya (1, 346), they are helpful, and the last, DaoQ.a is to used only if all the other three fail. \Var is to be the last resort. The Mitiik$arii points out that the four expedients are not merely political but are of general applicability in life. 1 Manu (VII, 109) gives the quartette only a political application, and declares that the wise (panditii~) regard the first and fourth expedients alone as praiseworthy (prasamsanti). The efforts for conciliation must be sincere (tathyam siima ca kartavyam) . The Puraoas, following N!tisastra, add three more upayas, viz. upek$ii (ignoring), maya (deceit) and indrajiila (terrorization). The three practices are omitted by Lak!?mldhara, who follows the higher ethics of S'astra, condemning the use of deception and unfair methods. Mitramisra takes DaoQ.a to be two-fold and distinguishes between the application of force within and without the kingdom. This misconception of the real sense of DaoQ.a makes him go off at a tangent and bring in a resume of criminal law under the fourth upaya ! The concept of the six gutJas is also ancient. ~t is referred to in the kaccit chapter (ch. 100) of the Ayodhyakiit;t4a, in S'ri Rama's interrogation of Bharata (sl. 69-70). Manu has a long passage, which Lak!?mldhara has cited in full without comment. The six are-sandhi (agreement for mutual co-operation in war), vigraha (hcstility), yiina (marching troops against the enemy), iisana (armed and ready to intervene), dvaidhibhiiva (explained later on by Manu as division of one's army into two) and iisraya (subordinate alliance with a powerful ruler for help against an enemy). As virtually all neighbours are regarded as potential enemies, if the frontiers of their kingdoms march with one's own, diplomatic activity must be constant to prevent an enemy stealing an advantage. In explaining them, Medhatithi would make them subserve internal development even more than furnish safeguards against foreign aggression." These are, he says 3 the 'six measures of policy;' "and from among these, he shall
1

~ ~rr:rr<\~) i!*"r~ ~~'!i~<~ll:rd~~'!ir:, arfq g; ~~'fi~'lll:f~~r: 1 ('1,

mrr~i!T ~~) ~~f f..m~~T: l ~T'I'~J"!;'!l'T: if '<IT~ sr~)~<t 1 a~li ~Tl=f '<~ ~o'!if{ 1 (~~001, eft. f'l'., 'l "'"') 1
2
3

~~~) l

a!J

~T'I'

Jha's trn., III, 371.

INTRODUCTION

87

have recourse to that one by means of which he feels that he would be enabled to erect fortifications, capture elephants, dig mines, carry on trade, cut down forests, raise embankments around fields in tracts not irrigated by rain, win the wealth of other people, and so forth." If this is the purport of the 'six means,' it has travelled very far from the aims stated by Kautilya. That the six were meant to cover all conceivable means of securing state ends, and that they were so interpreted, from time to time and from occasion to occasion, as to make this comprehensiveness possible, may be deduced from the above explanation as well as from the very different interpretations of the terms themselves. Thus, for dvaidhibhii:va, Manu himself supplies an illustration, viz., division of forces into two, one apparently marching against the enemy while the other remains behind to prevent a rear attack by the neighbour on the other side, who is also a potential foe. But, Medhatithi (VII, lfiO) interprets the term as putting forward at one and the same time terms of peace and war i.e., an ultimatum (VII, 167). He gives an alternative explanation of dvaidhibhava, in that s'loka itself: dvaidhibhava is resorted to by way of favouring divisions of the army, so as to give all divisions of the army equal opportunities of securing booty. Kamandaka (XI, 24-27) takes the term to mean doubledealing, and even double-crossing. Carrying on secret negotiations for peace with two foes simultaneously without an intention of keeping the pledge, joining one of the two foes against the other, or, if found out by both enemies, allying himself with a third power against both are his il1ustrations of dvaidhibhava. Carrying on negotiations for settlement, while arranging for a sudden attack, as Japan did before the attack on Pearl Harbour, will come within this category. It is evident that the original sense of this and other terms had long passed out of recollection, and that their citation in Rajadharma from Manu, without comment, might give the opportunit{ for interpreting them as suited to circumstances, and cloaking them under Dharma sanction. Whatever is stated in Manu and is intelligible without comment is to be taken as mandatory. The injunction to weigh one's strength against the foe's, from accurate information gained from his intelligence department, is sensible advice to a king. So is

88

THE RAJADHARMA KANDA

the exhortation to persist in a course once decided on, in spite of disappointments and set-backs (inf. p. 114). The Riijama1Jf!.ala (circle of kings) is a third ancient concept, which is to be found in the epics and in the most ancient works on Arthasastra. It was developed by discussion and several views of its component number are recorded by Kamandaka (VIII, 16-52). Among writers on polity, whose writings are now lost, Maya stood for a mavt;iala of four kings, besides the vijigif}u (the king who wishes to embark on conquest), Puloma for one of six, Us'anas for one of twelve, Brhaspati for one of eighteen, Vis'alak~a for one of fifty-four, and lastly ParaS'ara, for a group composed only the two foes and no others. The followers of Manu are said to stand for a circle of twelve kings, and as each king has five prakrtis, each of whom must count, viz., durga, riif}tra, kos'a, mantri and bala, there .are sixty prakrtis and twelve kings, making seventy-two in all. . This is the mavt;iala which Lak~mldhara has accepted.' The basic ideas of the theory are five. (1) Common frontiers cause constant friction and outbreak of hostilities, making immediate neighbours natural enemies. (2} Common enmity unites against a king his neighbours on opposite sides. (3) One whose boundaries march with those of two opposed kings, is forced into a neutral position (madhyama), as his interests are divergent from those of both combatants. (4} It is unwise for a king to advance against an enemy without taking care of his rear, for the protection of which h~ must leave behind adequate forces, unless he can embroil the neighbour immediately behind him (/Jii!'f}t;igriiha) with the king further on (iikranda). (5) It is rarely possible to secure alliances, other than natural, by treaties which will be observed. The emphasis on the prakrtis implies that the weakness or disloyalty of any one prakrti will cause harm to a belligerent and bring a corresponding gain to his enemy. The t::laborate rules for the selection of prakrtis and the devices for constantly watching their conduct suggest that attempts will be made to tamper with their loyalty, either before or after the commencement of hostilities. The prescription of individual consultation with the prakrtis, in place of cabinet discussions, and the repeated injunctions to the king to keep his own counsel till his actions show what he would
1

As also Kiimandaka.

INTRODUCTION

89

be at, point to this possibility also. The sm?tis contain warnings against ministers who may succumb to the enemy's blandishments, if they are dishonoured by their own master, and they prescribe measures to test fidelity (anuriigaparagau). 1 Even those who stand nearest a king, such as the Queen, the Yuvaraja, the princes of the blood, the commander-in-chief, and the ministers, burning with suppressed anger, against the king, may prove amenable to the enemy's approaches. But, a king will be ill-advised if he tries to set some of his own men against others, as he will then be ruined even without an enemy to assail him! The policy of " divide and rule " is rejected in Indian polity as fatal to the king who practises it in his own dominions. This is why both Manu and Yaji'iavalkya advise a king, who wishes to prosper, to act without guile in dealing with his relations and friends (snigdheu aji~zmi, su~rtsu aji~ma~z, p. 21 inj.) The " friend" is defined by Medhatithi in this context as a zealous and loyal servant or minister. Duplicity will not beget loyalty.
INDIAN THEORY OF THE STATE
Lak~midhara's treatise, like all post-Manu writings, regards monarchy as not only the normal form of government, but as almost the only approved form. The king is at the head of the state. The definition of his powers and privileges indicates what the state is competent to do and not to do. The king is the state and the state is the king. Not only all executive authority, but all executive responsibility, is concentrated in the king. Kingship is a necessary, but not a natural institution. The deterioration of the moral nature of man made a controlling authority necessary to prevent the strong devouring the weak. Dharma furnishes the pre-ordained means of overcoming the downward pull in human action. Organization in var~a and iis'rama, and in varied functions, for each of which there is its peculiar moral norm (guva-dharma), arrests human degradation and helps man to overcome the disposition to evil-doing. It is the function of the king, i.e. the state, to maintain the norms, in order that society may not dissolve and that the individuals who compose
1 2

inf. p. 154. inf. p. 128. 12

90

THE RAJ ADHARM t. KANDA

it may succeed in the air.1s of life (puru$iirtha). He discharges the function by the exercise of power (da~u;la) to which every one submits, so long as it is exercised in accordance with Dharma. Every one is under Dharma, including the king and the state. No human being is competent to change the norms set by divine authority. The definition of human activity in accordance with them is the task of Dharms'astra. To see that conduct conforms to Dharma is the duty of the king, i.e., the state. Dharma is eternal. It is also immutable and cannot be modified by human agency or even by the gods. It is the sun of a moral universe. Vis-a-vis Dharma the king (or tbe state) is only a subordinate. Dharma is king over kings. The power to make laws, which will modify or repeal Dharma, is not vasted in any human authority. The king's edicts (riijaS'iisatlam) may elucidate what is ordained by Dharma, it may supplement it in ways that harmonize with its letter and spirit, but it cannot change it even to the smallest extent. 1 Whatever is specifically enjoined by Dharma is beyond human power to alter. The legislative capacity of the state is restricted to making rules, not laws, i.e. to subordinate legislation, such as executives are now armed with, for social convenience. To miss any duty, however small, which is enjoined is dereliction, whosoever be the person committing the default. The outlines of Dharma are inflexible. The determination of the extent to which there is freedom to act, within the lines laid by Dharma, is the task of jurisprudents and S'i$!has. In this sense the constitution of every ancient Indian state was rigid. But within the limits laid down, there is scope for much individual freedom of action. A person may not change his varva, but change of occupation was permissible in special circumstances. Inquisition into private activity was restricted to watching social conformity to norms, and police needs. He who fulfilled the duties of his station in life was free. Frontiers of states were not closed. The ascetic, the student, the trader and the pilgrim moved freely from one jurisdiction to another. Large movements of population, necessitated by famine, or oppression, were possible, and some are known to history. One
1

Rajadharma, pp. 132-137 for a discussion of the topic and references.

INTRODUCTION

91

method of escaping tyranny that is suggested m the epics is getting beyond the terri to rial jurisdiction of the power that oppresses. The " freedom " struck foreign observers like Fa Hien (c A.D. 400). 1 The state was only one of many devices for maintaining the balance of the Universe. The king is not the sole upholder of the community. Spiritual authority has to co-operate with the secular. "The king and the Brahman uphold the universe." Society needs economic props ; otherwise it crumbles. The Vais'ya and the S'udra are no less necessary for social stability than the Brahma!)a and K~atriya. This is symbolized in the rites of coronation. The var{tas are not successive layers, one super-imposed on another, but co-ordinate. In Dharma there is social classification by birth and function, but no stratification. Similarly, the state functions side by side with non-political groups based on kinship, common enterprise, occupation, voluntary organization and propinquity.' The special customs or rules of such organizations have to be allowed and enforced by the state.' Even in the domain of personal law, in which the aim is obviously uniformity, the recognition of family custom (e.g. cousin marriage) is enjoined.' Civil government being imposed on a society, whose constitution rests on sanctions which are transcendental, has to recognize the claims of spirituality side by side with political and economic activity. Scales of values are different from present day scales. Honour and deference are prized more than affluence, and status is determined by service. The basic assumptions of existence, among which the concept of this life being only a hyphen connecting two eternities is the chief, make it difficult to differentiate between " secular" and "spiritual." They give the acts of the state, as of individuals, an extension beyond one life. The taint of crime is removable by penance and by civil punishment. Rites of propitiation and expiation are brought within the obligatory duties of the state, in consequence
1 Travels, trn., Giles, ch. XVI: "They have not to register their house holds, or attend to any ma'gistrate or rules. Those who want to go away, may go; those who want to stop, may stop.'' 1 Ancient Indian Polity, pp. 46, 63 and 99. 3 Gautama, XI, 22 ; A.pastarnba, II, 154 ; Baudhayana, I, 2-12; Vasi~tha, I, 17; and Manu, VII, 11, 18, VII, 203, and VIII, 41. 42, 46. 4 See the discussion in P. V. Kane's Vyavahttrama,vukha (1926), pp.199-204.

92

THE RAJADHARMA KA~l}A

of these hypotheses. The stress laid on them is an index of the belief in their efficacy. The space devoted in the Riijadharmakiivda to non-secular acts, which offends a modern sense of proportion, would have appeared to those to whom it was addressed, as only proper. They would have seen lopsidedness only if such topics were dealt with perfunctorily, or were omitted altogether. In theory, therefore, there was a sense in which the king was sovereign and absolute, and another sense in which he was not. Supreme legislative power, which is now regarded as the mark of sovereignty, the old Indian king did not have. A ruler who attempted to exercise such a power would have provoked more opposition than Akhnaton or Julian, when they ran counter to contemporary opinion and belief. But, in administering the kingdom in accordance with Dharma, there was no constituted authority which could challenge the king's action. As power went with responsibility, the sole responsibility of the ruler made for his independence of any rival authority. In that sense, the ancient Indian king was in theory absolute. It would have been also the political practice, if the checks provided by society had no power to restrain a self-willed king. But, such power largely accrued to society, which left it open to a ruler to defy Dharma only at his peril. Rajadharma cites instances of rulers, who were removed for tyranny, and Ni:tisastra is even more explicit. If the idea of his divine right went to an autocrat's head, it was corrected by the theory of the divinity innate also in the subject (jJrajii- Vi$1JU). 1 Transgression of duty may be visited by condign punishment of the realm, imposed by supernatural powers, which in turn will stir up the people against the ruler. In any case, vicissitudes will be more readily attributed to an erring king, who is unpopular, than to a popular ruler. In practice, one will look for the checks provided against misuse of regal power in the institutions existing in society. How far could they resist absolutism ? To take the first var~ra first: the Brahma!}as formed only a minute part of the population. They were unarmed. By
I

Ca{lqes'vara's Rajanitiratna., p. 74. ~~~~li i!

~fa 51:ort~ ~rfeyoj ~T~i=5s: I

it u~~-

~P4 ~eyil sniT: I

INTRODUCTION

93

inclination and training they could not oppose force to force. Unlike the priesthood in mediaeval Europe they were not organized under a common head, did not form a guild, and were not habituated to collective action. Unlike the Church, in Europe, they had no financial backing. Individually and collectively they were poor. Their income was irregular, and did not come from tithes, or payments made regularly to temple priests. Their educational work was done without salary. They were dependant on the patronage of the king himself. They could not intermarry into the royal family and create an aristocracy which could challenge the king. They could not replace the king by one of themselves. Their habituation to non-economic motives would ordinarily deprive them of the ambition to grasp power. 1 They had no more power than the king to make laws or to alter them. But their learning and austere lives will lend their criticisms of regal action much force, while a fasting unto death undertaken by even a single high-minded Brahmar:ta will create a grave situation for the king. It is to this form of protest, known as prayopaves'a that BrahmaQas resorted at last when oppression became unbearable. Kalhar:ta, who was a contemporary of Lak~midhara, describes the application of this form of social pressure in Ka~mir, and its effectiveness, till it degenerated into a device of habitual revolutionaries. Even then, its popular appeal was so great that special officials were appointed in Ka~mir to watch those who threatened to fast as a protest. 2 The K~atriyas were also numerically a small section of the population. They formed the back-bone of the army. The king is warned that a realm in which a k:}atriya starves soon faces rum. They bore arms. Their relations to the ruler were however not feudal. The bulk of them were poor. The potentialities of trouble to an unpopular king were greater from this var~a than from others. Not only the king, but the whole community depended on the VaiS'ya and S'iidra. Most of the taxes came from the VaiS'yas. They were the persons who stood to suffer most from insecurity
though a Brahmatta, was also the first soldier in the kingdom. See Canto VII, passim for instances, and Canto VIII, 428 and 658.
2 1 Pu~yamitra,

Rajatarangif}i was completed in 1149 A.D.

94

THE RAJADHARMA KAtfJ?A

and invasion of personal and property rights. As Aryas the Vaisyas could not be enslaved, even in war. They were well organized, as were craftsmen also, in guilds, and were disciplined for common, concerted action. Each guild, and the community in each city, had its accredited leaders. Their opposition, or non-cooperation will paralyse even an unbelieving king, whereas the non-cooperation of the Brahmal)a, who refuses to help him to placate the gods, will hardly move a ruler who is a sceptic. The ministers had no constitutional right to implement their advice, against a king, who will not accept it. But, the risk that the king will run from a disgruntled council, is indicated in the weightage given to ministers in the RiijamatJala, in which, in Manu's classification they occupy sixty out of the seventy-two prak:ti-sthrmas. An effective brake on the king existed in his own slender resources. His prerogative rights were few and poor. Even the right of the king to treasure-trove was limited to a portion, if the finder was not a Brahmal)a. Rights to escheated property were also similarly circumscribed. A king may accept ceremonial presents, but not gifts coming under dana. The description of Manu that "tlie king is lord of all" is complimentary exaggeration. His right to all the land in the kingdom is denied by Mimiimsii. 1 He is entitled only to one-sixth of the pruduce from land, and to certain other fixed ratios of income and to customs, excise and state monopolies. Agriculture and trade languish under misgovernment, and if they dry up the main sources of the king's income go. As against this, his commitments in expenditure are many and heavy. If he attempts to increase his income by such fiscal exactions as those that S'ankaravarman of Kasmrr practised (of which Kalhal)a gives a vivid description)' the resulting popular discontent will encourage a neighbour to invade his territory. An empty treasury, a sullen army, an angry priesthood and an enraged people form a combination which will spell ruin to a kingdom, in which these prevail, even on the first impact of invasion. The fear of such intervention must have been more effective in restraining the vagaries of an autocrat than
1 S'abara-bhit.~ya, VI, 7, 3; Colebrooke's Miscella11eous Essays (1871), I, pp. 320-321; Ancient Indian Economic Thought, pp. 179-181. 'Rajatarangif!i, V, 165-181.

INTRODUCTION

95

any constitutional machinery, empowered to call his actions into question. But, the best of all checks is to bring up a king in a manner that will make it unlikely that he will prove blind to the dictates of Dharma and to the promptings of self-interest, which is best safeguarded by scrupulous attention to the beliefs even more than to the real interests of the people. The traditions of conciliar government and of careful recruitment of the ministry and the official hierarchy will effect a great deal, especially when the king is habituated to such methods of administration. But even more effective will be his education in all branches of Dharma, viewed comprehensively as Rajadharma, and the provision of a digest in which Dharma will be expounded in a manner which will make it clear to the people no less than to the ruler, and in which emphasis will be laid just on those features which a king should not miss if he should rise to the level of the ideal ruler, whose every act will reflect the inspiration of the divinity immanent in kingship. This is the task which has been essayed by Lak~m!dhara.

II

-ir: II

~~~a:m'Rt~r:q~:

"

" " "

~~~~q~~:

~~~4~e~
~RROT'\

~
"" ;:lll'tt:f

';flff fitif{T~ R~if~~;.. I

~r.f ~~~OI1?1T ~~ tf~;?r.rf
~,.....

. """"

""

~c:: """ "" um ~.-s ~ QQ("''ifQ~rr'4';~:qw-s:tt

~q-:

rf(=~ ~~ tfttf q;:~~ltT~ ~~~"1ft~: ctr~ =iR.:tfff mr~f;r"''if'tfl~T~ ~if: II

srffi~r

( ~~r~~~: )

{~~~ !lq;rqf+rq:Jfi) ~~: I

an:I'T~ ~Pt ~uOT ~:Jfiltf?{f~R?r:
~

{I~(OI~~OT
~~"

. ctl:m'
.....
......

~~ """ ?1'?1': ~:

:-..

,......

~,.....,....

II I II

(Tlt~'3CfT~T

:r.r

"" q~: ~~OQ+t1 "''if'

trT;rrf4lRI"fh('('Qlf.r ~~rfitf~rn=r: I
~ ik(OI1~ ~hi\tl f ~~Ttf~~?l'?l': II
~r.r~ ~"''if' Nfil~tr "''if'T~q 1
WT'4'k(OI"II ~'~' tr1tot~~~~ i1i+n~ 11
1 I. 0.,
1:1;'-f.l~ 'f.+l'rn:,
"" "'l' ""

""

""

is wrong as there are 21 Parvas.

~ii~?P-U:IIi!fiiOIIUf~ q~OIP"4 ~

"

(I

""

I I

~ ...f{~tt~ltfJ~ ~r;fT f;ti;('tf :m~fft: II

~T~ W~f ~r;n+"tiJ

f.rfitftl if':

ft'~~4Vir'-t ~~rf.t

ftG1(1 r II

~tflrot~~ ~tfil ~ lRfm ~ 1 ;J ~~ l!fq ~iirnf Cfi~f~ II msm~ q~~ ms~: ('t')ll':
(1' (1'

~{~I

~:

(1'

-q~:

(1'

~: !f4lNft': II

q~ ~~ ttGtlilf m(tf ...('tffn:ftGt(1: 1

amR~ '({t~ tUH:tf ~~ 'if II
1 VII, 1, 3-7; cited by efT. rn., p. 10. Compare ~~w~ll, ch. 32 ( pp. 243-248 ) 2 iiT{. ~,. { ed. Jolly ) p. 219 [ XVII, 26-31 ]

\]
::r1iifir1'7'1~o~r u~, .. , "~
~.

qr

..... ~ ilif'I:'A~

. ;m:
rrr: 1
1

~ ~ ~~e~H~rsfttt~~~ II

tm ~~: ~~Rftf'~~~~~9;~: I ,..... ,..... '"'

aJf~ff q~mr::;n ~: ~~r~~n 11

~sif~;:ffPiT ~if ~'

~9fT ~;r
~

~.

tffm ~1+1' ~9;~QH ~II

,....

'"'

~~ff: ~rm~ ~ ~~ ~' ~: 1

'"'

'"'

~: ~ '"'~ "+l~ ~ Cf~qm

'"'

'"'

till: II
2

~ ?fNij~;r_ !lr~r.t:. ~rit~ ~'itqlq-r'ffa 1 at~Wfff ~rit;r ~r \l;rct ~~~ II

1 J oily, p. 219, reads~: ~"lQ:

2 Ibid., ~ ict ~: ~=

3 IX, 303-311; cited by <ft. fi:r., p. 19. 4 S'loka omitted in Udaipur Ms.

~ur;r

"'

~ ~ -qqt 'q'f"4:t ;q ;g:

"" qq T~

t~tt fl

"' 1

~.fl 'q'f'11fii1I~TJ:fl'lifll'%: q-~~ II

mtJt tfqt

v~ qr ~~ff ltr;:rqr: I

~ !f~(=frfr

tJilll;r_ ~ :q;:;:_:EI'~ ~~: 1 II

I

~ 1-1('tf ~ s:a-fi"""'T q.... ... 9;~'ffi~~ff~ ~ ~ ~lt~

"'

~~~~~ ~iftj :rff ~~ II

t'NT ~qffUr "41fi'Tf.t ~r ~I ( t1 rl ~ I ~r ~~ "41"'fit fit~: q-rN~ Er~ II

aT~~TSttf;if.-fl~ ~q~ iN~ffi-: I
3

?frR~ ~~T. tf~~r ;r ~~: II

~~~;:rro~'l ~"R~
~~

~.-...~rs~: ~: ct~~ ~

,..._

'{"m! 1

;:r

f:\q~

II

~m iiTSq~r;fimmss~il~ 4 fqifqt.Jq_ 1

arr~rt~T fl'tli
6

'ffia"J 1l~! ~T:O~~'~Rl. II

1 m-it is the Udaipur Ms. reading. 2 XVII, 12; <!1. rn-., p. 21 3 Jolly reads ( p. 217 ) :
~~morf.l~1
:q

~ ~ t:t<f

:q '

~rftn;rccmr. ~ccrR'<r -r~

or ~~~cr: n

4 eft. ilr., p. 22,

5 ;ft. ~-, p. 22,

orr~~or Pcr~~~

anwn

]
~~ ~:

q-rfihn;rf ~~ :q

~nf:q

IfffifB"m t

~ ~~~~("I ('("l[f ~ ~1 Ott~tf~t~ II

!(IGiwtlm "4!(('Qq ~;rj ~T~~("I'lf~~~ I

;r ~tfTS~Tllrff~ s:rffflR~m: ~r: II

~lT~TFJI:T~~"'l~~:nt~~;rr~ I
~ ~ ~

~~cr ~ft'

mn M('liH17ff;rrn ~q{'ff:

11

~)sfit ~~~ ~f ~ ~cr ~: ~' r

'"' '"' '"' oQq~~~ ~: ~~m !('~~~("l';r~

II

~~ tfit;ft~~~fq~: ~m: 1 ~'"' '"' ~ ~'"' :q,~~"tfl~: If~if!('l~f !('lGI~Ii("l';{~ II

~:~m: ~ ~: ll'~("lf "~ ~q-: 1 ~~t::;...;;o. '"' ~ ~llt"d {4'.1 R'i ~~ Cfffit fft("I'T ~~tff II
'=;:nf(5tfit~q:' !('TGI~fff tllll'T~~~~!('t: I
1

'!('IGI~tt'("l'i(' ~~~~ I 'crt"d'T' ~fqqa~t~ClRI': I

1 A. 8. B., lli~%"41R'!ffl: 2 VII, 8-13; cited <fr. f;r., p. 17

[~
q~q 4 ~?lfir;ft ~..;q (!I Nul~ I
~~~'if: (!lq'aS(otf(!l~f(_ II

"' ('~ 'ilQq' TCf~~ () " ~ff '4q

'fiN :;n~~"tf ~ r:tlf ~~~e

r:tlf

"~:
II

~: ~:

~ ~ q''IJT ~~~

q-usrif I

~~ Cl~frt stil't ~ft ::fflq q) ~ ~: II ~ "' " ff ~ an!:. ~+ql'!k(!l 14il~f4FQ~~ I

"~~"a'

mrottr mrr sr~ff ;r;r:

ri" ~ ;r ~~II
2

II

"~Tilq trlif~~ ~ oq;:c~il<rfilq-: I

~~ :qrs~fif~

~~iffl ~:
<:'

ff ~~f ~ r:tlf m:ri r:tlfTS~~"tf ~~:

ti~: (!I+$40itffi'(~.-qlqqffi1ll
"' "'
N

~ n~r ~r ~: ~

;rm ~~"' r:tlf ~:

~1l'Tl~f
~: ~"!! Gll"l

r:tlf

~ lffff"'l: ~: II
II

~~: ~fuf ~: ~~ ~~ qqrs~~'ff I

"'

Pi ~ ~ '"'~~ m': . ~~

~~"tl ~ iff: (!l+tf<tt ~r ~qfrl ~:1 ~~"tl Sfoftn~ FAT~q(;t ~: II

1 A. 8. B., a~ ~crm; ;fr. fir., p. 23, is a better reading.
Cl'~ ltl'r~

which

2 VII, 16-19

"' "' "' -.A if~;r 4!4g(WQT ~ ~~~~('1 ~:

cft~t111'R: ~ ~qr

ff..-

~sr~~ 11

ayf"Wn:
"""-'.._,...___
~

'-'"''""'"

;rrs~~

"' G'fif'fi!( tn;r: ~;:r !41'tH'1 "' "' .... ~ ....

;r :qr~q~~ ~ ~ fil'~t~i=r ~II

1 11, 7-8
2
t .... a+l<t!JOI\1~4~

u:onor

;a-ql\ r~l!iQ" Y~r""4:

"'" "

~!!I.

......4:

""+1rRr:

'<:l'l\'1,.

.A. '<~I'~

~~:I ~ ~

Cf'Wilt aR" iiiT~+-'1 ~

I

!JOI"'i':Utlofrq.

~~'

if

~ ~if~~

Qlll:l~~~~ ~ ~qi):

Ji~H~Cf ;a-qftmqr~q_ I ~sfii ~) iifmUrT arN

'!f-fil<n:cm~~ ~ ~~: amr'fOO~M: ~t~ ~Rt

~~

mcrr' 11 ( ilf.F.rBfr611, p. 178 )

~f"<rrfilo~,

sarga 67, sl. 24 ff.

~Tff ~r~~r 11

"

~ J!m~rir,

uffi'"'r ~ ~;r~~ ~;rr;f tt~lf~q:_

"" """""" "" " f"r'"" ~fff ~~O'I'Aff ~qf(=l:fl'fffqqJG=rff

II
1

"~ ~ "~ T~-t ~r~r ~~ff ~ ~.-q~qn9'i?.l

3

"""'"""'

cti~Rllf~ q~qf ~~~r lfifq-ffi: II

1 Compue ~~1~::fu~-ch. 4G, which cites this passage from ~~~\rur ( not found in Anandasrama
ed. ) as from
2
~~

( p. 326 )
1

en. fu., P 3-

'~rn~r' ~~<f<r+f~~w~Rr~r
I

'~

~' WfTTOT ~ror<f ~f'i; ~c<m1.<IT ~~(!"if~~

'~d'}ii3li~TT~~q-: Cf.T~ ~~<Rr I

'.;~:,~

~rrr<f' ~liiT<r ~'a'~: I '~~ ~fq(f' ~if.;~~~

3 A. S.

B.,~*~;

ctt. flr., p. 35 comments:

'~c<IT'

~r

~RK~ <r<IT

+Jirqffi:

qcjqorn<rt

'<f.~'

~q-o<if a~ mrfr~ ;aq~1(t'll(( ~<r~: 1 am~

<li'Wtlror~~ mq-ofp:i)"2;iJffillJR~ I

atirsiWii-

[~

;r;rrotr
~

;);fl(ij~Qf(~Ffqy ~Ntr.tf~l;:c"(
2

r.::

e:..""

qf(f!~Q~~r
~ftliff'Q'
""
"" r-...

~gulf!~~

~ ~ <:'~

.a.<:'

:;:r 11

:;:r

~ ~pH~f~ ~ ~:
<:' ... ""

~r.Air~ :;:r l:fiHo:.Qf lf~rl:fir.:r~n'-:r~e:r~q-r 11

qy~"S4~1~%oQr~: ~?fmtf'tf1fioqftl: I ~r;r;:Ff'~ftltlr-;;~ ~"S4"fllfrnfOTRl: 11

arrqr
~

~~~n;:rr

~qr ;r~rmr.=rr ~~ ..... ,.....

o'-Tr ~ ?r?rtQm~rn H"ttT 11

q;rnl:AIT
~

""

~tlf"(

"" "" "" ~T'tft: ~rqqr~~ 'g1Hf4{1ff~f4=f"("J:

"" <:'"" "" "" ;;t'Q'~ lf~flf;;;Jf;f,_ ~tf'Q'~IHfql~

""

""

II
II

iT'll :;:rqyS!ffff~q ~~tr'l+'l"l1llt H"tlT I

arr~lftltr :;:rq- Ff'-Tf f::.tf~Q Q ;:c ~
~

""

<:'

q1:1Jlqf'l'-f ~T~ '?1''-Tf ~H .-q~RN I

""

~tft;;Jiff~~i~ ;);ff~OTAt.t ~r II
"SiffiT"'I'l~"ffi ~~ "fltl;r;;;rr: I 'iT1ll:' 3 "~~4='Q"T ~"~tr: I 'at11'ffl~1:' "~: ro~;r" ~(ff I

anr

'~~Q"l1Jf:'

"arm~~"~ 1 ''l.qll'OT:'
"'Q'Ff

"t11m
R"

~l'f'?f~"~fff I 'ar~f~QQ~'

"~~"~fff I

1 A. 8. B.,
2

ct<5~41~:

<tt. r;r., p. 43, crm=

ifOT: ~~~:

3 <ft. flr., p. 4:1,

"" "" ~ ~rrr: ~;r: ~;rR: q~;r ~q~2

""' ~ ~TJRrtQ~+tT~tt: ~~~ffT

"" """"'
3

""

~ 'ef?:: II

ori:f;r ::a~: ~~~ q(m:ri ~~l:r~ff: I """ ~q~ " " " " ""' orr: ~T~ilf ""' ""' ~T~Q'fttJT T~~ ~ff: II

~q~

"""'

"" fl'fi'T

~ ." ~iH ~~T l~~'Q'q'T~ff:

"""'

"" ~;r

"" "~ "" "" fffi'T rqsr: 'qrr.fT:O{o: c. ""' II .~fr:

"'.""""~ =:rrr-eq T~{T r~: I
~'Q'~o:

~"" q-qm~q't~ q-~~~.n

~ ~ ~,.-.on~~'Q'T ~r
~Si~T'll'il ~'Q'T
""

""" """' =:rrTT-qff;;;tn

4

11
l

" "" ifrqr =:rrT"i'Q'f :q

~'Q'

~41?1":

{TGt4~+t~{1!~'Q'T
..... ~~'Q'1l~T ~ .....

. :m--eq.
"'

ffttT II
,.,.......

rr~sq {t~r+r:

"" " il~~ffi~ift'1l~T ~T~Q'f~~ nttT t!~:

"" ~ ""'~ 6 ~T'I{if ~ =:rr;r~r '!q-+r~W~"'Q'T

II

~~~fffi'T ""' ~ q~q: q-~::roqrrlr.=[I"TI(~1!!'7~

"""

""

ffttT II

.roie ~T qr~ ~N"fl'~ trttl$lilll{ l

~ ~<?.t:mer~ ~:

"' "' :m--etr

" rr~trTstt ~r~;ry 11

1 c. U;J~~~-pp. 3'28-330, where the passage is reproduced. 2 So eft. fir., p. 44 ; but A. S. B. and I. 0. read ~<::<rcr. 3 Udaipur Ms. reads ~: ; the other readiDg is followed by cfr. f;r. 4 Udaipur Ms., tr.~~ar~ 5 <ft. fir., p. 44, 'ri~~wrr

............

"'
-

4....

~ Ji ~ N.. (~ = IP" ~ ii = 1:( ~ ~ ,ttr It' ~ (IE ( ~ ~ ~ 1 'g 4fi 4~ If "~ '~ t:: ;~ "~ 4~ ~ ( "" i\r ~ ,t': ~. ~ t!E ;:, !J' ~ ~
l+i -If ~ iP" 4h.i 'i;-
4ilf

1:r

._... ....

l
~~

~ 4;;. 4~ ~ r;. ,te 4b I!! ..... ~ ~ 4ft ~~ ( '"' ~! (~ .P' ~ ~ ~ [ lr ~ lr1 ~ tv ~ tr ~ li 'jll; ti ~~ ~~ "l+i ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ ~ ii . ~ ~ (~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
"(9

~ 4~ ' i
iC
t;-

&:
"" ...,

4,.. I;'

~ 'lT ~ ~ "~
' ~ '~ ~

IE'
E, ,:::
~ .... 4~

1'-'

I
a:: (J!

=-If_._..._[I
1:( 1:( l;r i

i
(!:
1 "

1:(

.... IP"

,tr

fE

4~

t:Y9 41\7' ..... 4IC ~ w

r g ,r::: ,~ '~ trrr ~ tr g ~

~ '~

~ ~

fj)

Ill

If "ttr

4W

~V ~

""

; '-

~~ d!! "~ ~ rr ;

'~ 'E

!:".)

~ ~

,~ ,I!

I!' ~. 'IE

~
~ w
!tr
tr? tr.

hY .,. Iff ,- ..~ -

e ,-

~ ~ ET

~ 'I '""

"

,r;' "" tr rt;; 1 ~ It' ~ lit '- IC ft' ~ Ef ~ rr go ~ if ,~ (!! "" li( ~ [ ~ ;; t~ tr If

..-...._16'

J
IZ

<'o>

:J..-4

~ ~

~ If

~:; IP" tt~"

( .. ir7 ii [ .g ~ I;'" t' ~ w ~~ !! ~

,~

R' "~ '"' It' ~ t:f

)+

~~.

..rr;

'-'.._,~

(I)

"~ ~

4~

tt'

(;

L~

~ 1!:

.~

tn~

tn~

tn~

-.::11

-.::!1

-.::11

P.

p..

P..

1/)

&: ~ di ~ ~ '~

'

C-1

CQ

,.,. "'

~]

~~riff ~~~1~ ~~rsFt T~~T~ II

otfl~~:a'"t ~ ~ fir~~~~ ~r~ I
:3'~l:IT +i~~ ~qtti{q ~it~l~T II
~T~~: ~~~ffi~ ~iflifffT: I

~G~f;r ~~q ;rur~f~~flfT;:r_ II

:m~~rsw~ ;rm fq~Wl. ~~~tr~ 1

~tr~TlfT~?l ~ ~lq~q ;q ~;r~~~ II

~4lT~T;:r_ 'q"f~!J<ijt4~ ~T ~T A~~
~

."
II

('"'

"' "' ifff~ ~ ;q

;rrmau;:r_

~~ff'q"tf~~;rrr~Tfl:.
(' r-.

('"'

('

+t1Gtt4~(1qf;:r_ ~r;rr.nqr~ ;srr;:~;:r_

"'"'

om ;r~r~!f: mi ~~T~~;rr~Rl: 11
ai~R ~ff n~r ~;:r_ fq~ :q 1
1

" "' an~ ffTl=i{~~r t~ff

orr:
"'

"'

~tr: (1'T~
.2

"~

orr: ~~ 11 ~ "" aJ;rr:~~f"1qfT(1'r4l: 1

"' "'

~~t4(SII(1~f;:r

~tiT~~ lt~lj('4+(

II

aRh fq"q'T;r;r

~~~T~ ~trl I

atf+i~ctml; ~ ~ffR:iq~~ ~'q": II

1 I. 0., err for =<r; <ft. !lr., p. 46, fro:J~ for fcn:f~

2 <ll. fir., p. 46, ~~((~fir.. 3 OJ~r~<n<t:TGi, sarga 3, sl. 5 ff ; of. cfr. Jl:r., p. 46

[
" ,...., """ ~OI+Q g~;cl('tl'11q("9;;:.n~ ~lh{\''1'(
,...., "" ~ atf-+fq"~ ~Q' 'tl'c:~fl
~

II

('t'q'h ~~~'( I

~ +r~ ~T~Ptfi1gq~ft:r II
~qr "+lf;rq~~lf Cf~S!f ~~q-: I

""' atrf~~~~~~ffr n~: f@:ffml. 9;~A. ~rn~~R..II

'

~t;:r__ T'1'Qll"l ~~q l';:r_,

,,....,,,....

~1JTT~R Trf;f llofr;:r_, ('t'qfqmft 1

~ ~ llf~Q' ~rnr~ -cz~ ~ ll~~rq"1ifr 11

. .

""'

~ ~ enmR:f ~q ~r9;~fir ~ I m~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~'{_ n

~.;:7~

:q.-~'1. ~17-+r(~Q .. HI ~llifl~lih~~

~rr.:r~r.:nntr:r::r!r,.....

"'

""

~ "!ilfH

"' ..... ..... '"-Hguot '4 ~~ru q ('t:q;r~2

11

~r.rt ~~~ ~lf~l('tie ~ 1

1 Repeated by <IT. r1r., p. 46 and ~m~ll., p. 330 2 I. 0., m+i:_ for m+{

~]
m~m<a~++m":
,.... ,

$1('~~*"41 Cfi~C:tfHI~

.._

II

~s+~ff111~ ~ 4l~Hl ~ff~~ I " " irT'm'IJTT~ Tif~=nfw:ffT ~~Hllll~ il IIif ~ II

aTT~T.,.~T 3 q~~ ~~"fT~~ ~-otfH I~ I

~ ~ iii;F(I~ ifl"t~T~ ~ei!HH
4
~ ~

Q.

II

~~~T f'[ffitrT"fT~T'Q fff~;g ~q~~ I

'Cfi~"lft' $1'~~ I
~rtH'~tf~
.._
~

.._

;:rT;JT4l~trT: ~T~t

I
I

~~f~trT~ "fT~tflilitt: "l~~ "l~~ II

if~T'Q'r~T trT~n ~~~ t!~1'1~:

"

.._

.._

;r~n:T~ 4l1';i $1'~~g "f~~ II

Wfff"f;nJ tT~ qR:f~T ~~ ~: II
(=NT

~1"q'T~tf R'NJ~ ~ffi~+"tr~~q~( I "' .._ .._ " .._ ('

1 I. 0.,

~s~

2 This line is not found in Ramaya"!a ( Mylapore

edn. ) but this sloka occurs:

~(<1 ~RT ~: 51'~la- !i(r<l"CIT+i:_ I

~ <\T~ '<1 ~r~ ~i%11TT~SN S~~: II

Rdmaya~a

reads

arrq~t

4 u~.

itT., p.

331, 'cr.~' ~

5 Reproduced by eft. fu., p. 47 and

wr. ~., p. 232

6 Ibid, ~~r=; eft. fir., p. 47, :jfffil~: 7 Mi~:sing in printed Ramaya~a ( Mylapore edn. )

r~
,...... 'tfr~rs;:Ql: ~rnn ~Qlfm=rr+'tf~ Glett~H(

~;f~rf.r lf;:~r~ ~(;{TT'it FW.r~ :q II

q-~;r ~~~ ~+rr: w:r;r~:
<:'

-q'Q':

~R~q-re-~ -q~n:'fie'Tqrlff~ff:

~H"rfir :q q-r~f~ "

~

UiR :q ~(Offtf( II
,......,....,......~

'{J'r~+rr: tqe-~(='Q' ctiT~T 3\fcti~'fft'T: II "" """" ~ " ~~T lfl~r=q;rr ~;r e'TGll ~l~ ~H' 1~ I

~~~q;r~ ~~~~q t~H'

<:' " "" ~T'PP+t~(~tf~Glci;r ~ f~Tff~'t~H' ...
~

rrtto:r ~ffitr+'Q'T ll~..fl ~rf;t ~, tl .,...."" ,...... "".""

I

"" ft

'{Qt.-s;+t~T~ ~ ~T+t .-lJf~o:{4lNH'(

-.

"

"

II ,....

U"'t'tf

'Q'fq'{J~'Q'T~liTffq;;J ~ ~'ffl'(

<:'

r:::.

II

mil ~q{~q a:rrqqm:

If~ 11

~rq.:r~Cfi~T tft1JAi~

"

tqegHr: I

"" " q~ ~m ~cr :q " ~ "" ~;:r~Tl1lf ""

""

II
1

"" "" ~~~ ~g(='Q' ~~R. -q~r ~q:

1 '~wm~' ~q-WOT:, ~. <f.T., p. 332 2 CIT. r~., p. 48; and~. <f.T., p. 332

~]

,...._. ~ ~ ~R=r-f otrT~"f ~~;r.[~ ~T~;r:

II
1

" ,.., ~~ crna:srn\JT :;:r ("l<:.rl

" ~;rm"~-~t;:~:

aTT~ ifT~T ~l'f'q! ~~ 11~~: II

,ft~TWM"a:T: ~1Jfr ~iflfRT if~: (1~ I

nqf nt:r mn ~err~ artR~) ~ ir ~ sr~:

~ttlaltll+il'i
..... ...&;;;:. .....

,...._

(1'~ ~: I

;r

~;t~T ("l"t~tiT (1'~~:

"" n;rr

w:r: II
.r.;.

~~~ """" ~q-~: ~qtJOI~T

w:rT;rts~:

q'tf': 1

"" ~ " ~cr'ti'T nTR' !flfT ~r: ~Cft!Ql~ ~~I~ H I :

n.,...~;rrr.:1 4 ~trtl'mw:r 'ti'A~T~'Q"fcrlt~q 1(1' "t:::.-'
n~n

II

""""

,..., II

ifff ~~~ ~T;r~ffiit

f;r'tf'n;rt';f("l': I

~ q'~'tf'T ~~~"'Q'T w:rm'tf'VI~q'Fl~ II !f1!~ ~("I'T q'l~ lrfq~

""~

~n a:crnt'ti'TSS~ ~cr ~c-r.~o~

=itir :;:r

~tJTtt~m'ti'Ql

. "" ~~tm=f~'tl' !fl~SS::rt~lilSS~;rf;r~-q~ I . . .

~

fqNcr:orr:

II

a:cr

.....

,....... ..... ..... ~.t~~ ~(1'~~

11

cfT7'tf'H':

~ era:~ ~~T

~...

:;:r

A'tl'nl~"fCfl;r:_

,...,

~T~'ti'T'tl'n~ A~Ql): fu~it ;r~m~: II

~qq'f~ ~Tll ij ~~~

(1 ~ff

~I
11

~~t ~T ~ ~cr ~f~;r:

~+l~N": II

'rfr-4-~' ~';fl,.lfi~P~fl~~: I ';rl=+fr~:' ~'q'm~~r~~~m~~

r;:."
~

1 ~QT:

'~'

~~-a'<:wtt

..._

..._

'~~Torl~'Sf:' atR~fiji'Q': I '~'Sfs:r;n~:' ~~ ~'Sfmqlf: 1 '~~~rrr~;:~:' ~;:~ 'Q' Sf -q): tr~'<r;"

~~ ~'Q' 1 'Ir~rf+rnq:' ~r;nllf+r~~-rn 1

1 11, 1-6; '~H' Plti49rR!oir

~~=. f.l'tr~

;:;f<f'iJ.i,

f.f~zy<l~ir~

arqufl:ii!t, ar~t~h~s:~mrurr, arr:ork ~~R,

~]

qrfr ~qr;rr.:ifrm~qr~~m :qrsfllfilft~n ~RiGfomr::Q'T

...... ,......,. ......

~lJf~~~fQ'NTQ'~;q-~: ~q:

......

!f~Hl

~'Q'f(t,_

~ ~rssm !f~qtfff 1

'~' ~~qfff-.li!ffff I '~r~q!f~;{r' ;:qrq~~T I

;r~m:rnr: ~~~?(tr: ~~r ~~q~:

fq;{tff: ~~~: ~~;:r: ~Q'CfT~Rt: II

~~~: ~1~Jfflifil'~~rs~q~ff~Tr
~~ ~ ~

r'\ ('

,.....

~T~~~~Cf !fr~: ::a_~r ~~Q'A~ II

,.....

~~~~rssrqCf(i:f~qf ~~;fr~qf o~cr

:q 1
2

f?c;fr~cr~.J

qfOftrT ~qf ~cr ';f~rfit~:

11

';r~~~~:' li~t'tl+t: I '~,-_~~~q:' ~q'Q': I

~Cf\:l+i ~~-1Pi~

"'

......

t ~ ..... "' "' , if ~ ~G\Cf11T<rn:_ p,. ~ I ~~CCfSTlf ~Rf1 '@~1'1!111.11f

er.r(r' ~r~lr+~~a~~R~ur~lt~= 1 '~Cfl<\1' ~m:~f<rq;r(;s "' " "' "' ...... . 'i1;.1fi!IT~a<ri<\T I <J~t<J~ M~lc9tJ~~~ C'I~TSTLf ~T~T'ffi+rm<\1'
("

~if ~~I 'a:rp:(jf~'ffr' ~T<ifct<m aJm<m 9T I 'a:r~

f<A'ffi:' :!'~= 1 fcr~T\!l\~Tc<JT ~~ '~' . ~G:~RJhrt ~ 1

'~R":' aJ~\:1: 1 ~ur<rc~m:' ~urq-~: fcl~rrt~!R'M: ~~

~: ~= +~fr~@+r;qcwr~'Mffir:

~r ~ft , ~ct
I

'qf~T' C'l~<rii'~or;ClifTUttTi{R_ :!'~

i{@r amC'IrA ~\1.1 ( tt~'f.RtrM,

':q' ~T\1. ~C'I+!~T

pp. 177-178)

1 <rr. ~., I, 309-311 2 eft. fir., p.119, repeating firnf41U explains: ~~~w~<r:'

[~

'~+r:' ms~fff: 1 '~qffttft's;;r ~m.r~ 1

'l!l. ' ~\'ill'At:ffi'(UT~ I '~+r: ' " " q'W"tf

~qi(Eii(l:t;: 2

"

"

Ci!g~lfT~W

I 'CRR:

~~(:5(:5~G_TOf~TvsT CiJS~' ~:

';jf~'s~~O"J~!fr 1 ';jfq~q:' 'l'.~J~;:r: ~~~ ~~t~

orr'lo:r~: I 'f<r-l')"a":' C1~~~: 5lf9'i'!J<:f ilfCf: I ( fmlT~U )

Apararka explains
ll~l

'~q:'

as 31<liiHcrTifi,, and con-

cludes : :;p:ft!:f~UJT('f_ oljJif,(OifilOIJ111~ +ft+lf~TO"JI:lifmooTUf

1 Sl. 1-3 [ ed. Kane ] ; eft. fir., p. 120 2 <lT. fir., p. 121 reproduces these comments, and adds : ~a)G.!:f:' ~m orcr: ~ Ol~: 1 '~rfr' ~q:.frnl~T
~..... ~

3 3, 88 [ ed. Jolly] ; <ft.

4 Jolly, p. 16, reads

m., p. 121, fct~ (J:Si(lJii'!\il-

~~~mtfr ~m <r"<l~ or ~'ivu=cr~tr. ~fu 1

~r~ ij~ ~

~]

m~-cr~~'f:ro~rr: 1
~v~

mmO.~ ~;ft ft;r;~~ sirf'"ffl)S~ 1 ...,. ,.... ~~~ ~"!!"'''~~~~m"l'n'~ st:s:tr~ ~ trlT T1fffi' II
2

:s:rrcro: 1 m~ ~) ~r~ ff~fwr~~crrs+tlf~ II

~cr ~'Q' ~-.:ro: ~r:s:w;rrsr:r
"" ,.... "" "" ,.... r'\

Wf~~~~!JH! ~;ry;.~q~qo1
('

f!.bflo~ 'ff9l' ffi~?.J tf';f ~ ~lf~~~Rf..ll

.......

,......_

('

""

.....

l'Hl!ffi I

,.... ,....

1 I, 334 ; eft. ffr., p. 121 2 ~-i and ~~ follow the reading it.TI:l<ITsft:~ 3 VII, 32-33; <ft. r'it., p. 121
4 Printed text reads
~=

5 Sl. 9, 10, 8, ( Kane ) ; eft. f?r., p. 139

~ I.-'S4lJf: Il'~qtff II'T~f.l_ ltr~~;r_ n;q~r;r._ ~:o:Jf~ I

ff~ l-q.-ff~T~ rei'SflJffS~-t
~
c.:'

,.....

,.t

,.....

"

r-:..- ""

"""

ffff:

~i:{'Q''I_

II

'l1r~r;J..' NQ:frffTll'~~ I '~~f.r_' ~'i'l;ff~;ar;r 3 I

~ ,..... ~ "" "''~~ ~~~ ~: ~r~~~-q~;r_ ~rwnt~ 1 ~mr~ ~ ~r51gr qf I~"~(rrr 'tffrMrrr.:r_ u

1 I, 312; eft. f#., p. 177 '2 <J't. fir., p. 177 give; the reading tr
~+rfr:fur:' ~fu

+rr~:{ur:

but refers

to the text reading thus: 'f.~T ;ror1jq ~c<m'l~T

qrif

~~: 1 f+rcrr~u

adopts the read

ing

~ +l'~:{Uf:

3 cf firnr~U-'~!ffi~' ffi~'RPHJ<ITGR, I <~~'I_' l:T+r~~Cfillf

~~rq~r.r,1 -q,ci +rPr:{'OT: ~;err ij: ~ ~ ~~fc\"!:rr1"1irr~

~~uf 'f.ri fq~~ ~.,~a-: 0<1~~~ 1 <!i~ ~rnfmlr:f

~err ~~moo~fcr<m:~~., <~' ~acr:m~~~R~I

4 VII, 54-59 ; efT.

rn., p. 177

~]

ayfq ll'Q_ ~ ~~ ~~;r ~~~ I

A~.mt~rT.J;r ~ {T~ ;r~q~ II
~ ~ ~;rf+rsntr~+"ll itt~ 'l~l~ I
~~ffr-fT ~ ctifll~ ~~1 ~?tt:I'Rt:r;r
"'l' "

f;j

...

II
II

~~ ~ ~~ ifT~ ~q-~J I
;r~~ ;r;sr {T~T q-r~:,~~~~
.....

. .

" " ~ ~" "" ..... 1;r~ ffi~ ~;rr~rn ~~1'QlfQT r.n~ 1

R;r ~ ro~~~ rr~n ~Pi ~~~:q~ 11

~~~~~~3
M"tt:I'T~ ~T'Ql~ q~a:_ ~~r.:'rJTff~~ql{_
.....

"

"

WJ9l. ~il:~nffi'QT~ ~~~~1~ ~t~Ts~nl~ 11

~q~~qgonifm~ ~~;rT~ ~;r~:ns~qffTf:l. 1
w:IT~t:r1;:~~~Tlf1~ ~~T~ l!ftA~~
..... .....
~.

,......

II
6

~""'r:r~Cfil~ ~~~: ~mr+rQ\1~ l.Jq~~1;J,. 1

'!~Tf:l~~ ~~llft~ ~+r~lill ltl~ll'Q_

"

-~

.....

.....

II

1 c.

ctt. m., P

177

2 <ft. 3

m.,p.

178 reads fim:r2or for fcru~ur 184 ; ~. g. ( .Anandasrama ed. ) c.215

~<rei'R.

err. m., p. s. 3-G

4 Ibid, p. 17 5

for

5 01. g., c. 215, G: ~~~~or.

6 Ibid,

~-i<T~

for

~c::5A:.

r~

~I'S'Ititillti'!'dl ~
~
~""

m~ ~ 11t'4tff ~q-+r=ffi tet~~

g 19;=ffi ~lfT?l ~~~--~~ I

~

~ ('

('c_

.....

11
I

" "" ~ " t:;;; lfi~T ~ ~'+"l:IT~ q<Q'f~ llrFfTI~:

~~~~~1~ ~1l
;r
~

"' "" "' "" -q:q;r ~'q'lfrrsJT

'Q'~~: ~ q-~ ;:'Q'f~'Q' f!ql~r;r~

""~

. tr'4H I . . -,.....,.....,.....
~
('""

fT.m qrr'qq: 11
Q~

II

'lff.-"511JTT " ""'

"" ~Glti~tt!J

'~+"'Q'Y: '

" ~ trT'Q'f~~T~

'~m:'R~~lll~ 1

"" "" "" ~ 'Q' ~'Q'WlT: ~: ~t:Q'~ ~~T: 1RTr~:l

;rt~ra:"ll lt~r~n~: 11'~ ~~Q+t~rff

"

"

(',.....

11

"""3

;r ~~~' ;r :q ~n nssn~ ;rrs~fff;'~:.:trn " ~ ~~~ ;rrc<::stil:":e*"t-=r;{t ~n 'ql~ ~~1~ ~~ fHNurr 11

1 Kane, 11-13; <fr. fl:r., p. 178 2 eft. f;r., p. 17 5 3 eft. #1., p. 17 5 ascribes these verses to ~~lm

~ ('t~3JH~_r

'"'1

~~;r: ~e(i;:qm ~~A~~((: 1 lf~fffu~Wtffi~T~ ~~1e: ~~~+nf'~T II

2

f;ffq:d ~~~r~ ~i ~q R~~~ff 1 (' '"' '"' ~~: efi;rJTT ~~tff~ll lfi~T ~: II

~~rq~r;r~: ~~~Rf'q~q-rq~

,.....

"'"',.....

,..... ...,. ,..... '"' ~~r ~;rr:n~n efiTlfT ifT'~QT: ~~,s~

'"'

II

~~~: tJ~q'f ~~~ ~q-T~T T~trTlfT

,..... r-.

'"'

,.....

r-.

'"' ;r =;:nl[O: I ,..... r-. '"'

;q

~qqJ trffi~~r yq~qff

...,.

r-.

"

II

trqr~r~ ~R~trl~~+rt~~T~: I
~: if;~) qmfr ~tm4WT~ II
~mq- ~~ efiT~ ;q ~ ~ ~r;~f~:s 1
4

~TSA ffttr tr: ~ 6 ~ ~ffi Wlq-fftt~~ II

1 eft. f;r., p. 179; '2
if. if.

g., c. '215, sl. 8-4 7

g., I. 0. a,nd A. 8. B., ~~Gfu~:H~<rr~~ ;

Udaipur Ms., ~~1Tf~!Ncr: 3 <ft. 4

if.

m., 179 has :cr<li~U~r(~fmif,R: in par reproducing

g., c. '215, sl. 12, ~'li: for tl_~:
fc!~r<:i~~rtil~~
<ffi' ot~

this comment.

5 Ibid, 6 Ibid,
~

<@I <r:

~rr+rirr~: 1

<r: ti~

[\I
sri~) ~TQ'm:' m1 "R"~ f.:lnf~: 1

~~r

s ~mQ')': ~tit:~ ~~("i~t ~: 11

~;r~TQ'r~m:r~ ~~~~ q-rfif~ 1

~~'l:lftf +rqffi- ;nfr q"T~'-1 ff~ II

'-'~~Q'~~fqm:~) ~~~~f~~~~: I
~~r.:~rq~n~~:
'

,......,

,......,

,......,

""'t'

CflTtrr

~T ;r~q~~:
~r'>

,......,

II

1il"~tlQ'JT: ~T;:~T4 '4 ~~;rt ("i '1 ~~r+n~:, 'ff'-IT

' " "

.......

~~: ~~~ ~:m3 I

'am-n~r' ~~f(qteefl:

~tR~: ~~"R"+n~: ~eu"ifrt:

('

"

'"'"

~~: tf~l'l"'~?it'4' ~~m

.....

""

r'>

~~~ ~~~~ ililf~'-1~~:

(' r'> ..... ('.....

SOICflllfiFr: II ..... "

r- "~

~~~T~T +J~~n '(Oiq'ifi~~: ~~:q:

C::.

II

T;rm~~'1~1'1(;fr) ~f~~~~~: 1
1
if,

s;., !;lf~S~~<rr:

" t " "' .... 2 r+r., p. 181 : ' aRT~: ' ~~fifeJU tr\: ~<:r: 3 Reproduced with slight changes by 91. rn., p. 181 4 Ibid, if. s-., c. 215, sl. 17 reads ~~eym

~ err.

~]

,...... ~~rq-~r ~rq~: t~~~l"\!: n:P:rcr~:

" " ~~~ ~ffrq-~~ ~r~r~:
arw:r~rtr:
('

""

""

""~ 'q"f{<:fiffff(=r: 11 ,...._(' """ " 'a'~~r~r<:tin:~mcr~rcr~: 1

" " ~q-m~rq~~: ~J"itr~: Ir~~tro 11

" " " ~~~~rcr"trw:r~n: ~r+r~r: ~~r~ffr:
~f:.l' ;r~r;:r~ ~ ~;r: ~r
~

"

"

"lrtrr ~r:q<:fi~~@'r ~r: II "" (:' " :q r;r-"31 :q ~~T~rq~r~: l

"

(',.........

fq!:f~: ~~~~ "t;rt~<:ti~17fT 3 +rit~ II

<:filtr~rrqrrcr"tr~ff"3f ~~~trn ~+rt~:
(:'

"

" ~~JT+r~:
('"'

" ~ct~T~T~~: II
~

I " ~" (' " !:... 6 ~rqp:n=r191:. ~~;'{ijlr;t:. ~;rm ... ,;rrrr.r_ 'a+rT;r,: 11 " ar~r;:r, ~ T~@'~g ~~"': ~ q-~: ~llrr: 1 cr ""
~'i6: ~CJTT~1711 ~oq:

"

" " CfitqffT

m:

~,.....

"

~ 4

a"1ff1:fqf'ftf~~~: ~~~T~fq~T~~: II
q-~qq~ :qys~'q"~ ~~'i6: ~tfT .,:~oc:m:r;r
(:'

"

"

"

'[ i3'q'Ttrt: ' ~T'f~r.T+r~~o:sn I~ ct~tf :q fif!!17J: I " " " "
ctPftrrf+r~Ttfff(=Cfif ~~~~+rTif~ I
1
+T. ~

c. '215, sl. '20,

~<IT ~m'<i~10T:

'2 +r. ~ '215, '23, ~ffii~~

oro:

3 A. S. B. and I. 0., <!i~ufl'; eft. ftr., p. 182 and +r. ~., adopt the text reading.
4 <fr. fir., p. 18'2 ana +T. ~ '215, '26 : 'fi~3 ~ 5 +r. ~., '215, '26, ~for ~ror_

[~

~+;q I 9'R'~~r: Irt~~JSt'Q'~r~q-r:

2

"'

~N~~: ~t Gt;rr~r;r~ ~r: II

~ f?tmnttr

r.tirlt {~r c{rqrft~r Gtii'J: 1

{m'ifT ::o:r ~~,;Wt~ II
I

et~':f&etmt~w:ri

" ~ " T~JR'J ~ij~J{J1Jl'J'q'iff~'Q': ~R: ~({1'

[ ~1Jf~rs~~ ~'~~: sr~rr'ffn: II

~~ ~~ ~~'Q'~r ;rn: 1 ~ " r-. ~ -oq -qrr.;::r..l,..,.(~ ~ nttr CbH-:.~:n l{J~~H~ffT ..... "'

""

II
I
11

tr.r'I~'I':IT':rr"' ~: ~~W "" " " " "' q(+q(l"IHI T=itf~R~R' ~ !I. ~ "' ar-n~: ~ q-~: ~Tl['q'R'q'J ~ ~e 1

$Tn:

trl1JJT~~: ] 3 ~

mtif q.q;f ~'Q' ~~T I

(:'

{~ n~r ~ ~ -q~r

r.fiT'Q'

(:'

l{~;r:

""

11

~mfm:r~~~) ~n'fffq-m~: 1 "" "" "" ~ttl ~~T ~f\:."'tf~: !f~~-qrr II

4 ""~ ~ ~~: ~~m;r~ ~"" ~rr: 1

""""

""" iTGtJm!T

;r~'Q' ~crCb;rtJ ~R'

"" (I ""

II

'~q-T~"ir' "R~;r: 5 I
1 [ ] +r. ~ A. S. B. and I. 0. '2 +r ~ . 215, 30, ~~rr{OT: ~ ;;rrrr G:T<r'fiU rru: 3 [ ] Lines "ithin asterisks missing in I. 0. 4 +r. ~ ~qr~~ for ~~or~ 5 I. 0. and A. S. B. ; <!'1, fir., p. 184 further explains : ~rsN :crr~ij an-riFf orm;:f ~qm <r~ ~= 1

~]

~~r~~r~fitAiR'~fffq~~: I
~'itf~r ll'~~: ~;r~ sr~t=r II
at;rrtrrtr~ ~{~
~

otTr sr1l:f:

~~rwo:

~roetr~: ~fff ~llr ~<q=m: ~~~ II

q~~<r~~~r ~~tr~ffr fifo~'~:, r

~~~1 ~ ~{~ ~qqfff: qf{cfrfffo: II

-qwo ~..... qrfVT~ ~~ ~=m~rf{ff I ...... ~~

~r~ftll m~q: ~~~~ Ff~trff II

'tr;~~~' =mt~ I 'qrfur~~' ~trr~ l 'at~~' 2 ~~ I '~=m~rftfl'' tr~f~ 1

R: ~~'flo: ~=m: fit~qffi+f~: ~Rn I

~r;r;o:~-eq~) A-ito-~ rr~trff 11
q'?a"f'bJ f.;oetff~il6r tr~r: ~~"r: ~a-ff: "t{'
at;o-:~r: ~rtlT ~llrr ~~ ~ll'
~ ~ ~
I'P.IP'I'~
,......

II

~qrr.n~r~~: ~off ~fffirmo: 1

~: ~re;:~~111'1"{ '({~: ~
~ ~

:;:rmo:

11

1 I. 0., A. S. B. and eft. f;r., p. 184 2 I. 0. and A. S. B. ; Reproduced by eft. rn., p. 184 3 +r. g., c. '215, 43-tr-f ~~'fiR!J ~: ~ ~ g~ I

'RW1 '<iTfQ'firiT ~l{ miT <i<f!J

4 Reproduced by eft.

<tim II

m., p. 185

c~

~tvtM'~rfir ~~) ~~~)[~

A
<:'"

1
N

~f'l!flH1''illl.,.. !-e~r ~nor 'q"fr~~:

11

~r~~~~)~~~
;r{~r~trm~~r 'ifNf:r~rc:!Jtrr~ 11
<:'"

<:'

';r{ri~qt~r~'fff ~irif
cti q O!J'd 'f T'1 ~ f'il tl ~Q'Tff I
<:' ~
"I

Cfi1ll1Q'"tq

l'ifQ'flf q-~ ~r~ 'gff ~HQ' ~~ 'if~ I

""".a:..

.a:,.!_)_.

~~~r iRt"Fci"tr~qr ~'ifrl1fi q~rMnr 11

"

;r

~e~r~~: ~trr~~r;:r

. qew:r._
I

~r'il'r ~Q'r ~'l'-

""

Wm: 'q"ft~~ ~"'Nr: srr~-.l~~ff fr"s~ f?t;rr~rq

~'+f'T?{ciir~ ~ft~r{ ~~ff
" "" " "" t:::.. -sgn~r~q q~ '+f'f~O'frsr +1 ~r:r ;r~: 3
"'-""~-'"'-"'--

at;T.Jrm ~~rr ~:;:rf;J_ ~r;rq~qffi~ 1

atnrrPl~'+4'flf1;c '+f'ffQ'fO:~f~ffi~ II
<:' <:' ""

f;f~ifffi~Q' m~f~m'ff~~r ~f+n r

(=(JqffTSffi'~~ tt"~~ ~:nrr fq~~

""

"

"

II

1 Reproduced by eft. fir., p. 185 2 eft. fir., p. 185

3 Jbicl; +r. ~ll., VII, G0-51. 4 eft, fir., p. 185

:lli)~~-:..~

'o r

.!!~

-.t:t~l~

"' '

: ~~l.t=hl.ll

O-J"

,:l~~.hJ.hl~t, ..... .....

~.1:1 : h2J.t:tlili : II.? IY;. b~ ' ..... I :~.h'J~ J!J!ln:t :J~.hU.t !:!/' ..... "'
' J .....

-.e~ J!J!l.t:t ~.hU~ J!J!1.2 ,:~.hU.tbtt-:..I:!.Jnlli.t:t ' ......,,. ...... .....,,. -~1.2, I h.l:!lh~.lnit .. t!.tiilt..jl~ ,lh~lh.:t~, t :~~

-l.t:t~ll~.h :~J.t:tti:l ~~ t :~lt ,a~.h.h~lt,

-~U::.H+P.Ii.t~h~
'J '

I .ln~
:.t!.t:
,.

:~~b
' 'J

I h~~.t!.t:
"'

-l_!l.tt !l!.~.tl.t: J.i~ij.t: ~:t~h

'J

' J~Uh,
.....

I h~.2hl!tt . .h.l:1 ,:P.J.fa l~.h:UI, I h~ i)i)

~!:!~.ltl!tll~,
..... .....

1 :n.n~! lhl~~~ :J.h.l:l :l!.h~JJU.I:l.J:Jll.h ~b 1 :.tJae~ i) v i)

-~~ 1~J.t ,:.tt..a~~.t:t, I ,:.tl.t:~.tt, :~~ :~#

-l!~ I J).l.t:~.a::.t hll!.J~~.t:.2.h~ ,!~!.t:,

I ~ll::lli

-~~~~~.th~ll ~.e&.t!hl&l~, I h~4!l.t.h:U.I:l

t.J.tl!t.h~~ ~ ,l!tl.t.h:t.l:l, 1l:tll!J~.t:t~ ,~~a,

II !lh~lhl!..l ~~lbh in~~ .h~bslh~~ ':J~.t:t i).....
,'J. ..... .....
~

i~.n~.t ': 1.a~~.e~a ': lh~ ~i) ~ J.t:t.a ..... "'

:~bhhll.h "' 0-J
'J"

e:

l!.J.t:t~J.e~ 'J

:J.t!.e~n-2 ~~~.t:t ~~.t:t :.ttlh~lt..l.2ll.l:il& vi) "'w "' ~ 'J'J :.eJ~lllh.lill::t ~~h .l~Ja~bl.t:th 'J "' ..... ..... "''Ji) i)

I :Jh:::d:~~llall~
-~.1:1
"

~~.1:1

: h.2l~~hlhl.2!:!:t
""'

L:

llathl::l
i)

-~ll j~~~.eh:al!.lb:tl!J.bl!.l.2l~~Jh.-t~~J.t:t~ 1~

':hl-2 l!tl~~~l~.2!:!.lt.. Jlt!.t hibltP.J.fa J~U.h l~hl.t~

'J "' ""' ..... 'J "'

: J~l!.hllil.2.hlt..J!.l.b.lt..~h~

"'"
i)

.....

"'

: l~.hb~b.l.l~

-J.e~J:lh.tt~t1.h& .m.n.aml.ll~.t:t J.t!~J.tt.t!.t: .mh

"'
'J

'J

"'

-~~ -!J!~jl~~.2J.l::~.ln.tl.BU:1lh~ '~~U.h11.1:1 '~1~

n.

: l.tdl.l:t~ ~~l!l:ltt:l~:::k

"

(R

['d

an~
N

[
~

~qQT ] ~~~o-~r~if~qnfT~rr
~

~l+I'~T~ '"1..-~Ttl!

~1J'fr.f~l~Tll!
3

,..._

m~ ~WM-

~!1 ~~!I ~~~~ 1

1 The entire commentary is reproduced ve1batim, without acknowledgment by <IT. f4., pp. 186-7. The vJ.rious quotations also in <IT. flr., are taken bodily from ~ 2 r.r. ~-, 3, 1G-21 ; rn., P 187 3 ~ <~Tif.fR: cr:ri ~<ii 7;f~;;f ~~of; ~ <frqn_ 1 '<~lllr:' mrr:
;;rl~ cr-rrA" ~fcr <IT
I <Ill":

trcf(f:

~<rfr'q <1Jlli!_ I

ftrft-

~ffi <IT 4 VII, 62

II (

~~~1, Jolly, p. 11, note.)

5 VII, 80-81 ; eft. flr., p. 187

"]
"'~ ~lQqcft~~1llT ~tftfQ'r ~~~II
'~n='EI~~R~ if(ij-' ~~~:rn:n~ i!fi~ 1
2

{o :q-q ~~qfff ~'EI:m~~~'l. 1

rot

(I

"

~oTi!fiT~~~ ~f~ ~~ ~~o'J_II ,.....(' " "' " ay~: ~f=q~~: tlllfflfT~ ~~enf~q(={_ I
~-~q'l"r"(.-="'EfTo+rT'EIT7lff
r'\ r'\ (' r'\

{Fff ~r~:

"'

~~ttfo

"'

II

atlikQ ~ aTT'Q'=ttT ~~ ~fq~ ~r I ~ "' "' "' " ,..... (' ~

~q-r~r ~ro~r~

{o ~r-=~r'EI~T 11

"' " "' {0 qq " w~ T+fif~q :q ~~~ 1 "' (' " "' "' ~(={_ ~ ~lf r+I<Q'-=o "Q";r lfr;rqy: 11

nr

~ ~T~ttf ~~~ f;r~(Wff~~ff: I

aT~Tnlrtwff- ~~f :p~,; :q R~T~o'l_ II
!~

:q

~ "' " r..f"'r' ~'EI o~'EI;r q''('(Nfr=q~rrq-~

rNT !ftnsnnfrr~qysSFqr;f ;r ~~tr~ 11

g lt;:tff;:;Jtf~) v=f ~'Q'f~'q'~ ,..... "' ~m g ~i!filfn~~~'EI: ~ 11

;r
,.....~

1 <ft. ftr., p. 187, Corrects this rightly as afci~'l. 2 Reproduced by <ft. ftr., p. 187

3 +r.
to.

~~.,

VII, 63-69 ; <fr. ftr., p. 188

4 <ft. ftr., p. 189

fj

~m

;J

q'itfJ:

~"

wffi

~t=r~ ~~ ~: ~~n 1 ~ "' " "' Cf(:Cq+t'f\~ 1ifimT4l'ef'TffT

qf,J~ o-qJ ~~~: II

t!t=rT;r_ ~ ~ff ~~~ff ~~

"' " "' ~~ ~~~~ cr~ ;J ~:II

q~~rq2

l:J~TS~~~ ~q-J;:;r;fr n~)s~~~f4l: I

ff~ i=t 1ifiqfil~'Q'Tllf f.iq)~ ;r~ qq II

~~ ~~;rT 1!fiTtf ~~ if'~;J I

~Tl'ttf ~;j o~
3

;J

Cf~~ 1!fi(14'.1;f II

~~

firtf (=q~ q-~~ ~~~

~;'fff~ ~~qfstti' ttl~ ~~II

il:r. p. 189, but ~ros, 5'2, 14-15 ( Mylapore ed. p. 63'2 ) reads, or ~(f'f~~r wr;::Prcf ~= 2 I. 0, and A. S. B; q-f. fir., p. 189, if(~. 3',. cap. 216 3 I. 0., arrm; <it. fir., p. 169, am%t~
1 So
c(t,

~]

tfq{q~ 1 ~::;ti' ~~':{ ~ffft.r 'q'fNq I

~qf~l: ~r~~T
~ ,....~

.._

;r

~qtr ~~ ct\~T~ II

C;:,

~ffffq-m: ~~!! ~::.tr: ti"Q'~o: 1

;r ::q mtrr~-i f-lif?o~~;r ::q ~(Qr II
;fr~~~ ~
"

-;rr-i :;.r o~tr ~r~: fittit

~ ~

~1

~T~~ ;r ~T

C6'(q ~+rTfitff~~fflf_ II
::q
A ~--- 2 I q~~

~TGf~WT ... ct\~ ff It;.~

"" ,. . ""f.f "" "Fff ::!J~Ttr~:f'q~f41:ff (I ~rr: II

~;f 3 ;r Er~f(TGf9l_ ~;rr ~N<!{~T~;rq_ I
f;f:~;r~rrf :;.r(sq;rr.f o~~tr~ rnq~ II
tN

~~ +r~r ... "~N. ~Cfi~a(\1

4

~~IJT ~Tfitff ~~trT~~T~

-rtm;r II ;r o~~~~~~s oqr m: mQT +r~ I

~~trli,;r qy~1l~ ~qrtr ~<!{URn: 11

~~fit ~Q{((ff ~{T=Qtrf ~~T ~::m;rm I ~ ,.... ~--.._ C6'ftrrqro :;.r T~Ttr C6Ttr1lff:OqJ +l<!{(\ II

1 ;:r, g., c. 216, 4 : qu~hr~

2 il'.
~.,

has the following auditional lines :

{Rf:

\'!+ffSMir CIT 'Wfi ifJqr fct:mrrcH I

~ ~

Sl~~li 'liT~ ~S~

U:J1<1"

. g "'

TCf~l!ili~

..........

3 ;:r ., ~., p. 460, ~~ for ~~

4 il'. ~ . ~lv.:f

5 Ibid,~~~~

~
~

t; l:r9

~i '~
If t

t;

~ ~
~ ~ '!t
~? c:f.1;;
ltD"

I)~ ~

l '! ~~ .~
tr

rr

l:f '~ rr ~ tr

tm . '[ ;(!r~ 1~r~i~~~rif~jii~

~
!e) ,_

::

- -; .. m

(f

'*
fD"
!e) l:r

fp=

!J' ,tr
[

rr;)

....

~ ~ ~
(.....

g
ID"

c:-

tt'
IW

~ ~ ~ ~ :i ~~ ~ ~ ~ -~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ -~ : J! '~ -~ 'tf -~ ; ~ ~~ ~ g ~ ~'"' ,"" e ~ ~ ! 1 t _

It')

!l"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '! -~ 'if ~ ~ ~ - tr i ~ !
!r"

tt

If ~ !r" ~~ '~ ~ ttr7 'I; (~ 'E ~ ~ ~ .tr If rr d! ~;- ~ ,Jg: tr & ~ E b' 1Ji ~ ~? ~ ,t d! c-g (..,. ~ ID" IJi' ~ t;
fD" 11(;
-

t."

1/)

P=l w.
o

J; (1!:

!1

rd

c13

~
tr

dE ti Ill ~ ~ ir 19 ~

~ ~ tr I; lr ~? IT., ~ c:- ~ I@J ~ ~~i tr .,. Q!: '~ ~ ~~ ~ ,_ 'b' '~ rr '~ ~ tr ~ "(.,_ ' ~~IJ:. ~ ,_ r:; - ~~ ~ rr g liP' ~ ~ ~ ~~~ (~ rr ~ "!i '~ . g, ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ 19 tr ~ tr ~ t9 ~" ~ ~ It ~ !J ~ I; '~
4

6cg hr

<::)

t.-

P..6

t:r)

ci.

...-i

to'

"
-

-""'~
-

I~ ~ (I~ v;
!Z tli
tt'
J@)

- b' lti ,~ fit !W ~ "" (!! g, ~ 1po = ~ ~ tttr' ~ '~ If ; ,_ '~ '"' ~ ~ ~ "ID" !+ "~ ~ '~ w ~ '~ ~ ~ ~~ (~ ~ If ~~ tw ~ ~ 4~ IP If, ~ ~ mg' ~
II)

tr'Jc-

fp"

--

!;,

!;"

~~ tr
~
a&

fit

P9

I; ~ J\r (~
1tr

~~ rd '~ ~; ([ '~ le ~ ~ fi g~ -~ f "~ ~ ,rr e re ~~

"" .tt'

~ ~ tt' If
R'l"'l

tli

I~
fir

~~ ~ If ~~ ~ 'If 't ~ ,iff. g I! (~ w t 1/)~

,JJ;.

~ rr ~= It ,rr '~

~ -= ~"~ rr (~ !r ~

..
~ IV

nr

""'

"'" = ,[ - W tr'
t:

1/)

IP" If

IP"

g '~

tf '

II)

1lr

=
~ ~~
!+

1ji

I!
~

I+

lr

,'fi ~ m' ~ ~ ~~~ t\ d!:: tt' lli t;'

c-;:
,..-,
~

,., l!!.

l;f

~ ~

IP" s-

~
it:

4tp"

'~

t:r 4IP" ~ J, ~ j;: W

~ ~ 41;=

.i

ftt1

I;

Ill" If
I

'!lf 'ir
tli ""'"
ltr

ff "
IP
, '
,[

"' ,IE

'j;;

~~ ~ ~ ~~ <~ ~ -g ~ ~ ii IIi ~ 1!: ~ ~

~ ~ ~~

'v; ~

t:r

"f
(~
4

~ "~ ~

~ ' & ~ g ~

'[

It) ~ fr ~Pi ~ ~;r ~ .tt'

1/)

C'i'

c:>

Jtr !lr Jli ~

ir ~~ '~

tr

~ ,_ 1fi lei ~

ltr

~ ~~ ~ ~ If ~ tt- ~

ft li

le.

& ~

~~-

P..

,ti

~ ro

1r1

It: ~ m-

1-

ir;

t:r

l::f (l!

lli

(~ "E

t:'

ctl

r:1

IP

1':

1ft'

<:.0

"<:11

P..

b?

t;'

If

tt ;;; <e:

tw

lfJ d!

(1!!:

ti

......-!

[ Grrtffl &'l'i4et;tt: 'gm ~ g

~f~lll:. I
I

atfir~qfq qffl:fff;r ~~tr-r~, II ]

"" "" _......~r.:I""'P9'!~' ~q-yq;r ~ ~fTff ~ffl'Cli4 tq Iet't fffq'f

~f~ ~'ff ~~~rNf II

~ff t~tf ~~tff ~f ~6~ I

auq(' ;r
... ~ A "" "" c;;,.. ~tl~k'{'t N't"ffi4A ~l<:otffll_

II

m;;T ... :qr~~

---t::;;,~

ffq'J ~ ~

... "" ~ "" ('Q\rlj;ff t1' r.fg'OT1ftf1ft11l_ I

1 [ ] I. 0., A. S. B. and eft. f;r,, p. 192

2
if. ~. ,

p. 461,

fiG for ~

{;tf

q<:if-:.qqJ~;;tf 'lf~ ~~I

II

('~ rt "' "' ~ ~, .... ~qffl ~;p:.6f:::rt'H'+iij~P:4

'q':il';;tf' q~+~ ~~I 'GII'f{e' ~41:+l1111fl"Q+l_3 1

1 cf. err. fir. , p. 199 ; U;;j"ff. ' , pp. 26-'28 ; pp. 113-114; iff. +r., pp. 77-78
'2 I, 3'21.

'l;;j,

<tr.,

3 ~r~u :-"~f?r an:q~'f.Ct~q.rn~m

~qffi ~ ;;j ll'i"(?::(l ..~"ffSn;l:fr<ffl" I

~rn~:,

G"~rs~

4 VII, 69.
"~ifi~T ~~ Sl<mf: Sl~: I
~~<IT ~ ~m GJS~Irlfii~B!Jd:"

ifcf ~~liiTifil~ I
5 cap. '217, sl. 2 ff; eft. fir. , p. 198

[~
~~ ~lf~("ffi\i1W11'lH+(

""

~tfr~ qrsfit ~q-~ ~ II

aFT+~ 1t~Efil1Jli H9JQ~N~ I

~:~~~ ~~~:

mffi :r.J. fifir ft~

3

II

~ful1f~R

:r.J

~"~~~+( 1

~~ tfq"T~+i" ~T\i'tl t'f.iqq;r~(=(.ll

~~ ;rfr~ ll<i_~~ qr~ifq :r.J I ~t{ ~t{ :r.J ~lfTOOtf' q~+( 5 II '~~' ~~fir:
'qt~' q..-~q:_ I
1

';rt~' "lffffimrmn ~~:

~~~fFr~_

am:~~RT~ctiT'lT ~~f :r.J ~a-it I iftffi: "-rnQ!~ !fl~iH9J(("igH+( II

1 Udaipur Ms., iil:&t.4ii{ 2 +r.
~.,

p. 4Gl and crt

rn., p. 198_, f!:r;q+n~~c;q_

3 +r. ~- , p. 4G1, o<mrn~iimcr~

4 VII, 70 ; <ft. fir. , p. 202 5 cf.

~nm:cr;

011. +r., p. 78:

~]
~:1

~
"'l'

til" 9 ~WJIH~"l
""

C1'

il'~gaq~
~~2

"" ffq'l' ~ l"l 1($;"1~"" II "".,..., "" 1qtot1~

3

~I
""

qcti:

=mr ~T~ff
c..

srmt~ ~ro:
~ ~-

~ .,.,fl(=t~~~ ..... rr~~ift~~q"

~4

11

~~..-~~~m::rr~qmqr~: 1
~-q;:=~ST:rr~~'Cf~ 1q1q~: ~oq: ~((~(!iff~
~
&;;;J;::;.. ~ "

~ (I ~..s

II

~~~m~~
~=7:""

mr.r_ ~~~~)~ar: I
"" "'
6

at~ ~~.f~n ~mn"+-"tf: sr~t:tt<pf!~+i_1ft:t':

~~~~ ~q"~ftr~ ~'4.,.11(1 it II

mf1Jli d
~

~ ~~ ~ mf;~ q"f~ci ~ I

~~ ~-err~ ~ n~ II
41.f1:r~fit'qf
1

f.:m'mm qrsfit ~

1 VII, 71 ; eft. fir. , p. 203 2 +r. ~., VII, 74 ; il't. +r., p. 78

. 'W+I'q

explains:-~~~urr

arfit

" SUC~Jrd

~:q";

3 eft. fir., p. 202, m<r.m;q: ; sou~. 4 Ibid, fcf~ for ~~

cf.r., p. 113

5 eft. fir., p. 204 6 I. 0. and A. S. B., ~~rn.. for 51~~; so also eft. tlt., p. 204
~

[~
~~R~m~ i.fiHoql~
e.;. ('

n'UT?f"ll: II

,.....

~+t.,.Hiwsr ~qlf.l

ri: Slf!'Hq{(lft: I

(iG14el1fGictt~l f'oqi.fil~~rNT II
@l~l1@fl;wf.itS:i.fi1"41~'1~~ I c.'"' ~ '"' .... ~~q-N~ifq~~ @fT;rtTTWlfl~ i.fi~~ II

'~:'at~: atT{T~~q-: ?I

~ "'"''"' '"' ~~it'~ ~ q T~"tfll' qq q~q +f1'r-::r.:rf'2t'2'~~

II

~~"l:lit ~ 3~ ~ ~~ ~~4 I

~fT"li.fi{Qj ~ ~~"l:lit ~ ~q~ II

1 +r. !J., c. 217, 9-1:1 ; cf ~. <if., pp. 118-125. 2 +r. !J., and cit. fir., p. 203, have ~~~=, but all three manuscripts read arr1111cft~: 3 I. 0. and A. S. B., 4
rn:a~ssr; <~'t.

fir., p. 203 reads

ftfrt :q \~. <6r., p.

124, cites this line from REI2J't:llrRR

~~ ~tiin:Jrunt

w\

~if ~ q't~"tfir trr~t ~ fq~qfr' 1

atr:fff :q9~~

qr ~

q-r ~r{q~~~'i:. II
"'qct :q 1 ~

~fffi~r;:r ~etif'UT :q tA";f~tf

o~""

~~rt :q ~rem :q ~~ ... a~ u

~.s( 3f$mr ;r(tffr~! ~~r~ 1
~ (=f'SI' ~fl Qq srtr~ q~ART
(' "" A

II
I

'~' ~"~ I 'atttl'ft' ~r~q_

~f~l

'~Rt\~'

1 <ft. rlr., p. 206 2 eft. !lr., p. 206 ; if. g., ch. 217, 15-41 3 These slokas are attributed to ~"Fl'!m:guOT by ~. <tr., p. 124, but they are found in if. g., c. 217,15

[~
-;r-~--rwt"'"'ft :q ~ ~~:lr'll"r.e:7'rr7~rrqy ...
(I (I

w:
:q I

~ ~r~:
" ..... 1'.::..

m qrq-~r ~~~q-;r: "

~

;rr~~~'='~~q

r.;.. " (I ..... .,.,.Ai~~(b'ij'(EI

~i!i :q rrqr +rrtr ~)~mrt ~~l'lfff 11

;rqi ~r.i Fr'ten~ ~mod ffqEJ :q I
\reUnl~r ~of'r ~wPITf
..... (I "'"'

f%\(ftrfl' 11
(I

!fr~r ~nsq ~~ q-~~~llg ;r~fft: 2 1 ~~ W'rn~ rNl ~rtrr: !f({Tq' ~q{u~1i: II

?'"f?i!~ .....
3

Ellwt(l*-fEI

-~

~~i!i~T~f'tJ ftEI~m ~~i!i :q

~~ TEl~~: ..... .....

(I

"

.....

II

~~~ ~r:n ~ ~m1Jl'i ~fqorr 1 m~~n~RmJ; ff~~'iq~q f.lfq: II

~ff ;r CfiH ~q T ~q~~

f<{EC'Aft
~

ffrt'~;t ~~r;f miT ~~rtf ~R:t.tf;t: II

~~t.t~T;:r (=tqqTflat "41:

1 I. 0. and A. 8. B. read G"~'i =<i, but the text is confirmed by <ft. fit. p. '206 and~. '!if., p. 125

'2 ;:r, 3'., p. 4'26 and <ft. llf., p. 207: fu2~g i!Tl_m: 1

<;J~IJ!~ <rrtr qft.

3 fr. fir., p. 207 explains : ;r.:~~crr;;T ~r.n:rm~ ~<f~TT~~~q~~ 1 Kautilya gives a better reason : viz. prevention of fire and poisonous serpents by these animals (

Oitf. m.,

Mysore

edn. p. 40 and p. 132 )

~]

~P-RJ~~ q;:sr~~~ ~+rr;:r,. 1 rn-~~~q~~ ~a-~t~ffqq :q n an~ ~~ ~~r ~if ~ ~~r ~~: 1
~~e'4tiff Ft~f1llf ~if ~r.f fq~p:rff 11 ~ ,..._ ~ "" ;r --qi{ flt fff ~q TCf;:n' CfiTlt rf"qf +r~ I .............. "'
~
~

:q

~: CfiffOQT ;:rr;rrlf~QTT .. ctrn:

II

~~ ~ri.fr ~ wr ~~trff 1 ~ ~n:rfQr ~a-rf.r ctirtr1m:rrr :q "+ltPT

~~rssr ~qqr+r~oqf.lT lf~~ff
"'l' ""

11

1
II
I

~ ~trr;ri rr)~rori :q
~nij~:s~t;fril ~~

~~~1Ulf1:N' -<..:w~'(""'"l..... ~AT 'ff"qCf l;frrf

~~ :q ~'R'RT ij~(fUlT

. :q

. qR'tf! :q II . . rrqq :q I
~m
,......~

.
.

q-rftict
~

fstae tiff q-ft~:rRf

m~r:q~~~~~~r:q;r~~~

mctoqr;rr
,::;;
~("'Cfil;ff

4-Ist~

ton

. .
~

CfiQlq'r.ri :q q-rf~ct II
,..._

""""

qlfQTf 4-l~r"": ~ 11

~,..._

~i\le(~~'STTVTT fit~;rf rrqq :q I

.,

:q ~'STTVT"'WRTVTT :q ~?ltrT! II

'411f:i~f01T

,......

:q

~o'4EJTlfTq'qf';ff

.....,..

""""

"'

rroqq =q
II

..h.

II

~r.ri ~'+(ftlo:ttfi:l ..~ :q ~~~ I

~~ "" .a. ~~ ~'4 He Io:t T i'fm::I'RT 'ff\TCI' :q

'f.

g., p. 462, ij!tloTI ~

zy;.{TT1!TJ{_

[~

q"~l .. l+f~ +f'lill .. i ~;m:r~nt: ~I

ttl~+f"ql'~T ~

.... .

'"l'r.tffill

~~~ff~J

('

II

~514qat .. f ~ ~~tr~fit 1
{9rT';It

~~ct~rqyf ~nrr.r~~q-rr:

u
I

~~~tt~+fJq'Jqyf ~o1~1 .. i ~: ~~

~ ~ ~~r;ri qi11);rtrtr~ftt 11

!~'+f~q(~J~!

....

",......

CfiltfT! oi:t(~(('t~(f!(*"t~ff~ I

,.......

~~ qf'~h {~~~~~II
~r;nA ~ A~ ..
,....._ ,....._

r gau;r 'l~ ~ 1

,....._

~otnf;r +f"~'+f'TiT ttir.f tzfq<:fi~T II

~~~~~~~ttnq q;g

'"'

~+f"~~~('t+119;"ffi+( I ,.... .:::......

q(QT~~SS~ffl{lq'~"
~

~~g*~:~ll
rofm~=:rnfTift~ut ~~+( I g~: ~Nm ~ +f"l~:uJ~tt s;'< IH ~: II
1 ~. g.~ p. 462, ~~w ~~ 2 3
~.g.~

~. g.~

ch. 217, sl. 87 ch. 219, sl. 2-8 ; eft, [1{., p. 209

~]

"' ,..... ,..... ~~c-'8~T'Wf ~~ rt~P-t~

l ~~~~R~Q~: ~sti ;rrfu~:, ~: ll

ift ~ljl'~ sn~ rt~T~

~~'lltll'4~
........~"'

~+iitq__2 1
II

rt'Sf

~~ q+fl'4~+(

"'A

~I~S((1 .. ~qll"4T rq<g~;-~T

.......,~.a:.~

,.....

:q

l!T~T

,.....

fr~~ri" ~ 9:~+t WfTSfir;rr C::~ff

'lq-

II II

~"4T :;.r ~ ~~tilsftrqf{ff

"41ff fit~rr:

~~~~
~;:S( ~R

ctfr~ ~ rJf ~ ~ ril~ ~41+( I

~~ ~R

wm ~fc{:om~ it~g+( II
il"TT~'Ii;

1 I. 0., A. S. B. and eft. fir., p. 209 read ii. g., p. 46G confirms the text. 2 if. g., ch. 219, sl. 4 : or~ m:iJf <t1rn:. 3 eft. l~ p. 214

[~

'"' inm'~

~q~+r~ ~~~~~~I
" '"' =:rr..s_ <i1"4:+t (~ ~"< t
~i~'!fi0!41it fl
r-1' '"'

~ft

qfwf'{ff ~~uRI+wrt~ II ~~:r~;r~ ;rtr ~qtl!(rqe~ 1

~T~Prfi('Q'ffif mN~~T II

:r2"'1~ ~
r-.

i!fi"4:+ter~:

" " 1fTrltf'2:T

'{flwtlr::i("'+t~T
(',.._

q'ffi~ ~wtl'Q'T ~ (1'0!4 I!( I til '!fi~ .., ~,

(\r-.

~~

II

~
m

'QT

qR?t'ffiT ~~ 1.-Q:t;~f ~ 'QT I

.,. r-.

;rfr ~~ ~' 'QT ~ ~fai!fi~ ~ 11

1!('6l:f:
'"'

~~"tt'T

("''i!('qf~

'l_\ilwtll'.ff! fo!f+fli(ilf! I

~ttr.nf.t i!fi~q Q:OI("'I+t~ ~ Cfil~ II '~qu' +t~t~Of4~Q i'f1JT~q: 1 'ar~r~r:,

~NW4+( 1
1 cr1. ~., p. 214, ~ 2 Reproduced by eft. (4., p. 215
2

~]

r::rr,.,.,.~-:r

~SI+tl0('!4ilfi Gtt~q( ~ ~ ~

........

ll
1
2

a~t4.4t~: ~~ ~-.t ~sr ~

f;t~ ~~
'~~ur;nvr~' "~'5 I '!H'I" ~ 3 I

qr :scq~~f ~~
fq Stf('l'f(<i(q I ....

11

f.; .... =i!1"341~qff~~

~T ~~04

(I

~:u~~qlf"itf~~n: ~tn:

-m'[T trtt'PT4~ 11

'f:q;;twmtr)'~~"~"i~ tiT, "qr ~~~\=I~T4 +"trf ~~;r ~~ m 1l~~~: 1

1 So I. 0., A. S. B. and ;fr. flr., p. '217, but Udaipur Ms. reads "1rr<reii

2 I. 0., ~~ ~~n=rr ~~q_ 3 Reproduced by eft. tlr., p. '218 4 Reproduced by eft. tlr., p. '218
13

~;rT o~+rrq ~Tm ~T ...ttrT~: 1 ,..... ,..... .... ~ T~~~ ~Tl} ~;;rq-m ~film~_ II

""

.
.I!.

""""'

atRT~ ~Ttfffi
""

(!to

,.....

~'efT{ ~ffi~
(:'

,.....

....

~<?.4 HI Q Hwt ~Rl1t ifl"m1Jllcti~

mt'eff'f

"' 9 ~q-~
1

II

~~ =r~qum:l$fi=r-+l""l~j1~~:

~ '!'dftfff ~~ 5lla 'efT~~~~'{. II

'tl'~ ~T;nq+rm;r ~~T+r~r.~ 1 ~ "" ,...... ~'et'T'+Il~H': CfiT'tl' ~'et'Tlf attTTSf't CfT II
~t!"::::'t(-='"54 '({CfH'~ T::irl~l"::q~'fi'Y'!fij;~a'f""OT'""I~'!........ HI{.
,........

....

....

,.......

....
2

,.......

111.eT "l~
;r ;r
.&:::.,...... ....

ctirll ;r'i'tl'r.ff ~m~T 11

CfT

~T~~~ 'efT ~iff

1q'4~: qr~ {ff+~
~

trft: ~R.f~ I

"'3

Cff~o:..tff ~~"Q~

""e:..

"'~"'

',..., ~tffi" Cfi'd'T

~~tR "Ell ~(Of

. "" . +Pf.. I ""

II

[ ~) ;r ~trff ~ o~ ~~ ~~ ~~ II

f4~~~ ~~"1:fl'Jir ~;r ~T~ff ~+f +r~~4 ] I

'if:&i(IUij ~PITT~ ~T;rf ~~II

fit~ ~ "" l+ttl'1

fu'Cf: mt=r: ("11:~: ~+rra-m: 1

~"' ~ffi ~ ~ ~ff n~rw+r_ 11
~.

n~+ll<(~

..,. ~ "' ~Cfirlo:..Qf

-,......

'if"H~ ~~

"'

1 '2

<tt. m.,

p. 21s, ;q~

Ibid,~

3 A. S. B., IDit
4 [] A. S. B., I. 0. and eft.
~.

p. '219

~]
~e'~+Qik{Cfil ~ ~flr.tif(f ~fO'lg'.fif
~e;;..~

-..

r-.

n:r"~

II

:ttet fltet~Nt ~qg')

,....

A.rq-r;r;rr 1
1

t~qr ~r;rrq+rm~r (=f':4etr.ti ~r~

<:' -..-..
"' "'

II

~~+n: ~n ~~m

r-.

atmtr lfr~q-r:r~ 1
,....

trr+tfT~
"'

R:Ar Irr:mr2
<:'

:qRCfif q-~if ~Rt. II

~,....

~ ~+ro ~r q-~ffi: ~rf;~r:' ~(' 1

';fiT(

;rq ibM ~Q"f

~if

'"'f'

q-1<:1 CJ

~nit:

II

;r;ri ~ffAJff
~

(=Fa' 'q"~ ~: i:fiTQ" lfO:gq~q"~TlT+l?fi{

"' ,.... <:'

(t;J~ff!r~ffT?j?f~ I ~ ~ "',....

il I

~i:61': (=(MQ": i:ETQ"f lfO''lS'1t'f~n: ~+lt:

~ ~~qff ~~~lf~~ II
';fq~<ll(.=lfl~ ~
<:'

1tt(CfifT?fffll_l

or-~

~ ~(.1+tl!ffi ~~lff~~ II

1 cit. tlr., p. 219, fucrr ;;u (~)

2 A. S. B. and I. 0., cit. rn-., p. 219 3 <fr. ~ p. 215

~~r

fucrr ~~r s!Rm'; so also

4 Udaipur Ms. reads ~~11. (~)

[~

.r.::-~, I ...

"""" il!f~f ~

~tl~~~HqR1!:

I
11

;r ~n 'q';OS4~'1"*1~

(tlfrm ~fBCfil~ffqr

4-I~CfiiiQI~HtlT ~ ;r.-Slft;rr +tQI'!h!T: I

anm:

~ ~ ~+t'it: ~q(~r: 11

l{~l"''i 9 ~ff ~tr~ ~q-(f~~rf~~: I &;;;. "" ~ .... ~ ~~~~ ;r Cfi~ ~~ ~'1'-3 tRJ(=r: II

C(CJ~IU \1~~ ~miT fi*IPI~Q(ff I

1 eft. !lr., p. 215 reads i(mf~ (~) 2 1. o.. ~: 3 <ft. ~., p. 215 and Udaipur Ms. read ~ 4 eft. fir., p. 215, ~r UJ~cfl1:S!t:

~]

c. iftuN'tlti!fieaqm tr-31
~...

cm-~t~sq-(1.._.9(

,..

m ~ ~ wmi mri!fit!(if4fq~ II
~

Wi!fir ('ft1T ~ ;q(=f;r) tr-31 ~~:I

II

~ ~ r'\ c,r-. ~ ~T ~~~i4'Jtt4f :ant~~f ;q~1i;:n

1J:~n q~:arrn: i!fiAT: ~~ ;n~Nffi': 1 ~re(u1ittp.n: (1\iiet ~mP.=n=n: 11

;nafiic({~~~~~ qaf?iaqi!fi~qa( 1
~;nf.t ~q"fff ~IEiltlft~~~): II ~en~~ m:r~f;q~l

~ ~ :u+n l:~~~+trn ~qweT 11

~tJi~n;rf' ~;r(~t~ ~qff: t
~

,~q ~Jl:tr~tn: ~"1'4"'1~~~r.r~nt4 :U~tr

r'\

;q ll

1 cit. ~~ p. 217' ~Jf

[~

oo((fi!J '+.ll!ll'lj ~tn ;r ~se:tNT 1

' "" ' ;rm' qii'Jq'ilfi'CJ:0::::.. ~ ;f ~ ;:p.(f(f!Sqq'J 1 6

ll

111~1(( "i!4tttflf ~ ffiq ~~~JSttilfl I 2 EIIO{t ~ ~ ;m~r Rr~ 11

~(qtf;f~ t:~~~ql !P:k;frl! I ~ u~~lf<Ui ~~r ;r&(IRCfiq:_ ll

;m~m11JTT t:l
N

""

~('

..-qm:sr:r3
"
('

~
('

rl~'fl{t~: ~ ~ ~' ~;:mm rl'rl': 11

A;:u~sM' ~~r t:~: ~fll ~illfff ;n~ I

arffi ~ ~qr;rt t:m: ~~' ~mtrR- n

1 A. S. B. and I. 0. read ~qr for a:r'1<!T, which ;ft. ~. 1 p. 217 adopts like Udaipur Ms. 2 I. 0. and A. S. B. read~~ which breaks the metre.

3 eft. ~. p. 2171 f~ ;;riil{ 4 So eft. ~ . ; but I. 0. and A. S. B. read

~~

~q cn~itiitfN~:
~-~
~
~'TnT."" ....

13U:q
( tfite\fie+( )

~qrsrn ~~~--qrfi:r ;z~~m.~~f;r~ti+J:2 1

1 I. 0. and <ft. fir., p. 219

2
~. ~.,

ch. 253 ( p. 520 )

3 ~.~.,~~if 4 <ft. ~., p. 220, q~l{; so ~. ~.

5 if. ~., ~ for ~nr~

[\
(~e~)

at~;fT ~m 4fe!tt~~tr;~~ 1
"~ '"' '"' '"' ~TH"'~'HU~".;fl :q az~I(++J !t":UPn'l

II

(~~)

an~+lilf~ :;.r ~

cnn:

~+ta4?4~a: 11

~ OtfNffi~!j Otfl'ft q lfll fft 41'lJ ttl: l

~++lifU~-qf'~\il~ (tt] 4il'f:il((1 ll
(

!it{~ 'fie~ )
l

~~'"' -~~il~'"' ~T ;r~ fi~--S('~I--~qu+f 01

'"'

~~~~~~~~~
( eRCe~)
:q~?t~

eo'iqf eli ~+rf.rfrf~ 1

( ~f+tq{l~)

~+~1~fc( erutot4+t .. t4st qRqJa~ 11

l 'l~ ~fir ~tl~ ~~~ Sfifb~qq((ll

'"''"' '"' !fT(:tl~l:qq"qq ~('~qqf ~l!j ~ltt4 ~

~ ~~

""qr ~ ~ ~SS\~~a: l

P.uu~: ~~ ~~(fl: ~ ~ 11
1 ;r, g,, p. 521 inserts the negative particle.

~]

~Nt~~ii{V~ ~~d~~:

~~f ~~;:o?U i!fiq I Q I ~~tftll ~ I

Cfil!illtrefi~ H:~Q~t~~ ~~'~'
~~
" "'2

"'

"'1

II

~ ""' (' q- 3 ;r:o ~rett :q ~: 1

~;rr~~I(I'4Pl ~ q-~:qgtgq"' II
~qt~'Qt4{W~'l>.l VUT m~qf~~'i. I
"' r..
C? C? (',....,

crnrT

r..

v._qr~ ;oz~:GII9fll=liJ'{.:t~:
" "'

('~

r..

('

('

II

~n~g: m~r~i!fir
('
('

~+r~: ~1JTR'T ~~~~~~ ~~ :q

('m'l=ll~ ~
"

.
C?

;n-q

~'t'Q'ff ~~

r..

"'

('

tr: 1
I I

"'

"'

II

q-

~ ~nT~"'Q' ~ff'{~Gi:

r..

atN~ f'W:rqrsr)fi=t ;~i( ~rf.f ~q ~"' II

"' "'"' ('r.. !::. "' ~~'tgS'qqf ~~ ~qi{f\ii'TT., qrqq~

~q-~~tt('r~ot ~ ('~f';ff m;t~M" II

~q~~i!fi'f;rm ~Gtt{~ff('f ~~r 1 1J~.... qjq-fil\il'~: qft~~qfS'q ~:qQ-~ II

q~mfff~ ~~n ~rnt: cn.r~ ~ 1

1i~r~;r ~ss~1:"q ~;.ons~m ~~n 11 (' "' ~ "' ~'{CIIQO'T ~T ~~ :q'Cfm('f'Q'ffH I

(' " ""' ~~+rl~ T~ Wfq'Cfif ifq

"'

II

1 +r. !J., p. 521, f~'ffif Cfil!ff<IT 2 Ibid, an:~;r~ ~ iT~

:q qq)' ~<r~g ~~<rq

3 I. 0. omits this and the two following lines. 4 <ft. f;r., p. 221 1 q~~~~or err ~
~

r~
( ~'{-it .. ( )

~T=mt~' ~ qytg~ ~I ~qy;{ ~~qy;r_ fSuuq_ ~~~{\4 ~ 11

~rf'51:~:ri:Mff! ~: ~~srr~~~ I

illllff~ffr.l_ Ir-f~"lflflf ~~Tf.r =it Aitt~ff II

t=mifeiTQJT~ ffi;J_ ~!Q' ~~ilff! I ffi~ ~TS~ qi;:tif Gtt4"i=ff! ~~"411g~: II ~ "" ... "" - "" 'f('l! ~ ~~~4' ~li:fif"41 T 4'Tg'{q =if I

v_qy

=if Nff~-4' m!~tl~

,.....

...

...

II

;r;~ ~TGt?it ~;y: f(t~(UIH1.fll

""" "' ""~ ({TqJT~i:fiTS~ ~q-: ~t:q ~ .,.ffl 'J1~" ,:-4 'i:
ar~~: ~qrq-, =if ~lillsr"~:a~~q
2

...

II

""

'"'"" r;;..<'

... q-q =if 1

~?:! ~~lt~ =if ~f~~ ~mt~T II ~~~ """" "''~~~~~~~:~~~ ~ ,..... "" "" ,....., ""
~"4lt;wfR~t:"-tiT'O'f ~tfffr.l_ '{Gt'll~~:

II

~Tq~qy~ ~rfi{'Sf)

Gt'tl1 ~t{q =if I

lf'i~ 3 :q~~q~) illm ff~lfl~~T ~~:II

~crt:Ci!fii;H(lf;crt:u('v:flmmlfff: ~ 1

~;n ~fq"ffT ~ ~q-~yf;~~~: II]

fq~)s~ mttr~+rr =if ~~ 'l~~': stili~ I
1 Lacuna here in A. S. B.
2 +J. ~., P 521, ~~: ~J+r~qr
:q

3 lbid, +J~ ij"Cfq~ ii(~

~~9

mor ~:

,.... .....

~~n: 11

~rr~sqcc('(=t?il' qJ .. qlsmft~rrqy!
'1't~C6m
::;;;. "'l' "" """" "" :q q1TISQqq ~IOI'S:C('~I\llff: II

~~ g 1f~~~ff g ~-ff: I
0

CC'mlifii{lt:ll

,...._

CC'~""Q'u.,. ~~~if'N ~~ ~~

..Q..

"

II

~ tn~r
"' ~mccr ~~3

iftrrk\fft+"tJ: ffif'@;f ~: 1
2

~(NT irtf~ lll~

g II

~ "" t'f(q.=1111'RtM.-Q+tCC' :q 1

qff

i-m: ~'ff~Q TffT: ~~S{act q'C(' g II

.,....
~.

~ q~~ (=t+qrff: qt +t~ti ~ ft'qr 1

"'" "EEff('(=t+il~tllff 1~~ ~um :q ~ 11
~t'fl~ ~t'ff(if ~~lq I~ ~CC'~T
~.,.

""

~,....

Cli~~mmt~ ~'ltf~m wr~: 11

("('~ CC'~~: ~oflrf ..ff(IQff: I
fftt~qfit: (=t+iiN'gf ~ :qtq: (=t'+{T~: II
~~"CC'T~TStfln' :qq
"'"'
~

.,.

~ff if Q ~ffTCC'T~fl!l'ffT

""

,....,.....,.

CC'~ ~ccn:r: ~rq: ~ ~:

""

"'

.,.

II

1 +r. g., p. 5'21, ~~fct srq"i_ srq~ 2 +!'. g., and <it. rn., p. 22'2, !:ff: for~: 3 Omission supplied by I. 0., A. S. B. and <it.
p. 2'2'2 4 +r. g., p. 5'2'2, Wl:l<IT: for ~<IT:

~.,

I#
L......l

tr=-

g "'r I~
it

=I;--

1
l
,
I;

IY
tl

l "
~- ~~
~ ~
!
11r
IC
I::

~
II<

~1r ~ ~

-~~-~-ilf

f t

=
:

~
(~
~ ~~~
(B=
}:

~ i1r: ~ Nit it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; c; 'i

~ e ~( - ~~ w '[
II;' IIJi' ._ .-:-~..- 4t:r

-~

~ s:

I>" I~ ,~;~; ~

~ ~~
~ ~ ~
le> 1\6 1P"

~ ~.

!!W

IP" le>
~ '~ tr w

f ~

~ ~~(~
"I
0

. - -- ht ~- W m'' ~ e ~ -~"r;.l hr

~f w~~

1 ..,

(h'

!!

~~< i ~ lit 1: f"' ~

foo:i"' ,..,..

tr

MY

Ef

'If

tv

le)

--

IP

~~~

~ ~ (~J

~t!~~"'

r ~~ '~ ~~ ~ ~

""

11j;5 l!2, IP"

~ dE ~~ ~~. W ff ~

~r1 ..

~ ~

._

!!!

lit

s:

If.

~~ :~

~ ~~

ti

~~

ri i

ltr

"'

~ ~ "<:t< C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l 1010.10

~ ~

P..P..

p.. .,P..

2.-

~ ~&!:

ti li

<tu=

li

.-I

C'l

co

-qi

I#

~]

~w.nrr~ cr~j<nk~~:
~r~JW?I'T

"

,...._

.mrra:
~

~~
....

'!:1'';('3"1ii'T(:rTU'"If'ri~~:O:'"I'n'~ (=l"i!.l~q !f~~'Qq_

'"' '"'

('~

~iEf~.tT

('

"fT"- i:f~tr~ 1

('

'"'

II

'~ttA(i~rr' ~~f;rfn~rr~ 1 '~;:{' lltr-

~~: 1 'irm '{I'm'~ .,_i!.l'r ~~+ti{+Q' ~~qj ~ +Q'~ 1'f.lnrtit~~ ifmmtfr.lf qayt;rf trqr~~ lJ~r cnrf'r('tt~: I '~?1'~~:' ~~ tf~~Q' ~i:f ~Rf;~
~: 1 'finr;:i~r.:rrutm" :' firfttrm~tr ~ trT~r ~~: !f~Tfto:, ~rtrrrr ~n ~~q: I

-r.t:

'at+,!q)' ~N"q-: I '~~q-~:' ~~~--rr: I '~~~'

~~
,./;;;,. ii( .rr

,~,~~:

~qr:;fr I
~ q-r~rr'

'ff[(=~T~~~q'~T'
{~-

"" '"' 1 '1i!fll~unrr:r~

~ ff~ffqo:.J
~ ~!

'"''"' '"' '"' trT: ~1lTl:iEf~q-~r ~'

'_.r.:. '"' '"' ~(=tfrT~' o:ou~:~rfll! '"'

" SN

'"' il'~r:

!ff';ff-

'

~Ill!

'"''"'

'"' tr

3'+rtf"fr~;:r

..,.

'"' '"' ~ ~~~~ff~f

~q-ffi:

'"'

~ ~ '"' " ~T +rqr.-ff ~T~g~Q(=(f~~T

'

" (' ftq-;=flktt\t: ' I

(~~~~~~)
~@"O:IT~ t;:;r~w ~ T~~r~ ~~~T~
2

.,....

"

;rnm~mf.t i!.l'~tnflr ~i!.l'~q.ur ~:atltu:rr: 11

~ff~

~@~ !fi!.l'~trmr ~~"fmf'fff~ff\fT I

1 The entire commentary is reproduced piecemeal after each s'loka by eft. fir., pp. 219-226

2 Though all

Mss. put

thi3 s'loka l:efor the

commentary, its proper place is after 1t. 3 if. 3., ch. 254 ( p. 522 ); eft. f;r., p. 224

[~

~~ ~W~: ~m 'lff'l.ll
-;rm'f
~ ~ "" 9 ~Pre' !f'if~ II ~"I@J(~);t ..9 [ q~l~!f;~~ I

'u~1[t((fw:r

~~ffi ,...

-.rsi: ~+f ~~~ I

'{~[t(A{l;i ~ 1
~~
~

. 'Eft"d((t(, ... ""

~ftff~ ;nq- ~ff11. II

9
SA~

~ ~,.,

~~llet

~"~

~t.-:r ~~~~ ~

. . :q

"" I

~II

~+t!~(

1m '4g031~~~ I

~tteqr ~trr {ti ~;;ff'rfff ~'!ff'f.ll

~ 'q'~Q'q'~ti' =urrir~mr~~ 1
~~~ ~
"

-qn:qqr ~" ~,;:r ~~r~ =ur~ ~ tr~

11

~~~ 1m ~~tr~+rt~~ I

if;l qo~r tAl ~ -ml ff~: II

(i:t;;f;qp~Wfl9f..3 ~ff fP.Tf ~-qtfl'~'l. I
~mr+tri ~.. ~;r~rr-q~~~ 11 "til

~ftr~
~ ~q

1otT fP.Tt g031"fie!l~ I

""". :q T~'-f
""

,..... (~frlf"qtfCt
"'f'

. 1QJT.
""

""" qor~q-m(~~'l.
~~~~

. :q

II
I
""

ff~

~.,_~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~q ~ ~q"(( II

1 []Omission Udaipur Ms. supplied by I. 0., A. S. B. and cit. Jl:r., p. 224 ; confirmed by ;r. ~. p. 522 2 ;r. ~. p. 52:2, m~ ~~rot lff~:~rr<% ~ m~ 1 3 eft. Jl:r., p. 225 fitq for fir;r; ;r. ~., confirms the text.

~]
:qfq'l~
,

~~+~'{CJ.._"lfT ~-.."ttT ,....a~lleilfi'(

~~:rz''l"''

II

f1q:;u~rm+r~ ~r~+flll'~'l. 1

" ~ ~r V-_f:{{Wt:QT :q

"" ~ m +rq.-ft~~('(4P'.I;n

11

~~~ftr :q ~f1Jffricti+flFiil~ I
~ z .:r-ctilm~"ft!t:o{'QT+tfT"+"ttT ~r~l'+"t~T ~ il'GfT'(

II

ft:r;ar~ cr~qff;t ft~~rfit ~~ !~: II

' an~~ " .,

:::nmT I
......

,,.....

,..... aH:qg~T 1
~ ~,

~
,..... 3

. tfl+*-1Tf4(1-.."trl'

'm+*-1"4:tm' ~

a'tl<tal<t-

~-.."ttT

. .
~

'tfT["4:11~ HI~~ Iq

{mrRt!~e~'( )

~sH': ~~~~ +rcr;i ~WJ'lit: I "" ,..... " "' '4'~~ ~:m!t'ti4Tm"cr~: II
amT:o{
.......

,...... ' ' ~~ I<?.HI(~~T ~:I

~"'m"'""' ;:ryS'gf ~~ ~~ H l(f ~ Cfi'(':

+t:

II

C? ~~I? ".t:::. "" :qg~.n~u~ilfi ~~ '4'~~o:.uq ii"l'lfff

9;C({~ttf cr~~ fNT +iq .. q~cti0( II

"'1\+lt:qf\+mNtsm~~"
., 1'::;

H';;;f

~ -~t;. ~~ :iifiS1~ cp.. ~ 'q'~~u"f:atiQH'

A~H(I~ 1 "" II

1 ~.

rn-.

p. 225 ~ or ~~ a reading noted

in if. ~ , p. 523 2 Mss. read <fiR or 'Wf~:r_ 3 Reproduced by eft. rn-., p. 225

L......l

""

= :- rr ~ IE' lrr; rr,~ ~ r e: ~IIi~ r~r ~ -tr'~ ~ r'w! ~ ~ ~l ~( ~ (~ ~ I ~~~ ~ ~ ~ 'tt-- ~ ~~ ~~ ~I! e ' 41;i'~ ~ ~~ ~ ,E i ~~ ~ ~ [ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ J
' - ,,tr !w'

i -
c;
...., '

-r -rr ,_..,

li

!W

tr

(lil

ttr.(

1\=ii I;" tz!'? ......

!w'

15.

~;r

t:;

fi ~
t;'
J;r

~ ~
~ -

fC .:- r&.

rzr

ji ~ r lr

!! "'_ It fi\' tt' I'C} IW tW 1Y tr ~

~

,;r ,~ ~It: ~

~ ~PJ
l;f'

if rr e ~
:! .....
..,
~

""'

,~ lt ~~;r ~ rr ~~ ...... ,; ~ ttr (f!: ~ fi ~ ~ ,~ w fr ~ ~ 4~ ~ ~~.... 4~ '~ .~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Ill '~ .... rr ~ .~ ~;: 4 "'" '~ ~ If IV? [ ' ..... [ AIIf tAr

1W tr

le)

IY

!w' 4 nr rtr

tr

,~ , ~ ~ ,g
l;f'

~ ;: '- ft.

t'
!P ~~ If
1\=ii ......

-re'

li If

t....

le)

,~i -~ l ~ ~
I:J'

li

i
If If
1\=ii

........

;::,

l=l

00

r Ill

.....

le)

ro

;:a

p.

::1

J-1

41\7'

tD'? ~

<:ii iT

'~ 'rn ~ rP 't:

,.!.

ie)

IY

le)

~ S

,t:;
....,

if t~ ~;;

tt

W Ill IY ...........

J,;.

ibJ ~ IY 'l!::

'!!:.

'~ ,~ ~ ~ 't~ ~~ f lt " r;: ~ ~ ~ t~ ~"'" "~ ~~ ~1\3!' ~ ,~ tg ~r " t

,...

rr ,t&r

.... IT

......

If

411r

fl

Ci

ttr

4 "'"

"

4~ ~

._., ~ If qg

s:l ...... s:l 0 ......

<f).

'

Ul

W '

~ ....,

If lr

~ 1P"

le)

19

41\r

rw ttr

E ~ 'w IZr IL- !W ,rr rtr tr

t~ 'a-zr ~ 19

1\=ii

12

0 ........,

'--'

,..-t

.Y
~

rtf=
ltr lit:'

ti ~ ,~ ~ ~
tt'
(tF
l'i\'

.~ :~ li ~i(~~~t ~t~~i~~ti~ ~~~:r~ ~ ~ " ~ '~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~

-~~ wt<tji ~ [ ;;;
w
" 1 "

= -

.f?

~~

t 'i

llr

~;- ~
...
190

It 'r:: ~ ~ "'J; .~ "E (tF I~

~
lr

,~r ~k>'
in (;,

~ ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ II""~ t~
~~
ttr

IP"

......,
II

1\r

t;"

~ l : ~ ~~ ~ ~~" If r t~L~ ~
1

I
li1r

i ~~~If~ r
tn

"'

1111;?

"'l:r

t;r

(;,:..

li"

t;

tt'

E
Po' '

,[
!(;

ft;) ~ !l;~ ~ ~

~~ ~

~ ~
I

fit

'lr

IW

~~ If ~

1r

'~

~r ~~r: [ !i 1r rf ~~ 1r ~ ~ ~6 d!! E ~... '::: "W ~ l:r ,~ ~ I; Jf (;!,.. tt' ~ ;t )~ ,~ w ~ ~ 1r ~ ~ ~i!

II:!'

tE : le) ~ Jt9 ~ ~ ~ ~ II!: ~ ~ ~ liP'~- !+ ,~;.

~~ IP . !+ It:' ~ ~ li

~ ~~~~ ~ ~ j

Ill}'

It:()

lull !;\"

~~

i
1\r

p..

lull

tt

tF

1r

~ ~~

~ ~

b'? .....

!'

"'tl~

LT

~ ~ '~ t;

I+

""-i

..c

IY

.-l

C'l

~=mini ~qf~ 4lf'r~ ~Pl. II

~~T ~(tffi: ~f~;r ffiff~Pl_ ' ~n:~fq- ~l:I'T ~llT~PlT ~trnlRr~ II (' '"' (' '"' iftllfr.f;J ;rr;r ~ ~qO:U~~ ~IPH'I I ,...... "!~o:.qf~ 'q'?ff~~~T+I(~~: II

'~;rrq'ff~~trrsrt ~~'~tm~ 1 ~rffie!~

~ trrqr~ffi~ ~~~ri ~~qr ~~R ~~.rr, rr~ " (' (',....... ,.......
;z~IF(T ff~qf~~ ~:mct+llif ti~T lllct~~~

+rq,ff

r.::.

fl(ql~ffiU ~~ ~Q'TT~~~:

,....

(' ,....

('

ff;JT~Rmf-

'"'

'"'

ffl'"4:1nA~rrrt ~'~~fir q"?f~~ff!f1=1'TQTT :m~r +ret-

fir

1 'q-?fm-~r~'iff' ~iff 1 ff~ct ;rq-rmfff~"'t '"' ,...... ~ '"' '"' '"' '"' ~ct~r;r 'q'?f~~rtq'?fP3f~ffT +IT~R ~ff 'tf '!~-

~~~~ffT atct~-.::tr;:ff FI'T?m~T~: ~~:I '~~

~q"('f' ~1

1 The entire commentary is reproduced by eft. pp. 227-228 2 +r.

~.,

m.,

ch. 255, p. 524 ff.

~]
.....

rt'~l~~r+lq';fl'~'Iftf ~~ ~Rij~ TCf~:

. ""

II

atm~r.ro i~~~ ~trt?!ii ;{qij&r: ~~ 1 "' "' ~~i!.f\~~~l'?!i~mr ~ ~'Q"ff 11

f[q~it~~m~9 ~~~m: s:r~r;{i!.f\: 1 "'"' "' "' " ;J'i'Q'!f?!i~ 'Q': ~++TT ~:or ~:0 ~T'ff ~'ff: II

"' ~ qff 1:1~ ~ff+4lr: sr,u~: ~qqf~~ I

1:f<QCft?jlmfT~++rq;s{~~"tl

"

c. qrrr: II

"' " ~ff++r~ll ;rq;ry~ 1:f~~+rr;:ffU11JT

l'Sf~~ ~q-;s{

9 I II

"' " "' ~ff+~~ 9~ ~r~r ~r;rr :;:rr:r9~r 'ff'ff:

,...,

"'"'

~"' :;JJg+Trtr.r qf

:!F:

{R' {R' :;:r9qromqr ~q-f~ ~~ II

~mr~rr'Gr, ~~q-f ~~)

?!iM.Tr.f 9

11

( ~Rfcrf~:)
9:m~

""'"' ~~~
,.,...... .....

.9 ~?(~f;r .~~~'ffm~ trtf.t 9 1 . :;:r "' II

GI'QrH
~R ~'Sf
~

"41f'QH

llr+~ :;:r A'ff~ ~cr ~~ fq~~~: I

1:fT~;r ~q~

.9
~

13'd(Or

"'

~~ ~T+tf 9ll~~ +1'~1

. .
~

ql'~~ ~ W.U~'ff

......

fP.TT ~~~ ~;}{'Sf Cf~ ~T~tr Cf~ II

~R

"'

II
"'

~"'

"' 9

{~"ti''Q'T "'~ ~~~~: I

"' "' "' "' ~on ~rq~~ ~ret\: ~ GI'T'Q'ff

1 ;r. g., P 524, m~rr.t

"'

('

II

....__.

ell'

'
-

~ ~~~~~~~~~~\"~~~~ IV '- ' j ~ ~ ... ~ . ~w~ !; f9l ~;r - <!! ~ ~ h.' lj~ rr ~ .., 'ttr ~ - If !:r 'If "'~ ttr If -.;... " " ~~ ~ ,; s- ,- ~ ij 'kr ~ ~ If '~ ~ ,~ e ~ ~r ' '..... 1-+ ,(W b It' ~ I@J ,tr It' ~ /- "" ir ~ .. ~ ~ ~ I;" ~ ~ ll- If ~ It ~ ~ ~ ~ 13" ,~ ~ ~ ~ t!! 111 ll1 lr ,1; t!: rr ~ rt:
1/)

~ ~

-r r,
= ~f:!'
11\r

-=,rr= =tti ~l:r'

'""' llr:'

lr

~~ ~~ ~ ,r:v " !:r lr '~ ~ 11" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

- - ..
lu\S

lr' _

~ 11"

~ ,IE' t:r

= ~ It: ~~~ IP' ~~

lti = ,rzr,r= ~

W (!: [ 'tl <I! ~ If:!' ' tt' ~ 'g ""' IP- (..... ~ llr:' ~ ~ I~~ M(J!!: "''f ;If~(!!! ;: ~ ~ ~ g..... ~~ "!' '~~" t; rr ~ tr rw lit ~ (I! ~ ~ rc !;; ~
10

tr

b"

r:

1/)

..

~ "'~ ~ ~ tv'~ g It;' lb

~~ ~

.-. <E

If

.. fi

ft:1)

t::!

f9

j;!

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d2 ~i rt~ ~ 1 '[...~. .
If lr
t;

~ ~

If

~~ ~ ~ '~ ~ fX ~ ir

ID\'

(f:

rr ';

~ If

1!:

'E ~

~ ~ ~

IJr

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
!};

(~

!:r .....

..... w

:e e-

1+

,:

~ ~

10 ... C'l 10

~ ~ ii ~ ... ttr rc tr I@J

.....

It
~

~~

P. ...

li

ell'

"

]
~~~~ffT ~~ fq'lfrm~~~~ 1
~~ctf ~~~ at~t~T: ~~li: II

+lftfllfTf.r: ~lfff.t: +l~T $fili~: ~I

if fil;~~~ ~ i~ ~~ ~rq-~if+ll;r_ II
"" t:::.. " "-~:!'l'~"l""t:~:nr.:,~nffi'2~;.-rqfe'if+~~

c;:t~tfr

fYtcqJ'r

~r~

"tTT ft!+li~~ 11
1

Gi+=4i'( 'l~("lt+~mf+l:
'ffiffR:rniffiiT""~~f<:.e~f+T:

'~~'tiT,

(' lirn 1

'"-q~ ~rr+t~4tlifTSq~Tifll_ " ""' ,.... "'

'~VT'tl'f"rnarflr'ffi" I ti'Tql~ ~T~trl~tfr ~W Mf{~ ~m1i4{ir: ~ ~ff ~~trt'C{llT +lq~, oCiT if

~if~~~~~:, I
",ff
3'q'R2

~~~ qy~ffi: ~mtr

m~-q
" (' (' ""

ftmo-tTT
.A

t{'f4'4('( ~d:. ~-+:ct-oQitr P~.. :q~ar:

11

1 The whole passage, including the pro~e comments, is reproduced by eft. f;r,, pp. 227-229 2

!J., ch. 256, p. 525 ff. 3 ~. Ft., p. 231

if.

[~
(' A"' Wf "' ~q'{H(OI1q'l;f " ::q~q(ftJIT ~lf~ff

Cfi~q;f sn~r ~:~Cfi(OI+Il~Rll_ II

( lfi!SI q~fil:

)
"'

"' "' ~ srcrm-~~ff~~(OI'ff'tl'o: ~4lr: 1

im=r: ilJffi' tr-=g

"' I

~~ttrqo sr=m'Q'o

C!'

II
II

~qCfiflf~r

~~') fit;rrmq ~~ ~Plf~o~r 1 "' ~ ('

'Ff

. 117fT ~;ttJTT Willi qf+l'ff:

,....,_

"' "' "' "' l1q~t+ttef6'Q' tr~ ;z"!lft{~ 1

"'"' '"'f' "' att.t m~~ ~ff ~4le~ 11

~R~ef ~ ~lm.:rlf~qfff~ 1
~4l;(I61Uf~F1+4l ~re~R'{T~Rll_ II
~"!'('~

..... ..... wrr;:rr~~~o q-~41~go~

"' " ~ ~ ~'tiT~ qf~ ~Tfl+IWelitHqo::t:

~rq
"'"' "' "',....,_ "' +nGtttJasti;J.. '{Tlf~g "<:'

"'"'

II 1

;:r~~r

"mffi~~ !ffff'JI'r.ft~" 1 ;r;~unsir.r ~ 11 "' (' "' "' "' ~qm ~qr Cfittt;:rq- ~4lt~ ~: 1

'H. ~.,

v, 4, 21:
, I " ~I

- - ~~~ Sl~(l~r ~q~~ mrr .," ~qs ~ :q~~q~ u

-

if~TElffl ~~~:~~T~c~cti~.IIS3Ff~lctT

I~

~I

fiCI'T'1: I

~]
[l~i4~fl~ ~!li4~1 (01 ;rtf ~lT

.....

.....

.....

.....

II

"" i4'ffil~;r ff:~T~tf~tg "l~~

i~r;r '6:;;t1ffff: ~tfT~titif ~l=+r~q_ II

!f~~ ~ ~<!f1ff i4'1~ff)~q~~;rq_ 1

ff~T lf~T ~ ffqr~~g ~~ II "" !fq'f~~ ~~~m~ 1

(OI'i:4i41tgrq+rm! mff

('

,.....

""

'

~q~(.:tifq_

,..... ""

II

;r

~rwr~m;r
,.....

;r

~'&l .. ~~N: 1
"" ,.....

~H~Ti4ef('4H ~~ ~:~rcfi+Ttfn~

"~""

"

(I

lRT

,..... " " ~!f~: ~tfTT:OiJ~,:n ff~TST~~

""

""

II

~+r~~ ~~+1'111~~ I

~"~ ~rn=r ~~: q~ tf~

""'g~~-Q':E(fi"P!T~~
.....

"" ~~~~W
,......
,.......

11

~+r:m tf~m:r;r:

('

m~w ff~r;rr:rrifn ~~ +rtnr~ 11

~~;rr;r;ff~ ~ ~?t~~q-rq-~ +rq~

""

~~+r;:f N'UI'd~ m:~ ~~~QT: II

(' "" "" st....,(OI_,t""'QlfTQT ~

"" ,..... """ ~rm~rcmrwrr 1

2

ff;;t ~ ~\ZIT;fftfm_ ~~~ ~ ~~ II

1 +r. !J., p. 525 and eft. ftr., p. 232 read more correctly
q~f<t;~

2 This is an exception to the general rule that this braying of a donkey is a good omen.

~~~,

9 ~4lltt ~~

nfff qjq('l: 1
2

~.:r ~ ~;frtJ:lT~ qy ~T+trNi'aff 11

"'"' "' ~C:l ""' "' "' ~~"Q~ +rq.-f('9;ot4u~: ~~ 'fq~~

"' "' "' ~'G rr~..n;;r~ ~qe~

:;.r

~~II

~~~ ~;flqkq")'~ ~~~~I ~~ r.::-" "'" "' q~ct~gJ~~qrsr"t Jq.fm: ro~ 11

~~=n::~;:~rr.:r"Q~go::rM ~+r ~~( l(tm'J;q,.,' ~ ~ I "' ~ ,....._ "' "' ~+r~T(' ~~ ~e~qfSrf ~t4T +fq(=( II

"'

"' .e;;,.."'::::.

,.....

~"'

,..... "' "' " ~4~._.,~: rrrr: tr~~l1TWfTS~9J. ~(=[_ ~ffi:+r"fl..

~~li(t4'tU

"'" ~ 117TT trTT'ffi=ffqtr~~vrr: II

~f ~ff ~;r ~ffi:+r"fq-~A:f;fi I

1 <ft. r~., p. 232 has miti ( 'easl' ) 2 Fifteen slokas from this are omitted in I. 0.

~]

~~~ ~~~:

\9~

~~

q-ft'ff ~ ~~~ ~~ I

(:' ..... ..... ..... ~~11;c ~iff{ ~ =:mt.-fl"l~ ~I ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ~~ ffq'f~tf f(('ql~ =i.IT:o{ ~~

-.

II

(~Jq~:)

artnso:
"'

~..- _.r.;.

("l+ller~~ulf ~Tert~(OI!fd'll(

(I

".;ff~~

,.t:;s.~~ 9;'('1 1 yq~i'i\~lfff: 'q'(l{ II

off: ~fer~(l~~

AA t~Ttlli;f !~:

w4if if~~ =if~ ~q"T

1 +r. g., p. 526,
~~

II

ffi

2 +r. g., p. 526, ~mr<rt at~rf.l~ 3 +r. g., ch. 257, p. 527 ff.
~0 '!iO ~0

[~

... tostrf'd(OI
"

__c....:. ..... -. H"H"1 a~~..; sr.n-~

~ ;r ~+{ ~~~~l+trl<r~f;tqmif II
~~ ~

"' .

"' ~f.:l~ "' ;r ~'41tl~l

ifimT~ ~fi(9tell~ectl~H+( 11
"IGilq'ri ~ ~ ~'Uffi'4tHcft~H+( I
~-eq'@j"4i ~T ~ ~ll qili f1.to:J ~II
('

. .

-~

~TH61(11(H~9( ;)(Gtqit~611"'1

"'

('"'

(' Q...

~ at"!!"''(1~9tr-'4T"rCfi1~6(1Gt(:n~: ~~r:
('

"'

~;:cr;r ~ ~: ~..;~RS(6T:

. .
"' "'

11
II

(' &;;..~____s. aT+"tfT+i694 qy ~r)_f"~q-J "+Rif ~4;(

~f+r:

6Tftfi

~~~I

~ Rt'4tqr ~T ~1Jl1 ~ctl ~ 11

~ ;JTS~liT~T: ~+m~: I
('

~]

'1~~ ~ 9 qJaa~gd~ 1 ~inf 9 ;z~~flro~~: ~~: II

( ~qGl~Qf~)
otffQif

~~ff ~~q arnRl~ ~ff

fNt I
C{:

tfQ~'fttf
.....

ff ~~~~i!{
v._qror:
~

~~~~~'41'Tt: ~'1CI'~'
..... ~r "e.'t~
~

~rfq-

II

..... ~ Cli"{~ ~'4 ~('q +t

:.. .t::; .....

r 11
I

~: ~~ ~: ~llf{ q~:

.....

~-.cr'"' ~'tlf(t~: s:rr~r Tt~r ~q~ '"' '"' '"' a~~!!(ccr '"'C!

II

~~~) ~Rl' m~: ~~~: I ~ ~ '3'~m-ftl: firlf:

mfi:hn

II

1 ;r. ~., p. 527, !B~ for wq_

[~

aNTS(=I'T Cl lfg<i(~SW(i!t('ffe{qf~~f-qf~

"'

,......

,......

flt~ ~t:l:. ~'~ !f+(ff ~Ai~Rorfg

,..... '"" '"" ~ ,..., <e"(et;w:_ '<i"~Tl:II{CII<eQ('( I atq'J'fTtr: ~T~::r-"rf~fi~~CI""''~:

.....~~ ~'ff ~Hrf;i

~~ ~Jtf

tm

wffl'

atm q~ ~~

'<l"fm.t ~: fQ ..~(f:l:. ~-

~]
,.......

ql'ff g'41'1~HPU ~n ~~;J: s:n:l'f9;il'f\T 4lct~

,........

,........

,.......

atP:r: !I~Q ..a-(9( ~, ~~;tf~ffi ~ ,

,..... "' ""' "' ~ "' "''~' 41': !IIH'{(Q\1_ I atT'I;f'-6 !l'~ff ~ "41::0 ~;J

~ -c:rtmff 1 ~~ri ;ffi ~'~' ~

"I fiH
atrit

~ffiii'R'sqf '{qf qftq-H.=r~(=(. I ~)~~ !l'~~ff

q-f'd

~
.......

ilhUOI~ ~~
,.......

,.......

.. ,rit=r
,........

~'41' tr~ ~+t*tg('Q' ;r~\1.

" ~ ~+tl~w:,qQI~W(~II~tfT qJ

~~ 'l'Tff q~~ H'~(=t~Q~Tff .....

~~ ;r~~ ft:r~'T~~ ,..,.

,..,.~

I atftf~('Q'
--Cl."' ,...._

. q-r I
!1'~-

=u;ffiMI-qwr r;r:

~ qft~ !I'J~trf%~~;xtrT ~Ti!\Cb~r ''~) r;;r_ "' ,..... "' "' ,..... "' ~~~ lltfl~ '' ~ ~ I ~ff~~ ~1(011101 ~~ " " "' ~ "~ ~HtS:'4'4C6t: ~Arer;r~qq'l;ff'ltf;x lf~tr i!\l~Cbr +rCTffTro
~ "' I q~~T "lffsq''l;fl'tf !I'Tif~~~ " (' "~ " "' "' ~ ~~f'1'l~HttQ !Tfn{~,..;r~q- atm~ '' ~ffitf 4lT ~

"' q~QH

;JTtf
A&:;.

"' ~ " "'"' ~ " ~t~~Qtl:f;JIOII+t~;:;;fl:l'H'

"~ ~

&::. Iff~

,..,,;rm

&::. ~ 'q ,. _. "' "' A ,.._. ff~qe~~'4trU'4HT ;r~ qtq~ m~T

att-

ro !I'Phi'fiiQq:

att q-~(11 :m tfH'T ~ 1 att ro q~: ~+l att ~~: Cbe~~" ~fff I

I 2 aTT

ro ~;JI(~R~

q~(llf'iiiQ+tl'1

....

,,

~H'Wf ~~- .. ..., ..... ~~ q~ ~'4

"'

!#~

n Q

~:!f{ ~'l;fRT''~ffl ~fj~ff~~+tl~

!l"ffiatqtt"m~ m~+~ ~) qr~
~'l;ff iflit '4(~QI ~(~~~ ll'if(=t~Q{ZI(Tqqill'l;fH'T"f;rfff
qr~s ~+t~'~

"' att ~ ''~ ~~~

n:m

"' ql;OTT

""" ~n+l:

"'

r~

atffit;s: ~ ~ q)~tltlf: {ti ~.m

t+IS401 mC6 ~
I:;..'"'

'q?l!!(i41011
~

...:.c::..~"

~q~u('q ~i1"Q04tlrr1

~ .. ~~-

~( {.A~(Oqqq~ ~~tlf' Rf: sm'(i'Qi qf'{!f~

'"' &::.&;:;. Sfl\'ktlr!.h=iiiJWtll

~- ,,

~~~en~~~~

'"'./;;; '"' atrn' ~~ m' ;ftfl' ~':t''

{iff~l~trslf't~re'Tqrcfi Jj4qfQ(''f41 "~rfrqR'

Siffi'Jif<l$t4fj9; '"
~ ~

A"A

"" ~?IQI4i: $1('"!~

('41Sll (Off't\('4

.p.~-

itttuottq ~APt~~ qr~('4 fff ;:n"l'.ttfirr 1

'~'tm ~qffi.:~';fq~ffT tlf' ~ff ffil.l

Ni!4t~(~Rf'l('qti: I 'tt.~ m~ ;rsrrf\-q~qt1ffq('9t~tl'J. I 'vr{~' ~('q1aq I 'vr~if' ~~:I'~~

............tQ~

aW.Alfrmff ~

~lt1'11Q q'{Rlf ~ltltlf"J~ ~~~ .... ,

r..

'

tN'f

....-r::.

.,.q,ff?l'ff~

'srq ?lr('q :' SfC6q'or ~r?t: I '(14(1 tt4:'~: ~f+r:

_..~('~ (1+'{'11+(

' (1'~ SIOIIR?~~ '"'' A '"''"'

' ~mar .,

'q"fC6

~ I '(Of'+fT' W~tf (14M~

-~ ?:Jq: I

w~
('I

'Sf41~1: ' ll'{QT~u~: I 'qm ;n~g(''t\!: tlf'TS~~ ~' .

I
'

tfR ~ ~ ~rft ~ffr ... ?I'~ ~q(1'T

f!i!;(q('q'l{:

e;;,..

(Of~~('fiff

t:l .,

...~

~'i~~,.,.~

'.

~fffrutl'tlf'

~'"'

'

"=mr ~rS(IIft
'~~:'

~"~;r I '~C6T:'

~~C6T: I

iltleu 11

1 Reproduced verbatim by <IT. ~ pp. 234-236 2 ~. ~. 28-30

v, s,

~ :'?!:~

. . ,e~ ~~ ~ fit~t;cfll~qr:cr(~l
A

t!("I~J{Ii'HI~ ~ ~: ~it~ II

'~tiT:' ~flrit~qtf: l '~:' q~IM(14(~: l

armrrR: 2

1 VII, 113-115 ; cf. <ft. fu., p. 248, 'q{t'

~~q_

(eft.

nr.. ); '~~wf' ~m~-r ~(f

ill:lT }
I

m:'ln~ lfT ~

mri ~ lJTT~: ~i't~ I" ( ir~ )

S~~~: I (

'~' i~

2 2, 26, 4-7
3 '~~<mt f.r~
~ ~t ~ ~Iff: ~SN
1

(N~:

awi~17TT ~ ~: I

'm:' ~f ~

'wj' ~vtRij_ I

( {~~., p, 286 )

[\9

1 VII, 120. 122, cf. <lT. fij",, p. 248; I. 0. omits this passage from Manu. ''l~'f'f.rfrrur' q~ffi'li~~f.t
( q1_
1

fir.,) ';;i;ij~fii' !!i~T~T +l~i!.

I <~~q' ~'lill

(<ft. rn., ) !1ofqo/Cfi!. ( ir'l:lr ) I 'aJ~R<r.iim: ~ ~~ ~n_ 1 (~'1:11) 'qRil"f~n: q'R~ift.:rrn_ (i!'l:lr) ~({ (<f'l. ~ . ) 2 VII, 116-117 3 VII, 142 ; ~~+rS!ifflr' ( iri:TI. ) 4 VII, 118-119, .:rrfit~~~rfir 01~'tfot ani:t :v.:r~ ~r+rr
~qfcl:

W<mt., wrs ~<t~i!.'~ s <roiTRIDlT u~

1.9]
~qf.r;:~f.t 1:1'f~ffi~f'C~tll~ II

~ ~ 9 ~ fil=rlf q-~~ffir ~ I
~ m'lf~ffi~~: ~~~m: ~~ II '~f(stl~~ ~ ~TfitNtff ~f
"" "" ""~ (I ~' ~ ~ ~q'48~ 1!~ ~:"tfq-:

atf'tl-

'

,..... "" q-r~ur~'

"" snqqq_ I

~8'

"" 1:1'fifCfi(~1:

q"f~f~: 2

"ll~ I G~ Rf~l:l~W : "~~~ ~JW~~~

<ft. fit., p. 251 ) 1 This ~loka is attributed by eft. fir., p. 251, to

r~"l+lm~

f~ir"fu I (

2 eft. ~ . p. 251 observes "~ ~~~: ~~~ ~Rr

'fi~~="

3 3, 12-15; the passages from

f<f~

and

~~~f<o5R9a

are omitted by I._ 0. but are reproduced in eft. ~., p. 251 ; A. S. B. omits the first two sentences of the passage from~

tt

~0 ~0

[..s

"f'OTT

~sqti~ ~ 1:~~f!Pl 'l"ffi'fi(

,.... .... ....

....

I
,..... 3

'fr'Q'lll'm'fi~~?U ~ .. tfS\1~~ ~n:T'fi:

II

1 ,~, ~!J iii., p. 252 )

, '~!I'

~r 'Fcl'f.~

m!J <err.

2 VII, 125-126

3 eft, f'r., l? 252 : 'iU1JT;'

~~i\

"]
~~~4~!A~~~ ~~~ ~ff:
" " ~" ~?.til"( 0( &:;. I il~lllJri( ih2ft3'::ri'QI':9f"ijr.:'d::rq~"'~ t::;;. ,...._ "
(I

I
I

II

li~fff

Rcd?ll ~~ ~;~ :;.r t~

""

rr~r t~ilil' tm ~Q"t=tf q-f{q-f;q;r: 11

~ t~rrn q-~q-r~fit;r: ~n 1

~tn 4l<!4'~" ~Q-QT ~h=trr t~R"''r: sr~n 11

1 <ft. fir., p. 253 adds

~I

"r.r~rcrr'

Sl~~~~<i~~

2 I, 336
3 ~~ reads ~~: and explains : '~~.'~'fiT:
t'f11T'fil'~ 1~r u~~ arfu+rr<rn~m ~t'Zfctr<~<tli\.1

Apararka equates ~'IT: with <roT~crr:

4 VIII 111-112

~IFQI ~ ~r ~~et~ tfQJI+~;Jt:

""~

,....

,....

qff ( r:s:t~ e r mr ('~n stff~ff: 11

ar.n~qo ~' w:rr~crz~~qo ~qy ~~ 1

....

""

trSf ~f1ll' ~q-rff: ~ ~Q'tff ~rr: 1

~ ~T~f'fm T;Jt4(1~:
,.... "'

~~Q' ~q-: ~ ~~: ,....

~,....

q-n'fcr: Nffl II
,....
~

W-4'

~r:

II

1 Not found in Kane's 2 Ibid, V, 14

'f~

3 VII, 2
4 ~ ~~:
I

CIWa~l:lirU ~~~:' I ~q;r;q;:r;:g imtf&:1lTTtlc<ml

I

iilm~ffi ~~

~~;zffi~'l'<i~tir~mr.r_

l?;~Ci ~~ l1;Cf ~'fiRffct ~Ref~ I ~~~~ o~~

msfit

qrtl]: I 3f::<i1!'T

Si;;rft~MH~~ ~rcr: I '~' ~

"<t<rr;;rit~ 1 'ar~' ~ ffi~fuolt ~~~ ;;,-~3-if.t

~~: I ~~~ ~: ~ ~~q Cil~ arrm~

S~offfi~ I ~:~

'qfmrr'

I ~iii't 'iflsri !:~~ II

( ii '<UT11N: }

~.t]

SMI91 i ~~qj

f.r?:i ~~r;ri ~ =rit~ I

~m ~-' ~q'

qm ~m -rr:

11

~~:
ff~S4Gi(q~;r Sf~ ~p.f~ -;:qp~ '~41 '
..... &:::.. "
~~~

~SfifiitTt~rs;:trrtr~~: II

"+itHJ<rt~: ~-q ...,_q: I ifeq('q ((~m;ri !4'~ ~tt~"G:i~: II

qu;f'rf!fifH91

~ ~GT ~ffi'f.t ~~qo~~ ~fHq~l

t~~s~np:i~: ~~lt"'~~~: II ~,fm tf~ t~~fff ~fff 1

ffP:f q~~-.m:f~ (1W;+r~.rffr ~~ II

qf91!4P-n: qf{RN:r: ~llsft~r~rss~m~n

"'t.4WT~ ~mrit

AA {llfr

~(CJQ~I! 11

1 KanE', v. 15; <it. fir., p. 254

2 <it. ~., p. 255 3 cfr. fir., p. 255

[\9

~~rr) ~.ltll~tll'TT 'tlcrtff ~~r~ I at~kfit ~4WT) tl~tWl ~~o: II

its~~ ;r~~ ~~~ :;;r ~rfiiq: 1
srfi:rtlm :;;r ~ :;;r ~ ~lQ) if~~ if~Q. II

mrr

~~oR ~;f if~tlPT~ftor'{. I

R+ns:

(1;:cet~tr (1fiJJf~~~~ 11

~~tfit ifr~ocf& m~rq'ct\'1_ 1 ,..... ( .) ~ ~ ,..... ~~~HI(fl ~ ~it:U~1ifl'TT~ II

tiT ~ m~~rf'Gr '[tfr crlQr~~' 1

~ ~~Q~"frst'fie+rn:mrr

+AT'ff

~~: 2 11

~ '+ff"Q\1('(

.,

"'

1 VIII, 304, 307, 308, 309.

2 Not found in printed copies of +r~'a' 3 Reproduced by eft. fir., p. 255

"~~

~~ ~~ sn~~ ~~ +r~ 1
~q- ~qn: 'l'~'"tl' ~q- ~Tff '!hT:r~~~l._,iSIR,~
(?
~

. .
~

~"'

"'

,..._.

"'

II

~qrl[lr~ CfiT"f~ ~q~~ ;r~r.~q-

~-

I II

SfT1Jfllr;rTSR m'!h~

mrsl.i;r ;r ft:r~

"' ~ "' "' "!' "' ~~';fTS~'!hl+t;:c ~ ~' :~Jftf """ ~ ,...., "' a,..., ~r: l';fi{~ff "1\ill(q +t~i"l\iiT:

;r

I
II

"' "' ..~ ""' trT ~r~ ;:c~q.,.H+tR~H, ~TT~ I "' "' "' "' ~;;q "~ :q ~' ~~tf~TS'q"'fftffll ~II
,~,~~~21

1 eft. !1r., p. '257 prefixes to this passage from twenty ~lokas from ~'c'JiJim: 2 Borrowed by cfr. ffr., p. '259

~mr

r~

tf'ql' ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ::;:.r ~::rY.q'l"''uii'T'I("'

3

'

'

I
4

?fqt ~~~ ~:i) ~~ ~~q q('~nff ctitr.l_ II

tfqt~(~qq~;~ CfTtrT~'4('(1EI(<I~H I
?JqtS~q~ ~T~=f'o'Q'l {ll!@J~ss~:

'

"

'

,.....

q~r~1;:J1T

atWir mrr q~f~(qqq'): 1

' 41'FT: ql!r
"""a...,.~..,~ ....

"'

Cfit: II

' \'fl;:tflifT~r

qq

::;:.r

11
6

ati~'QI!Q'T~ ~+n;f ~~Eil( I

;r;:~~(11'ilf ::;:.r ~(etettJ

::;:.r

11

1 VII, 127-132
2 ''f.fi~r ~if i!l'ffiiron_, f<f.~~ fcrstrul'f<:Tm;i ~ ~. ~
:q <t.~if f<lilir~, ~~Sin,+'~~ if~,

arq if,

~Jl<i+!IK

~~<r~~'re:rr

1 ar~"'<il'i' firuf~~rnif51'fC<rnt, '~' afr<\qr

ifTT~JI:. , 'qfto<:r~:' G'~~- ~'lm<li~ ~ '<f I ~;j

aroR:t ~ crr iRffif: -m~ :q-~ r.rm

~~ I ~q~ ~: <iiU ~:" I ( iJ\:'lrfur~: )

Both iJ\:'lT., and

qfilrfnl: for~:

'fT. fi:r.,

p. 260 suggest the reading

3 '~: ~: <fi'U 3li~: ~~~irml.' I ( ~., ) 4 '~:' ~~~: I '~q~r:' ~U: I ~~T ~ f:lt'!:!+li<;;<;;I'1J: ' ~ ~ ni!:I'T \~T ~~ if ~~~: I ( if1:'l'Tfulq: )
5 Printed text
~:q

and

cit. fi:r., p. 261, read arr

]
ll'l"'"'ijf1PPf4~1'1ri'T

~~:
~~~"11-zCfi~qoP'IlQITI((r.:::~"irit
(' ~ :q CfilfOTT qOPSI~t4 =il I

:q +((0:&51'1T ~~S~+t+ttiPl :q II

('

ff\lr3

~~~;it~
~'t~f
~&;;;."".

\1f-51til +nacqrqfit 1
if
~ ~~qmffr:('wq'7"1(lr-=~r."',~'P.I~r:r~ :
""

Iffir ~'Itt ~tn fcfit~i1Eikllffl9;"'0t4ft II

NGI t4
~'tf

::n'~ .,.~'<4?...~('.... ~+t4"f~t4t:foH(

""~

('

""0..

II

<(~=-n,,.,,!;~~~aw ~"f+tliT ~ 1 ki(iEI tf.te:

""('.

"

~ers:E~is:.:r~ ~4IOIItttiS6+t( 11

1 ~ reads :q~OJt ~ :q 2 ~~ has the identical passage as Manu

samhita, and both are cited by eft. 3 X, 118-120 4 Up to the last kiirsa pa1;1a.. 5 eft. ~., p. 260
6 Ibid,
r~ rti

f+t~

p. 261

"o

!J~'+~I

....!:l.

~
('

"[.

~q('(i(Of

""]

"41.-'Qft:

ltl~'ttld:_

~~'Q""+"'Q'~

""

1~

,......_

~0

~~""('

~?!(OQQT'Cf-

"

~"'Q'~ I ltT(i'lt~~~q;~~~~rcrn'~Tf::::r';ftf=lT'O'~~lt+nmur~+"'Q': 1
+-q: Cfi~TC{T';f ';f ~'QTd:_ I
(' ""

q~+rm
(' 3

ilm~I

1~ ~1~ '"lltCfi(C{T:

"

'+l~Tltl ~ ~~ ~FJJT ;rrs;q~q~ ~C{l

6

r--

""

('

I-

r:r~e~q ~ q~+n;f !Jl.:~qTms;t~{tq ~ 11

'+lnRf r:rm~.nf("l'~qT(=~CJtfll(=ci ~;r ~fi:io~ 1

nRiii'QT~q~+n;l ~+JlU+rfiff'J~ II

1 3, '2'2-'27
'2 I. 0. and A. 8. B. are both defective in this passage. 3 '<ii1:fcrfi~Srtr '{~) 'l:l.j firi51~"lf Cf.'{(~ ~Rr' ( ~
~T)

4 Omitted in I. 0., A. 8. B. and eft. f1:r.; Kane, vv. 16-17

5 Udaipur Ms. repeats these lines.

(;]
;r~: 1

mtrm1llT~tf~~m ;r {~I l}lf~~~

3Tf~if:
2

;r :q ~rsttr ~r~~)f"Siq) ~q. q~ 11

~~: ~rsrtr: ~qqrr;n ~

... ,.....

~: ~+tR~

"

sn-

;oq~~"+tr: I

tr :q
~

~r~ ~R oqftq;r~ ~ ~
~

m:
""

1 ~ -cmrrq;.~ ar.:~ itttr~~ 1

~

'tf O'tfqT ~qq- "- ~~: I

';;lf~iftf;t' ~~ffrfit I '~i st;;:trff~:' ~ "" " "" ~l! T~ff!ftl'~: I

1 VII, 133 ; omitted in A. 8. B. ; c. cfr. f4., p. '27'2 '2 cf. ciT.

~

rn.,

p. 293 ; '2, '26, 10-17

ar~r: 1
~

mr'S{lf:
....

Cfii if

~tlf: I
~= 1

~l'ff

~.

r.... <i:

qur~r~~ Sifq~;r"~'"""~'

'Q<J~;:rrf.t' ~FIT(rf.t I lfTC!'ffif.t ~~~tro;:a- ~<ro: I ~

~ 11 ~!I Cf~ ~ ;JffClOlf~iff
'qqft<R:'

arrq an:r;rrn"1ro

ar<liU: I

th::.~"'ltrl{tlf~:rer= 1 '<lir!Rf:' a{'fm'firrr=

~RJ'fi~~crr: 1 ~u

ua-

Mi~ ~ ~ aT~~r+rT

~o:o;rf~r~~ qq~ ~ <311.fiU +rr ~~ 1 ~~o:rt 'trr-

~' ~ ~~St<j"ifi"{: 1'~' '<r~'fiR<:f:, 'l{a4qf<si~:!lf~'

A~ifT:, m~ ~ ~~: srRr~:
( ~<'d041., pp,

asf?t

i311.fiU: I

287-288 )

3 VIII, 394
4 ( ] Words in brackets missing in the Mss.

[~

"t{tcti~1'1~1~-llelq~r: ~(U] ~: I~
~~ IT ~: 1!l'fit1rr{i [ ~~~ ~ atrq;r~ff ] 1

'1t:t~r~:' Cfl~1'1'( I '~:' ~~ I ~ ffqf iftr: I

om ~

~tRoq;r) mf~ +utQcb d~: I ((H'11SS~iflqGfi

m) o~U~tiiHt: wti'i4fib1 ..H~ I~ ff+titsrt <(tlld:_ I

1 cfi. #r., p. 272 2 XIX, 26-28 ; eft. ~ p. 27 4

3 10, 30-33; eft. f;f,, p. 27 5 4 cf. ;r~ft+lrq,, p. 165, which repeats the explana

tions in the text,

"lldifil~4:

and

adds-'"f'~ ~q

I liiCI"ij<!J(( cNfi6<nf~Q'~: I

"l"'q-r.l"4\=r.q:r.~~!r'ql"'': 2 ....
~~

SI!JIIqrg;w~.-RN~ --?1...,1~-a;r:

"

.....

I
3

mr: ~ fi'rti' Sltauewa~~ Afirq-~

ay~qft'r.laqrr;w~ ..

11

ft ~ ~t:~(('~( ~ ~ '1'fNq: r

~+wf ~ ~ ~T~~ff ~ 1fl'q'~ ll

1 VII, 139 j eft. ~'I p. 27 5 2 11 340-341; eft, ~., p. 276 3 ~ follows the reading 3I'J'Ott~:qJ~h<lT ;r ~ 1 Aparlirka adopts the reading in the text. 4 Kane, v. 75; eft. 11i.1 p. 276
5 VIII 170-172 ; <ll. flr., p. 27 5

r~

..,+i!4..,1P':I~""I._....,.II"'O,y.,l~..r7"1("1P7'i"il"{ ~~m :;:.r ~

('

.... ~ ("lijtlttff

('

('

m:r: ~ ~ ~ ~ II

.... ....

('

....

1 Kane, v. 18 ; eft. ~ . p. 276 2 Name omitted in Udaipur Ms; eft.~., p. 276

"' ,. . . R= II!Ffii~I~TS~~~ ~~ 'll<(!Ffi~q":

sr~m~q~R'Sf ~~ ~H?f:4tFU
1

"'

,.....

11

~~ ;:rPTT 'f'QT~ 'q"J~n=n~q ~" 1 ~m~m~ ~~ ~n=r :qr~: 11

"' "' "' attl<("ffi';f ~ ~ :q .....J'.-::.. I .. ~1\IM

~~'q";:rf::::>l"' l~ ~q;r ~ GIQ
"'~~~"'

r-..

m'q"TN'4': II
N

'fq&:' ~~~ at~1l: !Ffi~:

~it +AT: ~: II
2

I '~t'~I!Ffit:'

1 Udaipur Ms. wrongly reads qr~ 2 Copied by cit flr., p. 277

C)o

ffS1'

11"!J: ,

P-r. ~"" ~"" ( ~ ~ Vl:l~ 4.: +SII C(41 'q'fN'qT ;r '""~

f1

~~

fri

~ ~~~~~II

n~r.:( ~:r::qr::~::1Ci!.f~t4 : 2
~

rfq~Tlt't (q;j ~1t~ 3 """(tit: I ,.... . ,. . . "" ~p;J;r :q ~14lltf ~~~q~ "'stt!'Qt4n II
~c..

~+ntff~
~~~f.l ~ ;il;aotfl*lfsfit ~~: I
1 VII, 208-209 ; ift. flr., p. 277 2 I. 352; eft. flr., p. 277; I. 0. omits the next six quotations. 3 ctt. flr., p. 277 bas arftr:i :q atn' ftqt: ~ ~: 4

err. flr., p. 278

~ff~~l:( ~~s~ n:tffi !1'~1:1'~ II

tr)s~;r,. ~~rnsij q~ti;J,. ~ if ~ I c. t;r(' ~ ~ ~Hor.lct~r.~f'"'Sf rnmi?.l'"df+Ui[qtl'tf! II ..
..... ,..... "fSJT ~T ;rJf if :;.r ~"f~~ I (' ,..... "'" ~,..... ar~g~~tltSJ4l:s:Jpr.:ff TfSfl ..... 'R"qq~r~q-r 11 ,..... "' ,..... ~ ,..... ('"' TlfSf :;.r ~I~ H J"fffi' ~"ff~fe q ttl t1 I

;rrs~rr

,.....

~~~~ t+t5erlt"fm ~rq~ atect"d~:

,...

"'"

('

11

"' "' "' ~Jf':l:~~ftr7tl"'l ~: ~att (It:~!!~

II

~;rf ~r;rf :;.r ~ros~f qqr~ I

1 eft. rir ., p. 277

2 TliaJmT reads : ~~ ;;r;fr ~~ and~ '1Hil\'t!"'-4d ; Apariirka has ~iJT ~: ( 1, 353) ; <ft. fir., p. 2_78 3 IX, 294-297; <ft. tit., p. 27 8
~~

'!iO

~To

~0

.!. 1{~

1{q ~~ ::ZO;flttl~~;:r ~"f:

2

()

,...

II

~~:W~T~l:f ~~ fq~~~ ~~~~'4( I

at~;:tm~~nr Aif~ffft-attA 11
~ ~~ ~ ii("q~ Fl~ ~~I
....
.... ~ ,.._ .... ..... l:f~ FI~~~T~ff CfiTl:f Fl~~ ~~-attH

II

1 Lacunae in I. 0. ends here ; printed text reads

0<1"~~

2 Ibid, @flt~ii

3 eft. fir., appropriates the whole of this section and does not add a word but re-arranges the quotations.

~~~

~PTPI"'"'rW'.._ 1

m~~~P1 ~ :q cn~ottl 'lt'"iAlf~.vn

(' ,...&;;; (' "' ,.....
~

an:qr~~r;:),q cntt~r Til'~tr~~ n~rn

~,.....

~i~~fot 2 ~~c{ :q f~~q_ I "' "' ~ "' {tl :q ~ ;q;J otl'ftrlli' cnRtr~~T ll

.
4

m~ ffi~q~ifma-'*~=tnfitti ~ 1

if =qfS~
o~T

~ ~H'1otf:
"'"'

"'

g~~~q'qfr.ft=r:
"' "'6

,.....~

;q
~

TC( .. i"l~if
~

,.....

tr-TT ttlq .. ifl ~ ll

'ff~triflSqf_i~ff ~

,.....

~~T'ifif"fY'I'~::II:T:I:'!f:ftott ~ ~tr ~: ~+rrqff:

"'

. "'TtTTQ..
(' ('

~il"'TQ..I

II

if;~ o~ Cfi~Otf ~~ e~~rf;~ I

1 ;r. 2 ;r.
~., ~.,

ch. 220; <ft. f+r., p. 315 and eft. fu., rea.ds mG~TT'ifr for

~31TfUr

3 ;r. ~.' p. 468 and eft. fu., p. 315 read orrn: fut<IT&~~

4 ;r.

~., ~.,

and eft. fir., reads

for

g~

5 ;r,
6

err. s:m ~ ~~qllj

oTr'<r't for~ ~ Jlt., p. 315 reads

(1(1.

~mRa'{., but adds '~<fa-'

~00

[H

~
~ ~ "r::::... ~ c '"' ;rq ~r+t;:ns.q ~" ~o:n: 1

ot'fU{f\ifl ~r ~ ~~~~~~Qoff :q II
at+iktl(k+t~w: tm.~ ~~
~ ~

1
11

~fq~)'q'fq: srfcr~ti 'Nf7cr~:

1 <ft. ftr. ' p. 315 2 <ft. ftr., p. 316 3 Section completely appropriated by err.

f4.,

pp. 315-316

~ q-r~+r

,.... "'

"' tn+r

tifl~l r:q: ~+rn~o:

,....

I
~ ...

~qrsm 3 ifr~atfm:o~ !ffqir~~ ~+ri ~tlf~ 11

~ssrNm: ~r: ~r: !frff'l';:~ Tct~~ II
,.... (.' ,.... t:::l.

f'Sffq~: ~r ~ ~'~~m: 1
"q'f ~ ~;pm-r.n ~~q ~l+tt~+( 11
~~
....._

....._

....._

+il .. ~14lSW;t("ty;ffit ~tllt.-~191~

~ ('

,..._

"'

f;r~;flsfit ~r.rrtfift;:"q\~rffiqr~ff: 11
~q ~~ff tl~'l'
~

"'

.011'1'9:

~~m;r~

"'

II
1

~s~ All~~ ~if ~~fr +rffi+( ~,.... "' ~

~: CfittfTT1JT ~ff Oltf9lt'itt+l' ~

II

~<4:1'lllqfifl-2t('t:l' ~:moq-P~q=oq""'qMq:

"'

,....~

(.'

1 ctt. PP 306-312 2 VII, 145-6 ; name supplied by A. S. B. 3 From this upto the last Piida of the verse of
~~~

m.,

~.,

below missing in I. 0. 6, 6-15

~. ~<:'"" Gl~~;:~ ~I ~U~ff'tf';'QT9f'f';q ~I

"'m <1(191_ I
""

" ~"l+e-o~QtfTf\fflotf:WT;:~"34f.tt"e' !f~~(={_

" 3~<:' "" "" R;:~~EC;rm ;r;~ rwtrn:rt";JT~qq

""

"' ""

II

:q I

" " """" "" "" T~'tf~1' lEC~q'Ol ff~;JT~~C'T~T +i~

""

II

"" "" ~~ 'tf~!fl~

r.. ~ mT'Olf;Jll'1

"" f.t~q~(={_

"""" ,....., " " atq ~rn"df.tT;r~ ~\t~ffn-r ~~: 11

~ ~;rq~;rmt :qr~;r~~~ 1 ~n'2T.IIil"'"11r:~rr~~

Am+f

tff?ilS?~I

e ffqf II
~;:::f

~R~ff~~ q'l~~~t'it-1: I
1 I, 344 ; err. #r., p. 308. Printed text reads 2 XI, 52 ; VII, 149 ff. ; cfr. 3 eft. rir., p. 309) bas
4 eft. rir., p. 310

rn., p. 309
wbich is the
(

~mr arcr+rffi',

reading of the printed il'~~

Chowkh. ed. )

~f(t:tUfu:!Jq~ff lt: ~ ~ ;rn~: II ~q ~ f.t~qijtf+tf~'f~: I

~ ~sA ~: '3tt+tr~~: II

~ ,.., :~~ qt

""A

""

"" ,...._ ,...._ +tSIQI!(flt4lTAff: 6 II

~ +t~ ;r ~f.rf ~fln=tr i~r: 1

[ ~ ~f tfiRT ~~ cil~fr;fts(q q-nqq: II

1 2 3 4

( Mylapore l'd. p. 675) Missing in Mylapore edn. Borrowed by~.~., p. 307 VII, 147-148 eft. #r., p. 308 omit;; the fist sloka here.

'~~11a'

[ ] Portions between asterisks missing in I. 0.

s::n aI~ +"tfJ9:q:g I+4 "Qu-r;:rr +4 .-54 t:;:c +'l:l~vprl: II

~ ~ ~: ~n~mR- ~:q~: 1 '"',....._'"' ~ "'"' '"'~ ll T~"let*"Hit:"~q(IR'rfffi ;:c: II

,....._

,....._

'"'

r-.

at~rf ~ ~Cfil{ oq~fa-~qf.:ff ll ;m: I

'"' '"' ...s. a{q~"ll'f ;f.-S('ij ~lffl ~'0~: ~"'tlfOI(;

Ft9fT~Tll ~+t..j~ ~~t: =:$J~~j~: I
fqqftMif;:r ~~ Cfil(q.-ffi~ 1i~: II

II

1i~ =:$JT~~: ~~~~~"tfT;:r_ ~i{ffR_ I

'"' "q'. . :q
~1i~9fT

~t:q"O::fR_ ~a' '1151gf

,....._

IT
,....._

~fi!llff W~~--.91..

r-.~

II

roC'lfr+r!fllt~+"tf 1l~ 1l~ 1

~Ttl~ t~>e"ll'f~1il t:"+i
~

"

""' II ;:c
1

~qf

g ~f~ri;r mmU.;:c ~~~

~.,

63, 14-17, Mylapore edn., shows some differences.

2 VII, 54, 57-59

~~ ~0 ~0

~~ ~ +i'ffir;w;wr~Tftfl'{~!lfil9( II
;fr~ -:.tJq~l(~rf.IRI~r~~irN~I9f:. I ,~,~qpot~l9( ml9l. ...n(r9( t\er~ft,.._ u
~~T~ f.l~ou9l_ ~~q&l~Nql(ll9( I ~~'it, ~,.._ ~~~li&1NqHll9( II

at~9( ~on 11'~r;w .. ,. 1ft~ -qtftf ;w: I

a~~ltl~('=ttrrT 11'H'i Cfil (~I tfl ~ kq -e.~ '., ~

c::..

'"'~

II

" " " T~Efl.-"'~f~~l~r.f+Jiq~T9( ~m"~~ ~f~lftE4~ I

tq-+Jl~~T;w ~8 I ;w4'.481 ~ +rmf II (I r'\ ~ e:..

~lm;r~qOfltflqf (!l*f41q~""'lm::r.""ll._9(

I
11

NlfT ~q-i;r_ (!I +q fr ?.:~ mn ~ffi lf~;;ton

'tf~ ~~ q-~ ~ttn ~~qy ~
"' '"' (I

!tctitg ~;;t~;;;;f ~ mn ~:

~ 1

~s~ fi(q;rt ~ ~smr~T~!lfil(1 11

1 ;r, g., ch. 220, 37-38; compare ( Mysore edn. ) p. 27:
~

a,-

"ilcw:r

;r..o;jfuf'ii:wH"m fcro)(?T~:

~-eqq:pt ~ ~ yq~rq~ :qm~

~Atr~R ~ ~r~ !f~n:

"

,.,...... ,.....,

r...

'

',......._

q-m: sr~ffltr ~ ~~~'Q' l3'~mrr: 1 arnr ~T~n l3'~~rrr tt~~l!lf ~ ffr: ~m: II
~ ~

....

....

II

~...... q :nri!G"S'~':II~..,.,,.,q~'~n q-~ ~sm: ..

!fFQ'ifi CfiN'ffl

....

(' ('

,.....

,..... ~m: ~~q1Jf ~~ ~a-rrr: 11

~

....

.........

alif~f{ ~~~f~!lf ~ I
at~(9t;et( 1+hH!~I~ ff'Q'T: 'q"('~
~

c::::..

".

....

II

~~~ ~lt"11( ~(~~~~ ~~ ~ll"ffi4.-t"' ~ iiti'2;~fS('R ~~:

,.......
~

. .

"'.

. ..

II

1 Line missing in Udaipur Ms. ; cf Kamandaka, VIII, 16-41, where the different cornputitions as Mandalas are described. The selection of the Manava rule in the text is dictated by an obvious authorities. 2 This verse is not inK ull iika's text. The Chow kham ba. desire to exclude mere

a:rm

edn. p. 218, reads : ~o;;q;,) 3 VII, 210-211

~ =3"<:\ftrRT ~rFra-:

~ ftr~
!fTtf
..... - ! t ~t4

:q

~ff ~;:}{ ~tl~

:q

~~: I
II

~ffP1:1'1r";11'Jl'( q'l~

C:.-'"'

'"'&::.'"' q.,-..qqjUf N"4Ptff:

~~'l"'"'ul~1,....+.... q':r~'!"'''('

"4H1'{

""

..... 9 ;rg m

fitq~~(l~tf Cl'ffir..Q ~ffir;:}f ~ ;rf;STI'Jl'l II

~+rr: ~~ {~ 1'ffii TtrtfC{(~: I

2

atfif'Q'tq' :q
,.....

,.....

q~~
~

crWll
3

~ffil

'"'

:q

~+r:

II

~l'l'T ~~q~t'dl ~

~: 1'ri Rr?TQm~ti' 1'1+f1Pti' 1'~~~~ 1

~r.f 1'~ ~fif ~~~Tf.t :q II
;r~, ..~
,....., '"'
~

&;;.

'"'

!1.4 ,..... '"' :q {r;tr :q Ffmrnl'

~

r..~!"''P

t<:t'~IHi_i'f:

1=ct rH q l[+I'CfillfNf9l_ I'll[

"'q(~(''"q'?i(f.4~'5;a~,ro
~~T
~

Ci' ~~

?T ~ ~

'qq CIT II

...._.

Oq'f

:q

....s._ ~~'(

1+1f({T;r :q f4 HIUII :q

II

~1+?rqui ~q

cnrtt=ifq ?Tilq :q

ar-=?T:~Ir:qr{ :q IfTQr~ :q ~fi!H'( II

1 eft. f;r., p. 311

2 i3RO~., 37, 2. ana~~., 16, 20, the other two

verses are not to be traced in the Ramayan_a, but all the three are reproduced in the same order by eft. fir., p. 311 3 VII, 56. These verses are dropped by eft. f4. 4 VII, 151-158 A; printed texts read ;r~s~

t~]

~rr~ ;r.:;r:

to"

crm~rff1J.~~w-r;:~~i1RI;r: l

nt.tl' ;rz;r .
ffitf

rl611Pt~: l

fl'q{

"" " ~ ~:Coarcrtr: 1 qffq'f srfr:o~r;nqrr~1i_~r: "" mtr :;:.r Gl'f~otfT: I

T~Sl-"'q';fi'~TRQtJ: l ""'

'~lil"A(Iift' qf.:"~~~ff~'fTq'~q{~t qrft~;mr=~qq-~~~~qqf~f~otrf ~~: I

'1f-etrtftl sr:;:.rm'r'

ffi;fr
~:

fff

1 qfffi'q~ {f~1f~~ ~'IT

{msr~rrtrr --.,~rr, Rmlfi~{{~-etr;r ~;u.

1

~" ~

~~ mr~fff~q-~) ~9"'~!-

~ ~~!: I ~~~~(ct~:-~~:, ti~-

1f:, ~;r;:ff{ ~iff

1f~f'lTlfQ~ffi;JT

1 ';r~:'
I
'

~Potrdn~rrn'tl'""~ r-. atTUq "II!-

.... ""f'r' ~ TO't41(.:W~ffti'TT9f'1~Q;rtt:

."

~' ~'et'T~ ., :
~

r.n:r~;rq:
"'~

I qrrTQT

:;;ro~T

'fi'O'tep:r

~~nr.rT'fllfi~trr:

r-.

SP!ifi(I'ISf

""~(if

Sf

..... ,.... ....

q'ffl' ~

~ sr(im 1 qm ~' :atrm~: 1 qq~--.,trffi

[1-er:u

+rq'f;ff I ':at'fl'ktt'~ :at'fl'kt41(t4: q-~ ~rttt:[T(-

m;rf ~rfmq~~ ~trrr: ~r-er~~r~a-

m~'l
1 eft. f;r., p. 323, which apprrpriatos the comments of ~~il'IR in the above passage up to the asterisk apparently had a different text, since it contriues

Kalpataru thus : "iti~~-'f<r~il'T3iJisT, m~3 ~' affi:r1r?f, i3ifu~';r-i, +!'"<.<fllf?rsi, if"i<rllf1r'3ifl:lo:i,

\3"~~~. ~m'1~";tiir4 ~w, ~~ffi?r= ~cr<r ~
~~"~I

~, ~"~* ~rti ~oN~m

~~~ ~~!!~H:fhcgoifcp:r: II
2

Q'4iwt~~c;:~~J'fJ~: I ~~~~~~~:;.rll
rm1_

1 Printed texts read for ar<:r~T as incorrectly given in the Mss. 2 Ibid, ~~r~~ 3 VII, 159 4 Frist sloka omitted by I. 0.

amrm

m~ ~

~~

. . . ~~

trl;iffiiQ;n:rq ~ 1

""

(~+JFi ~ ~ ~~OTit~ff~~ II
~ ~q 'tfTe:i ~ 3 ~~tr ~ A;z~ ~ I ~r-. r-. ~."" ~ cn~-q sr~rff :~ ~:q'q'lfq ~ II
#~

f[fq~ ~~fq:u~4q :q4 I

6

~tmf~~i:~~~ 11

~......~~ ~ AWff~ffqq ~ I
0~ rotrf'~~: ~~ Pf~~: II
~ ~o ~ ~flW.nl'~ ~ q"q ~

. .

('('

""

1 <ft. rl:t., p. 324 ff. 2 VII, 160-180

3 Printed texts and <IT. ~., p. 324, read ~q Ffq~~<r ~ 4 Ibid, <ft. fu., p. 324 u~r ~~ ~

5 Ibid, rn:_fcfq:
I

~hr~: ~=

6 Ibid, rn:_~ar: for ~Ur:; ;ft.~., p. 324 explains :

Wr\:1':
,.... '

~~clf11\<{A~

rl

"

~4(tl'i'l'ld041+Wm~tn'

(" ,. .,

,. . ,

~' f<roq: 1 ~~~ ~ ~

3lfu mlifi{ 1 'ano:i'

~~ ~q~~~=

a'<it~r<r=' ~~ rn:"Wf.(ari{ ,

~~~:' ~~ ~~<I~<T~i{ I

~~

"'

Ai'Gtfrtt)d(ili"Stfl(f4sunt:
Tif"$1 t:;;.. r+i Sf
0....:.~"'

~'J:.I
't:..

~I +t ?t I +t ?t ~q ~'IT.(r.!~"r''('(~(

II

q"f~Qf!:fl ~Hftfl' ~~:q-~~T{~ 1l~ff: I

atlst~.-~t('('R '(ff :q ~ ~~~ ...R~: II
~Qflf~~~ :q 1fr~Tt :q ~~ I
~"' ~"' -('IP"'!!:Gf~ISfi~.,~-n .-.~T~ fftlTSSSfi.-~"' q;~p:fQO_II

"'

~u""~a"'~r;r;;t '~fipsr"~' 1
m~ot ~f'ritor if~q"~q~~~: II

lf;:;;:r!f+l~('(f"(~: qr~a~kff~q: u

1 Udaipur Ms. reads Pcr-fr~; but <it. ~., p. 322 confirms the text.

n.]

~ "'Q'(-.t:r.:e:71~t~'if""T ~ ~q ;:s1 Q HltT ~

....

....

I
11
2

~~ ~ ~~~

m!i' 'llfir~ iffri ~,

:q'

f.r~ !Pl'ffi'ifi :q ~lit~) A h~Pl """' ,..._ ~ ~~ ~qe;;cH H' r.mf Q1<4~'1~~ l:f\tf II

. .

...,. Q1'1 qIQ~tfT

~

~,....,..._

~Q IillTH'~:

oczrqqrqm:
:q
~

,..._,....

,..._

li'qf ~m~~ il' ~9;nf~~T~"f'~~q-: II

4

anqfff Q~TtrtCJTf "~~

~ffTRT'if'f
,....

. :q

~qqy ~~T'lf

...,.

....

A:q"~ 1 :q o~1'H': I'

....

~~f ~olit"'~~~~ ~~l:l: I

~ffTH' ~~Q~I~: ~tlil'h +1~l:I'H'

"""

~....

~r:::...

II

l:l'~ ;rrsf~~9;f+isrm~~~q-: 1 6 o'qf ~ Qlll~'il:ff~tif Qll~TR:f~ il'li: II

H"qfe

1 Printed texts read: :rii!.; so <it. 2 Ibid, ~~r~irsrt~~ '<f 3 Ibid, cit. f;r., and I 0., 'f.TT~JI. 4 Ibid, and qf. fir., p. 328,
~~rs~f~cr.r if ~g:

~.,

p. 328

~~rs~~fi'f<r.r

; A. 8. B.,

5 Ibid, and cfr. fir., p. 328, ~ ~~..<rm. 6 IX, 298-300 ; <it. fir., p. 318, continues the

tr... <f.o ~fo

f;ri ~~!f'l\ff ~~ ~: ~: II
1

~~...~ttr~

w srrn-

~1
qy I
Q ...

~~q ::q fq-~at ~~ tflij!J"Q*"4ft II

~~ ~ stiq-~) ~'l~'l\H-.
,..._
~

flr~ ::qfS~~ ftA'~ ~~(('fiji( II

qe~tt ~qm::r;r~ ~'": ~~~ ~~ 1
~~ ~T?lff i. ~
a:J"f('t+q'"f~-.N
-~ ~

.C;;.

,..._

('

,..._ ,......

r-.

(I,

'li'(U0*"4UOI4
r-.

... ~t::)

i4l: II

::q q-r~n=nW~~ ~~4l: 1

3

,....

('tl~ -oqq~~~ f[T~~: ~~: ~1pr: II

~S~'3~(q('q(fllet~ ... ~mr.r:
4

...

H~kq qys~ -q-{~ ~~ ~~ ~~~II

~ ~~"2:1'

Wtrfl' ('t41~g li~HI~~ I

...

('

r-,(1

al~~QH ~s~q-r.f fro ~~ ~'(II ...._ ' ~ q9'qH +nq;r ~ ~"tg ISf'e' ~-q~ I
~
,....._ " I 4 q (Iff ::q ,....._

. .
.....

. tfl'tfrom !ftr~
,....._

II

'QCO

g ~q~

" .....

ctr~-.-.

ISI'e';r ::q I

.....

ff~ldlff !ftt~ ~~: ~~tr.r_ II

~ffTSR ~ miT ~~ ~Sf'e"q~ I

1 Printed texts read ~ ~'fta

2 Ibid,~

3 Ibid, 044';;:~1fq
4 5
Ibid,~
Ibid,~

mr~
~' ~ tn;rmrffi:iU~n~ srfff sr~: 1 fro~;r Ft~ trrtrrctR~t ~~: II ~~ ~~ lfl~ tfT~rstf ~r'1"fff: I
~g;r

"f .. q~qt

. . rr ~ ~e!J ~r ~~~. 'll'trq'_ 1 .. ..

fi
~

qrsq

~sr ~n ;rr~r

,..... srrR"

tr..-rr;r~q:

11

fro tntfT~!Wq ;:q-~.,. qm:q.,- ~ '1t: II

"'*'4r.:~--q--~!:I:Ef~tf:

: ,. . . ,. . . . . .

2
3

~~~-

triU ~gUJNrr q-~r~ q-t cr~(=(. 'q"{~ ~ amm ~ ~'41i!9f\~~:

1
11

1 VII, 181-183 ; eft. fir., p, 330 2 I, 348 ; omitted by I. 0. 3 Printed texts read qey ~Cl 4 ~. g'., ch. 240, 2, 47-9. 15, ( p. 491 ) ; I. 0. omits the name.

[ tl
~'!!!111'2~~~Rhr=r- q"t~ l''th :q '"' ~._.
t::!..

a_

c. iQ kq (I ~q itt: 1 II "' N

~fl:sittf91 :q ~ttvr otf(!littA ~cr :q 1

am~

m=r: ~ ~ U:t;e 1$.44!4( II am~ ctiflifOr wr;rr: ~: ~ ~: 1

Cfi'fiGttH~ ~ ~ ~~ II

Manusamhita verses over this break, without

indicating that the verses are not continuous in the original. 1 Ibid, and <ft. ft., ~:

~ u;r) ;rt~t ~) ~ 'frffCir.t_ ifS II

aaiaiq;ffqtfr

Rotri fufitC6Tlwtft~m;r_ 1

~f ';rm~~or ~~qr~rtt U"F:A: II

~if ::;:rr~ ;rt~t ~~: 'ai.fiiW'(EI{T~J=t": I

~:naa(ot m~i ~~ q~rrqmqff: II

n"EA~

;r;n

~ri" ~~;r_ 1
.a:.

~: ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~"lfiJn 11

~ffi' ;miTT~ ~~tt'I'T;ft ~qff~~T I

Qtfiq{~q i+il'('li{r i&11944il ll ('gq r~~ffi
!!I. ,..._. ,....

II

"~~ Witii~q n:r~mq~tt ?{~rr;r: 1 (' " "' " ~f q " l'l"!~fo~tt Gfl";f4iT ~~'I'TT~ffi II
+~tJ'ftk~=nt('q('q "": ~~~r::;:r;n
~ ~

1
~

::q-;:~ lftn ~ 'q'f~ qft;rr~m 11

HHHft"+"tll ~;n{r+Q11:1'mqrr: ~ ti'fi&i'ffi;f: I

"

mR'ttT ::;:r A~m~'tff ~~i ~~4 w.trr: II

W'l'l'~w('

qiO~'(Ef'~!J"ffiwt ~S~I ~q_

~ ~ ~

I
II

Qtfi+tl~ttf+if{T ~l'I'T ~~"lfQT';f ~~SSti'fff:

[ OEIOBt lftn

~~:

mffi ~~~~ff:
II ]

" "' 't"ffi'41'~.=n: yq i4 .. +t'd: ~fttiff~~:

~fwt ks;~q4ilq~ ~~:

qfffffi 'l'ttT I

for

<n~

and for ~ ( Kumbakonam ed.) for "1T1T ( Nirnayasagara edn. )

"1T1T

-, at e ~-q.. ............. .:~-:c'"t..,q-rr rrtn

-~

.... ....

~+r\"fq"fi:SH+(

,....,_,.

r-... ,....,

11

~4triF"H(CfiA ~ 1~

........

t:.

tllttlqft ~: I
('

,. . . _.

~IU(t~ ~ ~T t!tECSiq~

....

....

....

....

II

,... " .... r.rllRf

,......,

~~~Ill ~ ~rr "((~~( 'Ef~

....

~T~+fTlf
attl~ltff

'

. g m?r
(' "

....

....

II'~~ ~+r+(

....

1
II

---:.. rrtn 'EC'Tli ~ ~qq~ ~ I .... .,...., -e--,_,-o.... '~"' ~EC' ..... -,$_<_"_'ec-tt t1T 11 :c ~ ....
~

r.::. (', .r.::. " ,;:,cqqq;r .crr~rr

~~r~

(I FM'tftr+( 1

({~s{q-

sn:TtffsW II'~~~~:

II

atto~qr m~(Gt""'q"~
~~ ~tJ.f ~~?I~ I

atf~R~rq-;y~ ~~f
Cfll'Q' ~o;r ~ n1tVT ro(=(.ll
C<'
'"'.t
~

mn1ifll.rr:?~r~+~m~ tsr~~rq~-

1 ;r, g., ch. 241, 2. 12, 14 2 ;:C::VfiTO!., Earga 27 ; eft. ~., p. 333 3 Not found in printed texts.

;m~ lq;ff5;-q\ll(S(~ ~~(1iji(Et:

,..... e:::.

""

II

ll)'i ffif~;rf ~~.r ~;rm ~ 1

"fre.nRt~R ('o:.c4+"tfW: 'q"~~~ II

~~.,-'HI~Iotr

'( 'ffi~Gq I"f'rJTT (' ""

~ ~1'(1l;rT n~tr 'f'~~

. . nttT . . .
~

:q' :q'\7~~~

"qq
~

:q'

:q-Rr~.${1~'

""

11

..m-.t
r-

:q- I ~ ~ fitq~ if~~ :q- II

~r-

n~TEI'T~

~I"' lifT EI'T~T"f1 'i EI'T~

0.

~)sq;rr~r

....-.r ~ tftl:rqqrft"" 11
+I~I~Tq"' :q'TS'CtN
r- "".""

"" qtl4: ~ "' :q- fN1

I
I

+~Tg: !Am~ mtU'!"T~ :q- II

~~~o:.c~Gt~lif"T ~if' ~if' ~~~~:c:qqn

. . .
r

,...,

('

""

~r;:nft~-.lf+I'Tif'T~MTifT :q- ~~ "'+( II

~qffi:Gtffir~'q"fe'~~"Tf $fi)~ triP.~' :q- I
atli61\'if'
&;;;,.

~fi'I(T"TT ~tAI"lT :q' ~~II

~~ ~ntT"lf ~~~fl';r~'q'f I

1 Udaipur Ms. reads : 3'&~ for =re 2 A. 8. B. and eft. fir., p. 336 ~ defective here.

Sl~ ;

I. 0.

"" N't ""

~(!J'ffi._ ('ffii4r~t4raeq .. :
,......, ,......,

""

~ ~en C{~ou

. q 1"411

""

.....

S('A"gf

tmrtJ

.....

11

~ 81~ <t"4UU~ ~

,.....

('ffi1 II~., r I

~ 4\(feEC((WU ~
~ ;q ~ N: A
2

q l+ttT

Sf~ II
1

q(f(ur C{::mf(q-: P.iiQ'fi{ur :;.ns~~,

~~~ ~

srtJTffl C{~url ~~'i_ll

NT tfffi'EI'rfitsr~q-A. 1
3

fintrri

~~t4lf;r ~ <~~~II

~t'f ~ ~ NT ~q'f~'ff~~ I ""~ 2""n.n.,.. ~ "'lrtffi ~..., +rr.l'!ff4if(fii(Oif II

.ft~qr ~ Sl?_~t4f.:o ~~f;o ;r"~ltEC._r: I

ettt4i

~~ ~ (f~~~~~:

11

1 ~tt. ~fff ~~crif.!J ; cfr. r;r., p. 336, amJtt. 2 r"t. ~., ;rm ~=

; 5ftrs~s ~"tiur:'

3 A. S. B. and !ft. ~., p. 336 ~~ ; printed texts

read: Mt~<if$!5'1<1 4 Printed texts read:~~ w srf9~ ;ll+l'<TS~ 1 5 ;r, !J., ch. 242. 2, f; <ft. fir., p. 33G adds~
~

fmrFim+r.r~

m
~

q-~~st

;r ~R- 1

~srr~c;:;nm~ ~+rt:fn~oi ~ 11
~uri ~~rr~rurf ifli;f =if FrtJT ~ 1
~Uff.lqf
FfqJ
"" "" 1

err~

Fl'tiT =if if~R'T II

.:f ~"" fll~q
~=if

=if

ifSm~q

......0..~

~~ifi1=1'T~~ft?i ~Utii r+if~~rRfll II

~ ~ffifl r~r~~;r

. q r(+ll\i'ht1=1''ef :q 1 ""
~

~~~=if fi~~QrtfslitfT Fl'ttT II

+f_+tf+y;~~ ~~ =if 'ef~'tfl I

~) ~~ ~ inn~ =if FI'"'T ~ II

~ :qrss~mm
~~~r.~f
at;:;;:nq-q~;r
~~....

[ ~~f q'l'Q'~tr :q 1
2
~

crir.f ~fimtflSTtJ ~r;f =if ~~ lf II

. 41,1=1']T '1"r.f ~(t'tt.:qy~q I . FI'"'T II

~

T;r~

tTtT;r

~;r ~"'tl!;f

=mR' ~Q'Tf tT'efi Fl't.lT

FI'"'T

r.:t {r.ri lf~rr;fr.~f =if ~qr;ri ~ =if II

"" "" ,......... "" ~r ~Ir+"'ttr ~"'tt~ u+r: I
at++r~ ~~~~ tT'efi ~T~ =if II
:q.,.S(I"e-. ~ ~~ ~tft ~~~ ~ ~: I

~htfl~~~ Fl'tll if~ ~~"'T II

1 +r. g., p. 494,

o:rrm for <ufr

'2 [ ] Lacuna in Udaipur Ms. supplied by I. 0.,

A. S. B. and +r. g.
r~

'tiO ~To

mr~~ ~ ~rr.rl;ffi:(~l\.11

('""'

~~""'~""

mr N~r;:.{~o~l!:('41;f(l ...~~.r\d~l' 7I

r-. " ""' ~TCU;:l:J~ ... ~II;f ~'4S411;f

3

" 1'4 f;t ~ "" I 11:(~1(

~~ ~ ~ ~qq;f Fr'-11' II

"l'ft.,.S(+tf~'4'1ll

"'

""

.4 ""

~tr ~:~'4S4;fl~l;f~

~~9

"" "" srq;r tm=r

&:;::;, ""' ~'4~~nqq-~: 11

q~T+tllm'T~n~

"

('""'~

"" ......,...... ~ 4ti~rn ;rrssr ~~: 11 q6~ ~ err n;Jr ~-4 err ~ errs~4lq: 1
...,.

"" ~"'~01

t~t+i+ti~Htfi1~C6

('""'

""

q-~~~g ~;;{ ~ q-y~ ~f;r~-41( II

1 ;r, g., p. 494, reads : ifff;gnq~fl'<iiifio4J~CfT"R~ 1

<ft.

rn., p. 337 follows the text.

nt.,
p. 337

2 Explanation reproduced in <ft.

3 So eft.

rn., p. 337 ;

;r, g., p. 494, reads : ~ ~

1:1"'~ ~: 3l'ffi~ q-~r,

consistently with books on

tit.~.,

omens.

4 A. S. B., I. 0. and

p. 339 read

t~]

~ff;rt;rif~~ ~;:rr SifiT"t trt'Gfll~

,.....,

. .
.....

,.....,

.....

.....

~+I ...ff fuf'~~ ~;:.r ~tl'qf~~+tl~~T~ II

"""" "iT~"" "" +fq'd ;:r +t lll~lll

~~Tqq1{+t'TT ~ff:

"<:'

,....

II

~ 'l~T~ ~ Wtff ~~
T~?f~~
,....., ,.......
..... .....

Frf.A ::q I
"
1
6

OtTT 'Q'T~;:rrm ;:r~n"qq-: II

"" ~~q~r 'tl'rtrT(=~;;.r ~~q-ttr~~

4

"'

~~r~q ;:rr~ottr ~T~r RV..~Q,.II

~~~q~f mrr ~~ ~"q;:rimttff~ 1 ~'q;:r~~sfit 'ti'T~~sft: ~~r !11~ ~~ II
1 +r. ~., ch. 240, 19-27; <ft. 3 Ibid, and <ft.

rn.,

p. 307

2 +r. ~., p. 492, :q~~

rn., p. 497, ~ for ~~

4 So <ft. flr'., p. 337; but +r. ~., p. 49'2 reads cr+rrw:Fcil

~: crf~g ~ :s!~~~Cf. I

5 eft. fir.,~ '<~" qorm')~~; +r. 5., ~~;:qor ~~~:

~tWtNffl'R ;r~

,...._

qr

!I'T~m~~;r~~~ I c::::.. ,...._ ~r .... ~ ~ffTCfl(t! ""~"" "" ,...._ Otl'T'I:lleflna:f :q rl'ttJS~SJq- II
~

~' ~m;f ~ :g tm~~ :q ttttrfitr~ 1 ~12:~ ~cr :qm~ ~trficr'l:lltr :q II

~~ RiA~
~n=~mrtret::fi~;r trrtrr r$1(

""

;rm qf{~ :q if~ ~~ I

fst s:rrrr
,...._6

11

1 Lacuna here in I. 0. 2 A. S. B., ~'t<rnr 3 Mss. read wrongly 4 VII, 184-6

Cf~ ~otT%{_

5 Printed texts read : ~: for S~ffi

Y'ltt I~'J1':!r!fl~g{q'l~i:f"'~ff

'"'

'"'.

;:rrs~=rr':t+rr"': !fffi'q'J~. "'~oq-

~.a:.

,.....

~fff 1 ~q-~~;:r ll~"tf ~fff ~~qqoqr~r'Q'T~~"-fil

~~: ~MtAif;:~;rr~"-fiTA~iJ~WfUT'"if

~: 1 qf'if ~~rr~q-(q-~QT) ~ll'T~T'('T"'fftf~~~qr ~~ot~~QTAT~i~r:, q-~~ffr ;:r-q;:n~ A-rot ar-eqr;f ~~~r~ -q~ ~f;r+f1'1T~n'tr firf;rtif;r: :W.:rr~
q-r;:r+ita;i'rrf;r~: ~qr;:r~r!ffffr~~..-~~~) ~q--

ffRq~rr: ~~QTT ~~ ?J>iit(=( 1

-q 'F-f

~r ~q-rr: ~q-n~mq-re;:r
3

""l'

'"'

,.....

'"'

~ ~;rr~)ffi' 'q''(''('~ q-~ ~II

~~>itiT~f~ff '('~ q-rs~q)q-~~q(=( I

t_q"Q''iffS~ ~ffrr 'Q'Cf~fil'T~~;:~if:.ll

'"'

'"' '"'

f+r.:~T~ ~r~rf.f srTC6T'(''q'ft~~ff'tf I

~'~'~~ ..~t~
'"'if~

.a:.,..... '"' ;:r nsn fq'SI'R:l'Q':o~ 11

6

~~"i'Q'Ts~G1'il'~-e~q- :q ~~~ I
1 cfr.
~.,

p. 402

2 I, 342 ; cit. M., p. 402

3 fmrr~u., aJfCiffRr 1:11l~<ull~ 4 VII, 195-197; eft. fir., p. 403

5 Printed texts : ;a-q;;jt~~ ~<r ~ i;f(~~ I eft. p. 4041 explains ~ as ~ !fi~trn:.

m.,

-~lr"l'('::l"~'7'!(1~2 T "1:11r~ ~ ~~ ~T ..t"t

('

II

~tl m~t ~a~Cfi~

~1=11~ ~~m_ ~~tfllffff~ff:

'

. .

~~ ~~ ~ ~~r;rtfmr.rm~: u
6

1 ~. g., hn.s ~rl:\ for ~r<i, the reading followed by

<it. r'it.

2 VII, 187-190; <tt. fir., p. 400

3 Printed texts: ~a~ ~~m~ 4 Ibid, ~ for <:!'U ; so. <ft. fir.
5 Ibid, ~~ ~~ SITifR!t i.fic-4l41(~1~ I

6 Jbid,

ap:fJ~M'Iifi<ot:

"'

:q rrttr 1ntrr ~ ..,..Gtre :q

~

.
~

qw~

11

!ltltifn (filqffr:

....

~tf

rrr;;r

.... ,.....

r;:r-...;r..,.,((~o: ~

ft~'* ~r'ilri" mq- rr~ti :qtsrr~~ :q 11

o'SI'TS~~"'tt' ~T~Ti'I'Tstifflflfq

"'

"' 'J1'Ttrrr I

"' "' "' ffttl m~: !f'Q'~Wf ~Ti'I'~T~T ';ft(:Oi'l' II

ar.ftfq' ottT

'!Cr

~q;:r ~:Oo'Q'T q-~tfT ~;r~~r:

"'

~"f(''Q'f ~ff~'Q'fq-;f ~-q~

~ ~

I
I

II

~n:;rr 'Q';qr'q- 00~ 1l(;;:ffifff 1i{T

'8;fit:

~s.:i:f~r~f !f~

ir1fcm~~ II

ay(ff~~i:f~ ~~q. ~r;r~~'l_ I "' ..... " "' ~ ~r~qr fq'J1'fiff9=o ~q-r:o:o~ qT'J1'~ II

aTT('+tltiT

"

~((T~T m~~'Q'~'I_

~....

....

~~~~~A.. 'Q'tt~~i'I'T~ II
1 Udaipur Ms., 2 +r.
~.,

<i.fq<f.T~ll.

ch. 223, 1-7

~q- rq~q;rr.:rtlt

,.......

ltStlt

.....

t~: qrr~:nw:q;r:

,.......

,.......

'

or.rr;rq9:~ ~~~r;r~~~'tSfi~: II

qfcr ff ~ ;r rn~~~'tT~: Ifq~mf~: I

~o:g;usr4tsr~~;r
"" "

~2

~~o:c~r;rr;rqq_

~<.'

""

II

1 Vli, 107-3 2 Printed texts : ;:::o~~cr !:l~tUC!f ~~: crmrr-r~ ; so A. S. B. and I. 0. ; err. f;r., <::~<m~SI~ 3 I, 346 ; '<;:OsWf'lRr<fiT lTRr:' :aqJ41rd{~~~ ~fu
~04": ( rlrCIT~HT )
if SI~T-

4 VII, 109 5 Printed texts:

uwfm~

G ;r. g., ch. 222, 2. 10

~~~rqcgqp~t"'l ~ ~B"rn:r ~ 1

...,_

. .

......

uq:ii ij ~ ~fff ({l;..n~"lefi~ II tf~t:tt~;~+ftn: ~: ~iR"'r:rm: 1

" """" "" A"1' ~T';ff fftll~ Gtltf' R q-~'111 n.,! II

"" " ~ e;::;.. "" "1' ~~tr::lilf~tf"f t1 Cl'=ffl'fi!JqfltiSiRtf-.:r ~ 2 I

q:o~"* ~ '4~0ftf~~) ~ ~~! II

mU'fJtr17r

~ ~T1' srtft"ffi-:..tf''lf~ U01'4~\i ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~fFr~ f.r~t~: II

---~ q'f?t~ A ""~~ q:o:SHiqq' 1-t~~ ~(k'ltlll

~ ~ ~wt"''' ~1'~'6R

""""

err ~~

c::.. "" sr~nnrstm ~ l!bq:l'"4il II _.:::..._ " "" P=t~

ayf;t?t) ~~1'.1) ~ll:t~ ~'itf';n;rtil: 1 "" " ('"" 'q"(l~~ ~Wl1' R''t'II:<Qtli Jqqijfq~ II

R'q'T6 'Sttll1Jfl'l<=gqTtJTWfT 'l\'ff "ffiT-.:rT

. if

q"R~ ,. . . _ . . .

1 cfr. ~ p. 282 ; ;r. g., ch. 224, 2, 5 2 +r. ~., ch. 225, 1 ; eft. f4., p. 283, cites the remain-

ing verses of ch. 224 3 Not to be traced ; but cited in CIT. ~., p. 404 4 VII, 198-199 ; ;J~: omitted in all manuscripts. 5 VII, 200
~\9 f!io ~o

[ ~v
("lf\'H i ~

J%;rr ~ ~~~OIIsN 9 ~:~ I

1

~ir'l sr-ri~~ff fmn~~r: II

lf~qy ~mr~ H''U ~~T~ I allfktll qf.:stOT~ (1\rl~stl~flqq :q II ar.:H':~qr m~r ~~011 ~~ t
'arfil~lfl;H'
2

atr'ffmqm ~~

ttn4~

("I'

H'\Tf

'~T~~' ("l'mstlll:mT('~.I

~qq~+ra:T 'tl'~
~

"" ""

""

;r

~q: ~~;r

(.'

~ ~T~~ ~~ 'q('('T~+r't4'
~ft+RL;rq ~tn;:H' ~~

""

""

. Tcr.IT II ,....

""'*'

,....

,.... atN !WIT: I

'qmq+f11 ~'i"Fr I ~~~ ~ 1i~Sfi+rti' fir.rrsrr ~;rr~ ~t:rrf=tt~: 1

1 Thus A. S. 13.; but Udaipur Ms. and I. 0., read : ~'Wffi' fcrr)ffi ~q:_ 2.
+i.

!J., p. 471,

'fiNr 01Tt:: irlt <r-r ~ +l"imq:_ , 3Rf: cfucrr +r&ffir-; <rro'fi": 'lNcm~~ II 3 cit. fi:r., p. 282 ; but the source is omitted in
Udaipur Ms. The prose explanation is repeated by <il'. flf.

~=

~I"'+d~ {Nil ~~ff: ~ '1"{:

;r T._ct"'ff ~wn:r~~q~q~ II

aT~~ f;rq)~ .. tj ~~f~;:ff) ;:rfr~ff: I

9;~tr;rr;rr: '1"{ ~~f~trr ~~q tn'~tr:rn~~r:
C?

II

;r

..-

~J9;~T~~r;r) ~ R~ I '1fi~rt fit;"~~sm~Rmff~ij-:

11

[ q~q-{ ] '~q:' ~q;f;rr;n ~"ff ifq-: I '~~:

firsn:ffi: 3

1 "~ti ~ \~R"c<i~if ~M~ct:

(<ft. m., p. 406 )

2 VII, 87, 89, 90; <ft. fir., p. 405 3 Repeated by eft. p. 405 4 onl:lT., 1, 18, 11 <<tr. r;r., p. 406 > 5 '~iffl:' fctq~~: I 'fcJ~i!"' fl:rirr15cf'fiCf'<iiTWI:T: M<i(lo414!{1

m.,

err
P~

'amrm<tt'

~~'fir~

<iti:Tf.

nrr~~ll'iiM<t\UT

90) 10, 16, 17 ( qf. fir., p. 407 )

ilffi+r.,

~ ~~

....

",..... ..... (Of+qit ..E4GtQft

....

~~~II

ft"tl''
(1 '!fl 19( lll''l:l q ~ ~q 19(
....

ctrrll'

r.:...,_ ~ I q trt'r'lll ("'"q-c:-i{-9(

~'ll qifiJT 4~ff1'9( ~~;r ~~ lt)~q~ II

~~ ~q;:~~~;r ("fit '+(~ff(i:q.: 2 I

~~ll'felff ::qr~~~~

11

~~sri~ ~~~ q-r~T9( ~~~I

~r~~q ..-~ ~~r.n~ t1r~ 11

~tr~~ c:~ ~~mr~ ~~

1 ~r~q ~r-rrtrrcrr{t~ llr~trfl'fll'fit 11

~.....

"

.....

~
n~rsr~tr"'trm:r""r-[~ irrnfo);r fit~trff:
~ST~Cfil+kQd\{'tlf ~~
.....
~,..... ~_!L_

1 VII, 191-194 2 Printed texts read : ~r~ill~: ~ ~~ ~qm~ 3 crt fir., p. 405, ~
1

um

4 Ibid, p. 405 ;

itrn+r., 10, 15

5 Ibid, p. 406

~:1 ~ ~tt ~ISPU ?I~Q'iiUi(

" '"'

'"'

'"' iiiOIIi( (1+q ft ~QG16: I

~~e ~ f;r(1l(onsNl-oiJM II

~1&to1 ~:~it ftq-f.l{~f~~: I

~tst~eif2h+cfifmffff ~epftq~f{FGtfi ~~II

~~~ ~ !f~fttf;t ~&r: I f+r~~ ~~ fffii4.-ff: stiffCOSP:f

~~+tr: ~ff ~ ~~qf~ {J(!wt'l~ I
(1'

ff

II

~~ "'q . "m

n=m:m ~ ~'{ u

1 eft.

fir., p. 405
ar~

2 2, 26, 2 ; eft. ~ . p. 407

3 Mss. corrupt and the siitras

mixed up with

explanations~ with lacunae in both. The sentence

in the Mss. which is rep1'oduced by <ft. f;l', 1 p. 407, and runs thus:
iiffiW1f~q~l1ti+il0fr !irc<if.1r~~ ~o,:~;nofr ~

commented on, as if correct1

m~~rFf ~~~=

Haradatta's commentary on

the Siitra is as follows ( p. 286 ) : -

t l~

'tiRfi!fi~qa(i

[ t~

~~resrilhl~~~~rq~~~~rff
armoaccr~tr:,

m-

;r :;J~ ~ .,.q kE't~ ;r ~~ ;r ~fl'f?l fe'( I ;r !!'ffi~"41+t14l;l ;r ffCCT~+I'ffit CCI~t:t'( II ;r

wT ;r N(Otitr{ ;r ;ni..,
....

;n~~ qq r;r~ ~ff ....

. ;r

"" ~

~~I
~lfff'(

II

;rrs~~~-:r-rsrnr ;rm ;nsfii q R~ff'( 1 " (' ;r +rrff ;r ~1'TO ~m ~oft.p~~..,~..... ... +t~(-9( 11

. .

-~-QjPZ(q:nf-.1-~T ~C('!(8(01! ~

"

""

.;n=r: I

~: ~Tfc{ffi ~T N~: qfffi:r: ~: II

;r

~ ~fl'otrf

"'

tit~(t:t rtf~ II

1 ~~:
ihct~fl.. ~

~~~B~-~Cf:, ~~~: '

~~ ~ I

~~~~~:' qcf(lf~~: I ~S{ iif~TS~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <1~

'fiUfu

I ( it~~.,

p. 116 )

2 VII, 91-93 ; eft. !lr., p. 406

3 eft. flr., p 407 4 I, 324 ; eft. f;r., p. 406 ;

OJqui and

firnr~

reads Cf~~ but

<ft. flr. read ~

nm {!'tH"'1 ~ ~r.ri ~~fit-rr~ 11

~-:1

~ +rr-.m: ~r~:o: ~w'* '! ..q;t q-{: 1

~ijtl<i_~~t'ff '"""'~ ~Silfl4'tlo II
(1(1

C?

,..._

'"'

~ 2 ~ ~ffl~~N9;4 l~ff~ I
+mT o~~;rr~'d W~fl~fll'tl' $1 II
(I (I '"'

'"' '"' '"' ffif -tq~o:g-. ~ 9t'(C6fl~0 ~

II
11

Rt('Eitsft ..n.r~snfit~fll'tl' :q m if'fiit: 1 ~Iff: rofilfq o:g~ ;rrsffif ~;a("l11 ilfff:

~nm ~a-t~Pf '("ffi11~~~ $

....~;;pA-S,..._

~I

"""q

~ ~ '41'q:ffwt (1q

Rt""' ~II '"' ('t1G1 q

""' tql~('(1ftiT ~ ~ ~ c:.e:..

fct

'"'

'"' g ~I

'"' ,..._ '"' '"''"' fl'ffi' -rf~tn~ ~6 ff4': q"(~~~ II

~~ w:rrsmr ~~m -rrs~:;t -.I~Cbfs\itll 1

! VII, 94-95

2 Printed texts read : 3 eft. f;t., pp. 408-409

'q ~ .,T~H,: ~: ~~q(lqon:

... ...
~

""

~~

(!--C::.

I
11

t=r mn iltu~~;r ;r ltS'Sfl'~~o ~P4~41'.1 r... ....(o-n ;r ~~;:fi ;r t=r'itf4l.;f ff.iitiqf I

;r ~~1s~rr

~ t~rf.ff rNT lt~t tf~ trl'l-tf (ir ~: II

qrq-'ftrr.t ~~tftq q-~fq9f~ I !:f(l~ ~: ~~ ..~ ~: ~q fctrafi'' II
2 ... q-r"ij-4-~~ff=rrrt~:
~

'arn11rrq;rrur:' ~.:err <::RT~rsq~(~ !:!~flt=m'I: ~ U.ilr gt ~~: ~. o'{ 'arr(;t~)'

'ar<lrQ;::r~urr' '~' ~: \:i~~: 1 ~r>~) ~: 1 ~r
~q~~~: 1 arrc~m ~ir\+m: 1 ar::ouc;~r 9 ~= 1 ~

'Prmtur~' :qroro~~.

fir"fl~<f 9 ~ ;::fuurr 1 fi.~ 9 'cr ~~ ~s:' ~

rrrurr ~= 1

1 <11. fir., p. 407, "ar~ o~m<rrlflr '~ri:TT ~ ~ ~ m+tr-:<rn

:aqro;rrtt,
~qATWIT

arrq~e~;:or<rrCfl!-sttt 'g-~~r-rr ~ ~m ~;:mr.,

~~~~ ~r ~ ~

arc<1ra- ~, ~r<r-f mP-~ ~fu il~'Rt arm:~

:;;rrs~ ar~mlqifrilm ~~ 1

2 I, 325 , ilrnroo and ~ more correctly read ~

~'{I

~qr~~ ~;f

ri ~;f ~r;:tf q-~ ftttr:

2

~~rfQr ~~ =q T:JT tnfttfff ~ rn=r,.u

~~~ ~'t!~~~~r ~~ ~ffi':

('

~~r =q ._.. 4tn\t+trT ~n=r~;rtq"fi':-::1~-=rfi'I"'''J: 11

........

....

~r ~~ ~r~ ~q: , ?.I'Tlti ~ ~r~:,

~rd~rs~ 1 ~;:~ tN'f~ +rri:f~mr

1 VII. 96-97; 'arcz~~;;j~ ~~~~ ~~i"~ nm~ fir . p. 409 )

2 '':a~~rit
'<!"

( <ft.

wr:-"~ ~

vi j[(Cff''

~~~ "~ ifi[R.

~r ~'f(IT ariil<fr~~~~ ~~,. ~fcr 1 ( ~~~: )

10,

19-2~

Mss. corrupt: restored from printed p. 162, explains

:-~f<;: u~r ~'ffi:

text.
~ilT{

il~<t.Tt41M

'1{ A~~ l:lililrer<::~ ~

mmrifT'ii'li

~;:f ~ 1 a:r~sqqr

'C!Ti[of

~ U~:'

<rri[of

~~ I '~' ~;U fcffi~ I

m:r;;j"if;;j";q: 1~~u~~: ~il;Oll~l <ml:rr~. ~~: '<~"'fiR: 1 CIT. fir.. p. 409. also mangles the
quotation. 4 VII. 201-204 ; <ft. fir . p. 409
~"C iiO ~0

'a:rcz~wr;q:'

CRJC(1 'H'("I ~& fl1Jf

~~~n~

~( fll Q I~ ~

~~~~:of"'""
lf: ~tl'llf q-R~tt~tl'

+mt +r~qfrlll
~ ~fit'QiJfit 1

mq:

..,...c:;;. ~ ~ ~ 01r~t.ffiltl' :q ~qr.-n ~: ~lstl~(l .. lflt:

II

~T~ ~T ~ ~~~ wif~ff ~'{_ I

;:r :q Fr. 'SI'Ttl'ff

1:1NT~T ~+rf7~

II

ifi\SIOII9fi tAT~
~
ffqT

wN ~.--tiM~ I
~

:m1 :::n, q"

"~

&;;;

, ~~;:n ~ .-~e li!fi ~ff 11

~~
IG1~'41

;zqo ~ tT~
c.

~Slfff: f'Nff: I
('
~

;:r

~" ~ ~ ~: ~'4,.lfiii'Rff:

II

4{9tllff ~ (l~~lrVI ti'~T ;:r ~ '!f9tll_ I

~ q~ o~q ~ ~: ~'4 ..frrr~: 11

1 A. S. B.,

~fcH ;

I. 0.,

sf<fT

2 ctll'ir., p. 408

1 Kane, v. 21 ; err. fir., p. 411

exp~ains

it thus :

'<rifs;:~r~~ ~: ~r-rr amqrij-: Of ~<ffir

~+{,I

-ui Of qf:s~r~~
error_ q'l~~~fu

Rr~ ~Iff 31ll'R~fiil+l~c41s;:<rr~ ~ir~:,

2 I, 343
3 f;:rcrr., and ar:r., read : quarter ar:r.,
~

~~~~Rr:;

for the first

~or.

follows the re:1ding-r.f;;:g

amm::

4 VII, 205-210; eft. fir., pp. 312-313 , which under ;p3f, while ~ puts it brings

mti

under

~r

5 Printed texts read : crm: for CB

~qf ~ ~Pi~~qf ~ircr ~

~tqqtf~ n~
""

?ql:q-

('

~ll~q+.:iiiiil~q'"'I'I"P(

t:;;.

II

stlllvrrfir :q ~m ~f ~llf;r_ tfqt~ I

~1il ~~ st~ti1~~: ~II

,....., :at~tiSOiqCb{ ~

. .

:q llfltCbl{Cb( I

,.........

:at+ft~~~Tll~m r.ti~~ st~~q-ff II

[ 'srq<QI&_ 'l"R~t(l;( ] mn:rm;rfit \ll"~liJ'fJITT~
~ .~ "" e;;;_ (' 1o:n1~ qR~'l\i'tP:Hq~.n
" ~ "" I ' SOI"liPlTAT 'A I ll1~q .."" "" ti 10 q~l
' ,..., t::l. Cbteg"ffiTll' To I
1

~~ 'ffl.TCf 'l"t~r:n:

(' ""

...

"

at"'iii~qr::~~Cb~(-

.C;;.

,.... "" (' 't1'1" Cb1ert~r ~~IPlff ~~: I

1 A. S. B.

31~1

for

;;r.r;

words

in

brackets

necessary for elucidating the commentary.

'2 3, 47-49; eft. fu, p. 411; compare, ~~~ror,

p. 311 : if~ i[Cf~~ ~~T{~Cf

~~ ~1JGTltif'QT: ~tm "1::!-tW<;t

~ fcl!l ~3 ~~~ I 'li;iJVr ~~ 3:;f ~'l'"ij ~Ttl~ I

'

"'

~g 'ii {~: Cf~mnm~'fflrr: 1

~~~
~Of~ I

mr:

ssr:rr.rr~cr@r:

u
lf{g{rcmrr 9
Cf';f

Jolly, Fcr. ~~., p. 13 reads :

.a.

~~ ~tN'iifit{QT ~

""

""

tr:

!fint~

"" ,....

II

;r

~~A'~: ~R~~~(ff I
""

ii('!~~!IVr~~
~Cf ~iifif{~ ~~ ~'&qY=I"d::r1 ...
.a.

~~;qaMHQ

rq fQ:gft" ~~~N ~

11

~fA ~OQII9f 'i'~=ff~fiQfat:

,....

,....

""

q if I if 9fl''fll9f ~fll'tf'

,....

II

~ ~~ROT ~: ~~: Sl~~9~

o:r

~ ~~: ~~'l: ~rs<r~'i~i~r II

1 ;r, 3', ch. 221 ; 8-11 ; cfr. iii'., p. 314, cites this passage as from ~'i:TiJim: also. 2 ;r. 3', and <it. fir., p. 314 , read tn~cr~'t, 3 ;r. ~.,~err~ ; <rf. ~., p. 314 , (!"I~ ~; The reading in ~~-"~" is specially noted by eft.
~.,

p. 314

4 <it. ~., p. 315

\4+tlan:uqiil 'tfr5n ~r.tm~ctr'

:wH'rl~qml,...+t"m:lir~l~ ~ ~ q-1~~ ~'i_ll
t::;a_:.."".
c:'"'
~

"'c:::.. "' ~u ~ ~ q-;:r ~ i!fiN ('( ~Efi!fi I( oI ~~"' i!filiUTf I

~+rr+"tlf ~~~f;rr ~ ~~ e!;a~:n II

~lfGq(Oti(l~ ;rttd ;r-.l: srft:r~ I

~(11 ~~fq- ("iq)i) ~4nlf~ ;r ~fff II
;r ~ a4ij~ld'A ern~~ ~~I
aN'r.ftl'694~ ~!!;ci!.f('q~ il\l~(l.ll
(' ( "':::0.

r-.

Cfilcru=rRt'r:iCJ~qtsrr f;ml~: 1
;r ,fl~UI' ff;r A~ !!~ff ~~ II
m(l+ftqir
~
2

"' ~ "' il'fSS{+I'ff i!fil'q' il'('(

"" ~~q~q(rrp'l"''':fO'fnr:

~sf 4Volfff ~~: ~fllif1tUq111': II

"~''3

fq~ ~;ccftl".ff 'Q': ~~1+ta1'liff 1 aT~ifiq~ ~~eft ;r ~'l4+t"a'l4~ 4 n

1 The slokas which follow are not in Manusm,.ti, but are cited as such by <ft.~., which blindly

f 0110 ws

CJi(:q'

2 eft. nt, p. 314: not found in printed texts. 3 <3Jlff~~. 23, 16-18 4 Line missing in Udaipur Ms. Kumbakonam and Mylapore Pdns. give this and the two next verses thus:

cfro: ~omn;fr if ~ q~qffiff 1

ll ~ ~: ~q~r: sr~~~ss~ ~~ 1
~:ig'ffii~ Agm~ ~q-"fq-rtn;r_ Gt ti~: ~~ft ~q.q ~ ~jq-p;rf~ ~::o-: I
rr.qH::r.:~::rswwq ~ srtJffi:nsS(=;r~~~ II
2

an~r

Qqt"fr ~~trr

(' ""

"",

~...

e;.

~r ..

Q,.

~ llTSfl II

at'-lTS~~~~ '(~~
ffif

~~

~f.Stqyurf ~q
4

tJitt ~~~:nfimq_ 1

~~~ ~)fff q-=if NT'fr'iitj ~r: II

~=!0' ~~qrf;t rr.TTsi'f sm~f.f ~ I

~QifTf;t ~Hrf;t !fq~9f ~q&if:l~ II

~~ sr~~ ~ ~~~

lft)qfrt:

l?rrr "' -~ (' "" "' .,..~~sq-'l~+rr+trT 6 sm~ {'qk+t ':f

!t 9 II
6

t~ifti'TS~ ~q"SJ: qf(qJtn

1 Printed texts : amorr;:f

mtit ~:
A. S. B.,

mr {~(!.

mrn {~q_ ;

2 Printed texts: aTm1J or3fiCO{~~' which <rl ilr., p. 413, adopk 3 VII, 44-53 ; eft. f;r., disperses the verses thus : p. 118, p. 148, p. 147, p. 149 4 Printed texts : ~~ it 5 eft. ilr., p. 148, '3flc'ioR ~~' ~qmr ~c<:r,q: u

6 <it. flr., p. 148,

'qitcl~:' 'R<it!i'fi~<r~

I ''l~l'

'!til

~ qys,~ stGtt!'ffi: m;:'lif ~

t:;;.

'"'

S4t461H: I

~~ ~Qtj ~fir qr (1+q~qf~~~~ ll

'Cf~Q"(m-t ~ ~~-q- ~sSSf';t ~ ~('S I

~SIIf!\tTT~ti~Sil(T ~~~~c~q I~ II
ft~~:2
q~VJn-.:r~'ffi~ (1'qTF~J;n ~ _n~ m~~ 1
('

'"'

,....

[ ']

. '"'

'"'

~~ss('f(,.r rn~1

~ (1~t4Sff!\f

....

.,.....,

T;ptf q-mll(l!fi'(I+Uq I

,.......

"'

,.......

qf(('q;ii ..oact"'t ~fli+~k+~r~m~ u

~~4 ~ ~~m;r_ ~~'l~~f<t I

1 VII, 206-'207 ; <ft. f;f,, p. 41'2 , which comments thus : '<rr' ~ec:,:: ~~~~: 1 '~r ~~:' ~or
~ 'i8~l<\<IT '~:' ~
~ 1 'f;r;i ~o<i ~ir <n
Wf{:

~ I '~' ~ ~
~~ ffil. '~
~~ ~~

fSrfctq

~;:rfirfu ::l!T<'fJ'if; I (\~r4(1{<'5J~ ~ iJi('fJ'

4'1'4'rn. 1 ~a' a~u~<')~.........~~~<r' ~a mffi 1

'fll:;rri'{.' rn:;:wi ~ :qmo:qm_' 3f~ arf;r:;rrq_ il~cn

S'-ffil~f(J_ I '4'T:;r1'41:

q:;a' ~'14'~ I 'ri qr' f';rsrr~

<'51~ I 'at<tl'ti<llifl' ~I

2 3, 43 ; <il. fir., p. 412

3 VII, 212-215 4 I. 0. and A. S.

B.,3fl~ij;

eft, fir. follows text.

~~
'ql;rq'~mNf
2

w:fltiT ~;"ftfl tfl~AA I

II

Qfltf.t ~tn ~fl' Sl('lwf w;;r ~q~1;r:_

~ ~m;r)sfir ~t..th-"tff ;r ~tf~ I

'"''"' '"' cmr fl ~q ('l'qfl' ;r ~ff1trq{(l( II
;r C611tq'{ qq
~ '"''"' ~3 ~ ~('l':riqt~;r:. ('l'qfl' ('l'q-q r

1 <ft. f+r., p. 149 : 'OI!:lJS~ ~Jtffi' H'Ii ~ffiqmf ~~: I if'{

<titurt
qffiT<i'l ~ ~m~ 1

'2 A. S. B. and I. 0.,

tJT"I'+reyffir~

3 Compare ~~l<rl~~ ( Mysore edn. ) p. 1'2 : ''l:l+rT~ffcrU~if 'Wf ~~a' I if ~~'-'!': ~l(t. I m:f iff ~ also ( ed. Durgaprasad ) , p. 27 4 Line omitted by I. 0.
~~

W~Rn~::l:lil_

1 Compare

<m~~~~il.

iio

~fo

ffrtiR~' ~~

:q ctil'tGtr

~~ ~: II

~ ~nr~ sr:W f~rsw:n~~ 1

qy~~ :q q-~~q Sfi)~)s~ troTTS'2:~: II
(

tilI(C~f1tff+J\e q :::.._ . . <:'

.... .... ....

V-_'t
3

~2

~ GtQ~I+r ~Nffi!+rf

~ T ~: I ... ..... ~ !I.

....

r::r:r

ttVrr II

qe"f+:r~r: f~irq ~;rqr :q tf'qfinl'l.l ~ ~rr~ ~~ ~~

sir~sftf
~ v._q ~

C6lrit' t'(ir II

~q q-r~ ~ ~~~.qrti~ I

;rUt Aeou(=~q~~ ~ n

~~~qr~ q~ ~qqys~~: I
"t.~ ~~ff(''t41~~'1~~:
~
4

II

a{Gofq:_ 1 '~;<i' arwrrno4'ffi<1'J~JM~"ii'{{lq:_ 1 ~~r' ~r!:lf

oh:l:l<IT~'r.f!iit: I 'it&::' ~\i: I '~64f' ~T~~~~ I 'R~0'(~ ~r5!r~'f.~ '31~4r' 1 'arir<i_~' 31qj~r ~~
~ 1 '<ir<ttTT~6<i' arr<orm~ 1 '<\GS~' ~tTI'RT~sfit

ifS(',r-

Mitramisra reproduces these comments from Kulluka.

I

~!1~1=1:.' m~oil

err

1 cr1. r'it., p. 148: '~~'"["~~IT~ I ~~'f.~FH4

~ 'fil+l';;rJf.t ~rrir 1

'2 Printed texts : ~for~

3 Udaipur Ms. has omitted the next three linec::,

and joined the second half of the fourth to this line. Corrected by A. S. B . and I. 0., as well as by the printed text3. 4 Printe1 texts: OW~<ir-I.

rr.n
aN~
('

'{q'QT

. n:s:rr "
.a.

r[:~ fqq~ 1
.a. ......

."

('""

aNAT
at~T
('o

('

~ ~ ~9.1;r '{qvr~ II

-srr.:~t'-ti~T(P'I'I'"OIT (!lf!ooo@~f ~f~l;ff'f(!I'~T

""""

(',....

"

'{q'01'

"""""

~ T~Of~q'qq :q II

,...('""

at~ilfrr~ lf~fifqqrSJ ~l;f+iq

""

""

a1 ~ '{qvr

. ""

""

""

:q I

~I "ffi+i (!l~::"'-fi'+4'Ifqff;r~

('

('

II

"" "" "" '-fiT'~! 1 Sfil~ ~

"' "" "" (' .a. 'lfWfT ~ ~q~rrqq :q I

'lfff'otn R~~ at~: 1{Tqqn~ II

""

"" ,....

('

,.... ""

~qf ~l:j ~ ~rif lFtNFtR:Hff! I .a. "" ~ ~'!!!"'"li::'Qr=GtMq mtf q'f~'ffi'il'q'~91:. G{~ II
~ :q lq'JiQ ~ ~ ifT~H'm 'lfq~ I
;r n~ 1!~T ~ ~

mtrtrf.Z II

1 All that followa to "~~;n:" below is omitted by I. 0. 2 A. S. B., m:.t~, which is ;r. ~. ('2'20, '2'2) reading. 3 IX, 419

114q

Jtt41('f'qOI:

~~: ~QI(1'4'!fi~~.

"

.z I

~ ifTSqi~P:.t4SI'i ~~+T: ~r!!(~t:(: 11 ~~!3

atTt4:mflJT Wf~~J~q~ ~ t

~~~~
~~Wfrf.r ~ ~~ "'(qfff: vr'(q;Jq~e I

1 Omitted by I. 0. ; cited by efT. 2 <rr. rn., P 125 3 3, 53

m., p.

126

4 Nanda Pandita reads: amJ"iHUTW for <li~~:m~ and explains it thus : '~3"t q'{~ ~if~ err 'amrrnrfUT' ~
u~Tfir ID'{'Jlntsu"(nit' I eft.

rn.,

p. 125 explains : the text

'aw:rarofUr'
5 ;r,

il.:~ffi~fifl~ ~ 1

s-., ch. 220, The verses are quoted in in a different order from that in ;r. s-.

6 eft. #r., p. 147 , which attributes them to ~q;jf. 'tf'{ also,

sr.q~tt'ijlitn rcrm ~o:s;crm Slttl"fijft:

---!::i.-.~

c........

.!:;.' ,....

" ~

""""''"'I':E2'2 I
.....

~~~qu~1u Hctili:.ittl qr~-qy~ etCfiH

~: ~
(' 1.1'

(' t::il

('

ll

... \nATI'H'

,....

(1q~f ;rr~f{ Cfi~

('

.....

,....

11

~Cfi'Sr q-ftt~T~H' ~T'if~*t ~ QlRr~ ll ~~~m;r_ sr~ -Rml m~fr: 1 (I (14H~(!II(U~tt~+"tf ~CI' CfiT~ ll

~~~'<\Pif!IQ ~ tmr: CfiltrT

~ lT

mr.rm I
~ .t':

~~~~~~~~~~II
+rwur:tm~rmq
c:::..~
1.1'

4lf4l'ijlittJT ,q ~rt4'H"

.....

~t:o:c~~ +n;r)~: ~~~: ~11H'~ 11

~qf ;jt~~Tfwr tf@I'N~r ~ ~ ~ I

H't~itf.cfl: ~~T~t4'T ~ ~+tr)sfit ilfrtr~ II

~~~

:q

(1'rn=f ~~ q-~q-m;r~

(\

~~ ~ fq"ft'iff ~;r_ ~sfit~ff II

;r ~ ~~~tr ~;r~~oq- ~ I
~~f'-tf I q I ~g ~"fttf ~ffi(1 i4 (fq'
2 ('~~ ~ A~"

ll

~'ifli\ll;f_ ~ R~q"T~NT ~ I

'l~tn ti. ff it~: ~~sf'q:q~ll

~;r(q ~ivrf *"4'~~ ;r{lqfff: I
1 Cited in eft. fir., pp. 131-133 2 From here there is a big lacuna in I. 0.; A. S. B. is corrupt in this sloka..

' ~~

qfS\1'

' - ' q.qif otfq~l(~q :q~

' II

i:{o:s:a;gj ~co~ an~~~ :;:r 1 ~Cfim ~ tm'ff mrr ~~~n 11

,. . . '{it;jtf lq';fl'ffT~ll'T Tlf c:;;,"' "'

~ST'4'tf~U

"r 'q'JN'q: I

'fcr.frm~T ~ ~1t.f Q\l~ff II

;r n~ ~nrfir~iA qfffrtotr;rn:sr~ 1
~- ~Tq;fti'T ~~ :Jf(T (.'Q:q I +1 qftllt~ 1-')t tr

"'"

,.....,

II

ill~ ~Tfr.r ~~t ~~ tr~N I

1 I, 317 2 firnr., and 3flf,, read : '3ffl"'~~ifor' ; Udaipur .Ms. reads: '1:7;;-llT ~~,but the sense as shown by ~u is ~'1:7~ ~~~~ ~~tl'' compare a:r~., VII, 101 :~\:tflt~or ~~ ~~ 1

u~ct ~:m 'it lff-f~ r.rr~~ 11

12-14; eft. P 133 2 Lacuna in I. 0. ; Jf~ll;(f., explains :-~~m 1

'~<r:'
"' ~ b!\~ 411~~4'J:

10~

ar.,

1 ~~r troer~If~'ll: <iiU ;r ~: ~nor. <J~r ~ ., '""' I 'i:f'fiRf({_ t:!O:'tl'li'I.'I.~Uf '<!'I ' ~ 6F4'11~~: I

~~ fclir~~ ~T<rey<fr ~

':q;qr' U~~ mt9-

Of~ I '~'i'!:!~ul ~~~~"llf~"ll&:;j~~~ I '~'q~~ ~

~T~ I '<l'<iirutcr.f~<R'irof '<!' I ~ron1r: O<i'i~T

cwt-

pp. 160-161 ) 3 VII, 102-106 ; <ft. fq,, pp. 133-4 4 Printed texts:~~~: and~~: 5 ibid, ~ifT4f

if~Tnrf I (

~~~:::n~lr.::r-'1 OGt~st 'efT !fTVtf~ffl ~II

.
....

.....

,....,.

,...

~q '~ 'fl'~;:f'Tifl' ~~

. .... 'tOll
"1"{:
r-ro
....

.... ~

iff ~: I

sr~;rf t'ff~r;rf ~
al-l ~-n:~P4i-lll'1
....
" C? ~

~~~"' ..~"': II

;r~~t:l oI e{fffff~ ~~.nstl +t +(

I
11

'fl'q'f "11'Sfflff+t'q' q- 'q'?aftll q"'

m.,.,.. r~
(' ....

.... --&::.

arttt;rr;r~'4'ir ~: ~~~ftJTt;rif~~: I

~trTtJT~~T~~t~lf ~: II
_.&:;;._._.&::.

~~~~"'O~Iff ~ q;"f~ifqff C61"f~Pllt:IH

""

....

I
I

mtlt tlT~
1=7

~T~ "q"?af~ "1' ~ II

,..... (' ....

"1't5qlil~T

!''d.+t'~qm~~;rr:

;r ~ ;rr;rsr~~r;rf ~~ff ;r~ if\~ II

aTi:O+ft:l+t.-~ttAT

....

('

~a~'tl.... +t-r;rr'" ~ ~T"1'm'4'+t'T"1l~ tTt:l'~ 11

.,

;r~ "f~OIIi(t:l+(

('

~~ ;r;r~r qr:qr :qgq-r :q ~Ff~ 1

sr~r~l.ffff ~)

it-t "' ~cit ;r sr~r~fff 11

1 <IT.

rn., P 133 :

'aJ;:c<rRt' ar'c'i;rr;rr '~"~ 1 'a{~:

~~m<r_ Ol<ii{_ I

niT ~;j ~ ;r~ ~ $li)~ 1fN ~ dfQr 1

,. . "" ~ atrsrtr :qq

~tr ~

"" nq. '('(~: II "4:1 Fh't II ~

wrrssit~~~t Otfl'~ ';ff~ff ~~if ~r 1

wrrsfq'n=ri
'ttl 1 m~ffi,

m-tt ~~q ~q-"'m_:r~ q-~~ 11

~TNftT

;mr ;r il~trt'{tf~o) ;rrs~R' ~ t

~wrir wr f.rq.ffir

tt ~qn ~fri til~:

11

~"'' ~qr ~ ~~~ ~~q'{rtfQT: 1

~;r:

eft.~.,

p. 134

2 eft. fir., p. 136 3 8, 268 ( ed. Jibananda) ; eft. fir., p. 135 ~o 'tiO ~To

~-m!'TSRSI9;'ffil :q' 1flt~T ~~~

"'

tJ(1tft: II

;n~ ~ ~~n~u .. lflt~ ~ "' (' e:::. "' -F.I~r-::r7"1'~~ ~~~ ~1Sfll9i ~~ii:'4(fk4'1: II
~~ .."~~~~~
~..,t_c;.
2

9I

Mi!'4 q(lstl4~ I

"'

~~S~+qH ~.- P4f.l~q(1~ II

H~r
3

~ <t~t ~ ~ti'TJl~'Eq"T~~'Sf~

('

,....

r-.

:q

;ns '1 "',, ~ o ~~

1J~~~~+nqt

,....

<:'

r"o.4

~Qll'i4~'4T"'

"'

;r

fl q (::q~~ I "'

'~:'all~~~
!1~~~~~01
"'6

~no~r-.H~'l it~ f.l~q!!IJ:*t~H~: 1

~ a~t'flti'Tf.:H' ~ ~:~'4lT~n 11

~~- ~~ffiqtJ ~: I
((I~({~
"'('

ilqo:

"'

ffi4~11'1tr' ~II

('

,....('.

"'

1 Printed text : ~:
2 Ibid,~ 3 VII, 140

4
5

A.S.B.,~
'f.

g., cb. 220, ( p. 468 )

f.r?t mrr ~ v_Gt41t~n

q
~

(1+'{Gt'1

~-q

S(tgoq

. .

tl(~t: 1

V~Wf ~~II

~~ ~

iti=doq ~4lJf'.rff'( II

~~3

!l"''q-.:1 ~--q--~~Ef-q:
~

stm~ ~~nRTtkr=BrPf+r;rf;~n: 1

qr ~til ffimr ~r.r_ ~Til ~?i* 'f~'l:

1 Kane, 10

11

2 eft.

~.,

p. 158

3 <it. flr., p. 158, which omits the second half. 4 I, 332-333 ; <it. f4., p. 158

~: ~ '+(~~ iltfliltt~~ll((: I

~: ~tltfOI

'q:

~ttt~~S?l;ff ttliff q~;fllJ.

1 <it. 11r., p. 135 , where the verse is explained. 2 VII, 88 3 Printed texts read : Sl\i!lilt ~. and mrt ~~t ~~ 4 XVII, 17 ; <it. r;t,, p. 135

5 Jolly ( p. 218 ) reads ar~~!iimil'rtr. for artf~r

fit~:

6 eft. ilr., p. 134

~si1Puesc~r n~r.r: ~ft:;:;~n II ~ ~)sfq;rttm~~

~ ~

qorfihn

~: q\itq .. ~q \l~f ~;(~ =q

~~.,. ~ nn~tr sn~(1;-q'~q

"' A&:."'

ll

"' =;:r 1
" rnr~: 11
11

"' ~ ~q'{~ 'lif~q ~

~ ifrmutr =qq

~~+~qf f?r~r ~q;ftfit =;:r :~:n~m~ 1

an;:cfiMcti =;:r~;r~ 61'mt{l=~~ ~~~n'

~~: ~'-frtr ~~~ti'T ~~I

"'

~~J~ ~

qr

~'6(1 t!~R Cfit;rn-: II

~ ('t;:cr~

~rq

UGtT

~~ ~;r;:xr

"" ;rt.-stt4l: 1

"' "' "' ~ttn=tfTS~~ ;r~ +lR~:~ iif\i~Q..

mfT~'i{ff: CfiT~: ~: q-ft:q~: I
~~n~m~;r~T~fq~~:
r-,,..._
~N ~

II

II

1 Printed

texts : ~:

for ~ern:, which is in

accordance with ar~~~~~ ; c. iT~~~~~ ( Mysore edn. ) p. 10 :

<=<J:,
'''!ffiq;r~;;: :;p.f[ 3fr<'cft~ :q ~~

iiRIT

3f'<~~~:, ~l'a' <f<t'~W:ft~~:"

2 I, 327
3
Of!i.,

and film., read ~' for ~r'

4 VII, 216-220 ; eft. tit., pp. 160-1

~~~~f.t ~

m=r: mRftnVri,
n!!(ff: ~

:n~~ ~ 11

~4lrf+t ~q ~J/!'ti"T

rr;r ~ Cfi~ {~ ~: 1

""

""

('

~')st Sf;}{~tnllr ttqt~~: II

i11WIOII9( q~ql("ffff
~ ~ ~
('

"

srTff~~Ttt

~":4Q'RJ.-CI~'li,~HB"dtSIT ~ :::UT("f';r

" """" ~ ~ " 'f[T~ A~ ("f'CI'HSfJ9(~PF.I~: ~ ~~,;s:

.......

qw.rq: I

"" II
I

~~ ~ ~ff {~~ t~Qff II

ff+"tTTSNtJ-o@fi.. q Fr-ftHkfi"JSrf

~tm: I

~t~m ~ i~~ ~~'ff ~~II ;}{illq{~ 6 n~'if ~ .. tfk!ffftq~{ 11

1 #I'm., reads : m~~~:
~~IJ!li{.

; 3Jil., follows

the reading

2 <ft. f;r., p. 158 : 1C'fT' ~Til. I 1 ~uot ~\A:, I ~'f~

C'f~~ iiiT~IlT!l"f~q]~f{L I

3 VII, 35-43 4 Printed texts : arfm:~r

5 Printed texts :
<R~'lr

31N

-!}

i>i}

--

t~~ ~~fll~~~~~~~~~1f! ~'t ~1Eft .... ~ ~~ llzr ~ ltr~

~ ~; ~ ~ !E'~ ~ ~ ~ li~<l!!:~ ~
1/)

~- N11:' -~= ..., ~~:: ~

(I)

r, - - =
,
-

,tr

- - -

If _
1 "

= ._
..,

rrlJ -

rr

rr

~~~

,rw t

'~

!:r

4 ..

m
It

1Y
lr

~ .

~I~!:~ ..,~~~ Jr :'.:'If'[~ j;: f IV ~ ir 'f ~ .~ ~ :-' i '! w ~

~ 'IE ~ ~
d!:

-~a! ~ ' -

'~ 't;: ~~ .... '~ 1-.IW ~ : lr J; ~~ ~w

~,1!

~ .. lr ~

.IP'

IiiW'~

lb' ,~ ~
lu'

,~ iUid!;

tr

if If~ dt ~ ; (~ ft? ,rr

J\V!@)

16<1'

If~~~
~

dE It~.,
["'

1 E)
~

i 1-~t ~i [i ~if ~~~~lit

W~
~~
r;J
JW

"+-<

4E rr

t It

&-

~~ ~~ : ~ ~~i ~
;
b'J~

CD~
:'

~~~ ~
";

~ ~

tt;::

11~

f ~ i<!!!:~
~~
-.::ti

~"";""'t~"i

.,c..c..C,_.;::,
~

....

co

lQ

[tV

m~~~~ 1 (!(~S(o*.fffUr
~ifrfir :;.r
{(Sf rf.l

ifGtq('(_ I
11

f.r.rr ~a~(!(qt

~: ~ oqij1'1T~~: I
~~9;~:z ~~:~:II

~ II q~~ ~ tmr~tq I(!( t:tm~ I

Rrt:t' I("(!('T~ :;.rq (!(''418fl~~
"" "" ""' (I ,.....

II

"" _.c::.. ~ .r.:::.....::. "" tFci +liN {~tfl Wl"to~rrsr ~-'"'t'~ 'f I

sfr~rf.:rf'rir ~q-fff~~: II

ri ~ Ill~ q-fr~ff ~ ~S;tf~ :;.r I

~ ~+tett{

+rtGtt:tl"'lulqt:t

'

.r:rqr

11

;rrsqftf~~;:9 ~~fit 11'{tq-fff: I

1 Printed texts read :~:for~: and ~:ot~it. for

ir:or~

2 Ibid., {1-w;:r:
~:

~~~: ~;rn{m: ;

A. S. B. reads

i!rftrr:

3 Ibid., at~ '<i 4 ;r, g., ch. 219, 8-34; eft.~. pp. 162-163. Compare Kautilya, Arthas1iistra, I. ch. XXI.

;r,

g., ch. 219, 11 : ~S'J Fcf!t ~ ~ tr-f lf{t~

~['fl~tn];ri' :;.r
A-

f!cil=o;r

aqa.-'l{fff :;.r

11~Qf

,..........

qQTT9JT l=~Tifffl (=NT ll

('

( ftHR~f ~ ffqf

amn ~: ~: fftl(!l('qll~~ :;.rz II ]

11

mr.r. GWJ~Q ~

~lrt~f.t ~~rf.r ~~tnfir ~ttltt;r I ffilf~t ~ m"iv;rfGiq.-s{fq~: II

\3'~: ~n:ft.:rm mn sn~ ~q-f(qJicti:

smmu{er1 ~rsq~
~~~~f-aaqffi ~'l'f. 1
3

1 Gap in both A. 8. B. and I. 0., which give-;rr.rr 2 [ ] Omitted in Mss. and in <ft. fir., p. 164 3 ~. !J., p. 467. 'if.[ for~~

4 VII, 221-222 ; ir. fir., p. 167

5 I, 328-330 6 rmrr., reacls

~~ 'li'O ~0

'~rtrRS

f.rfuqit' but

arT.,

follows the

"" ~nm
~~

"" +Aq:

-~"""A ~~~ m~H, 11

~qqp:ufff ~ ffi~ ~~ .. e;~hu--'itt: o\ll

+fq '" ~rmq q~ q9;
-A

mq m~~ ~ ~ Att"'Ot~Ft II
('fq ""
f11q0f+( I
.....
1

c:tr~ir{~;:~ ~ :qf.?s:,:~n~'tl !rf+( II

OtJ~;rt';fT ~~~~~~17fT

. !i!}!qli(4iC: I
II

~;:~';fT s=,:oqf\'J'IT
~~ur~

\ffltlff ~T~T

mm ~~~ :it

qq~tfl''tl 1

~~r+n ~ q~ Jtqtq ~ iffm;r II

~l ..ql+etq ri\IT ~~'OTT ~(\let ~IS(ltq ~ I

;r~~q1qr ~ fl'ifi"t*l t:t"le<ftm

"q.q ~ 11

~fft'Q~~("i~J~T ~TrrT+fT ~ q~: I

~T ;rr~~tqtsf't ftetq ~ fi'\JJSl;OTT II ~Rm~ffi'Af 'tfl~: ~ ~r:ffi I

2

11'~~ q~~~;rr~Af +Wmrl fi'\Jf II

tl~T ~r"''I~T ~ ~T ~qqq:
~

('

I
11

".~"WW~~* """' ~llsffft""mm

~TffO'Senr ~ q~orf ~ NiJqfl': 1

~Rf ~ ;r.,fliff ~ ;r~q~~~ II

1 ~. ~, p. 467 : ~

<lctR*f A~~ q~~~

2 Omitted by Udaipur Ms. : supplied by I. 0. and

A. S.B.
3 ~. ~., p. 467 : ~~t ~oi o~r 4<nsRmra-r 1

~Nr1:14;nr~~snt~~~
::m~~"I'"M'"

c..,.....

"" , r-q;:n-qu;;:r ~~ ~~ftotfftl ~

ifqil~~ nn~m;r_ ~~~~ ~ m~ 11

'~~' ~61(u+t~~=nR9; I '~' ~f)q'fff~t I

~:3

=m~m~~ttmrt!~ ~q(=f:

~r ~ ~rm ~~~+trttrm ~orr~u

1 f;rnr., and

3f!1.,

read ~~o<rnr~c:r~ ; f4c:rr., and <it.

~'

f4., read

~~r

for

but

3f!f.,

follows the text

and adds the explanation ~r~ ~~ ~it' 2 f;rnr., gives the identical explanation ; a:f!f., interpretes ~!J as ar!ir?Tlf<G ~~~, restricting the despatch of spies to enemy dominions. <if. rir., p. 154 copies the comment in~~
3 VII, 226 4 Kane , 4-5 ; <ft. fir., p. 136

5 A. 8. B., ~"!ffi9T~; so <ft.

rn., p. 120; '~~:'

~:, ~~ ~~ ~l:l'ij ~~~~I

"" "" q~t4ilftr(l9(

' rr.n '{ffi'9( if+Jtq ..q~~rr. II "" "" ,.....

"

rrrr:

~:Hr'4~1U ~"''r.:~+AT ~mrr: 1 -~ ('. '"' ~ "" ate rifT~~~~'~ rq;:ftt4( 11

,a,.

,.....

,.....-t.

('

~;:tt.t41tJQI~t4 ~~*"41\lfti(IUii ~+n'Nffl{ I

~~ :q ~~ft' q)!;t:"~'4T~~q :q II
~:3

~~,~~ ~~t41((4"ft;{~qf;t ~I

(~~t4,~tnfl:Ai ~ ij'JQr~r.ri -:q ~mft''l_

ii'N~Ii(m;rT~ ~ ~fiffiS.:ft':~ ~:

tWiT ~~~ ~( ~q~r:tt ff \!f;:r'l_ I

&:::.""""'

C?

"

.....

II

text : cfr. fir., p. 167 explains '~riffiil'la-' ~T'l~U'ii

"{T~~"~"~~~!J R~O!"Rfi{,

1 f;rer., reads a"'lr for G"G:, but arq,, follows the 2 f;rffi., and
afq,,

tex~.

read rfRI'"!~~~ ; cfr. fu., ~mra for

~ '~r~' ~~ cfr. !ll. 3 VII, 223-225; efT. #r., p. 167-168 4 ~. fir., p. 154 5 I, 331-332 ; eft. #!"., p. 154

("l+qoa( 1 ;:tJJ~ ~ftq";f( I ~sr~:, ~irvr 1' ~ 1 ;nsr~~ ~ ~~~ ;r o~~ {fff :qo ~r'"' .A trff I tru., :qo

..................... ~ ..... ~'q1'1+ttqCfi ~ sr.~N,ifff

"

~R't'JffR;:ffC6T: !f~Ffl';:'qllSi..'"iff

~ .....

"

1 ~";:"::r'"'~ft'~n:n'P.!!,,~ ~.... ... q~~~~

I ff

~l:q'fweg'ffir ..qr-guqctirf.t
~~)s;tnf;t I

r.T~~~g'ffir A ~ =:m~ttrr ~qfftl tr"lT'ffill-

~~' ~\"fuf I ~"t-r ~<frcq~Rirc'f<iiCf'<T-iJI_ , Cf<\I~JI_ I

~~;rJI_ ,

3fc:5;9c:5Mr '<fr<r:' I ~CT~<J "{~rrT '~;r:' I 'SIT'a"

1

~~ ~f;cr

~~~~~:

srclt'<nm~~'O<Jff

'arr"+"J~' ar-=?:J~Wcfl"il.. 1 P-r<rcn ~: '-o~f.l;::' ~

~!%:: '~~:, Cf<JT ~~ lr;rrs~<r

w
-

~~r ~,

\NR
~<\l"il..

~~rrrl"il.. ~~ ~~= ~rn:

~.....

'mc:5mr',
. " r

:q

(?l!'ffli :q I S3f'iif;r~;:r arr<TTT'l <Jt~Rfi ~ICCf:JI': ~!!= I

....

.....

... -

.....

1 <IT. iir., pp. 136-7 gives the

3f

following further
1

explanation : '@<Nm' ~frf~ ~fn.

'crC!I@' ~c<r

Cf"''3'"<\l~ifi~Ol~ ~ttrlTr . f.r~~~-irntSI~fm'a" I

'~'J!i~' ~ ~fu I 'fcrm<l~' W:'H<JT ~li~ I '~CTA'

~<frcqrcrr~cr~: ::rmfcrrirr1;:: ~~'!i(fl~ ~c"it;?r~ cr~<rr<T't!JI. 1

'"' ' ., <rr<r~

I

~c<r:;r

~;rr~~~.;:r

:';;

.~ ~~aififiiJ<t~

. .. ==

'~rrf;cr:' !l&:mf~cr;riirm;c<r~: 1 '~r~' ~~11i<rror<r P-r<!r-

&r~r f<l:i<JIHUTJI_

'~"<J<!o:f' <JfflT<fr fili<J+nrrr~

I
1

'<lf!Sli<f-

~~f{_' ~~~S!ley arr~t'J!lq f.li:q+Jroi 'i.'JT~m~

'~'

~r<r~~~CCI'I"ii.. 'arr+-"?:J<\nr'f.nir' I 'jEf~,qoj' lr;:r awl ~~: 31~foir ~6</T ~ crq_ I

1

~&:Wi~fiRi!roi cn~~l+ir~

~~~
mn~~m~r~:~21
~

=:mf.H~i+ft4*ot~~ej)qeuHt..,_ st~t+tq('( I
q 4 IH iii ~.,.A C"tfH *"'II I

...... ~ ~te'tl ~ ~~~.,.f~te . qq

[ q(q(\]
I

fet;f'f~t4w

,...

t;Jf

~~~rl

' ~IW1C"tfHt4f ' ~"l:fl"{t''l(C" ~ .. 3 0. -

1 3, 75 2 Mss. read incorrectly ffi<rm~<fif\:"ft<r: 3 f<r. ~~. 1 67-70 ; the last sutra ends with CR:~({., <ft. fir., p. 137 omit;, following Kalpata'rH. 4 11, 12-20, and <rl f4., p. 136 ; ~f.~Jli~ ( pp. 180-182 ) comments thus : "iifmUi ~= arit ri~ ~~ 1 '<~' ~~1!. ~;mr'ij ~ ~ ~lcr. I 'f<Jm' ~~;:r Of~~~ ~~ff, ij' ~ ~~~(<:l'f~mr.r~ ~~ 1 ~:;r;:r:' '<llfbt, ~~~'iii~ S~cffl'cr ~ 1 ''ifr~~:'
~HH~: I ';:zn~:re:' ~'<l;r'<JRliffi: I 'nqffi' ~~Cf

iT+Jif~: I ';;HI'~: ij'~~)'r~W~~: I ':srtia:' Qf~~ ~IJCI': I '<f.~' ~~~~~~ I '~' ~~~ ~~~~if I 'SH~'
Of~~ (rcqj~"f ~~ I ';:r O<f~"i\'' arr<i~ "I' ~<rfd I '~ '<1'
1

~ !iRri;.~ij,vntif( 1 ~ ~ ~a~r<ft~~=

1 'w~

'iii:' G~~mf.i~: I '~;;~~ .. d~J:' ~Ailr"mff: I 'd'RT

tij]

u~~sfi1fq<fd'lie4tfir

t\'3

~~q- sr~1rr ~~+tft~~UTT~ II

..wrr~ ~f'P+"lll ~f.r ~~rr";f ~ 1

~Sll f;pft

mrT trf~~""'m~ II

;r

......

;r

:;;rr~r ~'( 1.-H

,.......

,.......

;r :q

~tl'fff

,.......

" '"' '"' '"'A~ ::rH~-.,. '2'S('r.:l~:r1'r N~rHo:.ttr ;rrm~tll ~ ......

l:t: 11

;r ~~~ ;r ot~ttff ;r ~trlff Cfi~ ~ I

qfu!qfil?~r~ iflm-Qfttl' !I~

S"H'l{. 11
,..._ '"' '"'

~~;rrsrtt;r
2 n~Rtl'~~q-r.::;f--;n

"' '"'

,...r..._

tl't9

tn~T ~;q~,-r~q~ 1
~ ~

ttlll[+I'Ttl ~T;r+l't~~'l II

r..

?lTtt';f'fSSSii+tl'

tl'~~~ ~ f.r~q ~n~~: I

3

"~ "~~ :;;r wrrS?lti~ Efi~~

'(1~~ tqt~t

11

q"'(~~ :q ~ ;rrs~~~~ illtUOt+"'Q': I [ ~tll;r_

!4tt'Q@~] I
1 VII, 82-84 2 Kane, 22-:.:l3 3 Kane reads
~cHi

~~~~ ~tl.

4 3, 83-84 ; words in brackets are omitted by

tf(~q~Eftf:
.....,.._......,.~~~

~~lt~ft ~ ~ff ~'4~9;fitffi~ff~ I

'llll'q"'CJ'!:rwt:r~T ~ ~~teflt!.('qttl\((Of
,...
~"'

....

ffqy II

~3

~')~~ ~

um +-=~~-.::="... c:~~'r'ltf'"'t"t 1 "r-!!'4~,

(Of'?{fSSoq~
fflqm
(Of'

tit

~q ?_q) if((SICJI~~ II

~~ ~1J ~iff I

~ ~ f"(tl ~ n~: ~~~H: II

1 -it. fir., p. 138 2 I, 313 ; -it. ltr., p. 137 oruiEsions supplied by I. 0. and A. S. B ; firer., reads 3-{l(tt ~rn, but
arT.,

adopts the reading in the text.

ffi~~~=

3 <fT. fir., p. 138 reads 4 I, 314-315 ;

~~~ff<f;or:

for

~~:
3f!:J.,

<tt. {;r., p.

138 ; fmn., and

read

~Ni~ :q ~~ srr~~ I at~ lltffnq~ f.6oqj~tU?II I mnJ~rfqq_:~qu~~ ~mr ~~ 1 ~s;t~T 7"1~r=\ill"'"'q~~--=.tt'"r li'R=r~fcr-t.~ ~+f~
'"' _!, .....

arf.r-ou~q) qr ri'~: 1 tffr~;;:r:at'l_ U\ill. ~r~

?11\lfl:l ~Ell ~i!ft.Wt I

'sn('t(ii' ~~;r itf{QtJI'(-ll91( 1

1 XIX, 29 ff. Fuehrer's ed. reads ~~ for ~~: <ft. ~., p. 139 adds ~<rrsq:-tu;;rf.t SRi' ~d" <r:

s:;rmrR'ffirsfil u;;rr

~fu, ~ (m~i' ~~<rrs~<f'!i

1

Cf~~~<rq:

~~~tum~~~

~fzyp:rr~rssorm~ ~r+nr<rcr

ttcr m'ft:

1 (ar~'

Cf~~'liJK~\:lf.tor 1 'i!l'Cfu<nrtfu:' ~CfmTI ii'TCI'IT~: ~'{UTT

'~r' ar=wf ~

'3{r<r~<f wr~:' ~

u~sfcrcm~qr

aM,

~ mm~of ~VI_ I af.ror

~ ~fct'f!of ~~d'Cf(C4~~0~q~i{ I CI?ITSf?r +miT

fq~t: <rrcrcfr '{~cu

'lffi: m ~rsf?r

~ldi<ff 1 u;;r11furil"

~~ !J ~ ~~or~~ 1 ar~4 ~<r~

fi1JT ~ ~ Cf~ ~~il 1 ~1-ffiffioffcrt ar~ fctcrr

f{qr-rt armrr~
~I

:q ~~~m ~rn:, ~~ ~~-

3fCf ttCf

~<f~1'4

!..::.:::..,

Cf\<ii 4(Cfli'(.

~~~

, ~ct i[l'l!fr<i!~: I
~,

'ftftW1' ~~

I 'awm'Jr~ "i'Cf01u;;rl11~11:_ I ''f~

illr;ml<i,' ~~~~:3Ui'(. ar<ff'~A: , ~<ITS~<f~Cfl<i. I

2 VII, 395 ; cfr. fir., p. 140

~rt '!i'O ~0

'(1\il~~~'!~l ~~
~;cq:q

....

""

~3

('ttl ~u

il'rmmt~

"~ ~ r.r ~\'4

~ot~ +"tf:,

tiqOIIg'(l;iil''.t~~tA"~ttliiR'5'!;a:l;cjq\l'(~

~~

1 2, 26 , 1 ; the printed text reads

~<rfcl;

a:r~~fif

for

eft. fir., p. 139 adds the comment :

I

~r.rt'

~r-:!~~iO'Jft!~f al+ll6!lta:sftf~Jli. I '31@~' ai6!1'-

q~

'~~fi' ~'ifrwi~~!~~~;fi f.i~

2 Kane, 6-7 ; <('r. f;r., p. 139 , adds the comment : ~'f;iJO'JT ~if.ccf ~TQf so~~~ Sif: if"'t~ ~rRffi ~: I

am- ~q_~

"

. aor ar:'il'6!l" .... af ~~rn:. u .... .~ .

,....._

3 efT. fir., p. } 38 adds to this citation the explanation : ~~<r:' ~~TT~..-<:f: I ~~1..~' ~"~:tifT I

ffqi tr\ftgotfll1(1ttn ~Silqc;i :;:.r [ ~] ~~

lffiqf~;n~~~
"41

*ce fi1 fft

(1\ihQ~~QP!f-=qGft;:c;:ffi (I\HI9t!ltffin!'trr~ I rrt

i.tr ~Rru~n ~~'iqtiq~ni ~~:untt;at~ ... fu~: Cfif{1'~ ~:' I

~ (1~

titqif mlSfVT:
c.-

~fff u~ 1

nrosfit "~~ (r~fiP:.1' ~~WI' 11

~n~ fitf~~ ~~ !4Cfi~qq~ I
~~t'f~il l'inT ~

'"'

~ -~

~ ~

11((1~

II

'if~~ ~ if ~~~ 1 ~ou+~+~wnwrt '<i

mrm

~~~~~~:1

1 <ft. f;r,, p. 141 2 VII, 134-136 and ;ft. fu., p. 141 ; but cr1. tfr., p. 127 cites also the following as from~~ 1
if :;or

~"lTS'i~ ~IT~ ~ cru'I. 1

~~ m'l~ ~ ~rfW;r: ~ ~ItT II

~ ~rmr q'lU~ ~'"1la.;~~=

~ ~ fcllr~

tffl ~~ ~1{('[. II

~~o ~~m;r_ firnT ~~rff( I

~~~~:~~i{.l
~ss~um~~~:;:rn

[tV

fif~i#JtlfOI'4~Qifttql~ I
'0'1'A_ I
~54141011..

. ...

1 10, 9-11 ;

pp. 159-160 : '~ Pm~~wr~ , '~~ !!'ffiiffi: I -~(OI+iill~~lilii I '~ I

if~~~..

Rrfl(ci' :aq~<iift~h!milre+~~il. 1 '01~:' ~~liT

~= 1 ':ot' ~~tl.. (iiftifltri~

<tt. ~ p. 140 explains

thus :
~ <f.~

'Of<fi{t;r,'

~+<r:

'6U if ~~ ~ +ttfu +i!fu ~'li

fu~~r<(R, I ':aq:p00Jt~' Of~T
I

'liliro-

almA_
I

~~t~~uf{oJ ~<lJOJT:
cp;r ~&~:I

O'T~ for~R~~~if
1

<rofflil:

wf

Gf!Cfifcrcr~ 'li\I~JCI'fr.tif

':at~:ii<rfvrr ~rilqCfi!ftor: ~-

2 2, 25, 8-10; Words in brackets [ ] not in the Manmcripts , but found in the printed siitra.
~

explains thus : ancr~'ll~ ~tnir <lifaii'R. crrn-

~tl.. 1 ~ r..~'a!i1"-'~~~HC!~i;r,> ~1r I <li<Rmr 'amM'

~~: I ~ ~Cfl~ <mrl~~ if ~)fa" ~~~Tif{q Cll~~
~1f 1 '~qt
~GCJR~: I

Olfa'l101t

'~~~oi'

~lllmtta~of ou<ffl'~'~

~~i{' f.r~~or ~~i{ I 'OITC!~tll' O{qCJ~R~: I '~t~l'

cp;r: I 'OI+iw:ll:' +tf.~or: I OR. 'ii!Sfa~<l_' ~~~~~~

~ifi~S oTil!Sfa~<ita I

"

'Oiil'~~~~ifl~ I 'Ql;i' ij~qJ~ I '~<r:' l'iJsll

CJ1. fir., p. 140, has the comment : ~~ \!~Ia ~~~: I

;ns~ ~Rriff ;n~ m q-~ 1

~~ ._!t~w.~~ ~~

qff II

'"' n:s:rr ~~r mmot~fl"~tf ~~ lf'R'r: 'q'OT qr;:~~sw-O"R: ~ =~n~r: .. ....

""' (? ,....

rlHUS(I~f ii'T{Q'Off {~'tfl'

'"' '"' " ~~ ~a- ;n~fl" ~ '"'

~

;rm: II
~

~t(=lr ~ ~~f:'ttm{(l~{fff il'mOT: 1

ll(l~f:'tii9JT ~'t ii'(Q~;'t ';f u~n

II
I

il'f(QOif';fl' ~ ~((q;>t ~q~ ~fl"l~(;>t:

'"'

_s.

'"'

(=lij~ts~~ ti4%etg ~~: 11

:q~ ~mti'~+n ~ 'lP-10til~~ ~ I

~q-ffi;ri

f.rtrTm ~l94 '4 I;rf ~T~: II

.... .... .,....... ar;r.:ft"r;:tfq' ~r~ Sittmoar;n

q:r~~"'~f:'q~.,.~r~

rl'~if~ ~q-fff: sror~m~;r ~ II

'P'"'' {;:. 1'4'~ fl+ltOI~~": 3

1 IX, 3'2'2 ; Printed texts read :

~q~

iifi;tey~ =<r ~~

'2 eft. fir., p. 143 3 Comment reproduced by <tt. (it, p. 143

ql:f:,
'{~(ISII?f(ISw!J ~ ~ ~~ff l ~ mrT ~ ~ qo~ if(QrlGI(:U II

mrr ~~R- q-rf !l'llqt~~ff ;r qr 1

;:n.=t?lt ifmfm

""

t..g Gtca ..
""

"4:1'fqf;ft

ffit ll
2

iff(Q0119( ~Ar?:i !l't"~qftr ~~fff: l if[ttfCJfl;fl !1'~1~ .. q(=f~ff ~ ~: ll

qqaoqi~(~Qff 3 ~+i qr ~ qrS(I+11J.l

~~n ;rts;q~ ~triJ:I(QCJft ws:r ~l('QT~ ll

'"' '"' ~ aT+t iQ 4 ""Oij 't4 4 ;fl~

.
1lt

f.rN

~~ qf(q1eqiWf

-~~19(
+t'4qJtq) ~ <(q(l~q 4 ll

1 <f'r. f:r., p. 143

2 A. S. B. and I. 0., 3 eft. f4., <i~f

~i{

~f;r:J:

4 cfi. f4., p. 142 adds the comment : <~ f.JN''

t~]

~~

....

~ ~fir~nfir mtr ~~tm: 1

illtQOITWJ_ sr.tq. ~~ ifltQOii~ ~~~ II illtQOirof.r ;;uss~~ ifftQOIT~ ~'efj(:l{ff I

~ fir;~ ~ !f~T ;ns~ .. .-C(A II

~A. ~iid?t ~il~ trtRff~S+"tfQ_~ I '"' '"' ~ (''"' ~t;r_ ~~: ~ !~t !~OF4Gtt( II
ffq'T

QfiS(I'~t: ~('qf144f+lfit~ "+lmt' I

iflmou;cl4~~~;c~tMt
2

~~.:t

fi:l ~uH: II

~Joq ~~~ ~% "+l~"+ll

~~f~J.JIWI_ ~;clfi~IWI_ t'tiWI_ f.t('qqo:u~ II

1 ~. fir., p. 152 comments thus : ~<ils~ ar~1<:.:: 1

Oi'R~onsftr ~ ~os'f.r'lc~~ ~~~ 1 Kulluka

modifies

this position: ~~ ~ iiT~Rr:

I

~urr-rt 3fiJU!fRT+rfif t'lS<:.:Og~[il~iJT~

2 I. 0. and A. S. B i Udaipur Ms. ha_s

ar.~-~

~"~"q"("'l....1"1CQ""'I""q7 t1' q

. srmT '

i1TSI'Of ;r Sfctil~ I

.....

'

i=t ~ ~rlf ~: ~: (1Qie't~ II

!I.

q:

(.' ,,..., ~ ~ff: (1''t~~fSf1f{'q'tr~ 1f~f!4:

~
..!:l

:qrcqrfi:r:
""
2

~:

eit ;r .. ~a('srl:fit~ ffr.l.ll

""~

et!J6r;wer!J619( ~!!~" ~!J6qret~ ~T'im: 1 "" ..S..."" ~.. ~ ~~' ~~~~ Ch: ~~'ft:'4"~~~~9( ('t'~tJ;Q I(( II

('1""-!l..

~ ~gf;ff ~ el~~ (1'~ I

~

:q ~3 ~ ~ ~ffll9( ~~: II

!f1Jirff~SSfvftff~ tfq'TSRf~'tff l{~ I

arfitai~ firat~ ilmm ~qff ;nr~ 11

~~ .. Gqfq ~;fl q'~ ftq ~fit I

~Q+tt;r~ ~ ~ q-qrsf~t~tffl II
4

q-q q ~t~ ttffii w;9; 'twrr

('I

~""

('I

""

~ illti'IOII: ~ ~ ~ ~

('t'q~ 1 .a. ,...,

(.'

(.'

ffit..ll

~st~QisN 11'!4:~tr i1TlQ'UTT9( stfff ~ff: I

1 IX, 313-321 ; <ft. rir., pp. 151-2. Kulluka reads: PJT~ srirflJ'tt. 1 <ft. fir., p. 151 comments thus :
w~fff' wa:r~ iif~i::r:;Wro~ :q~' amli smfr

~~ ~if ~ttl (f(rr~ ~if~ err~~ ~I

2 Kullflka reads : ~l'flli1 ..41il. ~~: 3 Ibid., iilll' ~cr ~ 4 Ibid., <3ff1rcr~

1 I. 0. omits these two 6lokas.

~'\ i!iO ~0

~"' "' "' Cfi1Cfit41tft ~ ;n~ ~ ~ff II

. . .
"'

~WTif a"Q~.nu;w) tt: '(\ilil(''ti~~ff'~ I ~ ~~ ~ff

(I "'

em) tN';:~ ?llf~ ~Ur 11

~ffk~'ef~;r;r '(~~~~~~~I

~t4ffl'1~ ff ~trr ~~~fit~iq- II

~"Qqff ~q-M'+q: ~ ~ ttWf-6iJ'efl~ II

;m~~ ~' Nm atl+mT q'{;rr~rr: 1

ft'rifT -;rmt4 uft ttltf =i.fl~T ~ '3'lfT

~ ~ '(\il;fiqT ~ ~ ~Ir'tlT~: I

ft~

;fr: ~ i!ftCfil 11'~ 11~ II

t'-\ J
at+ti'41(qtt"ff ~;,. fit~"tt'm~ ~~

'Etg~~qf ~~"tt't ""' ~~ ~ fN'f ll

1

tr~f

tif.ftqtptf elf iffit"+tr: q~ifsl!fir I

~ ~

iii(P:tOirt ~ Cl\ftlr m.~~ ~o:.t~r 11

-o.

tmri =if ~~iftt srm:~ g R;r ~;, 1

fer.rlq;jflp:j ~r =it ;jfl~f q~~)(:~{: II
~~~ -~ ~r11f.4~ CIW"fotl'f Jl'lf~r.ffQ'qfSfi1~

;r;:~-..~ ~

:qgiisl!fir m~~(f. II

q~ ~l:tiiiIPt q~r 'q'ftf~'i =if I

~~

vrmol-+it +r)~;f =it ~~1.tar~ II

~;f ~
lJ~~I'4r.~~-lfl;

. ;jflflof4
~

m ~iT ~qr Wfi:fff~ I

~'"' l'ql~ff ~ffl1I~

II

~ g ~"Tit A~ff ~~ I (S(HHl +t l~q ~+t 1~: Sf~ ~m~ II '"' (' '"' fl'ffTS=ifl~ ~ ~q'~Rq lii\1GT =if I

~oqa'!flfl'i('ql~(iq~~gq'!l(~: II
fl'ffTS=ifl(iil q il ~q I 9fi
'"' ('
~ 2~~ ~

l:ft(~snq~T7(~~(1'r2'('(
~

~lilf(oq =if~ lq+fo:.fill~'!b ~+rf(

...

r:::.. . . .

II

A-!. c.r-. ~ ~ ('~ ('~ ~('f-4 (1Nil'!fll"dl~ !fm'~7!il'4:

~;jfli{"Jiti11(ot ~1~'4itlf+tf;R: II
1 All Mss. have ftr~, which is corrected by <tt. f;r., p. 417 as~ 2 cfr. fit., p. 417 reads 'R~:

1J(

~~ ~~llTSJTferr'~-r:

'SIQI~~QI ~ ~l+tiQ '+JI~~~QI ~q(~;w

"'

('

....

q'fQT1iWlT

,a.('

~ ~'+~rNT ~--S:.:4 ~

.........

"'

rr\ff ll

1 eft. 11f., p. 416

'"' '"' '"' ~ '"' ~ !f'l41"ii~H CArH~tn: ~1JT ~

~r.r~ Pt~f!f'tl t+<e~~rfif'41: 11
llTSffq~ ~mf;r v._Gt;fi q wf;r ~ 1
~q:q~&ifefqtffiir ~~ II

aTIHtl~("iltl~4l~ 4.4' H'ttl ~JH': I -.. '"' ~4l'IJ"ier~~ H"~'lhQf~'E4r srt="'''n:

tl'~ A~~ "E41~ H"~~QI~f.iHI"i~:

,....

"

,....

~"f'

."

"

11

,.....

II

[ t'-\

fl;fl~~"' ~r ~~ ll_lft :;:r ~~I

~41~114
~1

~O'Ql (1'4~1Eiif4'4N'tRT
Q. .... ....

('

(' ....

Po

,-...r

II
II
11

smr

....

qiSIO<i\'4(1 ~Pl"R

9 ~~I

~ (' ~ ---!I. " .... ~ ~~qq1~qet'-JT q~: qftlctiTT+r~ mr~~

'ifOf!l(!t'!m~ ~~+rR:flff0'4rl( I

-
W

~r(tcqy

....

s:amm
....

~ -ml~lfr

~~ICfiR~I~UJ '4'&ttl~tlrtl~iff:

if!lilll(' :q ....

.::.._. ~ ~ ~ ('~ t:41!i'Olf i~Nf{~19\{!q:

:;:r

wm+~"'~'r

....

I
~

II

(!late"'r~tfi'flot{) {nfT ~ ~: 1

:qys~ii(Rtotftfmf~~ lf~~~ II

tlttl ~

riltr 9 ~ ~ tnfit i._~o:

ff"'lssfff~"l.j :;:r ~Otj ~q. ~~: ~ II

~~~~~~ ~tfqflflt'4~if :;:r I q~q ~ r.fi~q '11T{ :;:r ~UJ( II

ff'ffT ~'4!~ ffT
.....

....

. .9
rl'fft
"~

~~ !l'mlfT ~ I

,.......,

.....

~ffij~(!tq ~~ mo~~~,~~~ II
~~
~

~r

cftq"J: ~ff(!t~Q~: I
(';:.cr ~~"'" 1
(' ....

~;it ~~~f ilctil~ll~ lf~if: II

"~: -u+crrEtrl: ~ ~
'"'ft('q~
('

(1 ElltdCfi+qpq

li

_!,

\llf~ s:a;:.cftq~

II

1 <ft. ffr., p. 417 ' ~~

"" &:;.. ~q~-~7-:~cc~p,l ~ ~ 1f'P~~~qli<;{r.til ~+mi.

II

~~~AN~ ~;rrf.f q~frff ~ I

~~ ~~f~T{T91 'lfifl'f.t ~~U~fftTT II

~~ ~ Ft~rf'Qr ;rR:r~ ff~ssq~ 1 (I c.." Cl. (I 'll"llt!':r1U'""l'iil"l" I~ I R;;:fTI ~I ~~ s:rq~@H II

'fiHq'd~q ~T{ ~ ~T lt~m:

. .

mrtsN

~: ::mrH": ~1 !flfff11wt('lt II

Rcc~ Rcc~ ~ ~;rr~m s:rl:f9fqfil_ 1

q~c-:.q~ ~ ~ ~ 'l"~'wtT II

~~ ~~ ~~ ~: ~~: 1 ~: ~~ ~ ~~Tsi%\~('liiTPCCff: II

mq'l"

"" "" " +nq;rr 1f'P~wt 13 ~i!fiwt ~~;rr I ~~: ~~ ~'Nfl 'tl~f ~N: ~: II
ft~ ~ ~ =:;q~ ~sf~q~qQO.I
11P~: ~~ '{'1'~ ;;rucqq-re~~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ (1,.....

.r.::..""

11

....

s:m:r:~~n {T\ffl' ~ ati~NQTff Cfil~~l'(

_.,...,../;;;,

-..

"

~'4(11<;{ ~ ~ <tij(~QIS{J(;ifll~l;if(~

,......

...

,...., ,....

..... ,....., ,..,. ,...... ~~~12m~m+n {~tm+r:

Pli'tf'rfT

"

II

....:..c.~"" ~ CfT~u+r: ~: ~ ~ ~'41 ;r:

II

Q(;qot~ ro{RiiTffi: (!I~I+Oq~QT ~I

~~ 'l'Ttr.l'~ il~Q--~ ;r~i!.frr:
~

('

II

""" ~1JTT ~~~ '"''TY'li'IQ~'HT ~~rq;r: II .. ""

+rt0~'411QTfit 'fl1Q~T ~~~f ~otp:n~ff: I
1 <it. ~., p. 419 2 These two slokas are omitted by Udaipur Ms. only.

iliH~tl ~f.'.l~;.f ;r:;:,rr~ ~~II

~

...~ lfm ~4lffrtl' ~+rror~ 1

'"' '"'....C rrrr: """'(01.... ~ srr~.:t ~~~ij(!'U~ q- ifT 11 +-t~"!!::l'""q~t"""''!~ ''~ 'l~ ~ (''41"1'"'--Qi" 'q'frqq: I '"' <' A C:L ..... ,

~~ rr~) ;ns-;:r ap:f'-tf aq:ar+QHt'l,'' II

~ ~qr if~= ~~ ~~ 'l~ ~ =q t

'{\!I ltk'41

Q,

om

.....

i~ ~

("I'T;r

...

~ ~

rq q (=(. u
'"'
('

'"' ~ <':!1, sr+nH" '"' '"' '!~ ~~n\~~,.,: 1 o~q<t ~~'"'" '"' a ~'i:ij(q: sn~ij@ r qr ;r~;nsq q~u 11
~ '{<?U"d(

'"' '"'.t::;,<' qo;r_ ~~ A... :~ r.taoa: ,

~+r:

~= ~smq;r_ st~ ~ qfu=trir~ 11

'" 'H'qT 'H' :;:,rrSSit q' l ('(01

at'Ztij"e ~~11

mr ~~ ~~I '"' ~ ~e.r ~ II

~+t4e("l+q~: ~k~H: ~I ~TifT tm ~: ("l';rT iff =q~ftif!bl II

TOT

"+t'W;ff~tt ('JGI~st~~ffi I atr('T+rW ifi f+r~in:tn +rW ~ 11

iff

'"' ..r.:. ('tt~ ~q~+JW ~ ~~~--rr: ~ ~

"

'"' i!bi(Q(=(_I
CJT II

'"' '" '"' '"' '"' '"' tl'~"A. ;f';'Sf1Jf \i'IIH'4~T ;rtrif

1 Omitted in Udaipur Ms. and present in I. 0.) A. S. B. and <it. fir., p. 421
~W

'!iO

~To

 -.r:~::r'l+-:r~

! lf\i1Cfit11
(I'"'

"" ~ q-~~
'"'

'"' '"' m+r.mr. ~ 1

..!:1 qa-tta('._.. ~'rn-e.t-.. . ~\i1!!1"1-~ &"'~ 11 Cfi.,.q ff~'ll~r tr"it: ~;rA;r cti~4Q( 1

"'J'

qctil~'!(lcti(f ~ ;p.rf~~U~T

11

alf.tif~f ~ rNT q-Mfir~~ .. l4( I

~1ilctif.f ..qq;w\i1T ~~Q.bi ~~~II
~~ ~ ~~~~
6

.o\11'

~l .. l+i"l't~

~~~~ err~~ q-T{q-Mtc( 11

~T~ :q~ ~SSJf '!(T~fcti+i Q rNT I
1 <ft. r';r ., p. 4'21 2 cfr. fir., p. 4'2 reads ~ ; cit. fir., p. 411 : ~i'
~~

3 ~' Cllol'tw ~ cit. tlt. 4 fft.,4<4'1>5ti ~wr"rmrrq_ ~cit. #r.

5 A. S. B., I. 0. and

<tt. flr.,

p. 4'21, read

~ ~e'ilr~t crr~qrq ~'lfi{~ 11

;freq~ :;.r "~~~ro~~fq~ff'l.

C?

~ uekq~rrr~~q-t~T~q3

r--r--""

"".....&;;;;.

:;.r ff

~: 1

~ ~ ~ ~~ "lilt ll~fil" II ~~uq. 1?4 Rr-srlfQr "'(it ~;:n(it lfl(=ll~: I ""~ STtf'"iU~<Q-3-;cq- ~ g "" "" ~~~~~~qUI~: II

"\~ "f~llmt_ ~~~{~qq~ I ~q;ffi" ~qti ~ tri'r 4 H~ f'~f;?r :;.r II

GfTer.IT
~~ <i~l'ctTff Nr.il<i~l(( I

""

""

c:::.c.

~""

~oqffi~ ~ 6 ~~;m ~+IIEI~l II

~ "" "" ~~~tP<4 +4 .-S( --st~r;rT

:q

..:!:i. qf~l:ll:

I
II

""~ ~"" ._.r.. q(;ctit~tt q;~~ lf~r t:1.1 ~ :;.rrs~ffr:

1 eft. fir., p. 423, li2'1i~ for ~'li\~ and 'tcrrsrq for ~<trll' 2 I. 0. omits eight slokas from this. p. 423, ~~ orsr~~~ 3 Line corrupt : ~~r~ for from eft.
~., ~ct f<t~

efr. f4.,

; corrected

p. 423

4 Mss. have U?tt for u~~ in eft.~. 5 <fr. f;r., p. 433 reads ~faT for ifi!uJl

&::l

I SJ:'S'IIW:C T ~~?a'

....

fiT ;p:r~ :q ~t q (

....

....

....

II
I

[ ost~i ~Wfi~~~ ~ ~tgif('

q-~: ~ ~:2 ~.q: ~~~qq~~J_ II

;w ..irq;:c .. C(('i~~ ~~: srtnri"~~ 1 ] .... .... ~ .... ~ ~ ~T \ifql 'ifqc~qr: Etl't"411"4r: otJqtqm: II
[ at~ifC'fii ~'ifftrsfi
3

9fRTS"t 'il?.f\il~l?.lffll_ I

qftl:rrQ1 rrn ~~ ~~~&. 11 .. "~~ (' . . fQ " q~roA~.,"' fiqr~~Etll !t>an~ 1

qy~~T 4 ~qvyr;ri ~;:p.n:41:: ~T~T( II li~T ~~~ ::q ~~q-~+:rt f[ffi q~~J_ I
~~ ::q ~.q. ~r if~~~~ II
~if 'Q'1i;r ~ ::q q-~qy;r ~f~~ll_ I

'eq~'Q'

1 I. 0. omits three lines here.

2 'cmr: mr:~~ ( ar~m~:;r., 10, 10 ). Haradatta explains it thus : "t;<t~~~CJ ~M" 'G~ rif.<rr <p:r;rfif.<rr '<f <H<r G'tr. ~:'li'ffiqij_" I
3 Mss. have arfcrcr.)~I$X;;fR~:, which is meaningless ; and the next line is also corrupt. ~~' ~ eft. #r., p. 423 4 So <ft. fir., p. 423 ; Mss. read 'ffi"lt, which does not fit in.

t'ft.n ~~ ~ ~tr.Sr titiiSifl~ I

. .

,.,....

mTr \ffi1T~qj ~'ti~~~!:lftrr.r:'

~: ~'4~: ~~Tr.=~fl': ~ I
~q'Tfi'J ~q"
~ ~

II II

. '! .q kq fit
~

CfiT "I~~ 1"4'~

~ ~

cfia~l ~qu~~ Q~'4+t~~~~ ..__ ~ fi'J(Ofqf('(9f ~~ at~~T +f'4Q..II

-A~

'i l("lfl'

'til$6ef:O:S ~ ~q"+t'tl' ~'~~I

~f+IGtre~ ~e+ft'd~~lF'~ 11

~ ~Wtff ~fl'~~ ;rtR~ ~ I c;;,. ffi a ~q '411 ~qm tTA 'd r'4 'if~n Q;rr:
~ ~c ~

11

i"i(fiT t'f'J191

t::;,.

-.:..~~

~ ~n~~tlctm

,...._

qfffir

fl'q'f ctiJttt

~qR g

1 tm~ II
l

mfT ~+t ~~tiRlf ;rrsri ctiTCfi'lilfl'~:

~... ~q-m: ~ ~t'ft'f~ ::E:~T.If ~ (mqr::~$fii'Z:"g::r~no

""'

11

~en
.....

'it m: ~~~q-: 1
.....

lf~ 91Hat{ ~~"~II

~ Qll~fl''tfRtOff ;n~ ~ lifl'~

. . .

~ ~ ~: ~~ !ftW'419( 'i"q""f"41~ II

fl'ffl ~sq- ~ inQ"OJ:

~

~~fl~tl R~fl fl'fl'1 ~ Q+t'FTfl':

~+t'TtTfl': I

II

~T~ ~~fl'

'rfT at?Q'TSfit

~~~ I

[ t~
t!HGt~t!ii ilrf19'r lf~ ~~+n I
~s~Ofi("lff~ ~ ~+n II

~'tfRf

-rm:

~IHU~ ~ I

fi~Jl~-u~ q"ffAil (01!1-Qt~ 11

..... ..... " ..... ar;:tJT &:;;..C:;::. P=u~~: m+n: ~lstlfifr ("1!1-Qtq~ 1

!U8q ltU4\lf~T.

~TtfT ~T+r-f ~

'"'

'"'

:.t n II

1'tt=f'T'Wf~qGt ~IT+t I "-4 q

'"'

~ ffiC6TT"": (01 !!~ii4 e'( I

~ ~Qq ~~lstl'iSCUI T~{~:~~ ~ 2

fi

tft'ifit~~q ~+trlt{UI{T~

"'

,. . _.
'"'

'"'

II

('

~ii4e~rl!ltttWf'i+nf~f!~ ~ 11

-r lff ~ ~r:tr: ~'tl("lqGt'f ~ I

1 eft. f4., p. 424 , ~~ for

2 '~a'll~~;r;:~' ~c<:J~OJ

"!' ~

"~

f<rlll!J~~"

I, 2, 7 ), "~+itm ;;r;ro~ffi:!l'Rffi'l_'' ( ~. ~. "~~err ~~R" ( I, 1, 14) ~ffi" ;r;:~~ ~~i!. 1 3 eft. f;r., p. 424 reads ~f(<f for <?<!'OJ~ 1 ~~+JTCfRf~~
OJi{. I
~+n~ il+i'Ofi{, I

( ~. ~., I, 6, 15 )

4 Ibid., <P.tar for +r~ar

it'mAR

.....

~ ~R ~R ~fr~t+ittt;( I
.....

..... ~;;;qr ~T~~T ~:

,.....

1f4lffi tl~~T II
~
(!

atllHI mTHff ~ "11~"' ff ~~I

am~~~~m ~~~+t1f.l~n 11
atrR~tt 1('11) ~ ~ ;rtm': ~~~n 1
..... ~ ::..-. ..... ..... ,..._. ~~tf ~ ~ q ~rt ~T

+PtfTSq"

gqf!: II

qi =it ~~~~m ~ +~'.f9trm;ft 1 if~ ~~ +@TilT ~~~ g II

~~~ ~~+i'lf~ ~ff::nTSq" ~~:
..... ..... (! .....

I I

~ffT ~..-;r~~~ ~~: ('lfl~ei: II

~~&... ..... ,.... qm~'iqGIQ.-Slfp~ '4CJ!14.41flt~ITT~

"'~ ~i(a"Q0* ~~: ~n:mr 11

~ ffft~ ~ ~~ ~~"'~e 1

~TS\l ('lEi~~~ 4~1'(\HfSq ~~Ciffl II

1 <ft. ilr., p. 439. ff.

~ tJ: Efii(~S(f~f ~ ffiqcmEfi'f_ll

~ t~"" "q.JNffi ~tfq-y Cf~T 41'~~ II

1 ;ft. tlr., pp. 415-i38 cil:e3 additional passages from ~\ll~Tfl~ on the subject.

ift~q ff'-IT ~q: ~~: ~~TNr.l: I

~~Tq M'-IT ~rf+l~~~ ~C6Tfw+r: II

;r~~

. +t .

~~~"tf ~~mtGJ'3'ff~

,.....,

cru=loti ~~ ~~~;r~: 11
~T~

{CfT ~Sli WfT;rR+"lf ;IT;~~ I

(=qq

arQ'Tf.it~qqrf ~~'
~

cllt4~: 11

sn"~rft f~n=r~;:~f:&t~T~ fuq~~: 1

"'!::l'a_,q~=".i..... +t'~J~~: ~ll~T ~~~II

~qf ~lfrfit ~T~rf;t ~+rnit :;;r 1

trri crr Fto~~

1

~~('t!'(<a:o;r II
EfT

o~+t9( ~~ ~~O'tl'T ~

~TaffTSfit

e-n I

~~litm ~~ ~sq '{a~ II

(14l'f~l'((1+cmT ~M~~~: I
~l'(t4s(I!'4~R'51N 1i6'{~T :q ((lq~
~ ~
t:;:;;.

""""

II

~~i(llll~~Gtlnl~~l"l:q~: I
~.

P~l'q~ ~tt(''t~l+t?!+tiT ~~~II

......

......

(' ~ ~ ~ c.. &:. ~'!:JMT ~;r;54+t~N:o: 't!+fTiCiFI': I

F~~itt1f+l;fi~ Aatntt ~q-: q-~2

q-~~ ~~u'ftq~ tr.~'q'lJtff;~ I

11

m~T~ Cfi~ :jf~f ~~ir.f ~~II

1 <ft. fir., p. 441 , ~~~~m 2 ~. ~., p. 441 ; Mss. read ~ but an object for
~lower

clown is needed.

~I! ~o ~To

[ t~

rl'-11'

'

n f. ih

.9

~~tf ~q I tliEI~Cfi~q

~~

'ii!~H

,. . ,. . ~ "'J'~ ~ mEI'~"'+trrEtercti ~+r

~

.9

"411t;('( I
(' ....

;rrss~ OQ'T~*-H"HttT

...

.;r

.... ....

~~~I

11
~

;r ~ ~EI'!OI~T ~~tiT ;r ~ ;r ~ q~m: II

.r.:
'~ T'ii!'tJ.-;:H' WT'itf~ ~EI I q l':tt:~ mt~~ I

.... ,...

,....

tffq~~EI'T~~~ ~~ ('~= mil ~: II

H'Jq~ ~~~' ~ ~t:q~ ~ ~ t
~ SIT~~Te'"41ttQT arn~;r ~TSlg..,,~ ~

""A'""""
....

,. . , . .

II
c::::...

1~1"41;~

;rE('PlT ~ e-Tcti ~tlurt tTTt:t~Qffi I

....
('

.... ....

..r::!..

,....

qrr:o

.... ....

~~~ 7':~:n:a:r:a ":t-r~7'ft"'I"'C~e~~

11

q~fitt1 T~
~~ ~:::q

i'ifitrit~""tit;r ctrrT~ II

an~~~ ~ff q~ ;rq+t~f !ffifEC~~('( 1

~~:;~wtlt i=ITH' ~'fEI'T~tiH ~~~II

~q l;~ m~ ~~q' ~~~ 1

~ff"+.-q: sr~rrt~ lr'frc6ift:r~f;'strt't_

11

~TSlfffJ ~q-: ~;n"trfQi1sr ~~~T ~ i_~ff'l. I

~ir;r 'tfT~1'T ~ ~n=t~;~~~T~q): II

~1 :;;r ~;rrq-Q-~ srt~: ~r{rq.~~n~r'~: . 1

~fltT~~{~;r~rs~q ~q-tf~
~ ~ ~

"'

II

~trTT';t ~q-;rrf;t ~fT~f~ ~q'fffTf;t :q I

~~ ~!f'lff ~ ~ ~'Ql: ~41TAff: II

"' ~J+f:qrr if{T 'tl'

1{~fit~r

g
2

"' lflfllfff'T~ 'tl'

NiJqar

ff~T:Oltq'lfJA~ 11
1

m1ari ~~ ~~r;ri ~~' ~rtrt ~~' f;rfu

'i1Gt't)0Sfq'ffi~TJ't a-'t)Qq~~~T3l~ II
~r q-r~;r ~<!fPQ'{~T~~il:.

" "'

"' "' "' ~EI'T ~ ~ :::r~l'7'1(rr.t4"ij::r'~ 't4'it' "'r-. q-~ . .,q"Trr;r:

II

~'tq;:rncrfrl +fRnrt: w~;r 1

;r~l9t1+t4i ~ ~M~~~ II

1 Reconstructed. Line corrupt in cl'r. fir., p. 441, and all three Mss ; A. S. B. has crnr ~<ff ~q(!.for purposes of metre, but it is ungrammatical ; the others read om ~i ~lm. J which breaks the chhandas. 2 cfr. fu., p. 441 reads : tt~~ 19~~

'e~.:q qffl ~ ~~'Q'n';t n_:rqf.:ff :;;r 1

-.. '!.4 9;"' rSS~ (Of ..~~ ~'Rf'.filfqT t4 ~Gt"'
""
~

""

"r-

,......~

rq_ 11

"\il'tMft twer
""a. ""

~ 4l~~ ~~r 1
1

~ ~'" fuqf ~rir ~~ ~q~J "f'~S~g q-:" II

atil"'fq .~ f~'Ol \if'Ct

l!ff

""

~ ~Wt..
.....

""

I
I

m~ ~~or q~ q~qifr ~v__fi:rm 11

at"Cf ilf~ 'Q'ff l~ tf~ ~'Q'~
N "" ,...._

..... ,.......

rn:r:

R:nf~ ~ ~ 'ri~ T~vtr

~m~ v__~tfff

"'

Cff(i wr

rr~tr R~ 4ltf~

,......

a-tf II

~~~ ~Tfrtrr ~~~~fq"f'Tf~ II

~51 tN~ff ~n:~~z ~tr~~ I

~ fifflrt~ ~ iff~Q)s4f~Sf~f II
iloro~('~+lnm"
Q,..

tVfltf'Q'T

~qtfiflq'1Tf~f

~ ""

r.::::,._ ,......

r".

~'if~f lfl!TmU ~itq_ 'iqGH:i~fff II

lfff~~n ~~

"'

Tif(=tf

,......

q~,.,q"Tn"f':

&:;;;.

1
I

+R~ l~l;a~I+I~'Q' ~m ~"Q"q~qor

'{l~ ~qu~;~ ;ft~T('q e~tr qtf II "',......,...... ,...... "".

~'tl~t:qtfiloi ~~ ~~Rfml.ll

1 I. 0., fucir ~m 2 Mss. read <ii~, which does not fit in. eft. p. 443 reads : ~

m ..

'"' " '"' ~~~~<(lUI

Jmr")qrq
.,,0

~1tf~

f1

,-..r '"' '"' " '"' i!filfffi!tim:+r ({q-J+ri""ffiHtf ;rn I

m~fqi!fi~i!fif~T Sifff~;rrtfr ~p:41 ;j ?t: II

'"'" "" "" ~t:Oei{f;f ~ ({f~~R'qffTT({T+r: I

.....

~tn~r:.Qi~~ ~ar ~?! ~~e- ~<('

('"'

'"'

~r:n~9;"ffil 9;"ffiT q'f~'Cfl'ffi!fi: I

. '"' 11
~
2

'"'

'"'

~ff ;rrs~ ~~) ~;r~~ifffT fuqy II.

m qr ~) qrsfit ~il(''{\lt'Q"fff
;jkqff('!OI~~~"q'
'"'
~

~ qr +llq';fT9;~~(=~;r fifRl;rT fuqr'l_ I

qr II
.A

;r ~ ~if4'Tff ol:JTT~.t :q ~~ff ~ I

qr ;r :q

~~ F.t;j~QI!"''
~+r({T ~:

.,.....

II

~({1' ~+rfi:H:t+q~y

~ Aq,:o:

;nffCf:

(' ~ct~~r;rr ff~(l

;r +reuw-ff :q 11 1

SJ'i{ffqtfm

tTrctr ~~ fittrrm:

ftltr:
1 <ft.

qfffifffr:

~j ii'Cfl' ~:II
ff : R~~ "tcft~T~:

r;r., p. 443

2 Mss. read~

,..,=-=-tr IC" t:r' tr

C.-

I;'

r:p

0 (Y

(tlr

r;

19

~ 'f::
If ~
(II+

w ,rr ,rr ~ <IZ w "IP ltr b' v ~ If ~ " b t;"

~
~~
W
In

l:f ~

11r
""

le'

i ~~ ~~
I;"

,~ t:

IW

;
-

,1!-:: Itt'
"" ;

W'

;-~:; ~ (I~ '5= ,~ ~[ ~ ~ ,~

t;.
1 :

~t::.

~ S:
tr ~

~~

$ ,~~ .fi; t;: ~~ " IP' ~ ~

IP'

= IT 11r - b'9 fr ~ ~ = tt ~ !i' '" rr ir ~ 1P "" ~ '!;. ~ '~ i ,t;r ,... t:f ~ li!r' 1P ~ Jtr t:r ..., w/ ...,... w ~ If ~ i! ~ 'if: ~
1/)

=~--~~

! ,r:
'
-

,rz .

w ,~
(\!'
-

1!r 1J;.

fi;

B' ~
(1-

If .
tr

~ ~t- "" : IW [ 1 re ~ ~ rr rw 't9 I'J l:r It:' Ji ~ - ~ ~ '-' ~ ~ (~ I~ ~ ~ j;

't:r
tr
It"

t'/

_.. ~ ~~ ! ~ i ~~ ~ ~ ~~ t ~ ! ~ ~ i~
~~
~

<!!'

I@J '""
(I

'if ""

(I~

"~ ~

~ p '~ lr I@) ~ <I! 1i' 11;1" (~ ' ~ Vi

p

ir

'I

'IW

~ (I~ ,~ ~~

f!

:B
co
"<tt "<tt

p.

di
~ .......

~mreqq: ~::fi~T;:rJq+fJq'~

"

('

~N

,..._

"' "' "' ~+r.rT~~

~ ~~ ~ ~ffi'q'~

. .

'1'ffi::fiT qy

1
II

. Jqor.f::fi'l_ I
,......

"' ~;:rT{~T'{_

~ ft:rr~cml'ttf iJ:q't'l ~~~Ttf~ II

'';:r~) ~~~qft ~ ~T~ ~~ftrut' I A " "' (' . 2" ~ ~~i14~ttlf'l q~f~HI{J(f!trq~ II

. 1 I. 0. and lfr. ftr., p. 443 :

'<1~~

2 ctr. fir., p. 444 , 9mJru ~~

~~ ..-tqo1 4l.~trq- ;:,r~mnr~ ~

"'

"'('""

1
I

~;fitn tf~T ~~~T ~~n:r~~ II

~S(I

R;: ~QI

~~ Tf:.f"tS:~f:.ftf ti~T: ~f<n~~~:

"

('

~ffl'~~~n ~ ~T~~~~SI~: II
m~;i 41_f;r~;f :q ~~f&ft?r~n~ :q 1
" "' "' -a:mr;r :q "flr1~~~nsn ~RT .e:.~11S:Qff II 4

~!fTOTf ~~f!~rif~f +r~~

t1~~~+( I

1 These slokas are attributed to ~<f~llT by <r?. fir. p. 447 ff.

~\

'lio

~to

~00

~0

1 Comment

and defjnition reproduced by <fr. ~.,

p. 447.

Sfl'fQT
,......_.

~~

~~sqqy ~w ~
..... ..... ,.......

qf ;rq ~tf(={. I
(? .....

rcr~~ qf tr~ rcr~~ Wf ~~~II

~ ~~rq qr ~~r~ ~~=n~
~.,.

"'

~.

"f~ ~mStt Wfq qf ifqJ~~"+l.~ II

~T~Jq.-~tff Sfi"'~'tNT fqqli[ff~ ~~ q- ~~if1:~ ~~~~ fq~:
~~ ~tf+fqqy C(qff: ~~
~

~ ~

~
~

"'""'

c.-""'
~~

I II II

('

ffttf "'1' =-""Q'

.....

'4l4~~~ l!toTT~U'4l~~~

.....

.,.

.,.

,........

~ ~ 'l~~fff qrsqqy I
~ci'Ntt~t:i
~

msii ~:ff
H f'l'Q'
('~~
~

~"'~'~~~ 11

,~,2 :q~~~
"f~ \S'I"Q q
~

'Q'T~~~~

I
q\S'I"l'fT II

~r: ~ 1q ~;r;r ~~r: ~

('A~

('~

'!l"''~mlqm(~_.rrq ~ff.C~I"'!J mSfi~ ~~Hn:l:o::r...;r~

3

~R ~g~ ~~~~;rf;q~ II
~

'1~~~'"-

.,. ar ~ qry ~tr~~~A. ~~r;rrr:

('

{:~~~"a~ l!l"'''T~~I(ur ctiR~ II

q-~ ~~-Q'((~ ffff: ~ ~~~ I
1 eft. f4., p. 449 : ~<!GVH!ll., explained as
~ll.
m<ii~T<rrcr

2 I. 0., A. S. B. and Udaipur Mss. have mixed this explanation with this s'loka below beginning with
~gljiifil,

3 cfr. f4., p. 449. Mss. read ~ "'tTSSJ g;~

[ ~'d drhn

:mrff

~sfit ~ ff.l~ 11
1

~+rff ~nr"'ffit "~;JTU ~qf WfT~;r

ollnNffi";r w~: ~ ~ ~~"lf: !fctilf.6ft: II

~~~~~~~~:ql
~~ ~;:r~rmwrr 'l;fTUtn ~+rn ~q-

.....

.......

11

~t:r qf ~~ qr Sftg+t Tfii~O?.IT~ I ,...... ..... ..... ~qr TOf.l'+rq~~ ~~~~O?.In ~"tt'ff' ~ II

(I

(!'

~~t:rrq. l:l'T ~~ ~~~r ~m~;r 1 "" "to"" ""cfl" ~~~ 11 'q"fff"q~~f'tq-f 'l;fm ~ ~+r 1 c~"
~nr~~r~q mO?.I'f~~fl+ft~mr_ I '"' "" ~ " "" ~ "" +rm: !f~T~ST1f ~'l;fl(l"l~ +r~ II
l:q( ..ff;:r~
~'"'
,......_

.....

~~ ~
" ""

"""

. qr .
r-.

~~ ~
'"'
3

.....

qqff~ ~ T~~ 9fetl9ff ~~ ~

II

~~ ~ FtRS~lll1l~if~ W~ I
~qf rit~;r, ~r;r, m~r ~+rff
a{q ~"PtrffT if~ ,...... .......
.......

.....

. . qJ!fgfl~~lif.I .. QTfl'+tC61~( ~~II

A. S.B. 2 Inserted from eft. fir., p. 448. 3 Line found only in Udaipur Ms.

. 1 .

'rf II
I

+t('(~ ~~~~

.....

1 Udaipur Ms. corrupt : text follows I. 0. and

,..... ~ "" tf\11' 2"1'("1~+qril'd:r("l'+q'~: ("l'qiflJ~ ~rftl'q:_ I

~T ln(llJI~l~ ~ffT~~~q-~r~~'Q'q:_

.....

,.....,._........

.....

II

~ ~ .c; ,..... qOis;t:qq~ q;:~ ~~~TP!t 'Q'~l=f~

~n~rrmr-:cn ~Tifq~'~'~"~ 1

""

""" ""

,.....

It

1=1'~ ~q-1er.rt l:l'~'f1JTt :;.r 'Q'~nlqfil 1

~~'Q'il' ~tr
.

""

""
~

. :;.r

~~'Sf:
~,.....

ayqqr

("l'q("I'Tl=fl~ q-r~~Tii'Jq' ifl~ tl~lf ~T

s;tm;r: 11 ,.....

""

...-~" "l;:'Sfl~ ~T~r;:qr ~ ~~qqf~;JT

!f4l_rl'l=l'~ if i;i~fll {~l~QJ("I'~: ~'tf~Tsrtl 6'1..
~
"" 1
.~,~~,.....,..... ~

II

I
II

"" "" V~

,...... " ~ "" +l'Q' T'4~';fl'tff'6~tr ri''Sf ifllt'Q'({ I

ii'JS';tN'T

~ ct~T~il'

,..... ~TO:Q~M~l=l'il' 'Q"Sf

~'I~ ~~~
..... .....

""""

we. ~~'Q'il' ~ I
.....

"'"" "" ri''Sf Til'q=:IT'Q'q:_ II

~ ~t("I'T l=l';:~o1 ~~r qrs~~q:_ II

1 Lacunae here in I. 0. 2 Udaipur Ms. reads ir::1ilrflll

'bttl"''ie!!Qd<l

~ r.tirtrr~ ~ Ta~17T esc~or ~ qr

~~q"T'Sf
c:o "" 'qM :qq

c:o

'"'""

.,..... '"'

11'Tff~Tct~T((ff~

'"'""

II

e~ttdH~:n~~~

'"'

.::c:o::r'T'r"'~ ~i'4ctilqs:acu

tJcrT 1

~(Q~~~ ~ ~ ~~~: ~ ~~ II

~ ~efT ~ ~~-=-tiT "QqT ~cPnu fuqr I

~ tr~ ';fl:&lll~fq~sfq-

fucrT

~:II
3

[ f.f~m~ ~ 'f~ttli're:r crT~

1 <ft. flr., p. 450 , ~

err ~"''ql3iilt"'~ em~~

~lokas.

2 eft. ~ p. 450 ' ~~~

3 I. 0. omits these two

B'

4!!) 0

i ~ ~~ .:
fg

II;'

(t

I
-

~~ ;r; ~ ~~ ~ t< ~ ~ ,ie ~ '; - ~ rr (J! "~ ~ ,g !? ~ (t ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ tl!: ;If

!!
lilf

- = I! = - '~ It ~;: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,tr - ~ ~~ 4i ,IE = ~ li :: = ~ " 'ii ~ ,ji 169 1r (~ ~ ~~ If tr" E ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ rr ft' ~ tc' If! (lt ~ ,- ~~ ~ l\- ~ ~ (~ I ~ 9
'~ ~
V>

E~ ~ "" ~. '~ = ~IE -

IP"

- 'fi

tc'

~
I laX'

~ ~
"

&~
~ tf ~ tr

(~ ~

a.:: ~~

r-"1

~ "'

- 4~ i (i [ !~ ~ ' ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~
1!.

1/)

~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~tt ~ -~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ '~ ~ b! !~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ l' l1r It; ; 1!. g, ~ fr fi ' ' "' tf "~ ~ ,~ ~ , rr ltr ~ 4[t '[. <I! ~ tr " If fl'; I! ~ " tt' I!
tJ'

~ '"'"

l1r

.;

(Iii

l1r

1!9 l;'
l;'

if "" (: -~ ~ ~ ii ~ ~ 'f: ~ ~~ 'iW -~ ; ~ l ~ if ~ ~ IP" ri ~ ~ ~~ fi' l;'

t J g
tc'
Itt

~;
fj;

lu:
iW

~ ..
ca <l)
::-.

.@

ID)

ID)

If

11r

C'1 lD

'<ti

~ tlf

tfV

4ft

d~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~
t;'

~~ '~

!i ~ '"'" ~

P..
(~
"
(~
,..-4

,.,
L.....l

"'

4l
ll

~ ~ = '"' I~ I~ it: ~~ ; (~~ If ~ azr- ~ <E ~~ ,g ~~ ,_ Jg ,_ g . ~ ~ I!. <!!

- =

.. rl;;
~ o

11;'

If
l;r

~ r-.
~

'"'"

ii

li1

I!' tw ' ~~4

'!
-

If ,tr

- t1
~~ ~
tc'
nr

If ltr

1=

~ I'JS' c.-ttr c.-ttr ,~e ttr If ti w

1/)

IJi' 4! It Ef ::: ti ~ If !:;:r ll.~~

IN

tr

!:: - - Ei l:r lT l;r l;r ti ~ c.-; le' ti '~ ~; - lr 'g, ~ 'iF c.-~ ~ ~ ,!!: - ~ <t: ~ ~~ 'iS IV - ~~ lt9 ~ ~ l:r ~tr
tT

!!

,r 'rw
l;r
-

'r- &:
lie -

&-tir

"'
Itt'

ii l;r

~ ~~ If

~~

~
~

~~
w

4: ~~ '~ '~ (~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,~
l;r

"' ;:, If

~ ..

=r '~. - "
It:'
4ltr

~ ~ ~~
hr)

llf

E~

~~

tr

'~
l;r

iU I!:'

'IV

~ ~ ~
~

f
II"
L-

"'w

<!!

If ~E: J; 1fr tr I!, ~~ '"' $ !:: 19 ~ ~ ~ If ltr 1tr !W 1~ If ~ tr 19 <!! rr ,~;r ~ tr ~ ~ c.-~ ~ rr

rr II' II'

~;

~g ~~ ~~: ~

:::: JV

.... lie ~

~ ~ (~ 'tr ~ '"

lrc.-ttr

~~

&: ~ ,~ ~ Itt l;t ltr "' <!!!

c.-- - ,- ltr ~ If I! ~ c.-ltr '"'" ,m~ If ~~ lf ,h1 tLr [ ~ nr <

'~

&:

'~ g "lw ~ 4~

E
r'd
rll

!:: tT ~ ~ li_
..

cq
(f)

'"'

<D

Cl1

"<t1
P<

<E rr ~ ~

I;?

"

!:: -

c.-1;!'

g.

~~ ~.

r;7

di
..-1

..

r:;

<tu=

"'

uJ' 0

ol
IY'

.. -- ili_ _if l:r' i . . . . . . .,_ = ~ f!l:r If= tr' -rg = d! ~-~I! - !:- W' ~ ~~ iC. '~ ~ '~ h! ~ '~ ~~ ~ ~ d2 '~ d:: :~ ~ a! "~ '; ir :; 'fr ltr <E' ~ "~ ~ ~) w t5- ~ l:r' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :~ ~ tE '~ ~l:r <g 'ri i ..... ,!! '~ rr J; ,_ tr b' ,1;: 4~ W ~ ~ re '; rr .,_ ~ rtr rr rr ~ ~ 1!. IL ~ ~ I~ tr W !I;1tr
(~
II[:' -

"

..

=r
g

.,_

'

i
IY'

~~

c-tw

tf (1::7;
;t::

~;

"' ~~ ~w .~. . . '~ ~ IE

t:l '1lr 4

ltr "lfr

Jg,

I":

ii

tf' ~.....

~ 7~

11t:'

fl,?

I!

l:r '~
1p

li1 ,.... ~ ,- ":::; IJiIt:' ..,

~ '~
....
b'

~ "lo 1:. q; I;' ~ ~ ~ ~ 1~ 1~ (~ (~ ~~ 't;:

I@J

r:... <Ef ~It:' d~ rtr ~ ~ II!L ~ (~ ! ~

1!:

~ 4~ ~
D"

~ ~

rr ;

.,....

,It:'

....

,If lit:'

e:
~

ii ; ~~ 'ir ~ ~ "~ ~ I!, ~ .. ~ rr~ ~ ~ r: 4~ ~ rr i ~ ~lr' ,~tr~ ;~I~ ...

It:' l:r' lit:'

t:r ~~

r; "~
rtr

If' rr rr ~< ro ~ .,. . ~

l:r'

.. ;

'lfr

1\7' .......

It:'

ltr

~ ~ i
t:
t:.
;

'~ 'gP ~ IL It:' .,_~ ~ i

"- '"" t:

l:r

i~ ..._ ,.,::;
llf
0

,..

hr ,.. ......

::l

"ftr

'~

II<:

,......,

..,.

~~

1:r

1?. ~

(t

~ ~

g~~ ~ '~ (I~" lit:'~ ~ 4~ (~ ~ ~ r. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. rc

...
~ ~
0
4....

'e

~V ~

!i ,~; ~

le)

!;;~
~

c1l I'd

......

0..

i ~ t:r ~ ~

IW
I'd
Q)

1.0

;;::
0

D.. :' d!:

,~
hr .--1

s
s:l
Q)

~
C'l

.,

lSI

~ ~

'rw

"'

[~~~]
~M11~

1 eft. tlr., p. 453 ff. Udaipur Ms. reads ii~ 2 Lacunae in both I. 0. and A. S. B. between the brackets. 3 So, I. 0. ; A. S. B. and <tT. fir., p. 453 rea.d
~~'R~:

~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~;JT~ Mf%: "~I A"QU((t A("ta~ ';f C6Tq~ i!fi((I~IPI ll "'" ~~ ..... (("'In-q+l'~"~''tlll'fTff 'tl': ~"'fiaht!72:(.q=rl'l~ WI~ I +1-=r~-r.:l "'
~~ ~ffT+rT~ ~q"~~

+rir

ll

l:lft it ~ '1-lm ~' fu~

;r ~R- 1

C6l'lrto:t'ti'T ll'T~ ~ ~~~ltiT UT~1lTT~ =q I

~

.t:::._.

~'"'

...._,.....

r-..

q':ill~tiT ~ !:l((ln~tiT ~ ~tr2:~'tl' ~

.....

.....

II

an~ 9:1~ ~t*hl a:r~ifr #a+r r ;r~ 1 ~~ ~~ crn.:r :q~~,n ~j;rqr~{ ll

~, ... ~ :::o:r ~q-r~ ~m{4lqJ~ =~~ ..S(:r!lf!:r'Jtl~l~"f(:rYJ:lf~ Sf H"l

c:::.

:q 1

""

"'

,.....

a I ~i!fill'T1ll II
(',.....

"' "' 1 2 llrif if~;:~ 9 ~~ ~~~ II "' '"' ~~T~ll';f '"1m "' ~ ~~~ I
"' ~'Sfm.:fq
lf((IHo:.tll
,..... ~-=lf~n~~
~

"'

. "'

'ti'T

qf~tl ~IU

"'

. =;til &I

t~IPI ~Qfl II

"'

~'tl' 41:: fu~ ~ ~IPI'tll ~~mn 1

~~

TJq f~T+I'TF~T'tl'ff

II

1 I. 0. and A. 8. B. as well as q't. fir., p. 455 read

if~

for

:q ~in

Udaipur Ms.

2 "if;g i. e. ~

~<i~ ~ !f~

f.ffilir :;;r f;r~rr:

II

~~mr trT'A "Tf.r :qJSSf ~~(={_I

~cttetct~ ~+i ~'"* ~~ ~~Qq_ II

~

~~": ~~: ~q=:rrmNqt'("':

J:>,.

<:'

<:'

.!:.

GTqV+HA~

'"lm

~ ~ ffft~: 11

~~~ef~;~A_ '"llffq~ ~~ffT91_ I <:' "' "' "' ("lq~te!Oicti~T~ -r ~~~S~Aitr(={_ II

~=~y;~~;r:qST
1

"tiT

~ :;;r~~tr-=ff Gl~T

<:'

"'

+rl>~t4ctlffi~q~ftir ~ ar;trtTT M~ +r~ II

~';tfl trT +r~T'('T
<:'

"'

rts:r
<:'

. "!IT".
"'

lffitlf~T~~tm! ~=rer~Tlf:e~

11

~~ "qff ~ns~~ ~~~f~ 1 ffSI '"lm ~ ~trl q~l'"lln ~ ~T lfffi II

~rsq~q~t+:ro:t ~
~.-rr::~,..,.,"'~

"'

:;;r

~+r;:n

" "' "' lftrT :;;r ~~ ~ ~ :;;r ~+ftrl II

alk'IR :;;r ~~ '"ll'('T~ IJqrf~ I

~T ~Tm~tr+fftrlffi ~~~fil~T
;:nrr:
......

II

~ ~ f'q~ '::ll"~rr.q (Oir71"d~+:r

. .
......

,.......

.....

II II

~r-dtn11 ~;:c~q ~~ t4i(Etd 1

~ ~~~1'1'1 q~qM;"J~
,.......
,........

,.....

1 '~ ~~ ( V, 4, 30) ~ ~~~~ ~~~ii~

ssr ~~

APPENDIX A

Vedic Mantras cited

~. 'I o, =tiC\'~ ~p:ft~~ ~:-'5iONIG, SHal:lTmTWf;:lifc\:'-

<H~. ~., '1,, ~'; ~~- ir., ~. , " 'I;~-~.,~. n, ~; <fiTO'iii. if., '1,, 'lj ~oq~., '\, v, '1, "

a.~.,

~.

, ,;

+r.

~.,

~.

'I o, ;

m.

~.,

'1,, I.e,;

~~'molT

mm ., ~:,

'Jfl. ~., 'I 0 '

'I 0 ~. '1.

arq, ~.,

'1'\,

'n, ,,

lR:~

-a.

iiff., 'I, 'I, ", ~ ;

~mr

....

am- "qJ"U~<r:
:q

....

iparr

~ :q~~Of~ :q fcrqrm

~~~r+i~'<fflr~~

am

~T<W!'~arr~ fR;~ ~s~ ~~!if cr<t ~Ji:'-ij. arR.,

a. iff.,

'1~, , ~;

a.;arT{., '1,

'1, ';

arq. ~., '1">, 'l~.t,, 'I; m+r. ~., '1,

SH. ~., ,, ~'I, H; ~'-'; q, iifT., 'l~.t,, , ~.

~ v'\ 1 ~;rrarCfC!i'-'~'-( '~I<H1\W') ~~rn~{)

~q_'-crr. ~., ~, '1.
~~ ~0 ~0

'tt ~

:rqr.:N1"'q-rrq ~

.....

..... tT'SffqfW2;ft:l'~ rr~lT

~

an~ ~~~ ;r +rq~ ct~r;t;r II

II~~, II

't .... b ' 'h~o!l!ilt

"'~

..... " b '3 \ b , :;> )1. b

1

'r.A.b 'otb 'obb ''tob 'oob '3\ ''r.\ ''-') 'C\? '(t '~e '':&IDJ!t.lllt ':>'r.b 'e'r.b '3.-.b 'b'-b ''loeb '3e.b 'teb ':;-b b

''r. b b ',_ o b ''l. \ ' 3\ ''r.'r. ' Ell. 'e.,_ ''l. t ',_ t ''r. e. ' t 't ' 'hlni~IH~It ''-"b 't"b 'b"b '"H 't3b 'e.H
'~H '"'r.lo '~'r.b ''-'r.b 'b'r.b '"""' 'tJtb 'e'-b ''l.h '"H

'))tb 'e.H 'bH ''l.U '3H ''r.eb ''-H 'eeb ''r.lb 'bbb
'~ob ''r.o~

'tob 'eob 'bob'"') '3\ 't\ '1:.\ ':;>? '3? ''-=-'

~ ,_

't? 'e? 'o:;> '\"

'o,_ '\t 'et 'ot 'ee 'be '3 ''r. 't 'e. ':rut
'b o'!:, '3C\b
'H~~lt

1:. H , :hlill:Ul! '331:. ''l.? ''r.? 'e?

..

't,_

~,_

'o,_ '"

':~~~

'=-'""'

'3"1:. '331:. ''r.'r.l:. ':;-e.~:. ''l. ''h1n~

3" , )!ro?.!='t) I!!

''r.t b
., .... ~. ., 't
':}~Jlb
'e.':}!~

'l. ~ 1:. ' 3 'l. 1:. 'l 'l. 1:. ',_ =-' 1:. ' 3" 1:. '" ,_ ' 'hmnEIJ!~ 'Hb '~tb ':~
0 "

1:. ', 3 b '1:. .... 1:. '" h 'b t 1:. ' t 1:. 'e.... ':;> 1:. '" ':.ttQlli
0

..

'?31:. '"31:.
'(~b

''r.'r.b ''loti:. ''-'l. 't'l. 'o'l. '":;- ''-=-' ',_e, 'be 'oe ':~.l:tlli~l!! . :;>" 1:. , :;> 0 1:. ':.I !ill;! 'oC\b '?\!:.'ttl:. 'b'l. ''l.C\
':.!!,~~

''r. t 1:. ' 'hW~JJe '" ':J}MJJe v

pa~!:>

slpoM. .ro

s.rol{~nv

g XION3ddV

[Appendix
'l.
\Jo 1

'<UWlilfd
'R.
~.,

.. . 1 W, '".Y, ,;
~. ~.
,;

~i!'tft'-'<tiWl"fd
~~
1

51Rhllot'lf( ~,

o, , .

'l. ""

awn ttm
~. 1 1

~~~ ~:'-( "~'NNT~~

> 'SIE. ~-.

aN.~ ,, ....1
'iTO.~.,,~,

~. ~.1
1.1, 1 ~~
,,

'

,~, "i
,,,

, , '"., , ;

Vj " 't 1

o, ,, ,; err. ~ , ,, ~o; ~ . .. . Y; 'f.~., ':1. \J I.e,;

,
1 1

m.
C. Q' " " I

1 ">, " ..._;

~.
' .A

Yj

, , , '".;

~"'., ~; W. PIT.,~~'".. ,, ':!.;

~.err., v, v":~., v;

,o, ,I,,,

ff.

~ l~a l"lil<'T lml!'qwl

~ t:>."

" I 1' f!llii{(l<t(ll1 I

'l ""

'arr ro Fif<:' 'an ccrr ~. supra.

'l "" ,~ ~ <tVJTt "t<rtfrflr:'-arr'"a'. ;z., ~. ,, .... ; 'lirc<IT.

,...., .....

m.,
"o

,~.

'l "' 'am) f{m~ ~CJ:' vide references to 'Z "" supra. 'l "~, 'em:~ st/aGIJ;fti( ~ See references to 'Z.

1upra.

APPENDIX C
IDENTIFICATION.OF QUOTATIONS

( In addiiion to those noted in the foot-notes )

cz.

~~' ;m~m:a~,

mFCflTcf,

ar.

,~.~,. ~~r. '~:

....

or g {P<il'"l~ :;;rrg ~ ~n~~~

cz. , rotr~:, cz. 9, OJ:~fcr:,

~n:, 9, ' '

o~T{, 'l,

'\-,1.1,.

cz.

,~.~,, "!~~:, 0~~~~ 'l, ~ \-,.

~. '", il'&_T~~Cf~, mf.:c:r:r~,

;aro

no,

ar. ,':!,
(

~.

,, ( ~ u:;;r~~~
)

~o "o ( ';arq;f ~~~); ); ar. 'l'lt.o,, ~ffl. ,o,

'cmrr~cwi(

cz. '">, ~:,

olJ<i&_~, 9, ~-.

(Appendix
<lif:, <:to,,

'H o,

~~.~,~. ~to,, ~~ ... ~ "~

<r!~t'fl:, ~".,

,,, , .. ,

~"., <:~, ".~,

">",

~o~, ~~1.1,,

~,1.1,, ~'~'

~~._, '!~, q~, ~',

'lto,to,,

~to,",~~~.

~~._,

'IH.

u+rr<l'UT~ ,

",

~ ~, ~ ,

'I o 'I, 'I o to,,

~ o ; , ~ ~ ~, ~ ':1. 1!,, ~ o

~IR:, ~.

if~:,''~~"'
~:,

"> ", H v,

~v~.

~: J

"0,

~ ~, <: , ,

"'0,
,,,

'H ' J ~ .. J ~ ~, ~ 1.1, .. , ~ ~ J ~ ~ " .

n~.o,, ~~.~,~, ~~.o,v, 'ito,to,, ~~._, ~~', ~"~

~~=.<:to,.

~~~~ar, ~'~ ~o,

~r~!J((Oj~
1

~<:,,

cY
!>
ol'
.. _,"" <T"" <T"" ,..

IY

<T""

"" "
,..
,.. ""
0
"" <T""

,..
ol'
<T""

p; ;..
ur

IV

g:: " !E
:w ""... li... ...
~

:--~

~ !iJ\1 ~ ..... .:- ~ ~

" ":'h~~
ol'

:"

.,..t+

;-ol' ""' ""

~ p; "" ".. .. " .... "" I+. I+ p; ,.:, "" ..... .. ...... ~

"

,..
<T""

llhr...

r; !~
~ "' Itt:: .:~ ~
fe

n;-1;: It"
I-;;

...

'11r l~;r

m:

1~

(g ~ ~
'IB w

w
~
11;"

~
11;"

tt;;(lr.> I~ IS.

!!.
(._ 11;"

g
!!
~
11;"

If;;

~ ~ '~

... .. ...
& nr"'
VI

""
~

I+
~

td
I+
1ft7 .. I+

b'? li

p; p;

qi
~
11;"

It;

!iJ1;

E! 5 -w~ ""I 1:; ~ ,_

~
11;"

ll::'

(J!:!'
~

....to
~
11;"

i;
11;"

1;1

~
~
w!O'

t:J iii' ~ rf;, ~;r nr

~

-~

I+ I+ '# ij ~ "'""'
VI

..
dr

-"hl" ~ ~~ ..,~ "'""'~ ~~ I~ ~ iiCI

~ ~ ..,~

qttr

li;r

'ru"'""' ...... ~+ M "" ~ . IV .. qiii 1 I~~>'IP'I+I+~I+ . .1+ I+ ..... .. hl" ~ ~ r..:) liz>) to" fi li; (~ (~ (~ ~ '1 V~ I+.. J;; <-'1\.0" 11;" ~ ~
tc'
....: ,..

..

ur

,.. tn'

:'b'?

:'

,......

.... tw

;-p;_

...

:r

. . . . . .

ol"

ol"

'!
~
~
11;" 11;"

.. .. ..

- I?
([!

ol'

'

0 ~

<r

ur

"""

'i;
he'

_,0 0 0
...... <T""

_,-

_,"" <T""

"". ""
b'?
<T""

..... :::'0

.....

.,..

:'

p;
:'
b'?li

uY

ti; !;=
li
h;'
I~

'~ (~

:-b'?~ ...... !;= . . . rin.Op; ...

5'v>"

p;~
I+
..;
II;'

<T""

...
.. .... _,-

~ ,..,..
...

.... .... ....

110( _

,r. * ([E: ""' ~ :v ~ * ~ ~ :v

'li:i

16'1 ~~

(~

llJ"

:V

IN

IV

!;r lu' liS (E! (h:; I;' 't- ,E: -~ ~ ~~ I~~

""'
~ ~
p; " " : :
;:.

:v

w ~ w ""'
~

.. .. ij ti ,,_ ~ ~ ~ ,[ cnr ~~~ ~ !!:: ~ n;I+ cl!!: E: j:r

:- p; wli dE..

.. fir

,~

:'

1ft'

.. p;

hi

II&

n;- llr .-n;- "-""

1"

:;; ,n;~\:v

~ ~

,!!!:

~ I+
51"

hi w hi.. ~.. ~ l!:.. m: .. I+ I+ IJ. ~ ~ ~ ~~ ll::' '~ ~~ (I!!: "" ~

fir
VI ,_

I+ ...,_
(

~~liT

..

li ......

~
..
liT

~?

li

:o-[!!-v

~"' ~
1ft;
I~

ttr

h;'

tc:

~ ~ ~ :v

llr

"tg:

"'~

Jl::;

~
ll::'
~
go

.....

ll::'

!u:: -

!E
~

I;'

._

ij .. c- (!!: !;:' .....

tr;"'

h:'J

!;;r IV ~ :v :v~,.,_:vs=

~ ~ ~ ~
1J

~ ..... lit; tt;; VI

fir

ttr

ti;.

1!0,~

(~ 1ft!' I+

e
~
1::>1'
..,~

le-

b"?FV'cr-

I+

0 ;'cr-o>.r-"\,J" )ocr-:':' ... cr .. :'It?-:' ....

:r

....

111"/

:"~~

,.. "" .... ,...

:- p;
I'd

_,-

....

b'? b'? I+

:-='

.. w
&:
h:'J

..

....... '"''

I+

~~~&~~~~~~121?~~-~~~ llr If ii-i iJ:-4 ,l'i: ~ Vi "" ~ li;> ,!;; lff1' le ~e ..Mf !& ~ qn:;; q~ ~ lu' M" lu> '"' !:ir ~ (,_ :t; (t:: (,_ Iii Iii ~ :v p~~lz>) ,.. I !~-~~~~~~~hl"~~ ~~:v~:v ~ ~~~*iti ~~:v~

- w ...

(~ f+"

ii

I+
ttr

.. ~;r IW

.. . ..

ti'

I+
::..

I+

!;=

I+

w p;

"b"? "IP

:"'~t;"

....

w
!;;;-

...

n;

to-

It;

"'"

....

IWJ

tit i'f!:

t.

..

.. I+ IE .. 121?

fir

Iii;

le

lzl"

I+ ~~ ~fll'" ll::'

I~ ~

I+

I+ ..

ti

h:; IV

ltx

ji=

If;;

"'"

'if Iii:!

w
*

....

!"

L.J

.. .,f!:!'

16'?

hl"

a-

'~

;;

(\!

..

(!!

l;;r

(!lr

APPENDIX D
INDEX OE HALF-VERSES

* = Pro3e citations. * *=Citations from foot-notes.

"' = '3'~"1'~ra:;

~.
~

Cfiltl!T. = <ffif<lT<I"I': ; iTT.= ilroif~iffl_:;;rJI.; "I'T'{. =

"1'1'{<\~ICI:;

("

....

~.

=C\ift;:;
if~.

....

'I <it ~

= '~ ~~~f111J{.;

"

::>. q"U. =W~~~Jq:;

12:=

~'!'<~Wilr'U~'lJI.; ~. ~ = ij~{rurJI.; ~ = roq-r~~rn=;

~. ~ = iR~l!~{J'UTJ{.;
lll~~1fli~'Ol1Cl:;
A-

oil.= oi'tliT

l!"l'~+ffl_:;;r~; ~T"{. =iH[I~I'{CIJ{.; ~~. ~ =~~~l!~{J'UTJ{.; if~.=~~~:;

ifl'li. ~ = +IT'li~li~UIJfi{.;
~
,..A.

'

l!if.

=~ffi: ;

<mf, =
~~:;

~~Ill.= ~~t~tliR:

; 'iT6".

"

<H"I::lil'~T~J{.; Olff. =

"

Oll'rm:~:; ~6~.=r~~~~~Rr:; ~~.=~~~~rn=; ~. r~.=~~

Ui!'T.=Uifll!OTJ{.; ~Cfi. ~.=~Cfi~J{..

References are to pages in the text

!!I
*ar'fi\: ~';ij'lj:, <lf[li., <l., ~-

anrrt!J Cf~~. .. . ~: ~'iiil~ii!!T,

~

if.

~.,

if.~.,

~~

"'
'

*arRT~Pi~iifOJT~. il\ , "o

~~~<~~, if. ~., ~ ..
<If ~""'-'~<lljTf refl
~ ~ t~

<lf~T~ ll~ il~:,

"{lifT,
if.

6f011~

l:'lll!T

~~,

'

~,. ~'t

lll~ 1

~ ..

8l!S'Io:i ~~TilT, ;r, ~., ~ ~ ._

~sftt irqr~=. if. ~., ~"

~ifiriWir ll~g. Cfil(llf., , ~ ~ aJ~

amt'!I~"I'T'!l~:, ~. ~., 't ' 't <lffu'!Tm"~'f'U1:, ~err.~

._oo,

IR'<I'ili!OJT,

if. ~., ~o

<lfffim'lafm~~. if. ~.,

n"

a{~CfT ~ '<f, <Iff, ~ ~ ~ ~

amft;~ll ~ll,

<lf01CIT"I'T :q
' <lfCIT

~liT, if~., , ~ ~

"'(" am<~OT~ ifr<l~,

if!{., '

<lfCIT~ 'liT~~~:, if~., 't 't ~

l~GCI ffiSII~,

"' mer.~., -..o~

"'

~~~., \~

<lfJI'cr: i"ffi ~n=, ~~1. ~., ~A,'

<lfffi ~~rr ~"I'T,

~. ~., ~A,V

artt ifTm ~.
<lfwif~~m

~~. ~ ~.,"
if.~ . , , ~

~~~~ ~ {f"I'Tif:,

%crT.

~..

'o o

s,

~~ Cf~TSSc+tTo:i, ~., ~ ~ ':!.

o~ o~
~ t,~ 81112~
?? b
I

\e

'.E!I!~ I ~J.I:!tt~.l!~le

b t:J.hllU! Jlole .. t3 t '.l::t '.Q~~ . ' . ~ 2:

'fuh J~~*
(~l.t: !l?.h:U= lt.!Ble . . .....

*
*

''" '~ ~ ~
~3
~~

~le

~,

\t t1.E:l!
?~b

.... .....

,.t '.l::t ~~~~~~ale

'.1::t 'M 41tlfi9:llil)1a!e

(~~le*

'

'

'

b 3 b t~

~.b Jh.Q~~~

'-l?b ~ ,~h~ ~~rue .... "' .....

'-l?b '~ ,~~l:l::S.I(_.:l!lli :.1:1~le

'

t'-'

'.&ua.~.'!l~lt~~ ~

''"' '
t~
t~

'.l::t

t,ee
1

.. illl:!l& J.l::thle
~ ~

\'-l

'

'.l::t 'fu~bJ81ltale

t\b ,.tu~~ '.~t~~ I!~ ~~e

' '.l::t ~.ti ~e~!e ' '.l::t '.e !19:.ti:l!::.l:l'lle

'"'"

'.l::t

~~~ltl~le

""" '
C\? <'Jlt

'.l::t

~ ~ ~!~

?~b !?ob ~~ '~Jh ~~ !.1:!9:~

'.l::t I~ilil!' ~ : ~hl~le

c:;-

" ' 'llt '.l::t ':.1:1:t~t.ti

ru Jh:thle - .... """"

o'-lb ''llt '.l::t '~!.1:1 ~~hle

~~~b

3'-l ' '.l::t '~Jn~l! tl!~lle \ e ' '.l::t ,:~1tJ}lt J~ID.Il:!~le ..!! ':~ Ul:ft.li21Thl!hl&
bb
.....

'E

'.l::t

'.Y:.e .lrJi2 ~le ... .

~

'-let.

''%!
1:. 1:.

~ ~~ Mh ~~.e~~e

eob 'l.J:t1!

'iltJl:J:tliJJh~le ~..... ~..,.,... ~

e .t ~ '~oil .Jt&h~l:!tie

"?
"~"

''llt '.l::t '81.1!1.9: 81.1::t~le

~ ~

~\b '~ ,W~t:~~.lille

' '.l::t

(~!
~

ln!i!!

hlhle
~

l t b '.~ (~~ .....

~o

. ~l:dtlille .
.....

H b r.i;.lt
'

'~Je~hle
~

e ,. 'l:!tlt
~

'.ll=1lm.... J.I::tll~l:!~le ~ ~
~~ .t: ~
~

"\ ,.Jlt '.l::t ,~lt!S~.filile

~ ~

'-la.

~ b ,,~ '~~~!:bhl!Jhle

.t '.l::t
'.l::t

........

,.)

~ ~ 'hll21~.t:l:!~rue

C\ob

thlt
>.J

'~ ~l!ll,le

"3 ,,

,lllhl ~R~ ~~~~le

3bb

~ r. 'Il .1::t ' ltlMJ ~.a ~le

b? (,~ '.1:1~.1:1~~~J~~le* '-lob c.JW! '@Jirul!l;::.l::t lh~~le e'-l

,,~ ,:&~ !~~!&

'

'.l::t ~~eJ~!JJ:e
..... ..... .......

e tl;.l::t
3,
''l;.l::t

'~1S~ ~I .9:~ ._ .... .... ._ ""'

~~}..l:e

3? lol;.l::t (.J!JJill

o'-lb 1'llt '.l::t '~lillt~h!t~le be ,.lli~ ,~ .~t~aJJl:!~.lijale oob ' '.l::t t~ ~~~le
~S\ b t,~
0

'( ~~ ) .l::t~J!le

eo b ~

'.I.E .9:~~:!!1 .1:1o!le

t \ b (. .~
...

"'

(l&J.e.hli~J.Q2:1J.I:1le

'

-'
"

..

(~~~ 81~
tl:k~JE:!le

eoe
bt b

'l:!.._.llt

(.e~hli.eJ ~hle .. -.
'-

~b

(.l.l::tl! (~~~

'.l::t

(81~ l&lt:tle

4ee

[a

[Appendix
Of~~Cf ~ ;r;'~OT,

*ar.:~~ ~~~ +IT~CI.,

apr-;f (!'~ <60~,
~.

..

r g., 'i \"

TIT.,
g.
H"
~

arr:r

.....

~~ ~. ~. '~

arfir
~

cr-w~, ~~., 'i"'

<!Pi~n

or ~~ ~Cl., ~. g., " ... r<tlil 21:, ~g., n .. ..... arr(f:<tirlJT

~ ~

arsm~cf (!'~ efT~, ~. g., 'i 'i ~

arg~ ~= ~:,

'fiWIT., ~

* *ar-=cr:~ltfr ilfu:irtiT,

~.

g., , ~

01'~<1:. ~=. ~.+IT., Of'l'l~TS~ if ~I ~.

'i\

* *atrcr:m ~~~~ ~.g., H' 3iP(f:~r: 'fil~r:, ~.g., '\

ar;:(f:~~r-..:r~,

g.,
0

~"

a{~~~<~~. Uil'T., ,

ar;:(f:~sr=<m: ~.
atrcr:g{~

g., ~"\ ~~., , o ~

~.

ar&~ro<rftf Cfl<fllll'if, ~. g., ~ '

or&~~ 'fiao~, ~.g., 'i"\~

Ofij~ ~q<:~:,

rnriOl",

~:T~r., 'i -t

...

iii'.

g., 'i ...

~'U ~t "if, ~. g., ~""

ar~rcrr~:r~~ <iT,

ll'fct. g.,

'o \
'i ~ ~

~~ ~. ~~. 'i"\~

~~~~~. ~
~~~i!Rlf.r' ~~..

.. '
Ho

arfui[<JRr ~ral:, orr. g.

ar~~rfu 'T{f~;j[f, ~., ~

',

arr~~m ~~if, ~.g., n~

arMT{~

af"i

~ ~ {~~~ ~.g.,

,r;;rr,

iii'.

g.,

'i'

<lfif
afl[

~?i f<l~ ~. ~fcr. g.,

q
~ cm~m.
"""

'0"
'i'.o,"

ar~~~ Uil'~~.

um., w
g., , ~

t..

~.g.,

a:rfu1J'f,~ ~~~if, iii'.

afr<Jionll' sr~<fra, ~~ . ~ 0

a:r~Rrnr-n~~lr<fr, ~~., ~ ~'

aril<:l+f~<rr~~<f, ~~ . 'i "'
~rc<roJ{~q",
~.

af~T~if ~ "(~, ~~~., q ar~r<r.r

ar.:<fl~

fu: ~~ ,~,
m~r:,

<tif<lf., \ ~

~s.,

'i o\J

f<lfcim:

'tcJr. g.,

'iGG

amr~ ar~ ~f(Yr~, ~.,

ar~ecrfCr ~ ~3. ~. 'i 'i"'' ~fii~2of ~iff, ~. g., , ''i

ar~~ ~= tfr;sij'lfr, ~~., \ 'i
arr<rr;~crne~cr.,

amrc~ (\115 arr~ffi", ~s., ~ ~

~~"

crnc:r,

~~.,

,"",
n'
oo

...

~~~~ q-cn~a-, iii'. g., , "\

.,,

~~.,

\'
~

~~'a+rr~qr~,

uilr.,

o'
'i \ ~

a:rmc~ ~rr~OT~cr, ~. g.,

a:r~rc~m+rtr{~:, ~. +rr., ,

er.:~ efT li'!CI'il~:, ~crT

g.,

arler"' c:rar Fct~:,

arfl:ffi

iii'.

g., , ,

arq-~~r ~' ~.g.

arll~'IRT ~<FI,if,

...

....

"o
~'

Of~'tljfq~(fcf~, ~. g., ~'

:u~~r, ~.g., 'i'~

~.

g.,

D]
a{[q(g ;:r (<f'>l'('l.CI', +r.
' q

' a{[q~~
~

1:101'.

~., ~ ~

afiCI'J&:il ~ Cf!S~, ~cfi~., lo,Y

' \~i{ '

+G.,
+r.
~.,

'IY'
lo,\
~0

aff'i~HiiT ~q~<nlil, +G,

afmlcr;a<~'!i
t

'I'"

iiccrr, +r.

~., ~"

aflql:(crrsqcrcij'~,

a{f~cl<r~

fhlr

q~, ~~ . '1\,

<3!1RI<f~ij'+fJ ~1_"!._'
t

+G

<3ff~cril :;:rrs~ ~~t, ~it~., 'I"

afJ~~a-: ~r,

iii'.~.,"'

afr~crir +rrr' ~r-:d-, WI~., 'I''

afr~~r

<3fTT1l~TfJ'il'li ~li1

u+rr., ,,._
~'!., ""
y~

fu ~~c<rf?r:, <r+r.,

'Ill~

*afrf"ig& err, afT'!lci 'ig\~ <3ff<R<rt ~~m:,

afl'i~ ~~~~~ ~Rfir, ~fcr. ~., ''I 'I

af~l~ ~(<1\Rrfor, +r. ~., lo,lo,
afrtn:sm~fu q{, +r. ~., ~ Y

err, +r. ~ .

~ '1'1~

,... ~ ~ afr:ITCf ~q'.fiT'!fiGTT I ~

afl<l[l't!;J ~~3,

afr<rrm'li+r"ti, +r. ~.,

'

"Y

'I 'I '

afr<i' ~cr

<rrrr Tr, ~.,

"""

*<3fflf'lTUIUr cfl~0r'UICI., f<t~., 'I y~ +r. ~., '~

+r~, 'I~~

<3fT~ ~U {f~T, +r. ~., Ylo,

aff&~S~~

m,

~cr., 'I~~

afr<r~<r~r <nT<ti~r, +r. ~., '~

<3ff~r

<3ff~1r3 firqrsrlftr~, +G, 'H 'I

"'

~ :q r<r<rar,

afr~R: ~cr u:;rr, liT. ~., "~

afl~c<r ~~~'tl5f, ~if., Y'l
afll~t:q

afm~ ~~"-0rr~o:, +r. ~., ",._

af~mtt<rit~~~
am:~a

~Fct. ~., ''I'

~.,

cr:q<f oH, +r. ~., ~ Y qrfqcrr<rt, <~'1"{., ~o, qar<nrl:(, u+rr ., 'I ~o, +r. ~., ~ ~o,

afr~r ~::or:

'

Cfo:

' CfiT'lf,

'I w

afJ~rtl:frot

afi\~~Cf 'li+rtJUr, +G., 'I 'I y

afi~Jt'!l+rrir crrsrl:f~<I:. ,

<3fr4CI'r ~q~~roi", ~., 'I o ~ afl\11:1<1'1!! ~~ +r. ~., ~"

afl"{l~ if~ ~r<mil., ~cfJ~., ,~,.,

af~r<rt a-~<r fu~, orr\., Y

{

~rw~~qr<r~T<I:.,

+r. ~r.,
~~

'toY

<3llq!JJJ<nt;cr orrli,
an~:

~(?~lim,

"'

iii'. ~.,

'I~

~JWcH'IiT\~~,
~

+G:.,

u+rr., 'I 'I"

~~<rrs'li~ crrn~, ~., ~

anirt<r111Ta+rr cr;r, liT. ~ "' o

a{J\~ a-qrrcnorf, +r. ~., "''

afrR?Jt;f ~ifR"fOTt, +r. ~., 'I , '

"~~~"fer +r~ur, ~~~., 'l~lo,

~~r-ft itjq[lj62f!fir,

+r.

~.. 'I 'I~

*ancrnq mr'Sr.rr,

<3fN., 'l"o

~ir~+rr<tiTort, +G, '

1 <
p..
L-1

,. "
,.

rY' ~
0
~

ol'
0 0
~

!>
tr::)

IV'

"'~.,,.

!>

Ia"

~
~

,1\Y

Jb :' (~ !;; tJ
llr

v-~

,.,...,..., )o rY' rY'

0
~

" ,.
)o
.....

rY'
,..

rY'

ur,..

..._r...,

~
llr

lri "'~
!;'

~ { l "'~ . 5 i :roi~ '~ i ~ ~ ! i i . ~i!: ~. ~.. ~ if ~ !~ ~~ ~ ~ fi ~ 'i!: ~

(R
tr

~ i' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ I~ !~ ~ )~ ~
" I;T"

,1\Y

It'

IV-

b?

:' ~ ~ ~ ~
I+
~

I+

d!!: w

I+

16'

r: ...:'
~

""-',

:0

,_, ~" ~ .,."

,.,
0
....

,.., ~tv nr .1!:~ ""' ~ ~ !+ 1+ fir

h:;;

~I

....

w
It!>/ lzr

,..cr

o ur ,. or .:!"Y"~,.

tr

,.
:"

)o

,..

!>

,.

",.,v II'"

li ~

:'b'?b?b?.._

:'

:'

:'

I+

(~

I
,.
:'

~ ~e;,.
I+ I~ ~ IY

n;li .IV !Y <1!!:

b" ~ l{tw" IV 1;1 l(f I'> l!!i tfir 1jj;

IJ"t+II\Y

..,.: 'io= ~ !!: IIi tw'

-

.... ~

,. ~ ~

;-

rY'

b?

='"

or :>

.:!" ,.

,...

ol" )o

t+

.c:r.>orr

fir"' ~

..~

h;.
1:1'

lzD
II;T"

"'"'

~,..
tr

~ ~ ~ ~
~

.....

. . w~

~ ~ -~

ti
'

10)

'"'"

io= ~

Jij: ~

I+J.;; <!+ Ill" 11!!: ~ E re,.

rn !!!:

tl+

I~

ru:.

h:;;

tr'rt{"'

re; rd> ...:- <I!

~ ~
!iJ'
h:;;

It?

nr ~

IV

<IV

~i~~

~19iifi

1!::

19"*

i fi

!l;;

I;'

~
i9
)o

,!if
~
)o 0

..... ~

I+

~
~ ~

tC
1f[
tt::
hr IV

!;f ~I+

I+

"li ~ ~ &

'li

.,~

liu'

(~ (~ 4~
I,_

IcY

lo I~
!iJ'

fi fi Iii
rY'

111\'-

fi fi i

i
,..,.

IV l~ ~ ~ ~ 't:; l& J.r.. It::

il5

[
:;-

'[

!9

:r ,..,.
:'
-"\f;?tr

:>
rY'
,.

!;?
..

,.

~
!:-=(-.'

I+ .:!" ur b? ~!;' ~-. ~ .:' t;r; "' I+ ~ I+ ~ ~ I+

.:!"

"

)o )o

ol' rY'

:' :' :' ~ b')b')b?""'

,..,. ..... ,..

:r
0

ur

,..,.

ur ,.
)o

,..,.

:>
.:!"

,.
!;' ,.

rY' ~ .....

,.

,.

:r. ,.
0

.:!"
"'

,.

ur

rY'

.....

,..,. .
l:;?fn"

,. ,.
0

,..,.
:> ~
,..,. ,. ol' ol'
~

,-

,.,.,

ol'

ti ...: ti
..

b? .._:

!>
)o

,....,:..tn'~"'="...:

~ ~ ~ l
'f ~~

~ cg ' ~ ~
W

<~

R"

&Y

41}

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~ 4~ :~ c~ ~

fp

I+ IP

'g ,1:-

~ ~ ~ --~ ~~ ~ k
m:. ~ 1~

IV~ rJ t;~ ~

I+ (111~ ~

w . .. ~ ~ W ~ ti I[
~
16'?

I+

"':. .

:"ti

..,;

~~
I+

II!'

t,:r; !;'
~

g:_

w~ ~

1~

'~

d.E "

~
;

fir

'llr

IIi

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
IV <

~ ~ ~ ~
&: (..... 5!; ql!r

"'

ti ti

w ii~
t'i

('.,!.

t:.

,..,.

w :~

fi::'
~

b?b?
"'~

:'

!'

ti

t,:r;.

wti:eti
'Iii
~

~ ~

~ ~ 'i '&

,E

If;

lf~

i~ ~ ~:: ~! I~ ~ ~ ~ ~
j;-

~ ~

!i;:

1ft:

;~

&::

ti

~ ~
lnl)

~ ~ ~

I&

fir "s:"' lfjr <!!::: hr tt:;; Iii>' ~ ~ !!:

In'/

~
*

'I ~ i
l!
~

~ ~ ~
~
n:;

..

g
IV

~~

I~

Iii
~
h:;;

~
i

l~

c.-I;T"

D]
~

~Cf~ ~'iu~;:i{, ~<i1~. 1 'I\':!.

o;;rTN<iiT ., ~~. ~~~h '-.':!.

t Oi~~ ijqf ~.

~~<i ~i1!T~(~,

+m,
;r.

'l't~

;r.

~.. " y

~~~'+i ~r:ifisf~;r'f. I .;r ~r., ~"

~~~= iic~ai11 ~r.,

Oi~ ~ 'ii1f~'lif~, ~~. ~ ':!. 0 ~

'IIJ'-.

~~ ~;rrfu~ 1
~ror. ~

+m,

'I~~

~aror_ ~l:ilif. ii~: sn~:, ;r. ~r., '118~

Sfl
SKfi'cr~,~~i{al'<fl~:, ~TQI'., 'Ito,'-.
q:
~ircr ~~~fu:,

w SJCR~, u;rr., ~ v
+m.,
'lo"

~or fir 9;'f(<IT ~1rcr 1 ;r. ~~., 'I Y'-. ~aT: Sl~ ~~.
~a- 'iffSrlr 'if~:, ~!iTT,, 'I"

+m,
ij,

~<ii<illlfS~ ~f;\:1, iT, ~., 'I\~

~T ~~'iT \~T, ~~1;r~
~

*~"a-mmr?<r<IT,

itt., ~ ':!.
"Y

~.,

'l':!,o

~11" iJfr~~;rr~'ffir: ;r, ~. 1

<fr:<r!t,

;r. ~. 't':!,
~<ft~.,

~a- q:ij;r~T~~r:, ;r. ~., ~"

~<6 'if cil~~;f =<r, iii'.~ ,~~

~'a" ~l~il~f mrJ', 'fiR~.,

GY
'"-

err M-'6~~.,,

,, ~

~ij- ~ ~~: ~;r~~~TcrT:, ;r. ~ 1

~: ~ ~T\:1~,
~<iilf<li"l'~~~~.

+m, Y'l +m., 'I 'I':!.

~t ~~g ~T0: 1 ;r, ~., '"-' ~al:it I<t~<i ~T, ;r, ~~ 'l't"

~'Iii<\~~ q('if, ~Cfl~ 'I' y

~~Cf ~~~~ 'ii~T. 1

t ~ij~<f ~O'f~'ffi:l
~...... ~

~~~t ~i1T~if, iii'. ~ . 'I"~

~~crnr: ~r:, iii'.~., ,,,

;r,

~., ':!,4:

~~~ f<i'l~~~r, ~r;rr.' 'I 0 'I

~rmfa-q;i
~~

~~1:r~~~ ~llTtr,

;r.

~ "~

~+tRfr~li~nir, ;r. ~.
<1

no

iiccrr,

;r. ~., ~.o,"

wc~fiifirillir, ;r.~ . '~'"-'' ,~,

~;rr~r:~

~'liTEl.ii"i?J ~r1;:cfr, ~~. ~., ':!.o':!. .... ~: 'fif~IJ11T ~cr, \TifT., 'I o 'I

a('if'f, u;rr., '1'-.

~ ~~~g ~Ill, ~~. !!,

~ ~llT1g-{ ~~.

~ ~ ~~=. ;r. ~. "'-.

~cf;~~: ~~ u~r, ~'li. ~., 'lq

......

':!_oY

......

~Cff!I,

""

'-.':!.

" ... ~'li'i T~J~T ~.

~

~ci ~;r;r_ Rir q('if, ~., ,,,

;r.

~., "Y

~ ~mg fu;ar~, ~!!,

~~~~"Ncr, ~!J., '"-'~
~

'"'0
':!_ 0
\J

~<itsfit ~~oo~r, ;r. ~T., 'lto,o ~act. 'fi~~ fcl'illlii.,

+m.,

'In

TilErnof F<JTI llfcr !I1

~~~a;f m~t, ;r. ~r., '1"\

~ ~~.~ ~~ ii~, ~~ . 'I''

::>b b 'J.J:tn ':1.lla.J:t e ~

"\ 'J.I:tl! '&al?;Nnfib.. :~hl.t

l '-1 'II!~ ~~ 1~ ~
"3 '!lJ:t '2lmt ~ ~

bb b

f~
I

'.1:!1!: .!!lfl.I!.Jtt

0" b
\'lob
"H

""

....

1+1:\

I'

fu:t

.Q~fl~J~!' ~~.ll.t

"'
"

.....

"'

'II~ ':ltiiJlJ1~h :~
~ '-1 I E~
I

"" 'II
1

'.l:t 't~ ~~

!cl~ ~!J!lltf!

'l..a. 'II~ ':~J:t~~ o'-lb 'llt '.l:t '!~!hl.l:t ~ ~~

o o

':b

'.l:t

'Jlill:t In~ e ~.he

h b 'fu:t 'Mt.he !mhf!

"

h b '~~

'e

t ' II .1:t

'll~;~.l:t.l:taJJ:t~e

J;!Th J:tu~ :Jhlhe

':.l:ill~~.l:!a.l.b.e

'II

J:t '~l.ll:?..l:t.l:thJJ:t~

"-e 'II J:t

::>

e::> b 'II

~} '.&J~J~h ~~~~~e
~

'II .1:t
I

~~

~l.he

t '1. "fu:t 'S:tir I~.l::illY.~e . "

::>::>b 'II~ ':~liS~~! ~~e ::>3 '!lJ:t '~1t !~a~~
0?

t' b 'II ~1
H
'-1 b
"I.
~b
b
I j.J:tj}
I'

~ll:l~ll!j .&~!J~b!

'fu:t
JJ:tJ}

'~.!till ~bE!
I_& JhgrutJ.bJb~.b!
I

'fu:t

'.b~).lh .I:!.IB~ :~
.~. ~

:.Iilli JllibJ.tillle

\~ b ''!lJ:t 'I:!~ ~IS:

'II
I. 1

'.!! '~J'l!.l:!lt lh~.hf!

fu:t I .QL.Illit:;LJ.Il:?.~ '-1 eb ' fu:t 1 ~~b~SJlll~

'-1 'e. b
'-l~b 'fm~ '~.h~be*
~H
,a.o'e,

"'

" "'

e. t 'fm'tl

'lilt~*

'-'-~ '!It!:!~ ~~l!~~~l ll1!

~3~ '!lJ:t ~n ~~ :~

*
L"

'fu:t 'l!e l!.b11Mt.he

~

'II

'II

~lt ~~~g,J ~

t"'E

'.l:t ''lllhl :.Q.!.hl=~ ~ " 'J:t ''llla~ :~@hl.& ~m~ ~ " ~

.
~

3 3 'II 'J:t 'e .!tl.J:t~llli~ . ....

::> 3

t"

'IlJ:t ~~~~~

'II .1:t 'Jt:tlli

b I I;J:t
I

lbQlli:th

1 ~1Q,_i~ill~ ?'-I 'II .l:t '~..,:; ....., ,)

.a.::>b '~ 'e~~tt~

?'-1 'IlJ:t

~~ ~.1.91.1!.J~)
~

"

" '-l::>b 'II~~ '11:! J~li~l!S :Jhli~

S\ 0

J: :W:JSeJ)%j}.!

~
,. "~ ''llt .1:t ':a~.l!tJ!t ~~J~~~
'1. '1.

'-1" 'II '.l:t

?"
I'

':bD-) 1
I

"'lt ~It~ ...

'II

J:t '~~s~~~~~

Ill)~

J!\JI! li:~~IJI!~!

h~ ''I;J:t
o '-1 ~

'!tt..tt
~

~k ~In!~}

'l. 3

'II

J:t ':1~11:! .J'<~~lli~f!

'Jlt .1:t ' ~Ja.i:!kl!.l:t.l.lnlhl!:!l~

~3 '!lJ:t ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~

'l. '-1 b

'II .1:t

':l1JS.Iln.l:!&hfiU!~
~

"' ...

b0 b

fu:t I .l!lli

~J.b !:tJ.hle

3oe '!l~lt ~~ ~1:! hll!~

R~l:

X!pneddy

D]
q;;rra~:~qr~~.
t' ,.... ..... "'

;r. !h

~o

<t+rfam~;rrvi

fu", ~

HY
o

<tillff[a'1!aHI'<i!J, +!'.
'fiTlfr~a~rrifqr~a;;r,
~

q;rlfi"~~t '<~' ~r<r, ~~ ....

~ ~

i{.

3:. ~,.,

~ ., ~ ....

<ti~~cf iffN1 +f. g.,

t' ...

~~OTr: ~i(r:, ~ . '~

'fi':fO'ffi

<tii!C!<flfl

+r. ~ ., -._"
~rq. ~-.
,..._

+rr~~

~.....

9,

'9 'I

S!ifU

~+!'1 ~~~h

........

'I G "

Cfilrniti~:~rw {J~t. ~f?r. ~.,

q;r~1 Cf.~~rr,
~ ~

, \3 ~

q;~r;:f fu~~+r:,
' t~ qjQq'lj(~q l.l.l.,

;r. ~ . no
'
0 ....

'fi~IT~iilfW'r;:l:lrr~, +!~. ~-, ,ol.o,

!J,

" ~!if. ~.,

~lj~~+r!P.flurT,

;r.

... ,

. Cf.~+r.~rlf!~ 'l!ifcl!r,

u+rr.,

'I~'

~. ~

'

~~~ a~. ;r. ~ Y\J

qjq~if a~"'~ mif. ~-.
:::. if.~~:
,..... ,......

qi'Ui'i'lf,

..... ,.. ~<H~ , '

'0 . .
.

'fii"'Illcrl:lrr'tci, +r. ~-. no

rtif~c~ a~r ~:~r~:~m: , +r. ~ . 'I ~
rtir1r~r1Wl~, +r. ~ Yo

q;~~!Ji~fir.
<ti'.f~'fi~r a~ct.

;r.

~-. )'\J

P-6 ~o:r'Mclfil:r~ 9, ~f<t. ~. -._ .. \3

fij;~:~~
~

, +r. g., ,., \3

~<it~.,
\3

ccn'tit wrrr.,
~r:
~

+r. ~-. , .... \

<m;r;r. ~if ~~!J,

t:iii'-1'!:

S!ifa;:a,

~ ~

+r.

~r., '\3

q;~ rFlflll+rr~, U+rr., , ....

<trnt g s~ q;r<l,
~"

~"1. ~ . )'\J
l.o,\

~~;r~;wf, ~ . ' '

<tif'lia~fl!C(~ 1 ~. 1 Wo q;ra~ ~fc\' ~~q~, ~., 'I
q;r+r~!J S!~ir

'iil~~q-qrar~, +r. ~
'iii'S

rra

",....

rcrr<rl:l~fll:,

..... ~

........

~r. ~.,

'I\'

iiilmRrirti ~:, ;r.

~.,

, .... ~

rt,

~ . 'I v~
9Yl.o,

* *~rrq~rr"liPOl!~,

'I ~o

q;fli
q;(+f:

Cl~q(Na,

;r. m.,
+!'loft,

*"'~oir;:;rrmrr. ~PH, iffu. 'I'\

~~if +!'~

+f. ~. 1 'IV"

~'f~rrr. ifr-Rh~if, +r. 3., .., 1

~ ~

q;r~f.frirff

err, o:rR.,
;r. g.,

~
~i+rm{i<ti~, ~~" ~

q;~~ 'llif, ~"'~, 'I~ 't

'61~401\<ioi srr~.
\Jo

,0,
,n

~~t '<~' 'ER:~~t. ~"1~.

~~~~.

~if~q~~~~. ~eft~ . 1 \ ~

3: ... " Cfi~~~<r ~rf~:J, ~ . ' q;r~~~~:~rp:Jr+m, +r. 3: ., , ~

q;r~ ~~:~ S!~~ra, ~.

<tim~n{til ~~~Hlf, +r.

~1:' "' ~ crrsfq-, ~f<J. ~ '" \3 ;r. g., .......

~~~ l:lil'lilf, ~ ' ~~~n~f~rcn(f~, ~~. -w\

..

.. ' =

'll>"

,,,

~~q;vr~~~. 'U+rr., 'I 'I'

<tillfT

=<r ~crr ~:~r7Jr, ~. ~, 'I\J'

<JiJ~~q~'fQ~Tr'il: 1
~

+f

!I I

''

[Appendix

~ srcr~~ ~.

~'

<i>Tc<rT., 3",

~v

arr~T<l(Jf

..,.

or
....

~<r,
~

.....

+r. 3",

~~

~~'if~~~<!', ;r.

"o

~<t ;r;:~rsf?J ~<r:, ~r+rr., ,

~<i <l~<lf.i~!l. +G, , v.y

o'

<i>li!~I;ClClT q~:,

""'

.::..

Pf. 3", , ,
~~

<fioa-ifir~iu~~,

+r. 3",

~ ~ <rntlrn:ru, ~f<r. 3", ', ~

~<i <j': <i>T~~l:'T~T, ~<fr3"., ,

<fil12'ir~~crr fire~, t~, q

"'o

'fiUO~!I ;:;fli!T<I'Rt., ;r. 3", "'

Clio~ "'~ ~~s:rl<i, ~r+rr., , , G
'li~~ra ~ ~qT'~",
if>~
~

~if <rT~srif~~H<rT('( , +r. 3"., " \

~<i fit:or<J+rrt1~, +G, , '~

~ Fcref~1onsftt,
~<i f<p:rr<~"~=
~'i!q\:TTI;C!:!il
~ ~

t.

+r'fii. ~, , o"
+f.

.....

+r. 3", , . . ~
~.,

Clif'i

q'f::j'1lJ1

....

G'

i!icn, ~~~ . ,~~ '6f<j'T, 3",

'Yo

1fj:qr;:cfG ~Rf, +f,

i'.f,:qJ ~rl!j

3"1 ~ G
~"

'G

Rfqr1f, +r. 3",

~f<l''<ilO{_ ~~<l~g, +r 3", '\

~f;:p:f <j':!J~I~, ;r.

'li~f5q~0)3, ~J3"., ~ G G
<i>~<rT<~"T ~~A 'if, +G, , o ~ <i>;:<lr+r'{r~+rr

3",

~q ~~ g, ;r. 3", v.~.o,

~~r7fq: ~'iTS~, +r~. ~,

~~ '!~<j' ?;'i~:, +G, ',

'o ~

..... 'f.~Jij'~:q

<r2r:,

~~..
........

, Gv

HI

.::..

~'li, ~13",

, ~~
"'t

if,rq~ ~ ~~Rt.. ;r.

3",

* *u;<i mnT~'lil~!l. '~

~;{ J:ll_~fll'c<rr

'liltrij'~qr +r~:r+rr<lT, ~~13"., , ~"

g,

~q'f~h v~

~~~OfT~ g, ;r. 3", "'

~ 'fi~o<j'flif +r~r+rFT, 'fi~o<j' ~Of GIV'I~,
~

t,....,. ~ <n+r~ ~1:orr,

+G,
+f.

,to."
Go

~~ ~~ fil'<1rif<i, +G.,

.'

"

......:;..

;r. 3",

. ' ~ fr(q<!' CWO<lT,

~

1fjf(<j'f,1 ' ,

3", H"
'o~

* *"fi~o~ ef<l' ~~~. , ~ G

'li~ "tcro~o:if, ~3" ., , q
'lia~
t

~if ~e-r~~sr,

+rrir. 3",
~<if3"., "\

u;<i {) i< ~.

qn:qqor&, +r.

N'''

~r.,

,"to.
,G"\

~iff{ ~~~fi\~ror_, ;r.

3", n"

~ ~+r:

~4 Pf(ijf(Jf(~~g. ~13"., , ":.' ~ "" ...,. ........

'fi~O<j' ~'lil"li"l~, ~Cfi3",

' . ~liCIT ~r~r, OfR., , ~.o,v

~l+r<!i:!iw:f

<F4, +r. 3",

~

Ho

<iifttrr ~'liT~!I, ~q'f3"., , ~" 'liW<lr;fr~fi~cr, u+rr.,

,o,

1fidf4~ <j'I::1J&, arr. 3", H ~ Cf,if111T ;r<~"r qr:q T, +r. +rr., , to. o

,..,
~
ol'

"'

~
~

,.

:;:. ~~
:'

~
1:;'

~~

.... t;? r;;? 1:;'

- (I!!: W
~

" ......
~
~
1:;'

-~ ~
IV'

(t::i
r.,

.,..~

trJ

"'tw',..,,.,
~ b'?

:;::.

~ ='" ~!b'?~
'IIi' iV

.,..

r;?
~:;-

-~ ""
~

i
~

1:;' ~ Iii; - ~ "ti ,w ii" ( ~ (!;!:~ ~ & IT!;: ....., ~ ,IS fiiJ ~ . I;; - g <I! VI ~ Iii' . ~U' ~ ([!!: ~ ~ ~ ~ .. ~ It ~ ,'fi "'" 106 -~~ ~ IV' ~ ~!!!' IV If ~ ll;i fi ~ 'I:T t':, f!;

l1i

b'?

~ti. ..; tc' 1:;'

1:;'

b'?

""'

~ "' ...::.

tr?
1:;'

b'?b'?
1:;'

:'

~,~

trJ

II(

"'

)o

"~~~ ~.,.. ..... ~

:'
~ ... t;'.
,...!.

~~

......

.,..
......
~
~

-b'?
-

..

I"" ~ ll!::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,g ! 16' (g

.:-

.,;..: hT"

b'?

b'?

tr?
1:;'

1:;::

li

llr

(~

i
e0

~ ...' ~ "IW ""'"~ if Ill>' Ill>'

~ ~

li: re; b'? (~ rw Ill>' rw ~

~ ~ ~ ~

K~

l;oi
~

,rw ~

I;;J (~

I~ A~ ~
I

l(b-

i ~~
[!::

lr:
16'9
fJ;'

~ ,~ -~ fr ~ g! ~
I!;

i ~~ .: ~
l
(!:
"'!:;'
~

tT?

b'?. tr? . . . . ,....._

~.. :- ~~-

ool'

,..,
~ -~
... :' b'?

rtr

~~ .. ~
:'

... ... .. ~
.. ......

ti

~ ~

.. ..-

I"" .
llr

~
(

1:;'

,fi4 "'~
!;"

~~ ~ .i fg -~ ,g ~ 4~
W
....,

fJ (i
II(

o; ( . In= ti (~

... t:r?

:-

b'?

b'?

1:;'

(~

:' t:r?

II(

.~
....
lo

11;"

f~ ~ f~
. !:;!"

!;"

b'? (-

lj;'

.~ I: 16' 1\1 li 'IS

!;" fii;

(;
I

lj;="

I~ ~
ol'

tr

~ ~

"

....
~
~

" .,..

o=;

li ti

ro; ~~l:;'%'....:b'? :' ... ,.. o;l:;'b'? ~ ~ ~:;-!;~ r;? lt1 ~ l;i

~ ~.,..-~
0

.
~

.,.. ~ trJ ::-~

ol' ~

_,.

::ol' !> :;'<r"

,..,. " .,..

~
ol' ..........

~ol'
~tr
tr
~

"

:'

.
~

r
~

b'?
II(

li ~..
,....,
A

1:;' .. ~
!;;

'~
'!;
19 19

,rt ,..

fir

i ~~ " r I~ g

ti.Vl

'i
II(

1:;'

'!if

ri
~

b'? '~ ID"

{1\Y
,;-

...

t:r?

... " ... \) .:f"...:..\) b'? ...,, ~ ~

ri

to=' I1TP" .....

I!V

~ ~ ,~ ~ ~l;?
~ ~ ~ (~ I~

~ '!+ .w l;i I<V? tw 1:;' If 11@1~

Ill"

.:.:-

~ ~ (!+lir'1:=

ITW

lg> -~ !l

~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
'lt;

ti ( 1:;' i IP'~ ~~ ..; "fir ~ ~ ~ ti.V~ q~:r,

tr e rc.
l-"
,.,.

tr? IIi' IV

t.? 1:;'

'ii tu"

... b'?

...,..
~

b'?

...
'"

,.

...::. ..::

...

...,,

li. IIi"
IV

b'? 'fir

"'c::r?""' o
~

,::;:.~~ ,..>o.,.. ... .,... ~ ...::. b'? ...,,

....
cr

o"
..

~ol'

or
t:r?

!:i1"

!: ti.Vw
b'?

,.._

(I.

lr
!;"

ITfr

~ 10 g:? ~~ ~~ fir lj ~ ~ ~ ~ IT~

.....

(~!!
IT'!!,

IV

It
(tc

~:;-~~r

'IV

~ IJ' ~ IV f." W ~ If; l!i'" I~ ~ !:;!" ~ ~ ..,~ I~ ~ ~ '~;:" (f!: 1 ~ ~ f., ~ ~

flo

~~

.to

~-~

t;-? 1:;'

:'

!!! 1;1"

tc

.Jg: ....
i;:
hT"

'(I. t::T

IV

.. - ,!!::: li;!: Dli

~
~:;-

1:;'

~;~"?

-~~ .:- ti
t~rc

'fi; ~

IV 'II!:>

W IIY.

llr IT

IV

t (~
~

([!!:

1!. ""
ov

:fie!

,;; (I!:.
t'l'
"

Ill" ~

1:;'

! w

"'"
'1;1"

"""' ....
rW
0

~~;~"

!&-

&;:

6'

([I.

!E

[Appendix

~~~ m, ~. ~..
-~~ ~

"'

~ ~~

'fid'l,

~. ~.,

l.o,o

~ .. +~""~~l~r: 'liT~r:, ~. ~ v~

~~~ '{r;f g, 'U~.' , "

'lll~~'(:5~'JI~, ~eft. ~., 'I' q,

~~ ~:i#ffiilr~, ~. ~
~~t~ ~(~T~, ~.,
~<(l(qf?i" ~q
~

, ~o

<ll

'<f'J,

~if.~

"'

,0 . .

~ ~irii

<re '<~',

~r. ~ .
~.~.,

, '~
,...,

'li511T1i~ cCJ~rm<rr, ~<it. ~. , "

~B~~Pntt.,

c~~~~s~ ii) ~:, ~~. , 0 ~ ~~~g ~. ~crf3., ,,~

~<(f;'ft[51~, ~. ~
~<r<li~

'0"'
'"'

~~~11( 1 ~., 'jVo

~rmn

"Iq ~::<rrcr. ~cfr. ~ , , ~

,,,

"fiT, ~. ~., ~'

~ ~~~d''<rm17Ti', ~1. ~.,

~ !Q ~~:, ~ . ~

<'61~~1 :q ~~~ ~. ~., 'I~ o

~: ~~~r. ~. ~,
~RtrR~, ~. ~. ~"

'11mr~m ~. ~. ~.
'fif'l'liT: Brw:T:
..... ,. . .,
'fiT~:,
~

'"
to,,

~' ~.,

n.

~~crr-rl ~51111fT, ~. ~ Vl.o,

~1<~~~5~ ~r, ~r., 'I 'I"

i!ir!:l~fit

~~~ :q CIT~;;~, ~. ~., 'I' o

i>cl'{~: ~~(~, ~~

qfit f<r~rtt.' ~., , ......

,~.~,,

'll.o,"

* ilirm ~<J:, am. !:1., " '

i!ii'ir ~~~'ITs-:~,~. ~.
~u~~tn

~ =crJ'lrr~ 'ii~, ~~ .
~ ~Rfi;r~
i>cl~: 'li~l1fT ~~:,

o"
o\S

...

=cr,

~., 'I

uir., ~.

~., '~

~. ~., '"'

Cf~U~ ~~~~~'!_, ~. ~., '<. ~

~

'lldl'lld~ ~Oft, ~. ~. '~

~TS'I ~~~ ~~~.,

'lldll~r~ rcr~q:, ~. ~.,

'lq, 'I

~~ifor ~~cr1

g,

~. ~.,

,, v

'll'dl ~;~f~n~~. w~ ...... ~

.. ,',
"v

~~s~
~

'{r-olf,

~. !J., , '~

~~ ~"'t, ~. ~.,
~~~e::cn~,
~

'ti(Cfrt~ar m:~<~'{ror_, ~. ~., \5to,

or~., '~

'ti(Cff

:q ~~ ~.

~. ~ , ... "

'liC'fiSSt;fiffi ~mu~, ~.l{., 'jq,to,

'li(Cff ~~~ u~r. ~. ~.,

llli'T~~~cr, '{l~r ., H
~(!' ~R\Cff ~:, ~. !h ,"

, v"

'ti(CfT f<il:lf;f ~ g, ~., 'I''

'ti(Cfffct~cr~, ~.lJ.,

'o,

I..,Ut[ ~~~

'fiTC'<(T., ''I; ,l.o,l.o,

~..q~~ ~~. '{[~ , 'I"

'li(C!T~!f d'd'T

sm,
~.

ill', ~,

q~(~l[d'1RT, ~. ~ , ,
q~ift SIT~~ ~. ~.

'lif-;lif :q ~~q,

!J.,

'~

!J.,

v~

D]
~<n~'<i~ifr~~r, ~<ir. ~.,

. u. .

:;J:SJI.~P~1Rrrr., if~., ,

"ii~CI~~t~, ~T~.,
"iTgqaq~~ 'i~lJTT+~,
~

..

~
~., ~

"'ifT \3"~0fifr<J~, if. ~., ,'-\._

if.

:;JG"~riftrif~~=, ~cfr. ~ . ,q
"'''l~Tif~Cill.'t,

:qrq~<f "' qf{<:~l'i<i, if. ~.' ~ ~

'

"'.

~r<i. ~,

"

.,. , "\

;qrqr~~ ~r;::Jl''{~h:'!l't, if. ~ . ~ ~

~if{o~;;rif '<if~, UifT., , 't

\J{;:;fr~'iOT'lif~.

if. ~., \ ~

;;rlJ;:ar if~ ~wr, ~f. ~ . ,\" ;;r:Jl':

~i:iiECf~T +!~,

~~;;:q;;rit ~r;r~, Uifr ., , ~

,,

if

~.,

'

"'TJJ~ 'li<n~ ~t, ~<if.~., ,~,

;;rlJ[ms~~&JT~r. ~~it. ~ . ~G :;J~T ~CfT~ ~~!I, if ~., , \,

:qr+frwsr<Iill ~JT'ff, if. ~., ,'-\\

~~t Ri~qf "1, ~1. ~ . :qftllTrctrr~~rilif, if~., , , ~

, .. "

:;JWT~<t W~i<rsw=, if. ~ , ., ~

""~rfa ~r~o~"~ :iii'. ~ , ~
;;r~ ~~~~;q"lf, ~ .

"'

~~~ ~~I:T)qr~:, if. ~r.,

,oo

f.:r~!U~f ~ ~'ifl!Jt, if. ~ ':~..'-\

. *::;rm+rr:i mr ~rccn,
~

l\

Of@.. ""

ffit ~em~ fcr~<t,

,..._
r~:;n~Cflc~;:CI{
,..._ ..... f'

if. ~ ~"
""' "
~<H.~., 't~ if~ .

:;f[~a- ~'l'i~if:, if, ~.,

..

l'
H \

.....

'{'fT,
("

("

~ccrr if ~fu

i{o<t, orr. !!

r.q;:a~~~;rr~r.J.,

o ~

~c'irsR ~~or~snfa:, an. ~., '\ ~~.o,

~~;:o'ir!J ~'if!l, ~fer. ~., ':!.<.

~'iT ~'{~1r~'ff<i,, ~., H" ~"\R:lJ~"i ~;frfu, iG '\~

~T'iT ll[if'liWTifT, if, ~., H ~

~iRW"ra- !", ~<fr. ~ ~.o,'

::r~r

g;

~~;:~~~

&.1-t, if. ~
'if, if.

~,

~~q_l '{cr'i<Rn:~t
.....
~

~., '~
~o

~~t fir~r<ioi 'liT~, if. ~., ~ \

~hi il!~ ~tHAt, if.~ , ,\

;q'lr~'f rcr;;rr<~r~ti:.,

,..._

"

~(fO<jf f{~q~:, if. ~ , t"

iG., ,

~~~a~Htrir, if.

s., "'~

*~I'CIT

wmr ~itct, r., H"

qc;:~t, {TifT., '\ "

"'"4gr<mrftr ~

~~ o~Tf'<tif'f!IDrd', if. ~., '-\'-\

~

"'W~~1mr ~=. if.~., ""."

"''ff<?~'~CR'l~r~, if, ~ '"\"

~r'f~ ~~or;:~, ~~. ~., ~ , .

u:;rr~'<iTf.r ~l{Z~, :iii'. ~., H

~~s~<rr ~f{r, ~. ~.,

u~ ~<i ~;;rroftlmr.

'o'
, o ~.o,

(1'

~~. ~,

" *~~~<S~r~;if{,

""

~.

:;r

CR~t Cfc~<f "1, 1fil(~T. , ~" ~m ~~.

""

u;rr.,

,v

'c. ..... '!) 'l~ '!i!R, .IB~~~~

'r. ''11e ':~us :.Qb:lS.\!i:tit}j~

~ f,
I. H
1

\" 't 12,., ~ ~ ,.,3 !n 't .tt

H

'u~~~.IS :~ ' ~ ~
'n~b !l!hli.ru~ b'i ._ b

'l.l:tfi '31~ ~lEl~~~

'Jl

'.It '~llt.&l.l:t ~~

'll
'.It

'.It '~J:tlbl}1~1~~
'< '

h. 't

'lt '~Lli! 2~ ~~.E:

~~ J~~U:t~

Hb 'll .tt '~kn 2 .eru:t~

~.....

\ ~ ~~

IJl

t .il!?.!S2

~J!.J:i:~.t.lll!::.J:!:

~ '~ '!!: -!JD~1~

"I. b 'lltl~

'w

Jhlt ~~

'!:.A. "ll '.It '.i:Q 1h.Q ~~

~"
"~ b

bbe. 'll ~lt 'li~J}b~'li~ e. ~ '2&11:.1!..~l!:=~ ..... ..., t"b ''ltl:i: '.e: l.l:t~l:i:~n .llt~~
':~

'll .J~~ 'Jlill<hl ~JE..lbS21.2o~ 'll ~ (!_.b:"a ~~1!1!~

!!:

,.b 'lltn 'J~~.I:t.tJ~ :~b .. ~

1

"'

"" (.Jl
"~

'.It

(:Jb:d:!. ~ .i!b ~~

~~b

'll .tt '

'.It
,)

~m~-tOO,R,{!U!~~

" e.
..... o):.

'll ~ ~~ ~hlh t .Jl 2Jlt (b::cltl. J:t} }.!~ .Qfi

v -

~"

'.J

....

,._ ~ 'Jl
0

'.e,. J~S1b~llhl~ ....

':~ :;&~~~

,.

''Jl ~ ~::lt ~~ ~
..... b t ~~S2 .l!: ~12 ~fi**

c. 'Jl'b.llt ( l1lb:~ lli ~ 1~ "t.l~~ ""' ~~

A~
0

'Jl 'Jl

\ oe
0

'lt
'.It

'Jl hl!t
"'

'.IW.=llb:~a

'

,.

':tall! J~~b

~b

'Jl

'.It
~

t 1Th!A&!Ia~~ t .b:lh~~
~

e.'r. 'll 't~ '~ ~h.m~e:

"0 e. 'll 2.llt

e.\ b 'Jl '1 ~
v '

"

....

t0
b~

e. 'll
'Jl

'~ ll!.tdt~l!:

"'r. 'll 'H ~~.ltllt~

'~ ~h .I:W.b:.llll3.
~

b~

'.It '~I~hl) ~~~

~b

'll

~ ~~~!9~J9'?na

'Jl '.It t. 3 'Jl .

'.It

~~ ~m~ ~~ft~~
lt ':~,1:!: S2.1~

,.,

.13.
'l:.b

"3 'll
't,l)

'llih:1

.!.i!!l2J~~e: v JV

'Jl

~ 'l!~W.i! ~~

IJl 't2~ 'Jtt.& ~~ 3 'Jl '.It 'r~m~~>l lib:.o~

~ '~

b ~ ''~lt ':~~ ~J!l

\ C\ t

fut

t 'lill:t~
~

Jllilb II~ k 11:&

.... :r-'

Eel. 'll.!t ~~~~~!!:

OC\

\ ..... ''h '.h.UE- '~S.Il!: li~

~

liklb* --=:

"o):.
\C\b

'll 'Jl "ll

'lt
'1illt
....,

~~~ill~~~
~~ :lt~ ,.) , . <I'>J

0~ ''~!t ~~~~
b ~ ~ ':J:!ihJhill ~~*
o

~ 'll! 1~~ ~ 'lt

. . . 3 'll

~~ ~~

'Jl

~ '~ Jh.Q U.olll?;b

""' ''ll ~ 'jrolt&fn~ !~

. """""

X!P'aaddy]

o"te

3~ 'fut 'a~!l!~ =~~ "' ~ tU ':1~~.1!! ~~~J.I:t.Q**

~o

e '11 tllt
~!!! ':~.!}

"'

"" '11 'l::t '~.IU ~lu..&l.2~ n 1. '11 .1:t '.l.o}..Q J!!jg;.2JaQ . . "'
o

':lt!lot!tf>?I~H~

3 '11

'l::t '~ ~.l,.ft~SS1.1:!~~

1k!S :J~:.bQ

3-R. '11 'l:t

'e l.l!l2httSJ.I:!hQ . "'

-e
\'r.
'l.o't

'fut

'~::l:!tz~.2Jlli~hf>

"'

'r.t I. "11 ~ 'l~l.IH%1~~ .I:!~Q

3b 'Jl::tn '~::t~tf>anll .I:!~Q

\H '11 .J:t

'11!.l!!l~l.lhll:!l~~Q . " .....,

~

'11

"l::t 'JHh~l.l! ~ hltf> ~ ....

\H
'r. 3

-~lli

'lliSJI?~I.b~h .l:!hQ

,.

""

......

1)'.

'11 'Jtllt '~ ~~ .& 3 '11 .tt ~~~=1~l:!lt~~nm

IG1 L~>Q

1'11

'l:t

'9?1.1:!.2J.Q~.Q~~ .I.RQ
.)

'~J:t ' ~1~1~ !!i! 'ID~ 1n.Q

"'~ '11 tl:!~ '~Ja~Jk~~ .Je~f>

"-e 'H

'11 .tt '.e~~a!S :fi\J.& Jhf>

.R. (. ~l:t t .e.I.I.Q1t

"' 'b 'r.l. '11 'l::t ':.tg~l.!!~.2J:t~Q

b'l.b

....

!Dll.l:.& Jh.Q
<>

.....

'11

t~ (~~~~~ ~~Q

b '~l:t

~lli;~.2llt.& .1:!.& JhQ

t

-e 'l.

'.&tl:! ':~.2 ll:! 1e.hll~.Q* ._ ..... ....., ....

"r.3 '11 .l:t

~J.Q~~~)!l JhQ
'~l:!lJ.&kn.l! lhf> ......... '\" J.b~ ~~J.I:! .lhf>

"\ b '11 11:!.2 (.&Jl::t }.1:1~ h~Q .... ..... .. "'

. . .

s'r. '11 'l:t

~,
1'1

H b ' fut '.!!.!!lli!S .Qffil.2.Q "' ~

I.' I. l11 '.I!! '.Q~hl.!! ~.llli:ill 1~

'fut '}sn
"'

"'

3 '11 .l:t '..1;.1:!.&

~

~~ Jh.Q

'r.b b 'I;.J:t (~~1~ J.2.Q 'r. o -e '11 .t:?.Jlt ' 'hlf>'lt ~~~1.1::t 1.2.Q
0

~, ''~l:t

'1~!!.~ ,l!l~~1.R~

t~ ,
o

'~l:t

':J!DJIS ~~.!} .lhQ

':m~~ 1~n Jn.Q

~ b '.(:t!!.l~~.ltl .Qj.l:!lt 12.Q**

.R. '~J:t

\,b '11tl:!~ '.Q~j~~ %J1t!S 1.2~

.!!.I!SJ.2.Q "' .... "' bb ''i;l::t (.1!!~~ ~.!! ll?.~ 1.2Q

"~ ~

''hn

Jb~~ Jn.Q

....

"'

'r. b b 'i;l::t

t !!.!!ll?.l:!l

t b ' ~l:t 'J.l!.ld.& .Qa~ft 1h.Q "' "' t 'fut '~Cl!Bb.l:!ltJJh.Q . ..... .....
'~J~ffi ~l:!lt .I.RQ

U b '~l:t '1~Jh 1~R1Sl.l:! .I:!~J}!.Q . .... . ........ "" H b '~J:t '.ts~1 ~a~.& ~ 11l.Q ...............
b t b '~ ':~!t~.I(Jhl.l:!~ j}!.Q

o3b '11'l:t

-e"
A

'11 .tt '~~1~ J....Q.I:!!b Jh.Q

t t ' ~l:t ' ~~~llt.lii!~IS 1hQ 'fut

'~~Ja 1~~ 1h.Q

\3 b '~.1.1:! '~1~~b:lill*
"b ' 1.1:tn '}!.& ~.t:ult a~.2.Q
<>

"'tb '11 .It '!.!!BI.&.2.Q~Slh.Q

A '~l:t
t

t'bb '11~~ ~~~!!!~1~~.Q

3o't '11 '.I:!Jlt '!aJ.!hl.& .9~.1:! ~.Q
'l.'l.b

~j!f~lb 1hQ

':b

t~ '~Jrn.l.l!!f.l:! ~~s1~
.~:t '!J~ ~~J)Jl~~S.Ih.Q

'r. 3 b ''Ju '!hlhl:tell?..2.Q* ~ """ ..,

,3 '11

\\e

[a

[Appendix
~OSJ <r~m:~nor,

+r. ~

v~

ffif~Cf~

Ofi!llllti!CI. UiiT.. , , "

0"0":
~....

cr~<~'r ~~Jru+~t, U+rT., , , "

CI"Cf~ ~'i.-<i5f,

~RUJ <WI~,

.. ..

iii',

!J., , ,

..

..

U+rr., , , "
<J+r., , "'

a~R<J~rcf ~<JTcl., CliWJr., , '"

CI"SJTQffiq ~rlfil" +r. !J., , '"
" ~ OSJTSST~~al: 5r~: ~iff:,
01~.,

Cl"'fl'~ ii'TSO:<J~r ~<~'fcl ,

a~mw.f m~,
*CI'~ij._(f: 'n+fll~..

cr~~ ~ir. ;r~., ,"'.~

i[~., Gl.o,

'1 o '1

~.._

iJT,, ,

~to,

amror~~mof, <fi~<JT.,

\
v"~
n~.o,

~~ ~ li~roT, ~r., '.o

Cl"~ <6r~'Vr(f, ~Cfr.

a~if ~ cr~

mir, +r. !J.,

iii'.

!J., ,,, !J., , "

a'ffi'

af g,

!J., 'lGo !J.,

'1G'.

OSJ ~;r<fr iiir<~t, ~<~r.

crffi ns~<rfl:lir ~riti, err. !J.,

aal ~S~ a~, ~.
..... t ~ Cl"ars:;n~qif 'liT~.
.... t ..-::.. CI"CC"TS~~~~~.

CI"SJ ~r'ilr ~cfiCI", <r~ \' OSJ ~<i+rRr.:~ ~. +r~ , \'

crsr
aS{

l:'lTU ~~r ~<Jr, ~fir.

!J., ' , o

iii'. iii'.

!J., '1 "'. !J, ,"'.

CI"SJ ~ffi"r

!J<r: Pt.~, +r~ , ~' 'U~ fct-m;:fr<Jfcl.. .,. !J., ", !J.,

am fct:q~~clr.
crs<J" ~Ill'
(!'~

CI"Sf 'U~~ ~, +f,

'G
G~

CI'Si

~~U.

CijRlJT,,

!J. , '" ~ q;o~~~ 'l~' +r. !J., \J't

~

. 'liaO<J,
~

+r. !J., ,""'

;r.

CI"Sf ~r;r 5r<r~. u+rr., H\

m+mar.rt

"i. ~..

\l'

cr:;r if ~w

..

....

. <rf<i,
.....

a~T ~ <rg~T~~. +r. !J., '1 \,

~r;rr.:

o,

a~ffi q~r illiTT, ~fif.

..... ..... 1'\

!J.,

'o

~r ~ f<r-1'~~-r. +r. !J., ' '

v
cr~r ~ ~"~~r.
Cl"~f
~

. "iR: SICIYO<J,
..
....

+r. !J.,
il'~ ., ~

v'
o,

cr~<r C::CJar<r~.

~"'.

cr~~ ~ ~J~mFCI":,

!J., "'> ~ 51'. !J., ,,, !J., , ~ !J., n

Cl"~r Cl"fiq~ruurr, ~J.

!J.,

n"
!J ., , G "', !J., ,

Cl"~f ~ "lTSSif~~~~1 ~iff.

cr~

Cl"a:

~IG'I<i: ~11:1,

iii'.

"a'

q;~~6<Jrrir, ~~.

aCI": ii~ ~~. iii'.

a~~ ~"l!TT'ir, +r. !J., ~v

cr~r orrsarCI"il~
~

aCI": s:rc:;~~R.. +r.

tf(f: ~"~ ;r.

!J., "' crcr: ~;:~(~.~eft. !J, ,Gto, !J., ~~~

' .. if,

+r.

m.,

'l"'>o

Cl"iT

.nm ~~ ~.

~.

!J.,

,G,

cr~rs~ <r~. ;r,

!J., v"

..... " ....

g "t;'.
~

:'

-;.,.. . ....... . . . ,. . .
~ ~
trY

to?
~ "

;lr::

li "ff m~~ VI
VI
(ft;

,.

~ It"
j.;l

~ ~
!:=

t:r.1

"-w
el'

.....

,.. w
~

b'?

:'o

....

el'
~

~ ..... .,...!::"

.,..::0

. .. ....
.._.rr

:1"'

.... ~
ol'

....

rrr

.
....

el'~ 0 .... ~,..jV'o

,. IY

w(~~
f1:;

~~ ~
~
I
(

'In=

~ ;~ (~ {~ ~
1 h:;

t:f'

I~ ~ ~ (~ ~~ !;;=
(!\'II'
~

(1+-

"h:.

!<1"

t'l"d

'tf

,it;

,rc;

J+ Ei'

!
0

ti

~~r tit::

!-

~? I~ I" ( v 're" ~ !;;= 11'0' ,__ <-ID" I+ ~ "'.; fi" lu:/ ~ I lfY (0 1:1:: .~ ~ ,~ rii ~ ~ li!j I;" ~ m13". (h:; (~ (~ fJ '~ w ,__ J!; (~ (~ .. ~ '"" ""' ~ .. ._ ~ IIC' h:; If lift; w (It:; tr ~ ~ S' <-!tor :.:.. ""' !;') (~ ~ li '!IV ( I+ ~ (fir ~ .. ~ "" t;r f!, (~ 1:1:: ~ t'l" ~ lb>g &.>!!" ~ (,__ ( ~._e. ID" lu:l ;:;; ~~,__~~..., t;;: ~~~"!<;:'"",#' In' !;;; 12!? ~ ~ r;;:: tli' ,,__ fit-! <-ID" ~ ,rc; 1:1:: (..._ ~~ ( v ~ -' ~ (W "I;" d!!: (~ <"- ~ I~ tuY I~ Jt; IV ~ ~ I;" ,,__ IV ,,__ ,,__ ,ft:; "t;: (~ 'Iii= t;: rzr rzr ltr:; .. S::. .. ~ ~~ ~ rzr "~ ~ I! ~ ,n:; ,rc; ,-n:; At; (~ ~~ ~~ ~~ * 1tr:; ,ztt:; 4 tt:: 1/!C 11rt:: IC 1ft:; I'IC "IC (~ (~ * ,ft:; *
.~~

.; tiP .:' .~~ b" ~

;
~

w W w W~i w( w ~ :' :' ~

:'

:;'"

....

=-~

~ ~ ~thJ:~ . ~""li . :' . . "''

I+
...

~,..- .... ~ :' r:t"-)od~.

" .... r
)o

.
~

.. "

ID"

It!

ti

~~I~ Ll:;'

..

w ri

ri
IJ

.. -~~ .,nr ~ t:;r

tllf'~l+t-o
~

.n;: ~ rJ ~ "'.l:r.) :: :'

~
"""

~ ....
~

!!?.! ~-

b'9

(:1

1 ""

'*

,..

:1"'
o
....

" .,~

" ut""c,roer

P~

~YcY

.,..

..... "''

~a-~+

..:,...! "'' I+

a-

. ._ w ~~ ,I~ " ~ f!: 16' ,__

....... l:;r
llft3' (

~~:-,~~.I:;' l:r.) .. t:r.1 ID" ,__ ~ nr W <!!!: ~ ~ ti to? tllr' b'? ~ ~ ~ /!If' ~(It! ~+ti w':!:. " ,.~ ~ A.~ ..._~ li 1:;' ~ lfv "-' ... l::r"c.;.:"'
...

~l:r.)

:'

~ ... a-car...,.." 1.1 :' ,.... ,.... tJ? ~

....

rr

ol'

",.
-

el'

,.

"

,,... a-

..,..!=:

.....

~to?-

.._.,..... ~

...

:1"' r:'

"' ...... ,.
IP/ l!:: IV

~
..~
...

)o

t:r.1
:'

~~

~
t:r.1
1:;'
" 'lin; "" lliV

" ur

;;;."
.,.. ,....

el'

,..

,..,..,.
:'

:;

)I

~ ~

..

M'
1> ~

l,i

,__
IV ~-

,,_

ID1

f.;.

<~ ~ .~ ~ ~~ IV rcr ~ ..._

~

1:1::

""'~

"~ nr
tiV
W

....-

....

(~
~
ft;

"

~~ !~ ~

~ 1~ ~ ~ ~

IIY

ii;

tr:;

IV fy

'liT

l't

"rcr
IV

-.11;

..

ty

<l;i !\sf -

w (.
fi3

tlir

!;:

~ t\T <~ ~ Ill" 1 16'

[!!:
ft;

~~ ~llr
"-

I;

1:;6' ~ ~

~ 1:.-

.,

.....
""

19.1 (['{
11::;

rt::

!IV Dl'

......

W VI

rt:: _ tl::(tf71rc; 11f;'

fjjr

~ (~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tor. ~ ~ ~
!i.V
1fp'

~ ~ .. ~
~~ W5

1:;'
fD"

,..,~+
cr.IV

"ID"..!~W
(""
..
11n

,__ It; :'

....

~:r

I+

..:. to? "''

,.

th
~ Ia' r

....

trY ..... ,. !)

:1"'

:'

.,

rr

~ ~ ttr ~~ ~

"i
Ia'

~ 10

tc

tc rc

~ ~

'-

1rt:;
hr

lf'J.V

ID"

fi3

g
{l'

m<l

(~

'IC

!l;.

ID" II'Q '="

ti.c;t;

f~ ~ '!if 1::::' ~ ~

~
~

tt;;
I;"

,__ ~~
a

~ ~
1
v

f '"
<!!
"

~ """ ~ 0 , a ~ 1 ....... - "'n::::

Or-

ID"

"'

IV

1\;7' "'

t-

S'

to' tit:;

l 1~

,__

IV
...,

,f!: (Vi

_... ~ (!IV ~.... ,__.... l;i 1+ dt2 ,__ I+ "(It:;~,__ e- ._e "ID" I;: t'l" <-W rr:: 1u:1 ~
16' ty
1
I:Y9

wi

.:-

t:r.1

th ri

"....

M'

,-tt;;

(~

1:1::

Ire;

~ (~

VI

~~

W
~
VI

~ 1'16'
(

"ID"

ftt;;

(~ I~

;a
$:1 <D

1><1

0.. 0.. ~

.:r )o ,.., .,... :r )o

.... .... .,...

~

.,
"

:!)

w~
(~
~

" ,. I+ .~;=~FV I+ ii6' .:' 16'

....

,..
ti

I+

!'

,..,:r
.r ,..

.,...

tr

...,
tr

ti?

'~

"'I+

(~1;& t:r It" ftc: 13') fl;.

{pr;

'II bl'
o.u

r.-"

It"...,
tT

tlif

" td
hi

w'"" ,r.
"

!'c~
~
It\'
bl'
t'-

-o l'
tr

....
'

...
0 :!)

)o
ol' .,..

=-.,...

~
c..-

t::

...~;

to
~

tS'

,_

s-

~
~

(~!21~~~

(~ <-1+

IV

If:

i n::;~~tc:~ie
I+ I+

l1r l1r w ~ JzD ~ '"" vl:o rnr !iT PI' ~!E~ ~ I+ , ....

16''""..,...:-~~t.IIJII "!!! "l+r;:., hr ~ I+ ...:' I;; ~ ~ ~ w li {~ (ft;" (~ ,tc: ~" ~z" 1&~ ~.. 'laX' .... 'laX' .-t;"~ .n; ~ ~ .. t!: ~ !;= <! flr iiJ ~ l;;r % II; !;' (~ b-. ~ ,:u. 11"" (p # IV I<Y D\' liT It ~ ~ bl' 1!:. !!!' It"
I+

ti

:~ ..:~
...

0 .,... "' )oof'<W";o of'""" .. ( W ":r:r ,. ~

:'

li';

~'nr

....!

(~ ,IIi-

!;'

.; ~<hr "'-

~:!))o !'.-"tr~ .._ ...

;-,.._

.,...

.,... "
o
r'

;'
....

fu:l

:' .,... '""

~nr

"I+."

!;?

~"'

hi

~
I+

.,...""_.,...
)o

)D

I..,..

...

,:-!>)o

of'

,..

:'
I+ ""

I+

""

'*
~~

~ ~ ~ li- li- (~
ft;

,._

(,_

r!v

..

r;/
~

IV

~~
.....
...,

"

'tl/

lit;

12:

e; ~ ~
ft; ft;

tc:

(li=
~
n::;

(i 1'! ~ :t g- ~ w S: ~~~ ~
16'

"

" ~ti?

..

.,...
(W"

ti

ti

=-~

~ ~
ft;

ft;

ft;

~ ~
ft;

ft;

~ IV ~

~ ~ ~
n::;

lL ,IV' IC tc:

tv

,r.

I>

~
~

IDJ

tc: ft;

f~
,..
~

~
....

tr

(g - ,tf
~ ~
:!)

[ r:
llt"
0 0

1!:.

F;~

"

.... ~ :r tr .,... .,... ~

=~

(W"
~

:!)

ti t:1? ~ tG" ~

'

...

....

" ,. urO:,~ ... "'

~

.,...

.,..

)o

,..
(W" .,...

~
~

~
I+

trJ ~ IV

~
f6'

r;:

. toi
~

)o

.. :r of' :r :r - of' :r
"
(fl'

...

(fl'

!
(W" -

,..,
(W"

h/

_,

IS Je
~ tG" 'IP ...
~

....
~

-~ ~ ii ~~.. ~~ ~~

tiiVtil+ti
I~ ~
!:= Iii"

"ti

If" n'

~
'~

'~ II"
rc

If+

!
tc:

g:,
'rc

~J

~~

~ ~~ft; (ri ~ IJ' s:I'

...

~ nr, 4~, tiW' IV ~ I!; bl' tiffttr ~ n; I> 111 !! r;:

!;=
"'fl;

'IV"

.. tr:f tt:f ~

..
IV
tl;;r
IV

hi"

..

~ ....! ~ ... m- ~ ..: ~ 'iir (111' ~ 'nr

.,...

!)

...

"'

(V'cV'

...
~

VI'""'

..

b-1

...

:' ......
~/

!'cr-b"?.., t:r?

r....:,.
..

l:r'
I;;

ty"

w I+
n::;

,_

(~

II"

)g

!g

{~ ~
n::;

nr
ov

~ Ill"

,tp

.. I> I!!:_
~~

w '"" "
~
"'iC:

. . ..
~

~ ~

le ,t;. i ~

,_

(111'
,r;-

(~
"'

hr

(hr

~
Mf

(!!!:
:;
~

tT?

...

('i.
!';'

tr:f
tiV ...,
~

..

r;?<W"i;Tti~:..:. . . .

...

... ,

..._

=-

... , g ;:.
::'

....

1+

w le
..
IC:.

..
td tiZD
~
~

I+

's:-

IV

""

" " <>t;r

" ~

It
tc:

n;

lb

~ ~ ~

~ -~ ~~~ !f; IE ..,

tc:

... t;. ,tiJ

~~!;4!l"'wtfE~,!!!:~I6'111'~! ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~;:: ~ ~ It> ~ (tr IJ' "'~ I;; E!l ~ 1[E ii; ~ li;. fj;. [ ~ It"~ ~ ~ IS ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~
(fV

::; "'t;r .... ._.~'"'

..,

" nr t;:; .:- IV lotTIC:..tzriO

tG"

t=.o1!:.

.. ,_

llt"

to..., ( ~r"
o ~ft;

vn::;

IC

I+ ....
n::;

~ n::;

I+

~ ~
n::;

I+ ~
n::;

I+ ft;

I+ .... ft;

~ n::;

ft;

~ ....

!-

I+ ~
n::;

ft;

~ w

o.B ol} ~~

1.,

'~ 'u~~~ ~sl~m~*

o~ '~~ ':~~ 1::;; JhltHI~ Co)!J! "' ...

e."' '11

'Je~ ........
v

':~~:e ~
"'

e a~:al?o ......~
"'

''" '11 '1~ 'h~~~~l.l:1~

o'l. ! ~11\l.

''11'.1!!

'lo~.&I;J~~

"'H
t

't;.lt '.Q.llli ~ll!:::ill

3,1. '11

~ '=~~~lttk ~~

0"' '11 ~ ['~ ~tt1, .1! l,_l!~]

e.~1. '11~ '~ lhl~:t.~:t t~
... ~ I.
t

" ''llt.n.

"" ''11 ..It ':~~Llft ~Jill ':~~IS :Jme e .ill2

n 'rut
n
~

'~~~~2

11 ~ .... ....

':~liS ~IU!~ l!: Jla}. .... .........

''Ut '.It t~ ~ l~lli

't;tt '.lt'h ~ ~~
f

o1. e. '11 'Jtllt

'J~.I:illt~~ ~

eoe '11

~J:t '~llt t~

3 0 I.

rut

"'

t l!l!:

.. .

.In~~
'

t"' '11 't~ 'l!: ~!n.l!!!llli:t ~.1!1~ "~I. '11 't~ '~~~'D .&l!hltl~ .._,~, '11 ~ '.l.l!.t~!l~!t~!SL~
1.~1. '11J_,~a~ ':Je~ ~ 1~

... 3 '11 '.It

'JLal~l'h~~!l.ll':2ln! .~ .....,~

t t 'rut e. e. '11 ~J:t

t~~ ll

"' '~.l!llt.l~ ~IS!I~

...

Jili. .In!

Eo!. 'JJ:t '.It '.l:t~el il~~

1.1. '11 '.1!!

"'I.
t .lltn

'g~ .lhlt~~

"'

~H ''J.ttll!h '.!:t~B... ~Sl~~ I!

"' "'

'il~~.l!~hl~

" 'fut '.&~~~B2

3 t "11 ".It'~.!! .l!lil&l~

, ... '"11
oo):,

t~ ;J~:g.b.&Jl!~

''11 ~ ':.ffit!$ ~.l:t ~ u '11 '.1!! 'hl~.tfffi ~ki ~~~ "' "' ... e."' '11 .t~ \"'
':ml:d! ilt~~~

t"' '11

' " ~ :~1.} ~ ~ !t~

"'" '11 '.It '-tl.IJllt ~n1~ ~ "'" '11 '.It ':~ :J~Il: l!: ~
"~~ '11~ 'l~l=l Jeru .L.ItHI ~
'oi ..... ... -

'11te~ ~n~ ~~~~

"1\ I.

rut

.&lilllt~ ~jla}. .... ~ "

e."' '11 'Jla}. ~ . " ...... ~.ffil!J.tt.~~~ .... " .... e,,~, '11 ~ '.tt~~ l!: ~~l!~ ~1.1. '11 '.It ~~lJ~~ "'

3oe '11
, " I.
~e.
t

'hl.l:t '.l:tl~l:i~ .l:t~

~ ~

11 .1!! t l.ll::t1illt ...

.&.l:t.~
~

'11

'.It '=~~ ~~ =~m~

0"' '11
t

E".~ '11r~ '~~ ~~ '\;.._ ..... IUkj~

'"" t

'Jla}.

""

'.tiL .I!Q.!tl.I:U:!~ .b .....

Ao

11 '.1!!
t
t

',&ll..b

'11 t~ '.I:~J~lll911 Jtllli.2.. 1.1. e. '11 ~ 'lHe ~.a ntl=l ~

"~I.

I. ' JJ:t .It

~~~=~~ lillc~ ~:& ID..It~

~

.&~J'h ~

"'.

...
o

'l~

"'"'" 'ru.tt

~l~~ J,!l~~~ Jh

....

1.
~e.

'~J:t '~ne l!~}~~~f~

"t '11 .It '.J#l!.l:t .t_&.&IS lll23.2 "t t 11 .It '.I:~J.bhl.b~J ~

"~c

t "'"

''11 '.It ':~ hl!:~~l) '11 .~t '.&m .t: ~~

[a

[Appendix
~fcrqr: ~wn

<?lit,

u;rr., , ,

~if

. o<JCfl!UUJT' .

orr~.'

, '"\ ~

~'J..<;tiff lJI~r. ;r. ~ ~'""

~~~it, ~ . ,~~

;frfUT ~TS'm ~. ~f.T. ~., ':1.\

~~~rr;:q~~:l

c:;::~t~rr~r oR, ;r, ~~ ~'"\

~ ~rorr <rr, ;rf.t. .. ~

3.,

':1.\

;:;::mm ~=,
~~~

"J:q:., ~"'

iffl., ,'"\ ~

;:;::~r~<r~ii, ;r. ~~ ~'""

~~<J~~ff f.rot, ;r. ~~., ,.. '

~c=r, ~ .

,,

~w~~ ~~r. ~ .. ''"""

~

~f~om;l~t!:'filr~, ;r. ~ . ~ ..

~~1111~ ~cr1, ;r. ~ . "'"'~

<rr~ . H ~
+r~., n~

;:;:~r :q ~m5.
~~or ~r"T,
' t

~f~urr~r~mr-f, ;r, ~ , , "'

;:;::~.Jrsftr sr~~asw, ;r. ~ . , , ~

c:;:u~ C'l''lT ~' ~.,

,oG

;:;::1~U'r cr(ici crT~, ;r, ~., "\

~rfur ftrar<;fr i(l~, ;r. ~., ~'
c:;:rc=rr OfTS'lT';fCJ"i1 ~~ , ;r. ~~,, W ~

~~

. "' m=r;:r:qq,
"'
srmlJif,
~.

,'t~

;:;::rcn <J;>CJr :cr

~fifTT'ir

'l.~~. <r;r., '"'~

;:;:~ ~. ~efT.~ . '"\':~.

;:;::u~<rrr~

;:;:r.:i ~~ ~~. um., H\

:cr ~rrc<lls=

~fcf. ~.,

-..,

....

;:;:rmfcJ <Mt<l'r ~<l!Q 1 ;r. ~ ~ ~

~ ~<rm: ~<rrtl., ;r. ~., ..,._

**~cr sr~t, n ~
~= ~ ~: ~err:,

+r~., ~

~cr ~ ~. ~i. ~ . H \

;:;::~: ~ ~fiTRf, ~., ~

~ ~;fl~ 'filmrt_,
~fc1T W.U<J<r~ Q~. ;r. ~.. \1\.o,

~ ~cr o<Jre-, ~~. ~., , ~ ~

;r, ~., v"

<Wf. ~ . ._ ._ ~~ :cr ~~ ~~~sr1rr:,

*~mm, ~. ~

.. ,~,

f~IPcfT~~~~JCI"'{:

,...,.

" ' - :t.

;r,

~I , ~ ~

~~~. ;r. ~ . vv

t;rr;\;'Jfi!J11Tr ~cr, ~!cr. ~.,

;:;:'JC<J;rlii: ~ Cf3'1'T' 'J& ., "

-. "

~~~ ~' ;r. ~., V'-1

'l.CJT<lffi

..

...

~J

;r.

~ . 1-o,"

~~ ~~~. ill~ v

~ ~mt, ;r. ~ , -.-.

( ~~;\" ~~fil. ) ;r, ~ , .. ,

;:;:'!Hr ~~W<lrtl., ;r. ~., """ **l(tfRifc<rltl. ~Rcrr~, v

D]
'P.f+TIT!i'fi~ur: <tiT~r:,
li+rrr!i~~ur
t'

~"

..

+r. 3' ' '

'fi!<f, +r.

3" v~

iJ ~~~~~~m., ~.,

..

...

~" ~ **li+IH<t'llll~UT: 'fi!~T,

'G

,~1
~

if"l\~~. +r. 3"., ~ 1

!i+i~f~ffi +rv<r. ~~=. +r. ~r., ~ v

iJlH

osr 'licr~.

liT.

3".,

iJ<r~ ~crcncrra-, ~. 3", ~ 1

il~rurt 3"{TiliT ~. ~. 3', ~o
!i+rr~r ~= ~~<~~~.
t~

+r.

~r

., 1 't~

iJ<T{ iJil{ "i'f,

iJ<T{ iJq

'

.....

(; 0

l:FlT~ Mf<:.:~ ~'f~r, +r. ~r., w~

~iffi: ~1+rr-r_, ifR., ~
*l:TfirnA:

'fi~'lT, ~. 3"., ~ 1

iJ<T't'fl3''t~~. ~.3"., 1G~

iJ ~~[;a- Cf~TSt~ff, +r.

~iiT~. ~6~ ~' ~~l:Flr~cr. ~~~ . 1vG

GG

3".,

H ~

*<~" ~.. ~'lftcrr<: ~, ~. r~ . ~ o

if :q ~ ;rr~a...

1:W<rliJT~ ~[iT:, +r~.,

'I:W~~~

cr:!ff

~urr,

+r. 3" 1 ~ o

iJ :q <:.::<r~ <:,::(<:ff:, <:,:.

..

qrq-rq_ , an. 3"., H ~

...

3".

1~,

!iJrlrS'l.j

lcrm

~~. iG (;~

if :q

q~~ u~.r.

+r. 3" ~ ~ +r. 3". ~~

1 "1
+r~., ~ 1

!il{~<rm~~. +r. 3" vv

<r :q ~~c~~. +r~ 1 ~'

iJ :q ~~~~~fonT~. **if "i !iTSCJ:tiT~ ,
iJ :q !iTS~~ ~~~~<r,, if :qr~~ ~1lirsfcl',

\:lll%~ri~~iJ~cr. ~~~ 1 ">

'E~:{IT~rr~r~, ~. 3"., 1 ~ v 'CCJ~~ qr{an~

err:

~f. 3"., 1 G ~

~ ~ti"'9.f~~iir. ~crT. 3"., 1 ~G

~: ~ lq~:.
t '

+r~ ~ ~

+r. 3".

"~

;r :qrt~r:;r~ ~<rr,

u+rr., "
+r. 3"., ~ \
U+rf, ,
o'

~ ~~. ~1.
q ... ...

3". 1 (;~
3"., , G~

<r '<irs~~
iJ
.t.

if <:.:TaO<Jr,
~

'E~~fq CJif~~~ ~[. 3"., 1GV

'eCfOIT~

"i'!i+rc~ ~IS1 ~Cl',

..............

fficrnT ;ns;r, <:,:.

<r

~ w1r ~iti"'rRT, +r~ '

....

~err 'li~~. ~. 3"., 1 ""

iJ :qqr~~~ 'liT4',

+r. 3".

~~

'CCfir 'i+i'~ ~~~.

'E'IJJ'Il'lii<J'Iloi ~.

+r. 3" "~

if furm~~
~

u+rr.,

1"

<rc:<rcr'li<r~'lT~,

...

crr<r. t~, +r. 3".,

~~

f~r ~1-r. ~~. +r. ~r., 1 o

mer. 3" 'o"

3".
1 (; (;

iJ a-;r ~~;f <:.::~. ~.

iJ G'~ ~~'iT:, ~.

3". 1\~

<r ~'ll'RiR?f, ~r., ~"

iJ

if cr~

cr:qif '!ittf, 'liTC4'1.,

'v

~Milrsfil ~~=. iG., 1 ~ 1

iJ ~~+rfu<ii;<J, iJT{., ~

[Appendix
~~~.~.g.,,.\

.... **

g'i'f<fiR11T,
'

'

'\ y '\

~~ ~~cir'Qi,

.. .

~ g~'iiR~, if, g., ,._.,

3~~.

,..... ~ r~<~~TUT~ rm~,

- --

if.

g., ~ y i[;r.,
':{

u;rr., , ... ,
'\'\

~<fr-n::~~. ~.g.,,,..,.

~~(f ftrorC~., ~.,

~iff ~ ~~ ifi~T., G~

~~~~ if~., Wo ... . ~<f~T, if. g., ~

..

~t ~'{[;~~. ~r. g., , ' '

~t ~cr~~. Ui!'T., v~

~: ~~. ~.g., '\t

fu:a'T<rrzrt
,...

. ~~ ~ u~=.
~..

TiJ:ar<rsi[r<r Cfiaozrr,

. ....

:q
,...

~~zr:, iii' g., , "'

~

iii'.

g., ,"'

......

if~ .

'
':!, , ,

rn:rcr~=T Cfif~ct ~if, if. g.,

n"

~fffi'~ ~lfr<f:, if. g., ~G

ffrci~sij~~~~~9. if, g., \"

**~!j ~~s;;~, ~ ~
i{olff~iif '<[aT~~, ~f<r,
~~r

f[r~'=i 'lir~'ff ~q, ~,

..
.....~

,n
'i ._. ~

'

" ;;rm,

g.,

fu:~~ll?I"T~~rerif" , if. ~., , o

if.

g.,

n,

ar

~Tilll<flf;li[T~T~,

if.

~T.,

~ifT11Tr ~1rcr~t, if.

g., , ':{,

~RQrcr.n~, ~.,

wv
~l::tR :q <ffll'~. if, g., "l
~~rr ii&~,
~ ~ ~

a~~li'TI1lT ~TifT, 'G, "' ro~~= !!..\i<lr:, ij'. g., "\'

arr?i~ <roUTt 9, if, g., ~,..

~., h

a~r 'lrUTifr~~r

...

**\Fci~il ilifl~'f, 'to

~firmqfi ~w.r. if, g., "\

<fl,

iii'.

g., ,"'

~I:TR1 ~~:,

'

if,

g.,
if.

':{~

a~<~r ~~ 'iir<~T. iii'. g., , "~ '" ~ T~~Of qf ~<lf(L, if, g., \IV
IDl:ci~r~~ ~&.Cl., if, g.,"'\

~ ~q-ufrzrr<ft, if, g., "\

I:T"i" G"? ~;orrif[li'T((,

q;:rr~

g., "':{

I:Tif:

~In,

.....

if,

~T., G\1

~~ ~.
&.m~r ~'ff cmr,

if,

g., ' ' ~.g., ,,"

if.

1:1ict~ '<i, if. ~r., ~ ll'~i!'T~Ii. if.

,,

g., ~ ':{

ii:Rl~ 9 l>r<f~rfir,

g., '"

l:lififiTi!'T~fi?I"ITUT, if. g., \cr.

~ir'{f1'ffl<f'!i'l11Tl~ , if. ~.. , 0 v

m9 l:~ Fcti:, if. g., '"

aft ~~t ~ ~~,
eJ~m
:q

~r. g., ,,~

if.

~ :q ~
~~

'<i,

~
if.

\'

zr~&.ri,

3 ~'

iii q;:j- if~~,

~ , ... ~

D)
"ll<~Wai6'~tta, if,
nsr~

!J.,
if.

"o

!J., ~ ~ ;ns;:~s~a- asr, if. !J., Y\3

;nsq-{!Pilf +r{rqrw:, if.

Q'q ait,

finq {r~r ~(q'f<J, ~. !J ., ,..._ . ._ fiHq i6'~f{qrffi~rct, ~. !J., , '3\ M(q ffl~(IT~ ~error,, ~. !J., 'I \3~
~t<t ~'iQ'tf~rll'r, ~

m., -.. Y

,..._, !J.,
'I ~ ~

"ITSlJUr~Qil~ji, if. !J., 'I'-\\

"llS~ ~Ofo<fiT~, Oi~., 'I"~

" r-'<JI&:i<J'IiTP.JTTif, ~ " lif(ll'

~.

~ :q if~I1J~, +Jfcr. !J.,

(fir!J~"~r51'o:rm'<~], if.

'0 ~

~fiAT~~!. if, !J., 'I '1\

wrr~r-r.

f<l;:~ll''fifCIT ~. ~., 'I o ~

51'1'pt<rrrir,

if.

!J., ..., \3

!J., '(;

"I'J'iJCI'ffiTfit ~~ if,

!J., ~' iflif~ m ~~r, ~. !J., 'I"~

*R!JUTiif~~~. fctl;!!J., ~ ~
~~~if~if, if. !J., '~
Tiff;r~ ~~of ~~r, ~.

~iff (ffir<I'Q'l~,

....

if.

!J,

~'

!J., !J.,

Y\

wrrss~~~ifsmi, ~ . ~ ;;r;rq~, u+iT.'

n~

fir~ ~ifw.r, if.

filf4~ ~if

!J., , ....
l 'I~
0

wrrs~~o:rr<f q~zr-:a, ~.. , ~'

\3

<T;:lJ',

if.

~ qc~ ~~. if,

'I""'

!J., ~

ifi'WJ1ITT<J

@fig, ~.

!J.,
if.

ifTSSW fcr!iii t wrrci,

wrrssult~!SR ~. if.

!J., ' o y !J., , .... ~ +Jr.,

~~.t..o

fimrrll'~if iiii~r, ~. "

. *Tifq(i6'f&.r~~r~~lllR. ,

!J.,

'I(;\

iTT., 'I \3 o

..

iir~sftr <Jqr ~11llt, if!{., ~.o..

ifiS'i+rl~ ~ifl;;:, if,

firerifr ~

f<rq~-=a-, if. !J., , ~.o.."'

ifrsfcl~mt ftirq ~. if.

!J., '1'-\~

fil<f'~QTS~<J

ll'T<rfi\:, if~., ~ o !J.,

n~.o..

ifrwr ~ ~r ~~ret, ~ . 'l~.t..'

fir~;:z;fa': ~<rrf;rr'tl~~zr. arr.

ilrffir ~?tt ~\T iffil',

f>. ... ~ ,.,rr~<rr<Tif ~,

if,

+Tr.,

\\3

filliqR!:

i6'~tfE<:!TifT, ~. !J., 'I)~

if.

*""m {lm ~~m.

if,

~cr.,

'IH

1~:~~~m "''scri!'rri,

!J., ~~.o..

!J., H ':\
y

ifl~IO{, olj'Cf~J~~~~, if. OU., 'I oY

~~iff"' ~ 'I 'I~

Wf'f<lifr"fr <Jqr ~:, ~. !J., 'I' ~.o..

0

(firt<Rfil'ffiif; ~if'] +Tlct. !J.' '

firt<J~I@'~: ~ll'J((.'
firt<J~IlCRD~~<f,

ifR~~'Iir~qr

'fir<rr,

~.

!J., \

-m.

'1'-\ 'I

ilf~q~

:q

ffi5[(~tr_ ' ~. !J.' 'I (;"

"11

-m., 'l'-\'1 -m. '~

01"r~ ifr~q~+Jr, ~. !J., '""

fir~ (l~;ror, 6il'l~r:, if~ 'I o...,

~it M~~

-m., Yo
Yo

fir~ (j~ij"~~Q":,

~'Clffi'fi~f 'f>fllll, ~. !J., 'I(; \3

~~fir~~ 'f>~1 ~~., Y'l

~fa': 'fil~~~~~ 'I~.,

~oe
e~b

.& ~ ~~ ~~ ~~sll! '.&

~ ~~.l:tblli2 ~SSll!

o~

.&

.It '~Jall?bl>ltt!>)IA
~ ~~

A.tb J~

'J.J:!~lt~.tt .I!

"~ 'llt '.It 'lnlll?l!!!J:tb Jl!hSll! ~~ ....

\o~b

.&

~ 'Pil. ~~},~.I!

~~
0

.& .11 ~~ .1! ~l!~ll! b e t .& 'l!.llt t .!:toll ::un. :!ill! .b

~

''I."

. .

.& ~ ~ ~!?~~

l!t.l!

e~ b
~oe "~

~~t '!!U~.ll:t~~~ .I!

~~~'I!~ ~.I!
'.J:t1'21l~l)! ~lt.l!
~

\ob ''Jlt '.It~~ ~.l:tl:ll ~ :l!lb:~.l!

"oe .& ~lt

'.& J?jl:t ,..&

'- 't t 'llt 'lt

oo

t~

:1~ Jl!t~SJ.l!

e .& }_ ....
t

'J~~ ~.l:tl!il ~!bSI.I! ...... ...., ......

'.It 'hlSII.!: 1~.& :1tt.l~l:!.l!

,.. ~ b t 'lli~
0 ... "

-:I!JfttbJ.b ~~J!!h.n! .I!

t !1!.1bt2til!JJ:t
1

e~ b ~~t 'hl1~h .
C\.11.. b

''llt ..It

~ .I!

''11 .It

. '.blll!!n!U2 ~llt .I! ..... ... .

.I! .QJt:t .I!
~

oA.b ~;tt

.l!l~l.blfJ<:l:>. ~1 .I! ....

~.....,

b be

; ~ .&

'.It ~!t ~~L~hl.l:l!

.!!

.& '.tl!t ~~l!t~~ ~lt.l! h, '.& 'lt 1.1!i!_I9>)J.!li1Hlt .I! .... .~~.. .& J:t '!t~ ~~1!
0.11.. b

"~ b ~lt '.J2.h.tl~ .I! ~}.~~ .I!

0 .....

'-e

'Ut 'J:t ':.ll! .~=.I!~~~ .I!

.I!

.& }_ ....

'11:! ~'-'.) h..lb~J.ttll .I!

e~ b '~.It ~~.I! !i~ .I!

"1.~1. ''l.tt~~ ~.tt ~~~.I!

L,_ b J.l:tfi : bJ~lJ:!~ .& .I! ooe

s..., "" .& }_ ':11:!.& :.tt~.~= .P~.lli~.l! ..... ,) .... .....,

'I;tt ~.@I~ .I!

~'b

.& ~ ['Ri~~:=.!!~]
~ ..l:t 1}.1! ~lt 1~.1! ...

.&

'.It ~~J.b!t:h~JJM~ .I! .. .....

L ~ b ~.It mJl:&l;t ~.~<~ .I!

A. 'I.

e._.. .&

~ ~t~t~ ~~.I!
~!21Th.!< h J.tt:l?~ .I! a ...
~

.& }_ ...

\u

.& .It

-....~ ~~

'.I!Wl!.bl!!~h .I! ...

'I.A.b Jlt .It '.ttl~tJ!t~~ ~.I!

0 ....

.. ..
~

eh '.1:!2 ...
bA.b
01\

'1~~ ~.I! ...

~

b ~ b ''Ju ~.ttl.&:!!' Jhl2 ~ " ::-.:1 ........

.!!*

:~ur.~ ~~ .!!**

.& ~ ~::t~~ .f!~h :fa,~

.I!

e-.... .& 2 ...

~~~lt~h~.l!

~~b

.& '.l:t ~~!.&~bE~ .I! .& }. ':~lt.a .~= ~! .!! ...

"'-b '.& '.It 't<~ 1.1!~1t ~~.I!

"" b ''Jlt '.It ~~~~.H~ ~ .I!

bb

.& '.I! 't~ .fr11tS!!~.I!

'~J.~< '~l2.!!.~<~.!l>.l!*
'.1!

e'I.
o'b

~ ~ b 'fi&~ l!..ID~~~~.I:1} .I!*

'I.H
"A.

'.&

'Jagp.'l! .&4Jlt2..1!

.& .&

'.It '.1?~ ~~ !!~.!!

t~

''Jlt '.It 'J~lbt~lt:=J~ ~ .I!

.&

'.It '.tnJ~ ~~~ ~

~ ~ b ~.It 'lt~SJI.!: .I! J.l!.g~ ~ .I!

.~~.. .....

~ ~!o!lill!:!!.iiJll:!

... ~ .&

'.l:t ~~~~.I!

xnmoodv]

oRe

D]
~t :q

crms<l",

if.~ ...,~~,

qr.ffl~J\4 ~olj, <tilclJI., 9 ~ \

IJ~I~'!~ ~~ Jl. ~., "\
q~:crr~'?:'l~g ~~,

m~=. +rr. ~ , .... ~ ::. ' q"';r "'" ~. if3., 'I'~

q~t

..

;rm
"

if. ~

q~:cr'liT~~~rcr..

;;{., ,..._

~'if!~"f ifT~lJ, if.~ ...... "

IJ~:q''ii[l~of

*~qtm'lt~. fcl'~.. 'I ~ ...

g,

J{,

~ ~ \

*~ "'~. f<i~. 'I~" IRPRTilffi" ~: ~~cr._ , if. ~., ~ <~, ~R~ ~'A arr(+rf :q, ~mr., , ,..._
q~~;:j t

q~:qif ~~~ g, if. ~ ~"

q~~:;fi'{r~ qtif c;;ar~, ~~ . 'I~\
IJ~<ic~~ ~ I:TiJfq,
~ ~ ~

~.,

'1 .... ~

'CfililtJTt.

if. ~.. ... ....

~ gll_1~T I:Tr<f1,

"

"

if. ~., ~ <~,

q~~~f<i(i'liJo:rt, ~ . , ~

qmqro:rrr~ :!i<i'~. ~. ~ ..._~

qr~q~~~;r~
~

mtrt :q ~ ~=.
,.... :::>.

if. ~~ , -_"

...

U+rr., '1'1"

IJWl ~ffi "'~ ~.,

~

,n

qlilf~~ ~r{r~. ~. ~. 'I <= ~

q~;:~if[q fir~cr, if. ~~.,

~lifif ~1.,, ~

w~
':l.':l.

qrcr~rmf\fit I:TTd, .,~. ~ ~~

qr:;;r~~:cr ~era, if.

. , ........
~

"

<11., '"

~'

:q

~:'!ll-..

l'\~:3.

*l'JC{.

,....

IJI'i+fll.1ffq[ orr~, if .,, ., 'I ... ..._

qcfflRti~ qmcr_ I iif, ~ ,

~~~~~~ ~., n,<~,

IJT"f+f~r: fllir~~cr. ~ . ,._. ... ~ qm;rr ro:r!:l'q: :!ili'RL , ~;r., ,..._ ~

.- .
~"

~~~

if.

~., P.

IJI"cl~l<riW'fif ~?!',

f" .....

if. ~. ~ ....

IJU"I~if~, ;;{., ,..._

qr>cf g ~~trr (fi[Cf.., if. ~ . ~

IJUIR!~~. ~. ~ ,~~,~

qrilanu{
~

:q ~p:Si~~:ll',

il~ . 'I ... -:~,

q~qi(

mm-,

if3 'I"~

qrr't1JTJfr{~aqr ~=. if. <11., 'I 'I.

IJIP;"TSU{II<i'fi'
~ ~

q~~ ~. ~ 'l'i'':l.

~.

if.~.,

'I

l~

q~ ~~. Jl~

't

qn'l1Jlm{TT1i~ffislj,

if. ~ , ,..._

!Jti~r: ~~~;f. ~ . ,..._,

IJU~ Sl(<i~ ~. if. liT., q'(T~<tin~ ,-fR, ifiT(ll'T., ':l.
':l.'t

qrflortrmfl:tm{ :q, ". *l'T., 'I 'I

q~cj cr:i~f~c<f, ~~.

w<=

IJI~~~~Oii:Tf~, *l'fct. ~ ''I

**'I'{tl\:<r :;:nN<fir~~ ~~:. ':l. II,

fitQ:~ar+rt ~, if. ~., ~~, ~

firnR+~f if~ '{illl<I, J iif ~ 1 q't~ifit ~ifU~~. ~. ~ 'I <:II,
,

~~ ~CfCl ~1!,
*q~rs~~.

if,

~~ ~II,

\ll

~ .

, ... ':l.

q~~i:R:, ~. ~ . ':l.V

~;rrrir :q ~h'Or, il3., 'I, ...

M ..... rt:t
~

:f"

< ._.

0..

....
:f"

)o
0
~

..

. . .._ . . . ~ ~~~.,..~I>"~-" ... ...

b?

'

:f"

\)~ )o .,..
:'

ol"

~ (S ~
Itt:;
'tv 1::.

~ ti li ~
1

b?

IT? @::

,...

~ ~~ ~ tc
~

"!+
Ill""

~"' ti!fg '~~

Iii'

t;.

1-ft OJ/

,.,,.~
-0 ol" ....

tv' ol"
" "

~
\)

1:!:::

l!tr

ro

--~
IV
/W

rr{

toT

~ ~
!;;: IV
11+

~ ~

}~~--~
!;i

'"

~ ti

....:, OJ/

"'

b?

b?
1

!1Y
I

W :. :~.
li
I;"

...

._

,.

';'

tJ/

~"" ....:... ... ...

.,..

tv'

ol"

.... ol" ....

~

"

,.
~

,sE:

Ill"

tJr ~

a~
I

!;T

l~ ~ l' '
I>" ol".,..

~~~~~tr~
:f"
0-

'!i

n;: "'

~ ~
VI
)o
of"

'

~~ ~

tt:; ~

~Ill""~~ ~~ ..:!!!" ~

1""

WW M

~ ~

:f"

tv' .,..
ol" " .,...
~ ~

.,..
-

1kY
....

~""'M

:'

.,.. ';'
b'?

ol" \)

c!.
l>""':f"ty. cr":f":f"liY

ol" :f"

ol" .,..

:-..,.~,.,.,..

!!'

~-b?

)o

I&

~~r:~
....

oc

r~
"

~ S! lilY ~ (!!: E;: trW&~

....

to

~ ~ ~ ~

;; ~ ~ r ~ r if i ! '! :~ ~~ ~ir'~ ~ ~ i~ ~~~~ ,E'iE ~

1"0)

fp"~

,g
Ji

....

tr,
tt:;

(/!-- . .

tJr~

IT! ~~ >;. ~ ~ ""li ~ ('"'1~~1;1

IJ; '

:".,..:' b? ~ b? Ia" ti '""

~~~ li

b'?:'r b? lilY :'

!!!
IV

:"

I+

s:~
I1J;;

..,I+~

t!E .~-

~~~~~
....
....
~

'if

Itt;

Itt:;

IT

IT

tr

IT

tr

& & ;.

)o
of"

:f"

,.~

:f"
0 .... -

ol"
0

:"t\""' .... o)o:f"ol'tr,.. ... pYP"'b'?3'" .... :'t:.' ---t::::tr-ol","" ~~=-~~ t;r ~!9 ;'17"" =-~~
'-',,.. :'ol'tr,..

)o

0.,..

ol"

:f"

~
v

I>"

-:f"~...:crb?

M ra- 1+ c~ ltf ti-'1 n:. ~

11~

~b?
~

';'li

'"" I+
~

b?

I+

.:-

';X
I;;

0'

(~

: '!!
(It;

~~ ~

II;

.:1

!+

1"0)

I;

't!: rc
1

~ ~ f:;,

11li3

'"'& ~ 4(~ (~ i ~ ff (~ ~ g: ~ I~ f~ ~ trl %J $ J: .gto ~~It

~~ ~ ~~~

,..... ~<~'"

.~~

r2 ~ .~~ I!V ~ ""' t!5'? ~ ~ ti ~ ft?:. IP"~

._~.::.

ti~ I+
~

1+

b?

;-111+. ;; rs~ thY

1;0

I+

~ur

.,.. ~

t:;'

(~ ~~ l!g l~ "!? 1P" ~"~ ~ rt; ~ ~ lifO !::! ~ It ,g IVJ ~ I!

tt:;
VI

~ Ill" ti r.- ~ !;- ~ ~--~ "IE" 12: ~ ,., fir ~~ ~

"!;!'

:'b'? I& (~
~ l!t

';'

....

ur
:'

-0 0

....
ol" ,..
0

I>"

I>"

i+

ti (~ ~ ti
~

b?

...

..

,.. b?

';' tv'

b?

\) -

.,..

:f"

:f" ....

~ ~ ~ ~
(~ to~,~~~
tJr

If
li

~~
~

(1!:::

b'

..:~ . . ro ~~

~ ~ -tji ~ (~ ., ~ :~
t!;-

tt:;

~~

1ro

~~ I~

If *

l!lr !+

(~"'Ill" I~ li1' I+

....... fir ~:; iii

~

r.

"It

I+

I+

II! 1[ If If

lr

~~ tr

iii'

1/ liY

I&

tJr

tt:;

:m
tr

I~ 1~ fe '~ ~ (~ ~ ~ ~ tr tr
II;

116'

to

""

~ 11~ ~ & to

D]
'l~'lr'I:RT~T
:\. ..... f'
ol\

'i'f<i, +r.

~.,

"\">

lfolTa'~'ifTS51~, ~.,

'I "'t

'l~T ~~~~ ~. ~., 'W\

Sl(~ Cfi~, +!'~., ~'

Slffiq'~~~~'"f~, ~., 't

'l~"f ffii~~' ~., '1"\"

'l'S'Cf: ~~~ ~' +r. ~.'

"0

31~rif :q ~ 'if, ~., ~ ~

31(~Xl~~. ~.,

't ~

*5lia+rr) crfu., "', *lilfcl+rr fu;~tcr<n'OT~l, ~. ~., ~,

Slilr'li
lfl1l'llln:~T ~ ~:,
~

'lifqm ~err:, ~,

'I "

Sllfiff ~~li:, +r. ~., ~"'

f' ..... .....

iiT.

~., 'jl.to

31~;f <RfJff

itcrr, ~. ~., ~ "> ">

Qfuurt d ~~:~, "[if., "''I

q'j~: ~OJ[Cf: ~<{~';{~,
3l'fil~~s~'f~
~::.

-.

31~ GIT~~ 'if, +r. ~., "~

"'

iiT.

~.,
~r.,

~RtJR~h:q, il~., 'I~"

**31~ 'liT~ 'qfWl~ ~to,
~

+r.

">to.

.. .

Sl ~rmS~Zfif1:T~cr':i, +r.

' . SJ~~'fCI' tj'ijiTifTI

..

~r., "'"'
~,I 'j ~ o

~~'if ~0', +r. ~., "'

srey1;r1J'f~(li ~{, iiT. ~., 'I~
~CJT'R~I'1,\I:,

+!'

wmr:
wz~

~~:,

<nm.lr.,

\o

"'

..

if, ~'I ~ \t

funrr

tJr':i~, ~r+rr.,

SI~~Rr 'qfSS(+rt;:f, +r.

'I" ~., 'Ito,".

~iii it;;r~Jl31A.
~

, +r. ~., " o

~~~

!l'~ra- ~~~'!~, ~. ~., ,~"\

~rcru~f;r~tscr;fm, +r. ~., , ~'

31~ ~~Rr ~~~ iiR., ~

rro"?for 'if~~~~ +r. ~., Slti.CI'~~ ilrcfr, ~. ~., , "''

31'FT+r~ ~-..~:, ~. ~.,
S!+rrUTTfir 'if ~Rr, ~~~.,

31;;rrc~t ~;:f ~n'ff, n~., ~

..... ~lifT ~[SQI'Cf,
,.....
~.....

'0"'

iii~.,

....

H ~

~lift~~

firt<i,

'6Wn., ~"'
~~~., '\ \
'l,o

~lilT: <iif~ffi=

w,

+r. ~.,

n"

~r:fl:s.!'~fmt.'

m't{~iir ~l=i, lJ+r., ,"~ SJqJm:~, +r. ~., "'

mq~ ~Cf~CI'Jlif,

*~r+il

00,

f<f~.,

~r {~ If{ ~1f(lfr' +r~.' ~"'

~i4 f.lfuor~ :q, an.~.,

"'

~~~.,

'IH 31~~ ~~r ~Uitt., ~., , \ ~

31Mkitt:a~<i1rq 9, ~., , ' '

~rm~~, ~r+rr.,

~: ~ ~~~ ~~.,

,.

smt~liffl ~ ~<i;, +r. ~., ,..., 0

SIUT'<i

!J~+rr~, ~+rr.,
\~

'\ 't

Sl~ ~q~:, If, ~., , ' ,

uo ~0

;a
<l

g
~

,...

P'
0

~
tr ~

P'

"16' .....

. '!!!:
b'?
~

~"or~.
tr' .,... ....

!I
)o

....
....

Ill>" ~

P'

~~

~
~

r-~ ! :~ '~ ~~
tt-Y
lilY

~~di -~

b'?

I+

~ ~~

.~~ b'?

trc!!!:

or

b'?

:'

or'ltror...:;, tr' tr' tr' >J/

!>.-.,..
..... :'

!I

,....
)o
tr

)o

f
iV

b'? '""

b'? hr

~~
l;r

fi=
-

:'

~
-

P'
.,.

P'
:..

or,... .,..,..,.r,,
~

~
\)

~ ltf

~ ~~ d!!:
~
....

iii
{YY

....

rz-[ 0/to<l ~ liP' Ill' c._ ~ (!! I!V /!>~'" l'fV I;T tt; b" iG, lir ,!W ~ ~ ~ ~ m~ ~ ~ ~ ~ &! ~~ "!:> ~b "iD=. "l'cr "tcr ...~ ... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
'

ft;

~ I[

tt;;

,.,

~ q~
tr' tr'

f f -~ '! ~ f -~ i [ ~
ff
tr'

I+

b'?

:-

:'

or
I+

"..

)o

I+
~

r;?

b'?

:-

,~

b'?

lilY

....

,..

I+

.ti

~~ !
lf;"_ !;"
...lu"

It)}

tu)-

:'

ti

b'?

b'?

,...

fg\1

IV
...

m-. "lir ~

~~

f.W -~ ~
f6

I+

.I?

,rf

"~~

~~ J~ ~ { tt;~ .,lt i -~ "-' tr ~ dE tt; I? "IIY ~ ~ It; .... b" ~~ rc tr g, b" d!!: l;i I? IE "IP .IE . ., ~ ~~'" ~~'" ~ t~ ,.~ ,~ ~~ '~ ~ ~ (~
l=;r

'""

"" '"" "" . .:. ,1\Y ""'

~

~ ... "'b"?

tr'

~,. .... ~

,...

!I

....
0

;:,

~~b'? .....

:-

I+

:b'?

I+

"" ti d!!: I+
fir
..

..

P'
....

IV'

'l

er
tr

~~~ti~
""'~~I+~
rz;,

I hi "

!IV

:-.,.~.,...~,.~

0 lY'

tr'

\)

""

cr-

er

~trcr-tr'~

tv' crtv' ~P'o

....

:'

:....

l;i

3'

.Jj ~ ;~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~~ ~! ~~ ~ 1~ ~ ~rt w (~
e!;;:
l;i

If
Hr

~ h..t'

~ n;.

tt;; t~

~~

lrl+

:-

!;?

b'? hr

ll!!: ~
~ ._

.~

~..-

or
....

~ ~

....
,...

,...
'l

{YY

:li=

:-"',.,..~ b'? ri ~ ~ ;"

I+
....

-:

..
~

0
~

:;("

P'

or
tfl'

,...~ro
~

,...

tr'

..,.
r

:;::.,..or
tr

,.,.
tr'

or
~

tr

....

I+

j:;i.

~ ~ ~ ~ I)~ ~

~ ;.:.~ ~g 'I~ I;T~ IE (If If It; ~~ ~ ,~ tt-l ~ ..... it.'

II;"

....

~
fi;=

~b'?b'?.

=-~b'?

:;("
b'?
:'

tr ~ '"" '"" ... 1!: !!~ '""

~~

!!?'

~~

I+

b'?

:tr,
1'"

....

or
r

" r

" ....

.:,

127?

~ ~~ . ~. ~ :
~~ I~ !;- ~
~~
tr

thY

~.~~b'? b'? Ia I+ ~ 1'1\Y hS='

-b"?...!

....

4~ ~~ I~;
IV

IV

""'

:- "" It hr.
~If;..
....

""

tr

:' b'?

I+

~ ~ ~ .w, ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ S;

t7')

I;; !;;

~-~;; -~

ir IV ~ - ~ ~ ~ f, t!;; ~~ ~~ ~179 'W, (w,

fir

ii t 'f, t i
4

~i

....

IY

"
:r ....
...

:rl t l > ' . ,,..,.. ) o ! .

..,...,..~

.....
:r ,..,. 1ft'

... ..: ...

It:~ (llll
...
'"'

t.?

~v-b'?..-v-

=-:r~-

:r .,.. .,..
~

li
fV

'"'

~ w
"-

fa'

I+

t.?

'"'

It'"'
.
I;"

:-v-::> t::r? '"' a-

~P")o<r")o

:;-

...! li
fV

:I+
fV

I+ l;i

ri
~

'"'

.. tr

(~ ~

.. t w ~ ~ i
,i\if
~
0 .....
~

"fl (!!:

1111

~
lliT

tr

'"'

~~

I?

li ~ fi

i l i lli -~ -~
ii li ii ii
0

~<( .,. -ifir ~ ~ jj;; ...... t.? 1tr fir I+ ~

'"' llr

1!::: ~~
~

'"' ,.

~ n::;l~ .. I;T ~

f60

t;;:

:" ti?
fa'

'"''"'

"'

" ..... .,.. .,.. 0

~ ~

.,. '"'
:'

1ft'

)o
(W'

:r~
(ft'

t.?
I+
-~

!;' I+ j:;i
~:v ---~ ~ '0 ~

I+

fir

~ IV

Ill'

(!!::' tiii= _,.,; It 1 ~ 1G9 11~ IV IV ~ '~ ~ Pt '~ ,. ,. , IN' to) t!Y '~ ll:C ii

It ,. ._
(;"

I~

12

'"''"'

4'hr

Iii=

!+

11~trrtrr~ I+ '"' ' ..._... ~w ,.;r:....! ~ ~ I+ l;i ~ ~

tr

~ tr

..... .,..

..

,..-:r~

I""'
1ft'

.,. .,. .,.. .,..

~ ~

b'?

:'

li

b'? .... !' b'? lib'?.

!'ot"'

"

,..

ti? ti?

....

ii li ii

llJ? I(;"

iii;

!.
ITS
P"

~ ~ ~ llilf liP I;T (!:: ~ ~ ~ 111 l; li=; Jij: <-ltr " c ~

1;;1 ""
It;
l.J -

Ill'

(!! Jj;
fa'

li li

Pi'

tr:;

1tv

In:;

~
0

IV

"16

r;,-

~;r

"IV
~

,.... n:;

IV

.-- .
~
~

~ tr

...

.... fir ~ t:i :,- ~llr IT n::: ~ ~ b'? ~~WJW hl ID" t. I+

''"

r;;: ~

...ft:{ ~
... r::.
to-'

li ~
l9

lu?

II;;
~ Ill'! ~

.. IP~ "IPI <--lUI

~ ~ ~

"

llr ~:~iV

~
~

~ M '"" ~ ..., ~ t:i .:t:i S' I+ ""

,_

!;?

t;i

,. 11r ~

1!
o tto=' :
~

'

ID"

.,. ti? ~ b'? :r ...! ..: :' I+ !!:

... b'?
~

"' .,.. '"'

~

p'

~
~
P"

" :r .,..
...

~to-'

~ ,,~
~

lt'i li !!f
I+ ...,

,..-,

IW n:; ~tli;r~ !if~ lrY' ~ '~ ~;: ~ ~ rv {!;!" llJ? M (~ ~ nr I& ~ 1ft; ~ 'iii:! .,~ ~ Iii' ~ b4 rt; 1f& 1tttY ~ IV ~ ~ It; ,. II'!: ~ cl!!: ~ ~ ,s ~ f60 ~ I ~ ~ 'le t!!! IF! E' ~~ ~ fir .. ~ ~..,.." !!!' -~ ~ '[ ~ ...... ~ (~ IC tDJ ~~~ lg '~ r&'i& ~~~ ~d!. (~ ~ ~ IWt f: f: ; 1/i Ill" llJ" llJ llJ ou li li li nrd! * l 't ~ f: r: *

fir llv

IDJ

fV rt:;

~ ~~

![. !;4 ,.~

11:1"
~

:' ti? li
b'?

I"" ..~
""

w ,.,: :"

"' :r .,..

.,.. "
~

.....
P"

t.?

I;. I~ (~

I;" I;T ~ ~~~~,~

I""
fir
IK)

:'

.!;;

.,.
~

.,..,..,.
!"

:r,..,.r--

=-~
'"'

:i'i
~

16' '"'

!'
~

l1j;=

I+

~
-

w Wlli ~ !;=
'"'

b'?

~ ~ ti?~~i#
'"'

.,.. :r ,..,. .,. .,. ,..,. 'o ,... ,..,...,.. ~ :rv- :r .,.. ~ ~ ,..,. .,.. ~ ~ti?v-~
'"'

.,.

:r
;.

....

~~'

M ~ ~ ..., . ~

IV

lr
~

,..,. :r .,.. ::> ~ .,..

!;=.,..
..;.
...

"' !"ur

:'urftJ

t;;:

~ lt'i

lflr

~~

I+

li

ti"

fi --~~ -~ ti .:
'"" {1\Y

~ ~~

. ~ . .
~~

r:

i ( 'i

( (;"

~ "16~

"'J;-0\J

~ !i
ji,

.,..

w td
~

:-

I+

b'?s

4j;:'

ri

,; ' ~tr llf ~ ,~ ~ nr ~ ~

li li= li' !C '...,.. 'tiT

~i ~ *

fir

,_ "i
~

~~ fir

~" '_b ~ ~ ~*
"\.ib '~ ':Jls~~S:th}.l!
" t. ~ t l.o~.t:

:>

~~b

''.lkl.a

~~~.Q ~

"\ b '.& 'A '.U..tttt..e.& ~

' '

~.1!

~~b ''llt '.It ':lnh~ .a~J ...

~
0

b'\b

'E

~ ~~lt e~ ~.1!

b ('l.ltJ}.

t ,ag~ ~.a~!
.....

e'l.b

'.& ~ ~=a~~ .t: ~ bb '.& ~ ~~~~1.1! .. v

-...e. .&'.It
3e. t .& .It
0 .....

.~:~}. .J!I~~ :~
:lllliJ~ -'!ill~

t :.l.ill

t-.... 'E ~ '~j l~l~~ "e. 'E '.It ':~}. ~~..1!1~

b ''lit . .It ~~l~jQ~ ~WltlK

"ob '~ 'f!.QJA ~~~ !~

-....~

e. 31. .ltl.a ll:!~~ ..I!M 1~ . .

~

'.&

'.It '~l~l't .t: ~effil.K

t

,.. 'I. '~

t :~J}.

.Q.ttll.& ~

"

3..... .& .It

~lli~ li!!!~~ll't~
..)

ebl.
'b "!.
~H
t

~ 'l:!&e.~:t~ .a~~.l!

"

...

,_ ..... '.& 2 'IW.'ii! ....

e'l.b
o?b

~l!: .hll:tl.K ""' ....

.... ? t. ~}!

t 4~illlttlbU!~

.& .It

t ,agQ!:e ~Q HI~
~

'.& ~ '~~~ ~lK '.& '.1! '&e!>IJI;!a ~ .l:llK

'
'-'

'

'.&

'.It

'::tJSJ~~ ~S:.Qi~~.t'\~

30 b

''l.l:tJ}.

'IltJ}.~ hl.'ii!
v .....

!ilK '

H '.& '.!! '&!Jl~~~lh~~~

..... b
t. J.ltJ}. t :lh~

.t..hlr!B~

3 t1. '.& .ue '.l!l't .Q .t: p~reta,IK ..... "' e.? 1. '.& .9:~ e ~ .PJ~ :.Ql.K . "'
'-'

e.-...~:. ~ ~n~~~~9=..1!

"'b b

'.&

~ 'ft~.e .l.PldJ;t ~l.K

J!

~ 'b b ''.& ~ ~~ t.tt~~

0

be.

'.&

-....bb

~ 'll:! ~t.=

ns:J.e ~ii!Wh

'l:!Jlt ~~&~1t.Ql.K .....

? o

-.. .-. . 'E .1t

'~t.h ~rrl!:e ~~

"..... ' .& .It t ~ ~ l~hS:~ 5:illb '\ bb t .& .It t .& Jtil~}.full~!b
b b .& ~~ ~~~ l!: t~ 0 31. t .& .It t ~~.l!lih.tll.lti~J~
?'b b

e. '.& br~+ t'"' "e. '.& .1t

"?

'.ll:illi?.!.l:ti!J.I:i?.tt.QlK

'l!'J.~ .&~le:ll.ol.K

''lit '.It .a~~ ~ii;JaroiK

~~

.& ..It ~.ltl'\ .n.J.e.J.EU!~ .

'.It ~Jll:.!ii l.oli!.IS~~

.&
t .&

'g,'n

:~hltl.l.Th~!b
..... o

"\b

~ 'ti=Jh -l.lllihl.&~!b

. e~ ,.~l! ,~.Q ~]:lK 2~ e." '.& '.It 'll:~ ~ ,

'-'
.....

e."

.&

b ' .l.lt.l}. 'P~jfh'tJ~~

!:b
? :> b

"~" .& .It ':!!~ ~Jill!~

0

'

~ '~lhltln>bi\IK

e,,~,

'.&

'.1! ~~ ~

~"

t1. ~ ~ ~~~ ''.& .It 'I! ~~ J.e.l.lt1.&~

~R~

X!ptiaddy]

3 ~ b 'll ,2 'J~ ~s;J,e l:!.IE:It .._ .._ ... """

~H 'll.!t '.~:~~ .l,.tl~ "~b '~ '~lltl~lt Jn~.!t

~~

'

'lt 'JJg~ lh!:! J~1t'2tt?o)n

t~ 'll ~ '!~lli~i~lt
1.~

e~b 'll ~

'fd\

~Jl~lt

':l!A

':~b1: .!!illllilt ~

C.~b .t~ '1: Jh::tla.l! ~lt

b ~ 'll ~ '.!1!.& Ji-}JI~.!t

~ ~ ''ll 'lt '1: J~lt.l!lll bS~

"

b 0 b '. iltll ':,RJl:!J.ltlZ .hl.Ua.l;ltJ -...;.,;..,....,

~

b~ ' '.2 'JQ~ -.

:::Ul

:~~.!t v

ollb '.!!t 'lt ~~ ~

~e. 'll ~ 'e~~J:i)Ut!!Wt

e.,_ 1.
f\

' ~lt '~~J;I.b:lSlli.2.!.l;ltJ

'. ~lli

t ~b 'll ~ '!zoll!:l!.!t .j:)l!.l:ru:t

~~. ''lltll 'Jalt ~~

':.tt.l&ti :J.Qarill:.!tl ...

~

ed ~ 'J.Ia ..l:t11t ltol:l!J .l;.!tl

.._ ....., -..I

hb

'.2
C

... '&~.&!hlllill:l!.!t " .

'l!Ja~ ~~
~

t '

'lt

'!tr& .1:

Jhl:! iillll.l:

~
-...J

O?b < 'J!

C.b b ~ '!:!~ ltll.hl: ~ ..... '>:

f\

f\OC. <, 'Jtl!t 'Ja~ ~

tf\

jja

J!eWt

~ 'l!t 'lt ~~ 1: ~
Hb '~ ~~~!:ltd

.t 'lt
'fl
'lt

~~ ~hl:l!.!t
~ltb ~.e.fll.!t
~

~~

ob b 'l!t 'lt ~~ ~.1!1~

~ ~ 1.
1. be.

'.t

~ '~ .ptt~=el:ru:t
'.l:).lll!:lJ.Ia.l::thl}J~.!t
............

c. 3 '.t 'lt ',!;!~~ 'hl.l:!aa~i::4J ? c. '.t .~lt 'lll.1!1.~~-t!~Pt

0

b ''S::! '.!: .l.l:1l !h::tlaeWt

.t alit
~1

o~ 'fm.~aJ 'bJllmbfut.elli* ....., ~

b b '

"

[ '.!: !kll .b:~.la~J:ru:t ]

" v

E~ "~ '!~.&lbnMJ.!t
bb

"H 'll 'lt '112J:lE J~~llilt

c.

'll ~lt ~ ~~~.l:lli ~J..I:t

0" b '. ~

'1: hJ.J:t.W~~:l!.!t
~ ~

""bb ~ ~llt~~ ~ll~lfll:t

" b '' Jltll 'hSSJ.I:illU!.2 l:!:l!.!t ...

"rJ~ ~ 'J!iilil JQ.Ia.2 J~.!t ... ...
~

..

~.~

'.t _!t

~lt lhl:! eu~~~.!t

~ 3 'll 'lt '1tJ:ll ~~leJ.!t

bb c.
~H

'.t .~lt
'
'lt

J!l.l:t1!&jllillit
~ ~

""oe 'll ~lt '!e~lbY1~ !ID1J.!t A~ I. ' ~ '4e!'a~ .Ia~ !IDkft

~e. 1.

'hllllbl.l!:ti.I!S::!J..I:t

Hb 'll 'lt '.!:~~J}~J.Ia ~}.!t

~ ~ 'll lt
o
~

'.t .ft 'lk J&Jati ... " ...

:~J.!t
~

'QJ.b:~J..I:t.e

~f\ 'll 'lt

'~~ :,!hlt !D.Ia~!JJ.!t ... ....

1. e. 'll '.eJlt '.!I!.& JeilsJaJ .1: lalt

~

'lill.l: ltlt

"

~e. '~ut ':a~~8t:t ::lillHJ~.!t

b '~
ef\

H b '~lt '.lk.ll l.2!:t ~~

? ?

'1121!1~ .l!i.la.I:HH!.!t ...

..

'.t .~ ' ~!.b:~

o ,_

t<fu.l~ !D~::lt

1. '.!ta ''l!r~ ~ al1tJ~lQ~~b".!t

'~l!A ~~**

~Rb.

[a

AA

'

".l:t 'J:~k}aJU~I>I<. .. J.I:t ~ ..... ~

r-.~b '"Jll.ll ~~~lt~}a ~111!t

'r.l. 'J.I:tj}. ':..lohll

bolo '"Jlill

':~&!!~~~~.l:t
" "'
~llb'!t.l::illt

r-.'l:.b r-.Jt.b r-.Jt.b

"Js ~~ ~ '.l:t ':~.l:t !a :lillt .

..

bob 'j.l:tJ~ ':~ ~!~J:tl~ Jt.'l:. '.lhWe '.&.lh."t.Q ~ ~~

'1:. 0 b ''l.l:ta

".l:t ~h :l.tillt
~ ~

.~t.'l:. 'l.l:t '.l:t =~

:.l:ttt~.l:t !Jn.l!:~

'"' 'r.'-lb ''.!:ttl '~l_~ll J..tillt

"'

:uwtt

~ .ll llillt

)t.~

".l:t ~l.h~ h.l:tlJnl!:~.l:t

:> ~

"' b !

t '1:. fut ~!.l:t ~~

~

, ~ '.ln~!l ~ llillt ' .a .hUe '.1!.81)1; It!!! !Jillt* ......

~n ~~I! ~lt
~

t. b 'rutt 'fi .IP~

0

o'l, ''lll~
or-,

'tob '"l.l:t'.l:t ~~~~

'l:.b ''l.l:t ".l:t =~JlU!~ltiS~.I:t

b ' ~ 'lll2~ l~}a ~lt .

b'l:.b t.l:t'~~

..

tb

''l.l:t '.l:t ~e~J~

o'l, ''.Lhl.&

~~~ ~
:.a~h!.l:t.l.lemlt

""11 ".l:t '.Ill)~~~ ~.l:t ''l."' '.l:t ~ ~ R!i..l:t ... ... .,

:> r-. '' ID! '~~h~ ~:illl.tS~:~.I:t*
'l.H
0

0~

b11.
~

}A

' ..l:t

'!t}}Jtp.. t!> ~

"'

\"'b

'.l:t ~n ~~

!alt

' ".@
.l:t
b

'.l.!lili~ ~.l:t
t ~~

b ~ b 'fut
'1:. h '1:."'

t .l:kili~

.....

..!:

l.ltllifut
~h3.1:t

~ ~.l:t!lllli!J....llliQ.ij;t*

Ml

''ID! 'hl!=i.l: ~l.t .l.l:t.lliih~.l:th::~.l:t*

r>.o

' -~ ~ ~ .IJ!!Y

'fut 'ltll!!:!l

b ~ ~,1m~ .P~hl~
"''l:.b
S\
0

r-.~
~0

''

'.l:t ~~ :~ ~ISR!i..l:t
j};fi ~

b t 'l;.l:t t!!:

..!: ... ~~lli!l..l:t

~-

'1:.

'fut '.t~ .I:~J~ t .~ t ~ .I._P.JilltAlhl.lt

:~ :~ 'bll.l:~blk!S :j~
-~

tob

'"l.l:t '.l:t ~.l!l.l:~ ~.l:t

~

'l.~ t '.l:t
'1:. 0 '1:.

t .llill t .l:b }.l:kl.t

l.I:U:t
...

' ".l:l.lt .....,

b

""

.....

Jt.o'l:.

~l.lukb .11! -!Bl.l:t**

'l:.:>b

'
:>r-,

~ '[~~ .ttiJ.rel.e.~:out]

Jt.o'l:. '.!:llt ~ kb 1.1: !nl.l:t ._ r-.:>b ~ ~k52.1: ~~

b'"'
'1:.

'

'!~ ~

b )t. b '"lli!! ':l.tl,!l~ -tlllinil-tlUW.It

0

' .~

'~.l:t lBl.l:t

b '1:.

'tl.lt 'I!

~~~IJ.Jiliillt

b ' ~ ~hlb llli ~llli '

o'-1

" }.
"'

'llil!e .ll~a ~llt

'l. bb b '1:. b

'

".l:t '~!Silt~ ~1t . .

'l~illllt:lU.I: .ln~.lt

' ..l:t

. .

l:t

bl. ' ~ ~~ U!.l:ti1t

x!pnaddv]

'RlJ:

e\ b
e e~

C, 0 ~ C&J~J~Elt ~}!fu
'~

~~ Co 'lt

(~~!)

!1!J.&hll

~ L ' olt

'.l!~!t. .Th.!i!~': }.hlJI:illt .... . "-J

~?b Co~

C:~~l!l:t

Co 'lt

'~tt.'t.J~J& ~~:tJ}.bJ~J:t

e 3 Co 'lt
b'- c.~
~'-

'all>bl J:!: a"lllth

.~

b t ,. ~ ,&~ 12~ ~!mJa

"~ c. 'lt
O?

.f! c:h!!Jl!J
~"'""

&t.:..fu~
~

'.Ia.!:!: h~l .1:!: h:!Ja .....,

~

(,

'lt CJ!.bbJttJtS:lliJhfi~~

c.~lt 'I:~JI~~j}. ~JJ~

""

\ ~ c:~JJ~}!~!I:!~jl.l!.h**

~" b ( o~lt

(.Q~lli~ ~Jb~llt

\e

Co olt t~liJojJti ~tt..t:~J:t

~ Col!.!!

'~ b 'lli ~

, :J~~~~Jh) ~~ .t: .l!lla* ....., -....::~ ._

clklt ~~ ~

?"L Co o~ c:~J': Th.l:t :l!J:t~l~a

b b , ~

b? b C, ~

CLh ~~~J:t

,.\;IJ~'tt

~m.eU=Ja

b?b c, o~ c~l2 l~ ~

\oe ' ~!t '.!:!: ~.. ~~~~ !~J.!:Ja

t c,~ '.l!lla~~~~J.I:tJJ.!:Ja " ""
\ d ' ~ '.l!ltJ~~!I:! .t: JI;J~

eS\
Hb

Co 'lt C~J.I:t~ ~ ~l&l~

e"

c, 'lt (~~~~~a

""

C, 'J..I:e (.Ia~~ ~~.ls! ~

E~ L c .l:th c lli!:ci .1! ~~ ~Jtlla ~ t b 'o 'He 't:tH~.!b .l!.lliJ~J:t :a

0

bb e c. ~.~:t

'n.lh ~a~~

~H c,~ c:~~ .1! ~ ~~

t:\

~ L ,, rua

c.QJl!~ti l!&J~a
...
~

Hb

c.~

c~~ ~~.!:~ ~l:t

c~~JoYitaJ:t

b"b ' 0 ~ '~~~~~.I} H~

b "b 'at~.eJ ~~@ H~**

~b L

c,illh

ebb c,~lt '!~:t~:ehl!Thl:t

"" "

0?

b Co
c,~

~ (~

bJ!tJ:t a~~ a~~ -..v

H b
~H

Co~lt

(.I!~ .Q~ ~~~

eob

c.Q~.I!Jk .1! ~~!t ~a

,:1~ ~h ~&.ti a~h
v '-

' 'lt
c,~

c:.I~,Jb~ .Q~

~ ,.~!t

H b

c.Q~~lt .lb~.ti 1~

to~lt c!LD1~lii ~l:l~Jlt~h

.....,

\ b b c.~ c~ J.l!l~.ls!)b J}!~

\ H 'orua ,W.t:J.J:e .1:t &~ ~!1~Jtt ..... ......,

E c'll.l!
H b
C~.tt

c.M~llt& !k~

""

Thh

'-

'-e

,lhllr ,J:<:el!! &.~:t :~Jhl~

l

(l~!J:l<~hl.IH ~ ~~~

't. " ' 1t , !In.l!~n'b)!:Jhll:t

\\b c, ~ cJ~J}. ~!l~ ~a
~~b c,l!t 'lt
~

~b b c.~ c ~~l(!llt.I!Jh ~ ~h

E c.ll.l!

, ~J~lti ~Ii~p~.H~l:t

'bJSJ.I!Jltl!.l:t.l:t ~~a ....... ...... .......

c:~l,J}.b

e" ,

'.tt , ~Ut~ :&"~u ~~

Eb

c.~

!.Qllt ~lli

""

\eb c, 'lt ':Jllvltihll!rutilll:t

S'l?b C, o~ t~~ E~~_f2~
~'Eb to~ '~~~ ~~ ~!:t

0" b ''Jltl}.
e
~~e

c-trl.'i;! ~ltiSJ.I! ~~a

~ b ' 'lt c~~,J:t.l!h~l!h

[a

ro

M ......

....
....
-to'

p.,

~ .__,

lir ~ ;

~ ...

)o

,.:ro
.,...

.,...,.':

(~

...

'~ ,~;: -~ ~ 16' 16'

f!\01
.v

~ "" (~ II'"
1:>1"

tfi

. . ..., :' I+ ~ li ~ ... la"r;-t .......... Iii . . ~ r;~ ~ .....

10 ,_.'

:r:r~~ ........ ~

...

I+ ...
IV

'i w w li w r;:;
It' v

I:J?

:'"

~..r ...

ur

:r ,..,."
)o

P'o .,...~

{
to'

,..,.
tr

...

""' I+

I:J?

.,.'J

:'

....

t:i?
Ia"

... ..-

I:J?

........ ... , :r ~,.

...

IIi- tt:; "!:+ ...16'

!(;\)

1:::

1Jr

~ ~ *

IV

IV

~ ~

f+ E.
IV

-~ cEw ... ~ ~~ ~ ~ ...!,T ~e..... ~ e~ .,- ._

IV

'"'"

-~ 1.~
10

S:

rtf

...

........ ~ "~
~~

ri
1'/ :.+

...

1+.....

(1\Y
...
!;;: I.IU>'

(i w
I

...

ov

I! n;

t;:;' t;;r...
'"

,J;f

tt:;

1;1')

'" .,.,. (~ !;I>)

to , ..

jg
IV

i
IV

~... IE

~~ ,t::
I+ to {It; ll:;

& "'
IV

; IV

IV

IV

IV

~ ~
IV

~ ~
~

"~

tt;

IV

~ ~ Iii; 1iY ~
IV

!lr

I
IV

~..... !;... ~
<
1
It;,{

w~~:..$1i {~ ~ ~ tJo.Y ri . . ll:f... ""'

... , :

:ro tr'(;rw... :r : .,... . . ~

-

~
(>'

:r

(>'

:r

tr?
,..,.

...

!'+

IV

~ ~
IV

IV

~ ~

.. ~ ~ w ~ IV w
IV

1;'

<- l

E '~ !;:
t;"

to

...

IV

w
""

"" :r :.
'J ...

......

,w -~ ~ '[
~

IV

~ ~

'g y~ w jjj: ~ -~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
...
16'
b"

to!(~
~

j;; ~

IV

If
Ill

"
...

~~ ~ fg\!

...~
([E
(IV

... ~
,_

IV

tT

IV

IV

:t:: ~

1/\g: {~
IV

* IV *
~

~ ~ [
M'

IV

kY

IV

IV

IV

,,.
,..
~

:r 0
(>'

:r ,..,.
,..,.

,.

)o

..r:

..to'(>'

....
:;!'
~

....

t:i?

,!i
t;

..r

: t:i? ,fi

-~ : ) o ~i ... ""' ...

I+
!;"

ol'

..,rur

"t:J?r . . . . .,...

""

ti ~ ~l tr... fi: I (ft:; II ... ~ fY~w~ ~ -~ 4,~;: -~ ttc: 'til' ~ -~ if !r -~ (._ (_ '~ ~ It; ~ ..... ..., ~ ... ~~ ~ {~ (~ IP" ~ ,lit.- !;i ..,._, ~ ct' 1;:: I<Y tt;i lz; ~ ~ 5" -lftc:~IVI;l'J.O.trr. o--111 ~ to {/- ~ 5: llr It; ,_ (~ Iii= [! I<Y I<Y 1;' ~ '~IV) {. 1::! !1:1" ~ If; I! on ..., !1:1" '~ ~ ~ , , ~ @~ ~ II' g I;= ll? ii' !;" !;"

wt:J? ... Ia"

~ 1;')11!&'
l;l'
o-

W I+ ~ .... lt:11

..... I+
~

tT?

I+

..= 'to:::
~ ~

...=

I:J?~.
Ia"

:'. ti? .....

-~1+1""

...

...

I:J?.,...

:urt>'.,...,..,.~:r..-

o:r

..r

(>' (>'

...

=-~

...

..

... It+...

I+

c2:

...

""' ... :'f"" .(1!!:1+1+[1""1+ I+ !+ ~ I+

I:J?

=-~t:i?:

.....

"I+

..r

(>' P""n'P""~
tr .,...

:r :r
...
..:. ..

)o .,...

:r
!' ,.
(>'
~

...

....
r
(W"

:'

...

li li.

... I:J?

I+ ...._ .....
... I+'

I:J?

)o

ti :r
...
...

..

.~

kY'

tc::._.

"'

(lr;...

....

,.

(~ ~ tw ,.,.
i
IV
t:l' IV

1;1')

w~

(It::

~~~r !'+ "Iii!:

~~ I~ d!!: ~' rur M'

(~
<::!.

"1+ ... ~l!fl':: ltf

tt:;

... .,... !;:

t;;

...

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

!;"

(~ (~ {~

Ill+ 4j;:

d!

"IV ll:; IV ~ "IV ~ It; !+ IJr ...,~~~ol~li:f ,. ' ~ 12r 111 ..- rc IV IP" t!W trc: IV Dr II' "' ~ tt:;*(C::: IV IV IV IV IV

.mr

1111V

... IV...

'r:' .,!;:
1:::

...

!'+ "'"

rc.

'

ffV

,..

.,. ~ ~
,..
1::'1

"
,

.,.,..

~ ,
~

1!=~i~.~~~1t~1~~~~m~if~~g~i~;~[ ~ 't ~ ~~ ~ 'i It ~ $ 'li ~ w w ~ ~~ : ':, ~ I ~ t ~ t -~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ! ~ - ~ l - ~ ~ " ~ ~ !

fl;

, ~ .; ~ f t f ~ -: ~ ~ : ;- ~ 1 '
KY
o

=- "' ~.,..

~,..

.v

~~:;.~

..............

~,..

,..

.. r&": ~ 1;6 IJ'~ (

"i

....

,..

<IS
-

=-~
hl"

....

roi
~

~;:

lfri

. .
.. ,..
w

.... -b?oV b? .. IJ'

.v,; ..

:r

>o

~
.. =b?
~

_,...::::-~o:.,.~...::
,..
,.,..

...,..

IJ'~

~ =""' :-IJ'IJ'~IJ'

" " ' b? b?

,.,..

,.

..

,..

w:'":or~ , .v ... / . .. b? .... : ::;:: ~ !!::""" ,.!1>-KY ..: b? ~ lE: ,.. .::- li ..
..

..
~

....

'-)

0
tft'tft'

~
~t'N

,....,.

b?

...

" a-

.v

l' '"' i

"'. r ~ -~ : fi l t 1-~,..

IJ'

..

ti&

..

IJ'

..

r:; ~

IJ'

..

~ l~

=-

* w ~ w * * ~ * ~
~
)o

~ ~

! w w t ~ ~ w ~

,..,
,-,-)o

~~,~
..

,....

oY ,..

tw'='
I;? ,1\1"

.. b?
...,

... ,.b?

....

,..

':r~:'r

o 0 r,..~IY~~
....

..

.,.
..,.

or ....

~ ~ ~ *

*
0

,..
~

oY
..

'i <g ~ ..~.. .... ~ .. .. ~ ~ i { ; ~ ~- l :i. f i -~ : ~~t Iii!~ t~ i~ ;i; ~l"~ .. (.;' i .. ~ .~ l f ~ $ t ~ ~~~~~~~~r{~~i~~ri l!(~~~t~~%g~~~~~,~~~ f ~ i '~ '! ~ ~ f ~ ~ -~
IJ'

. ~ ! .. i .

,..

.. la'""'l\1" I

:b?'

IJ'

,..~:.. : ............. b? :-liV. b?b? .. @ IJ' ... 1:::: ""' Iii= ~,.. IJ' !!: .. IJ' ~ .:. 1!:: .. (~ ...,

!!:
.. ,..

:'

~
a-

...

b?

~b?r

hr,.... ... ~

,.... ,..
.. ~
~;'

r.vttt'
!" \) ., '-)

c!E
t;

.-

~ ,r

...,

W~
....

...,

.,..

{IV"'

"

Jn:::

I'S

~fi

IJ'~

...

..

~IJ'~t;>te~W

,_ ... ...

l;?b?li~

. . . . . . .. ..

:' ~

tp:

[Appendix
~

~~+!"f11Jt :q, +!'. ~ , "

~<rmr: ~=, U+!'T., , , "
~~ :q
.....

<\Cf

~.....

~~~~~

.....

~.,

\'ififsm~mrnro, ~. ~-.

, (;,
, "'

~~+rfilr:
~~~
-

qi
t' ....

~<t~, +~a-.,
~

H,
, ~v
o

Ui'~ ~~t, "' ~-~ , '0

~ g ~+lf:,
iif,

tl+!':

~~r;cr,

~.,

~-,

~~'"4Cf ~;:C\if~if, ~. 1 H

~~~~'1 <r~n"+!', +!'. ~., ~ ~ ' ,..... {" *'1 :q r<i~tlr <r~rr'r"ff, anq-. li., , ,

. . \(iff<fT ~ei!UTT,
~

~Pcr<rt ~lrC(,' iiJ, ~., ,

+!'.
~-, v~
Q... '
~
"f'

'0

U('1+m{

q ~. +!'. ~-~ "'"

~ :qrsc~l:it l{;:~o+!'r:, +!',

~ ~.t qrq~:ir<ft,

m., , "~

\(ij~ ~~~of, ~.,

n4:
\!

tRr., , ~ ".

wmR/m5t iit<fr,

+!'. ~

~if ~til~ 'f>l~, ~ '(;

~ ~rrr~~+!'r~ra-. ~rcr. ~., o ~ ' ~ ,.... ~ *'1 ~~~ ~~R:~&:: I i3JJ'lT, \i,1 ' ,
~ ~ioll'<r~rnrrir,

~r-n iT~~~ ~. ~ ,, v

':{

\ti~lf i~+~w
\tiiffiiT

g, ~. ~-~ ,<:~o,
+!'.

&:O!IT~,

~-.

'"'

+!'. ~r.,

,'ll.
~v

\~"liiciiigJ\ O!ff~TQ. , +!'. ~., H ~ ~ri ~ftlof ~i, ~.,

, ~"

0!1:

,.... 'eCI~~<r~~sm:,
("

'

~-, ,

\tr

:q

1t ~of, +!'. ~ ' '

~rlf. ~~
+!'.
':{CIV

*~lil~ ~:Jilt ~1.r.

......

<lf., , ",
(;G

\~~~~~'@IT,,,,

~ir<r~ :q ~srp:f, ~.,

. ,..... . ~NTifT T~~ '<iCf, +!'. ~.

~

Bl ~~ '<f
......... ~~

1 vv

'\+!'G'<flrli.<-tl ~Iff,

~r., ,"~

~if 'iTr~~ ~~ ~i. ~-.

,c; ~
':{l.o,

\+!'+!'J111l ~;n~, ~cii.

!J.,

,q

* *~ ~ ~~ 'f>ufff
~I~~ ~l~+!'ffi~:,

fct'*, ,"o

~ll+!'T~I+I'rcf, ~., ~' ~ i~l'i~ ~ir, +r. ~., n~

+tfcr. !J,

~~~~ rr~>rr~~. ~-. '~

~ ~T:JI'f>T~ ~<Jo:~, +!'. +IT.,<:"

~ ~~~~ O!IT~., ~'

\m ifTU:q'iff
......

....

.....

~<f,

U+!'T., ,

~~'1 \~~{ <n~. +!'. m., ,ov

illlll~<JWtOJt ~. ~., , ~ ':{

\~~ q'iji~, +!'.

~TSR+!';r. ~r~:>:lTtr, +!'. ~r., ' "

~ ~~ ~~~~mrrar, ~., <: ~

!J.,

~v

\~if:. liifOJ ~rf.r, ,;~ .

,...,

~)sf~ <il~~elr, ~- ~., ,"

~ ft~~~5t~lf. \T+!'f., , ".

\~

<iRr O!fifif,

+!'. ~ "':{
I

Wl~U{T~(<fr(l,

ifU., ~

\~ ~"

'E
'II

'.l:t ':~~.lh~~u~

"e. ''II .1t

\3 'II
"l:.o"l:.
0

'.!b.Q .t= '4}'!3t?!?o

'II
~;

'.!t '"'WUJ!.!~Q .thl~J..e

'.l:t

~lh~ ~~ Jh~

'J:t ~1m

hl&J..e

~'b

'II

~ 'HiiJlJ:t ~!a

.J2lli

'II ~ b 'II
\~

'~lt ':~!.& ~b.LQ~

'.l:t I~~ 1: ~.JJ!1ll!!

'.l!.ll.li:~ L~ll!~

3,b

'II~ '~I.o.h!!:elJ&&J..e ..... .......

'11 ..t:t

t ~
~~'II~

~l&l.l:t J~&J!l!JYI.h

'llill= thl!t

~.n11a

"" 't'h '-tlJ.Inlli E:t~ft* "" 'iii! ~1,!.=\~*

1

\~'II 'J:t '~.!b~~

~, ''.l:tll

J.e

\~

''II 1t 'II ~

':JH.Plllhl ~h~.h

':~J.h :.lb~~J.h

"'b ''II~ '&~ hlll!~.h

~~ b

~b
~.~~.

'J.I:tn
"II 'II

'Je.~ .t= .InJ.lli.~

'lll!l! lli::ta.ll..e b v

'.l:t '~.a .t= JI.ol~~

hb 'II~ '( :~,!:),~ ~ :~)

\'-'b

b 'II~ ':l!iliollb~ , v

H "l:.

~ 'I~n -!illll~e

'II 'J:t 3 t 'II '.l:t

~tt

'~ttSo?tt!;b ~
~~~.ta.tt.I!U!

"b ' JJ:tn '~~ ...

Jl.~b ~J:t '!t~

, l!.a :.Qlltlli
.t=
r~abt!p

b"l:.
o

'II

~~~ 1~ ~

be. 'II
'II

~lt 'H~~ n~~

e~t

'II
~e.

'.l:t ~~ ~!.~:t& ~

l:.o"l:.

'lallt 'lli2~ n.lhlli!a v y ......

~

"e''ll
~"

'..t:t ':~J..e

~~b ~ b "l:. ''J.I:ill!fa 'tJ~

!t}.J! W~la

'II .1t
I

':illill:l~~
~

oH 'II~ 'p~SSJ..e ~13 ~!a

o b"l:.

"II ..l:t

h:!.2 .Q.Lo.Ifi .Jililll2 ,.... -...v ....,

'II tilt 'II

'~>!!t<!>!?)bS~ID!
I ~~.e~
~ ~

"~b '~ '~lli?.l:t ~~lSSlli:tldl:i:2

o

3 0 e. "II 'laili v
3~

lli!

3 b 'II 1t '.t=

!'l~lH.k.hlli2

'J:t '~J:t n~I.&~a

H ''II~ 'Jt:t:k ~enlli2

? o b '~

e"b '.~:t~ ~ ~~ ~.h

0

'&~~J:t& .h~ru~2 ~ ~~

e.

'fu~.l!!:!

'~~QkJ

v.

hl!!.lhl.h
""'"'"'

E..~t.b '~ '-tlill~ ~~.&~2

~,L 'II~

~~ehr.hJI!!J:!~e
~

3Jt.b

'II

'J:t '~e.a

e e

~~~&ll2

bb
b~L

11
'II

~ 'u~& Jl?~fi<!>IIt::?e ..,..

~~b '~ '~.ltl! l,!!SJ!I~ilih2 ~~b '~ '.&~a li:~.1!..&~2

'J:t '~ft.ti ~!i!ille ' ... ol

" ... b '.1Jll

~

'Jb @.Q ~}.J)Ell2 ':w~ ':.l:i:J ~}fru:!ll2

'II J:t ~~ -!?~n ~Jtlli E." 'II 'J:t 'h2hle :Q .Qhlr~.e ...... t II ,, II ..l:t '.tl:tJ.& .lb~ l.}!,ll'll>b .... ~ ~

~"

-~

~"
\\,~

'II .~:t '.Q~~ ~ !t~~h2

; ~ b "~J:t '1: JI.o~~ ol

[a

[Appendix

* *mf: ~m- <rrJ

~~r ~ ~. ~.

~~

~qr(:5~ ~~~. ~. 3', ~~

~r~: ~r<:O~"tfi!R, '~' 3' ~ 'f,

s-.,

,t,

~~~urt g, ~. 3', ~"

~~111T'if<r,
....
.....
~

um ~~ 'Fc~,

u:ft ~ ~: ~. ~. 3'
~.

, '""

Wfiiir'1~ ~~.

IJ, ....

3' W"
~.,

,"
~"

s-., ,,.,

~re:crm~t,

". 3'.,
'<f, "

u+r~ ~'{~, ~'l'T., , ' ucrur~ +r~ ~=. ~l=lr., , ,"

~~rort

;q

s-., H
3'., ~'-\

q
CJWSN ~~ ~: <ii~, 'f.

~~ ~ fir~. ~. "'
~~ <bl"~r.

w., ,

q~;:g ~ +r~~. +r. 3', ''\

,,'f,

~ri ~qra-or, ~.

s-., s-.,

'l~r or~~. ~. 3'., ~'

uh ~~~=.

~., '~ ~~~!1<4i41{(, 'f. 3',

"

cr~~~ ~rSS'ldll'rcr~, ". 3'., v ~

~"

CJ(ij'~ ~ ~. ~.
CJ'OCfraf IJ~CJ~l;r, ~.

3',

'

m "il'ij{~,
~~ ~

~~
~0

s-., , '~

;q, +r.

3'1

~~ !f~r ~:, ~~.

s-., ~,
~~

<i<r~~r~Cf' ~~rJOr,

..

.....

~., ,'-\~

~~~' ~.s-.,'-\~
~<fl"<i '1 (! &q 'lll:, '{T+IT., , ~

'l'<r~!Ja'tort fir~hn, ~+r., , ~~~

<i~rr<ITa-~1, ~., ~ \
~r a-qr w~=.

~~ctcn"3:.,

"

s-.,

". s-., , n

~~ ~'1t ;q, '~' W!fmmr~il:c, ~.

3' '-\

<R ;q ij'~~CfifiiT, ~. 3', , "" ~Ttij'~~~. orr. 3',

~ifiU+~

H'

s-., ~v
,,'
~"

<rr,

~.,
IJ,

nv

~~
~~

S'{r rn,

~r+rr.,

~ ~ Cf'U~'l<tlJ{JOif,

3', , H
H"

~ ~~~~~. ~~Jr.,,,,

.. (')>N!('1~<3~CJ,
( wl'ffi

~r~llf ~siler:,

.. ,,,

"

3',

CJ~~.

'l'~.,

d~<IICOltid

),

~fcr.

3', ~~

<rollitilci\Tr~l~, ~.

~1:1~ <I'J4Rsltl'1t, '~'

wrs~ ~ ~.

s-., n, '~' s-., ,,,

s-., ~"

3', ~ 0 ~ ~'1' ~'fl qr~:, ~ v

CJ~~;f ~: ~~' '~' 3' "~

CJ~o!4C~ <n~,
.s.:,_~

wflf ;q ~

~~ 'f. 3', '-\~

IJ,

3'. 1 "V

~~= ~ mr:, "

i%t~: ~: ~. ~f.t. ~., ~">

~ ~d~, " 3', '-\~ ~~iJ~ if~, ~. 3' ~"''

~
.. !E.
.,... .,....,... .,... ........
t;?
)gtw'oel" ~ ~

\)

...

-;,

,.
.... )o

.,... .,...
~

.,...
rrY

$"
"

.... ~

cr

el' tlr""'..,..

tY

.~

t;?

=- .'"':. '"" .
tfiY

b'?t:r
:

~~b'?

....

I;' v

I;'

I;'

t::
I;;

..

~~ "~
~
~ (~ iiV ~
rc:

i ~~
I&

~ l1t

~ ~ ~ r; w

Ci

<fi;:~I;?~~~~IV

,g- -~ ~ i (It ~ ,jE ~ (~ ~ r;.v

It;

'""

~ I;'

I;'

. w
~

:r .,... b'? . .... tn-

el' ..,,...

tY
~

....... \),..
..,..

.,...

el'

~.,....,...

....

~
~

(~::. ( !+
~

""

,[!+: !
~
..

.,...

f~

'jg ~ ~ (~ &!
(~ ,t;r

~ (~

:!g\1
~

:-t:: =-w~ lu)l~~.,...

~li'c
~

....

\)~ ~ cr~..,.cr

\)

; ~ 0 b'?~<r

,..
~

ru-

Ill'

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ (~
~

.......

;;~

~~-~A~~~~~~~ ~ dE IV 1123 'IV 12!? to 12!? ID> t;.

t;'~

([! :
IJI'

!:::~~;::;; _,

~~
tc{
I;'

.,;
*
,

(~ ~

~' (!+

.tb'?ri ~tiri '"" ty ti ~

~ ~

w~ ~-:. '"'"b'?b'? ~ ;-b'?!+

....

b; -: tj b'?
""' I;' I;'

0
.,...
~

~
~

.,...

ti ~
~

'Ff

~ ti (~

12!'}

~~

"""''

~ ~

~..:

liD"

Iii~~':::: ~ &!:' liD" (~

tiD"
tiD"

~ ~ iiri ~ ~

!+.,g:

,jg:

11!11"

e ~~ 12. ,g- ~ ~ If~~~(~!:'

!lr
qllr 17111'

11:'1
1[!!: !+
ft;

1\Y

....,
f1:;
I

~ ~~ ~
-~
1ld

4111'

It-

!;.

qllr

li! .,1; . 411r

~ ~ fi
,..,

.....
\)

,~

el'o

.....

,..,

~,..,~

....

':;',..

.,...

~.,....,~

'~ ::'

,.., ..,

~'-~

~
~

....

b'? :; b'? ~b'?~~M I;' ~ ~~ (

~ ~ ~ ~
I;' I;' I;' I;' ..~

tn"crcrar:

. :'

b'?

....

:-

:-

:'""

:~ ~~ r~ ,r ~ ~ (~ ~~ ,, (~ ~ ;i (~ ~
.--. 0

li'

I;'

..-..~
~

a-

W 'IP
f1:l'

::' ~ . '"' .,... b? ~ \) :- b'? ..: I;' :-b'? 'th~ ~b'? !!? ~ -~d!!:tith ~ d!!: =' -~: to? t;? I;' .. '"" .. I;' !+ ti I+ ti --=' I;' I;' 1fi ~ ti~ '"" ~
....

:rtn"t:r

b'?

:-:r~~"

:' ,[i

b9crtt'b;~}...,...

~~0

~
,.
0

..

...r

er
~
I;'

l,~~~&~~,[!!:~,
" "'" I

~ 16'

w 4!:: "

e:

tP" 't1

~ "'g. ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~

fiJI

rD> ,

:i :I,
~
<L:.

qh\'

~ nr '!i! """ '

ti ~ ,~=;:

,~ ..,~
~

(~(~~~(~(~(~(~~ic~l~~lt!!:i
(

~ ~ I! 1r

nr I? ~ li9 ~ tv ~ ..... li ,rc . '~ 11r w ~ it; < <-~ . ~ E: I2!'J

; *;f ~t ,: i ; l~ i~ 1 ~~~ i ~ llir

~

trJ
I;'

....

1o=

t;:

tt! ItT"

II(

'11 .li
'b
1

,~ ~

\A~ ''JJt Ji '~! ~ ~~

A. H

EA ~

'.lli:tllth.kSUt.e .. , ~ ~ ~ ~

''{!t '.b~j~j*

"" 'll ~ =~~ :~ '*~

0

\A.~

''llt 'Ji <~ Jo~ ~I!IP-.bl i ......._,

~~

'llin ~~Jlt~
'.li

~~b

~""

'11

':Jtllt _g.ttlli :~
t =~

\.oe
A.l!b

'11 ~ '~J.lt~kl:~.l!l~.lij '11 '.li 'e ~~ ~ ~~

~.tafi:2!b ~

II~~
II""

'J!Ji

-lh~.lillnl.IS.t!J

'11

'.li '~.1.!2~l! J.lill ~~

''11

'.li 'J.hll=~~ ~~

"t 1 '11 '.li

~oe '11~
'>~~
II t

~~~
'1~

\.oe ..~:~~~~~**
\H ''i;.li '~l)~ ~~ H '1lt '.li '!:~~~~
1

'11 '.!i ''11 '.li

11o

Wltt .tats~

'&~ :.tro~.t!J

~ '.l:lt ~S~!S.t!J**

~~~~

'11 '11

~ ~~ .... ~

:.1& '1::

..tllr..t.-bl b~

II , .l.l!fi

, :.Ialli

lli~ !ill~

~oe
~ ~t

~ '..~: ~w~ !?~

'>~~ ''J..I:tl} ~~ tll~J}b~

'11~1t ~.l:tl~!~ J!'@~~

H ~ '11 .li 'Jf~j~ ln~

~'-I~ '~ ':~~ ~ JltW~.(..I:!~
~A ~ <' Jlt '.li <:~lb~ ~ J.l:tllQ~

t \I. '11 ~ ~~~ !l:~

eH '11 .!i
\"" ~ '11 .li
\\.,~

'.lliW ..t: ~

t '~ '.teJ.I:l:=-&.!:1~~
, ~ ~ ~ill I~ I(!

\ ~ ~~~ ':.IMI::t.&.hlli :~

oe
II ~

''J.I'tll!h ':.IMI~m =~!~

~~~ ~ ~~~s~~

\1. '~ ~ .!I~j#.lij

"11 .li

~tll~~ .l!hl.l:!~

'11 '.li 3e '11 ~

~H ~
~ ~ ~
."
Oil

'~ ~

~~~}

'.IW:! Ja~ &~

"" ~ ''J..I:tl}

'!I~ ~Jrul!.ttl
'..!: ~ hllili~
':.l't~~ l?l!hpi~Aiej

A~ ''iltn ':~ ~ ~

\II~
\II~

'11 'J! '11 '.I!

..t: -tJ.l.l:!~

H ''l.lil) ~~~Jill!

tA~ ''lli!!

':l!~ :~v.lli~ !ill~~~

'!l

~.a !.I:!Ja~)Ua*

t ~ '11 .!i
AO~ ''llt '.li

'!!o~ ..t: ~.l.lall!Jt~

~lk~.t ~~*

[\~ '11~ ~ ~'tl.IY

'.l:l~~ ...~~ ~

"'=.~

A'~ '11~ 'l!~P)~~I(]

''11 '.li 't~~.t .gml~~ t~~ '11 ~~ ~ :~)~.l@.il! ell '11 .li ~~ ttt'~"~'b """ '11
Ji

E."' '11
~e

~ ~~ Ja~ ~.@ 1~

~~~:tall!
',alte.,J'!!:fe!;?~

'11

~ 'tlOOi.lllllt~

'e.e '11 ~

XJpneddy]

~~'a

e. o b '~

'~ lhh~ l~~ ........, v

ls. '~ ':.In~l!

a .a =lit~ a

~e.

''11

H b ''11
~e

'..l:t 'l!~:>,U&~!I a~ "' .... 'Ue ~ 12.1:t )!SJhlm

8
~? b

'11

'..l:t
'.It

&yJ;~l! &m

'11

~ ~~J~&.!IU!J!I

"e. '11
A'b A'-1

'&~~~.~

&m

? ' ~ ~

'!nlilllil.l:!ol.h*

b \ ' h bl.le 'J!J;!,~l!Jhlb M::tta*

b? '~ '~fu:SSJhB~aJl..l:tol.h

'11 ..1:t '~l!~l=I~U?J1:tolt)ls 'l>r,b '11 ~ ':I:t~l~ ~ ~b

0

~e

"11 '11
1

~ ~.!i! .1: ~B: 1!~ ~ ~~l:t::tl{f ~lt~

~

tel.

'11

'..l:t

&2 ~ ~l.lllil:t~ "'

~ '~.l:i !ili~~
~ ~

'l>

'fm!;!J "'

ot,b

'11

.... '..l:t 'i:; ,l:tiD"!3Jal..l:tlt~ .....(F1::j ~~ .._

':.l:t.:t~ .Ulltflll*

'-l?b

"11

E ~ ''11 '..l:t ~~l.&Slhla1tj~1tj).h

"''

'.~:~.a ':}illillti hl.ullta

e. t e. H
~"'

'109~ 'li~ ~1~.1:1

.........
'JM~

'1!~

"

ill2lnh ....
~

:~ta

""' "11 ..l:t t 4.1!..11Dhl!.& :.21t~ ?'1:. '11 ~lt '~a~:.21tR '-1~ '11 '..l:t 1 ~~Bltlill hlt~ ..... . ?A '11 ~ '&~ 1a 1~ e. E I~ ( ~ll:t9>}9>! I> Ip.$
"
~ ~

A I. :ill!

I:~.& :.I:JRSJ.Ja&.l:lR
~

'11

'..l:t 'illij:!Jh~ ~} ~~
':~ :.l.t}.i:! &~1!.\;

5\?b '11~ ~~~ ~ ~

~b ''H:t.ll

.....

." "11
" b b t 'l..l:t.ll

'..l:t 'lb~ :}1=1}1!1~

~ ~

~b
AS\

''J.I:!Il '&~1=1 .!nllh911B& .... ....

~

Ab "J..I:tll

&~~~ ~ ~
~:tltcll~

'11
1

'..l:t '~~JillaJ.!i!Bl..l:t~

t :..l:tJ}

E. ~ b ''llill9a ' ~~hl~.i!l.l:tl& ~ -~ ~

'1:. '.ob

" b b ' H:tl~ '.llallilhl.J..I:t~R

~

'11

'..l:t '.l:t}~}~ H~ol~& .... ......., "'

"' b ''11 ~ ~~ ~ ~~.!1 ~

"b ''J.I:t.ll ':llml!I e~.l:tl~
......

" b '11 ~ '~.u~

~l~ltJ~

,'l,b ''11 '.2 '.t:i2l:t~ltllilil.& ..... ...... .... .....

"e. '11 ..l:t

1

--

""'

~~112Ft ~IQ~!.~
':l~l:t~lllli:t1ill~
.....

u '11 ~
be. b

'l.al~~& ll:tt'!hlfto
~ "'
<;

~ ~ b '~J.l:t

"'

..... ~

'11 ..I:!
1

t &lli~lalti~

'l:.'l.b '11 ~ ~~ ~~~~

'l. ~ b '~

e. e. '11 'l!Jlt 'e~lh.IE! !l:tl.!i! :Jb~

5\b
'J..I:tj}

'e ~JJ~
'~l:t

'.1;;1~~ .1: B.&

~

.....

e. 'l>

'&~ lihl<Jl~ ......- ....

~E. 'fm~ 'li~!.1:tl.l:i.l;t ~*

A? ''J.l:t~ 'J!:tie .ll!hl!j .lhl: l.l~ ....

~~~

1 e. e. '11 '..l:t '~.llil~~~~ ~m "'"b ''Jlt'..l:t' ~mi. ~~1 ~~u~

'-IEb '11ue '~~a ~m

~~'!!

'-1'-lb

'11

~ ~~~~ ~~

[a

"t::

..... ""
s:l Q)
p. p.
0

~ ol' ..,.or>o:r';;
.:"
~tr:ra~b'?

....
.... b?

~
or)o

.....
.,..
~~...,..IV'

{'tY

--

~....-

<1
L...J

b'?

~ .:- ~ ~ lilY ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
'1~ ~ .{E~
it;

b? ~

...

:r--)o, urtr':f"or:rol'
cV'
)o

..................
,.

)o

':'

:'

.... b'? I+

...

1/r:::

"'Ill;.

...

ut"

b'?

:'

...

b'?.~

.;
fll'l
I!!:

~ ~
~
I

b'?

:-

:'

.:r .....
.~
~

er

ol'

_b"91/..:..

ol' ~--.

11\Y

~tt:
~~r

[t nr !Ul' ~ moc ~ ~ g. ~ ~~~ (!! ~ a!& g, ~ I! I! 'E tg

~
1!!:

. ,~

~ If re-

'fi'

~~

1/:r

ji aii-~ ~~IV :~
, .....
l;r

~
[

,; i ~~
~ (~

wb'?

b'?

I+

IV
-

g
If'
I;T

~~~!ii(V

~ ~ '~ "[ ~ ~ ~ll- *Iii'~*

"
)o
ut"

~ --~ ~ ~ ~(!:.4~

wo.. '~~-~ ~ tv ... ... llll ~ I" I+ ~ ~ iii- nr ru;if - w (I~--~ <~ =~ IIIIV '!@ At; -~ 41;' "' d!!: ~..... m <I ""' tr ~ m"e- rtr;; ~r.- nr ~ t;r I+ ~ l~;r ~ 'E:
ft:;~

t'ff
.....

~I+ ,......

I+

b'?

~ 'le~ .I+IY,~
... ..... ......

b'?

I+

.r:;-

.b? d!!:
W ti\Y
~
(J,,''(

b'?

~ ~r

...

~ a-

ur.-1"~
M"

)o

ol'

W or~I+'
.._

~""li?~ ~

...

~,.

01"

li

b'?

=-w
li

:'

I i 'll
)o)o

,hr
'I;T

aW
't::

,~

(~@

(~ ~
,,..ol' tr o/'

~ ~

~~I+~IV&'ID> .. ;;,_ ,- r; ~'"'- ftol~ p,;;;;,n;'Ei ~[E'"-j

(l;j;

nr ~;r It'~~
IV lfr

~ 'f., ~lirtr;;*rc ~ '~ (~ ~ e-~ ~ 0.!: * (.._ (~ ~ * ~~

ol'
{'tY -:r twol'tY:f",..,.

w
I

liV

ol' .,.. tY tr~(W'tr tr r ~

tY
...

"

or
...

9
tv'

tr.1b9
I+

~or~b'?

"

ol'

twor~

{'tY

:r
('tY

ii IY~ ,~~
...... tr

..

..:

,1\r'

lu'

ri .... ,..

ti~

~>olr>o

" "'
~

''t ,f
lfr lfr

e
If:
If liV

,t:j
1

~~trl 'li' I+" ij

[

1l
'# .1+~

. 11\r'

~!;;; ~
[
4

!i
~ 1fi'
IY
'ft:;

1~
tr;;

""' li I+
~

..1
!+

cV'

fT"'~crv-J;~
...

...

"

cV'

ol'

"

tr

'\J

!i?

:":'
b'? b'?

,fi= ,: '~ 'i ri li1 ~ liV 1I ~"1+ 119 - f.\' !il' ~

I+~. !D) ,1\r' I+ ~ ~

lol

:-~ ...... ~~-"' "" ti ""' b? ~ b'? ~ ~ 11\r' I+ (I! ~ li :- :' I+ "I+ ~ ~""' ~ I+ 11\r' ,1\r' I+ t:i ~ -~ ~ I+ I+
......
~
0

tl"rr)o

ur

...

:'~

....

tr

:'~o

~ ,. :.'

)o

J
.:.

~
I+

'~ $ ,~ .,

~~ 1~
v

IG.e;

liV

liV

liV

""

liV

liV

liV

~ ,~ -E ~ ! I ~ ~ ~ i ~ t t t :r :~ !I f 11
t.r .,

~~~

1\2:

'If ti
!;;

~ ~ ~ ~ ~
f;i

!il'

'~

,!2 ti
,lie'
{I;T

rP

'u It!" ~ ;c.- ~ .. ,.,.. ~ ,!& ~ dE !! ~ ti -~;r~ ~ .. ~ E r '"' liV ~ t& ,tr;; ~ ~ !il' (~ I~ /lt' IW ~ d:!: d aru- IW ~ ~ ~ ~ tr

,.,..;

ol} o!l! Rt,

~~
o

t '..l:t

'.p!!b11t~ !lsl~~

oe

''

~ ~tl)!lt I~

..~ ~ !n~~.lill .IB~*

boe

3, '~ '~Ut)lsl~~ ~
'l.Ab ''llt '..l:t
< ')illlll!t)I&~QI>~
~

~ ~~~~ .. eb t. b ...l:t t .ll!lhlhfbh!lsllili .... o?~ ' '.I! '~Jb:t9>l"ltllslt'

e~ b ~ ~~ !illill~~*
s--oe

,~,t&~ts~&

C\0

b ~..l:t ,~~
~..l:t
.......... "'J

t! .!Bf;&
"'"'

oLe'~~~~:&~
obe

'.!.nb~~~ ~ Jb.e~

'

bl~ ~-

~~ ~

, b '~..l:t ,, ' ~

',JB~-2-W

t!

,JB~

~0 b ''Jlt '..l:t hllnb~ li~~

OC\

~lli Jillt~~

t,b '..l:t ~~ ~..l:t~

~~.&~
~.~J.e.I!Jh& ~~ ~~

"'!:. " '..l:t '!~lh ~~ ~

'l.A ~.l;..l:t ~~~~K t! ~

o3 ' '..l:t 't!

" ~ '..l:t
0~

':ba

" b , JJ:t.l}. , ~u.w~ .1: t~

~ oe

'

'..l:t , .1: .J:!t~~

tob bllt ~
'..l:t
t

~~~ .J:!Il!ljl;~ .... ~ .....~.)

~

e" b ..l:th ln~n ~.a ~!}. .a ....

S\"'

'

~112hl ~Qd!I!.I:!J.l:!~ v ...

~

"? l;..l:t '.l:tlli~llin hls.l.till:!.& .

o

3 ~ ':~ ~~ J~n .a
"' ''HI!

~~~n .a
~ li~ :..l:t&

'l. '~b' ~n~n~~~*

"""

....

t
~"'b
r-

''}..!.!!

eC\

! ""'

'!:. 'l. b

' ..1:t ~tlttYt!~Jl!~ t. b ~ ,.RJ}.J!I!bl!I!JS21ili ..... ll ..........

~

: t"'b
'B

''..l:th

'li@t

~ :..l:t.&

e ' ..1:t

'ii

'.I! '~ln~l2~~ ~

'.~: ~.... .1: ~~ :..1:t.a le...l:tJ

..

eo\

~lt '.lh ~t.t:e 1~ .J;t&

e?b '
"oe

J! 'MJ~ @~
~lt 'ln-',~~

bE b '~ 'J~J}. l..l:tal..l:tWI::t.& 'll' ...

'

e~ ' ~ ~I!J..I:t ~
b 'l. b

~ b 'J..~:tn '!?:rJa~ ~ ~.""''"'b~

~ '.Ql.ll!~ ~ ...............
~

nlli.a .....

ee ' '.1!!
"H 'l;..l:t .1:

:~ :hgru
~

n~

..

..,.,

t r- b ''..l:tn 'e'n~SJ.t;hl!Iffi
3 '~ ''9:.!tta :~ Mll,lill
,_ 0

-1Jn2:l.e.a
~

"e '
"~ b 'T.:.bl
~

'..l:t ':~J}.~~~
t

e r. b ~ ,..a~l!hl..l:t.a
..l:t
r :~!!tl~!.lhlill:t&
~

~~hK ~~*

...

b A. ~ '.Qj!l! j~j~ .l..l:t.&

~

As--b 'l;..l:t

':llil !~.I!Jhl!.&
~

e r. Jlt

'-"' '

'..l:t ':~iJ~~ ~ '.I! ~J!11..1:th~ 1:~

'.hlle ~~~ ~*

bbb 'l;..l:t '.t: ~.l!.l..l:t.&

e'l. b '
'l,C\

e~ ':t:).e '.I!IMh!I!~~J..I:t.&
?bb 'J..I:tl} '::allli..l:tkr~&

'.a

~\e

[a

[Appendix
~ !ic<rl ~'li~:, ~- ~.,
~ ~~ 4iOiSiiSI~~~
~ ~ ~

'~

m ~d"flTlfTift,
~d'T

;J.

~r.,

,,.,.
,.,

~ <tt~r ~~~ f.f~.,

4i~.,

,,

~~~~"ir "f, m~. ~.

, "

'ffi ~'if,

~. ~., ,.~
;J.

~il'rcrr ~~t,
=~-"" ~

um., ,,,
',,

m~~~uor.,

~,
;r~.,

"'

;e4.:_if>Jird!J "f ~~ ~ ~'I

;er~~T~ li~lfftt,,
~::'lilf~~ ~<rrtt.,

~'

~ ~ fcr-rr ~~
r~tlfldt'fl41iiSi~J.
~

;J.

~.,

~r~.,

, '"

, ~':!.

llfcr. ~. , 0,.,

~::~t 'Rl!T <l<R~r, iif. ~., , " '

~lif :q ~ ~'f, ~., , ,,

.,.,.0+!1<11 ~:, ~. ~., ,0~ ~if f.rcffia', ~., ,,.,~ qrir ~qct <{i, an. ~., n,._
~~r.r~, ~.,

ffi~ g ~f<:r<i

mrm.'

;r~., , , ,

~~ ~ ~~ ;r. 4lf,, ,,.,.

~~liT: ~rcr, ~~.,

,,.,...
~., '';

,,
,vv

~w

crrm err,
;j',

,0,.,

~<ii ~~ ;r. ~., ... ,

~liT~~~~
~

~'<{~ fcl1crrm,
~~ ~~

;J.

~., ~"

~.,

~., Vt.t,

~H 4~ S~:
~a~a-

'flT<l, ~. ~., '-\,

;r. ~-,

~mf f.li~~, '~" ~., ~ ....

~51~~:,~-,~"

~ ~ m~ ~' '~"
**~~~'.l'filt,
i9' ~qft~

m.,

~"

miT,

15"'

,,.,

~TS~<l' ~~

~., ~'

~mr~~cr~tt. , '~". ~., ~.

1

~Tift 311'~ift :q' ~' ~"

~ ~4TSffl~l,
:::..

~.,to

. .

:..

iif. ~., ,",

.~

~~ ~<f, iff{,, ,t.t,V

~~ 4H~lfT~, iif, ~., '~

~ ~ ~.

an. ~.

Ht.t,

~~S~~~ iif. ~., ,"

~~t ?}~,

~ f~ wj, um., , "

~Rr<H ~Rt, ~. ~.,

"{ilfl., ,,~

, ~cnss:<ro'ff ~ d, ;r. m., , ~ ~ ~ ~'6 oWiUI7Tt, ~., , ~ ~ ~N~<f, 'f, m., ,..,G
~r ~~~ ~- ~., ,~~

o,

~;::;r ~ ~:,

u;rr.,
;j',

,.':!.
Vo

~IRfrt\Ttr'flT lfSf' 4i". ~.' ' ....

~'11:~ij~ ~:,

S,

~rnsr~,

ern., ... ,
;J3., , .......

~;r~~~~

"'

*~

"id'~, ~'l.,

""

~~iff :q ili~!J, ~.,

'll.l' ,.,.,

~~it orcr~. ~.,

nl

~~

cwl,

~. ~.,

,.l

~<r~= te~:, ~.,

tf&lf~fclt~~~~ ~.,

n'

G~

.... ~ <

11 ..l:t

~1ll 111~ ~l.W@

< .J!:rfughll!

e'eb '11 .l:t

'1. o'e

~lh~lt.tm

t. 'rut
t '1.

"

:.J:ilhl.l:tl&
'

...

't hlit .....,

1

'.I: ':) llllh.l::t~ I~ ...... ~

~li!~ ~~~loJ<

E? '~.l:t '~l.la1 ~HI!t2ill~JS1~

' ~l.l:i! ':!i!~~.llli~lH!:JSI~

Ab '1111}

'bb

e ~
b?
'fm~l
'-1

'.!!:rl?H~ ~hlt ..... IS.ffi ~~ ...

...... "" .....

't ~~ ')\b 't ~

t

'~Jl=~.l:t~.ia
~l~l!t ~~

'.l:i!l~li:..:..!Th~ l~ThhlSlli*
M\

~ob '~

~)}_ J!il~ :.llt~

l,b '~.ti ~~*

'hlSJ}lJillbM.I:i!~Sl& '-J .... '-J ......

h
b....
?

't
~

'.l:t ':~)S :~
'( !lill2hl~~~
t

~ '1. ''lit '.l:t

e. e. b t .1:t
''li

Hb

't

'.l::t 'l~~.l!!~~h 1~~

~~~ ~~l.l:i!~

A~ '1) '.l:t '~.!.1:!~ :~hll!~

~ b ' ~~u~2 =~= :f!Jm~** ~

't ..l:t 'hJlli~.h:i&hli!.l:t ...... ~e. b ~.l:t 'J~m.J~.I!!~~It

.... 3
~ '~)""
0

be. ' ~ 'llihl :~.l:i!~J} b.,.. 'II ~ 'le .J:tl~ .l:tl.l!}

Hb 't;.l:t '~ill=~
~'b

~ b '~~~1~

!.t.nl.l:t:'G"B.**

oH
~oe

'1) '.l::t '~.l:th~~~~

't

J! "'

'-'=

.112~~..1: l~lt

.... b 'Htl} '..1: .{J.I:t~~ft:tS~~

.... b '~ '~)}. ~.l!.l:t~!js

't '!!lit "' '1. ... 't ~

"

'.l:i!lh~ .l:i!J.I:i!'b
~

""'b ~.l:t '121.1!1::t~

\S'Ib
O?b

'l!ll~l~~IJ.I:i!'b
'-.J "" "'.;)

't

~ ~9! ~
~

""' t .l::t '..taBrii!t 'I:" :.l:i!~ 1'-m ,. "e. t '.l::t =~t..~E~JruThh'li "e. 't '.l::t =~~lli~JruThl!~
~

<t ~ <:~~J.I: ~

""'b
e.,..b
? ?

'l;.l:t '..taBr~~ :~ ,.,

~.l!:r~*

'~1 "'

0" t
e." 't
o

'.l::t ~19! lh~ .lllil.l:'li I> ... '.l::t ':li&.~it ~ ... ~.r>n..@
~Ill!.!: w~hl.tt=~ ...

'loeb
b

'li '.l::t ~ l~~~ '. t '}! 'ili.lhll!~ ...... "" "" ......
'.tf!J.I! .I:~
< ~l.l:i!

tb

~.l:t

,. ,.

'1. '1. ....

t ~
't '.l:t

.... 'e

't

'.l:t '!.ltlll:d~M!@. :~"b

~12JJ.hlb .... ~

\o'e '1) '~it '~Th :~~

e. e. 'llit 'ilat.I!~J :~1.1:!~~~~ "' " ~

'9!2

\o'e ''II '.J@;!lt ~~~~~

eH 'II .1:t
n\.

'.Q1Th .!!lll! ~ ...... .....

. .

e.? b t

=~~hlJ.Itt&a

" b b 'Uti} 'ili~.laiTh~ .I:

ltt!.&

\" 'llit ~~ ~}.Ql~:ft.):'t~

't

'.l:t '.~: 4.1!1~ ~.l!l~~

0.,.. t ~ ~~~~~.!!~~a \? b 't ~ ~JTh ~~,& ~!t&

\\e

"b ''l.l:tl} '.l:te.l1l.l:i!!! ~~1 ""t:J

h .t .~ ( l?~lli.l:t

:h~J~

[a

~'~
~ ~. ~. ~

[Appendix

. ,...

*~ ~.
~!I o:t:jQ~~t<l.

itt-., ,,
'm.
+!'.

<e";fiQ(i('EIPiilt, ~. ~
'64:114~"11 ~~((~..

,q

9, ~
3', ~~

<U

;m., , , ~
(.

~: ~~=.

~~~. ~. ~ ""' ~ ~= 'tl""'l"':, iif. ~

~OJ ~. +!'. ~., ,"~

~~

ffisrtr ~ "rlffi~. ~~. 3'

'EI"T

'o"'

*~'~ <ii+ir4'd, 'G, 'l ~..,

It

g(t <j)~ on+r, ~. 3'. "'> ~

:eq
It

~= qt;4''
It

+!'

:eq: :eq

or

~11a,

.f::>..

m. ' IJ +!'. m., 'l Y..,

*~'~~ sr~c;. 'm. n~

'EII+ldl+il*lwl~OlT, +!'.

3',

~ 't
0

m~SI. ~.~
*~' ~~ ~~s.
~

........
~~

*l't+Jrtr~~~.
~' ' '6fil'l:4'4l;ll,r4114a,

iii'.

3'. ,

;m.,

*I'T+l-.T~Ci'il ~I +!'. 3', H~

~r., ..,~a

f.fw"'r<Ji8', +!'. ~., 9"\.., '6' ~~ ~4'~ <i'R::, ~. 3', 91J~

'6 ~~ .. ~+!IWfi~~.

*l'l+!''EI"T'ElfT
'61

'G,

'~

3'., n" ~l ~~ ~r. ~. 3'., vc:

or

'iiffi~.

+!'.

3', ~0 *~' ~ ~ fuffi, an. 3'., 9 ~ ~

'EI"

'6~ ~ 4~, +!'.

'6'T+!'T<friJ~'Wl'lwrTJ 'G' , ~ '

'EI"~ ~irirs, ~r.r. 3', ~ o ~

'6'T+i'r.:4r 4'T ~. ~.

fWft

~~of <T~, +!'.

m.,

,~o

3'.,

~ 9o

'6~ il:O<ff11IT, +!'. 3'.' 9 ~ 0

~~ :q ~'if, <oRlfT., ... ~
~(!!~ ~ Q'!iff Hm, , +!'.

~~'I:T<l4'<n,

+!'.

3'.

\J

~OfT ~~ ~i'r.f,
'EI"TPi'(!!~'fi~,

;m., , ~'
3'.,
H~
H"

3'., 9 ~ o

'EI'TJ:iff ~ftr <~~, +!'.

'EI"ii Q?:fl fcro~~lfT'

'EI"{

'(!liT.' , "

;m.,

cnsfit st~:,

+!':J., w~

'EI"T <RlT l{~wfi4T '<11 ~.

,...,

3'. 1
'l o

1J'

:ecfl: 'EI"~:,

~ w~

~~mr.rr <~r, +!'. 3' v~.o,

'EI'~;rili ~ft, +!'. ~r.,
.........
~,

,Y,

'Etll<f=ililiii'OO~'ii,

...

iif,

3'.,

'EI'l~: 'EI"FrnT ~. +!'. 3' ~ 0

~.

*~ii'lllRUrl{t~:, m1r. 3', 'o~

***~' ~
"'ljl'\">1

~~=.

..
IJIJ

1~a""' 'if !;~<iT,

U+!'T., 9 Y

~<~'~ ~=.

mit. 3'.,
+!'.

~o"

~ qffi~fi. <T+!'T.. , , "

*l'flit qfum ~. (1+!'1., , 9'

ffl4(41 ..;ji4J'EI"'R1T(:,
~~ ~.

U+!'T., , "'>

*m~ffiii ~ ~-mt. ~t.,

~\,fcf: ~= ~=. +!'. ~ ~ 't

3'. ~ ~ Rl~iiflor~i!T, ~. 3'., 'o' ~~'li~~ ~. ~. 3', ,,"

S'
(W"

....
ti
~

w w it , -.... g ~~ ' g (~ ~ ~ t ~I+ ... - cg g ~ "~ ~~ q!i "rv re; (re;

~

b"?
fir

:r .... or :r ""

t? I+

"'

~ ~ ~
' or
~

~
or ~

tti'

..

I+ !;; "' tilt' "'S ~ 1\SS I~

~

I;; ,_ ..., IP 'i;- ~ b'? Vhr

~

.,r::~

"hl<

~ .,.. ~ :r <>' ~ li w~ li b..

0
~

.,..or..-~

or

o ..,. ,. ...-.,..::, a...

~
~. li I+

..,

:r .., or

..,

~.,...,.,..,,

:r

.,..

:r .,..
"'

:'

..

1;:-

j;.i ;; &: fjj;; ,..., ~

...~

thY
he'

ttl1'
'Ill"

b'?

-?lit'
IV

lid -tl+
~
-

~~WJ!lr
IV

4hr

1 I+

~ ~~

'~ -

~ hr
IV

IV

{~
n::l

tijj: I+ ,. ~ I;; ~ ~ tti tJ ~ tG' tlzl.l @: !i fir tp M ~ !(;; iid ~ ~ 16' fir ( ~ ~'~'"'" ~ ~ If "' I+ ~ hr 'VI 1& !& hr !(;; i:r IY ~ '~I iC ~ I+ tG' ~~ ~ t!g, ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ .-m ,E! ,!!!: 4'q tliY ft; ft;_ s: ~ f to ~~ ,rv lid ~ ~ ... ~ ~ ~ '~~(~(~ (~ (I!' ('!!. ~ (~ ~ (~ ~ lu:l lu:l

~ I+ :" n;.

..,

...

or .., .,. ,..,

~ ~

b'?IIIY

li cg"' 'fi ..... ~ (~

i!+.. ft; ~

.-r;

b'?~. li li I+

a~

...
~

P"'

.,_

w"

li li li li "' ~ ti ~"' tr .~-.~

~

... ~ ~

or ,.. ,.., .,.. .., ..

~

~ ~~~

r:: a-.. ~ .. ~ ~ ft;

-or

..

or

~ I+

.,..

,..

.. !! ....,

..
..

(hr

(ft;

~ ~ g
(~
:r
el'

or
....
..
~

,., .., ,... .,.. ". " :' b'?

b'?

....
or :r

.., .,..
or
'>"

..,
~

~ !#
tri

"It

.., .,.. ....~ .., :::: ti'> " .. " :r .,..

-o

or

,.., ~

IV

I+

"~

.~

"i

eli

._,
A

R c!!! tfi! ""' fjjc, ...., tS !r ~ !iV !!:: l!li i;= hr ~ I+ ~ I li[; ~ ~ tt!. ; .1i" tm; rc; hr ~) ~ Ill' Ill'

""' ft; ~ (~ ~ -~ tg ~~ I~ r:: ..

.. ~

Ai

b'?

:'

b'?
t+

..
~
~ ~

='li,.:, I+
~
"'

~ (~ '~
fijj:;;

..

. b'?

or ""..

.,.. ~ ti'> .., ,.. .,.. .,.. . I+ .,..

0
~

li
IV

.. tcr !;;; .r-

~ I+
~

I;;

i'i=

fir..
llff

LY
.:
hr

E;= d! ~ .b 'I+
I;<)
IV

tir'

!iT
hr

~ ~
~

Ill;-

~
!::!:
~

.J!'
-;. hr

It;'

~,. ~

..

w
~

. i'i=

':
~

.... ..,

"" .,..
0

:'

li
f&
II"

:;
~

.,

" .,..

.., ,
..
-~
I~

.,.. ,..
.,..

~ ~

li
t;; ~ 16

~ ~ ~ rv~
j;i

ti

ti li
~
~
to

:' w li
td

-~

.... or

or .,.. .., ..,

~
~

....

b'?
~

~ - n:? r ~~ tliY ... :" fo~--<!+ ... b'? . . . -.. - ~ .. .. li ~trfl+ I+ d:!: ~ r:-"~ jj:;; ..

,..,

.., ""

,. ,.., ,.

~
ti~

hi,

:-rr

=''- :'
,. .r:P
Ill?
t~J

.. t;r..

lg:
l;'t

til;-

~''" ( If
IV

101

~IV

lor r - ..., fir 1!:

t!o

~ ~

(~

fir

--~ &
16'

,_..
IV

;:

liJ~IY (= IV
(h!'"

!E

IV

It;

~~

IV

It: ~

~ !;=

E?

f~m: ~ w t {~ ~
* It
hr
IV

IUS

fir (~ rt; !::!: 16\1 fir

IV

1ft;

tfir Ire
rn"
re;
l9

16'9~~1i0>~rc-.-~.., w'-"-~P~wrc""'~
hr

,.

,IP" ziP
~
I

rv..

IL-l~~ ~+ (l;r

t;i

~ hr

51: ~

IV

..._

!!::'

II;'

!it 1 ~

o-

ct

;:

IV

it:

~ !;:
IV

IV

.. ~

f~ lv -~
IV

'i::
to"

.-

~ '1&

;a
s:l

)o
0

........

<

21 p..

)o
,., ..... )"

)o
-~o,., 0.,.. ... )o.,..

t>'o
..

.,...,

..... ,....
.,.. r
~ ~

.,.;

~ ~
IP'

1 :~ ~ :~ I~ ~ i i '1~ ~ ""' .~ .~ """' ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :e 4~ ~ ~ I~ ~li7 ~!;;~ -~ i I~ i ~ :~ ~ ~ ,f ~ ~ ~~~'~ill

-,~

f.. ~ 1~
li
IP'
lif
" Ill?

...

... ,....- :-,n .. ~b"?~:r....:

-~

..............

. . . . ..w- .. ....
tl\'
I

w~

fli

,:'

w fi:~;- '""It :' ~

!;>

:",..

"""~ ~

)o

li.V

!f
fP=

!lr ' '111" ""

'hr

. i
:"

.... """" . b"J

)o

,.,
,. r
tv' ..

"' .,..

)o 0 ,.... ,....

trJb'?

-~ IJ' .. I;'

If

It
~

..

:' b'?

t;r; b?

.. ..
(0

b?

.. fli ti ~ ..

~'(iwff;~

'.! ..

.: .._

,_ li.V

ti fi eti' ~~
II;~

1! ~ ~
IIi..,

~ ~ IIi0

)o
...
,. " ""' . , . , ""' , .;-...:,oor...,ttl""""".~~ b'? o b'? .. """" ~. tr7"'.

....

:s'ur

I>'

uro.,..~
I;"

!).,..o

..._,....,.,.,..<r ,.. <r

uJ'

,:S' o

,....o
o urcr

,:S")o,.-o

"'{W""

ti

IJ'

b'?

'It;

<-~

.. -~~~ ..,.
rr

.,. ,,"" ti
IV

.. (~ .,~"" I~
M

b'?

...
I;'

'je

~ ~ J~ ~llr lOT IP
?
~

..

lt:f

!i (
;

\1;

~- ~ l~ '~ t :~ t ~ t ~ ~ I~ ~ ~~ :~ ,i :1 ;~ ~~ ~ ;~ .: f~
IP'

lr ,111 g ,!i' IT ~

lT

~ ~ ~ E!
IP'

IOJ

..

I.
~
<
111io

ri?
~

... trJ

:' b'?

ti

(Irs',.

.. li'

~
IJ' .:'

:'

g
..

ti (~ (~
hr
(~

b'?

..

b"?b"?d!:

....

o ~ {W""tr9

l>'~<r
{W""

"'"""'

...,o"'

b'?

~ d!!:

""

..

..

Ill?

fij:

li.V

IE

:~ iIS' JE

.. W:, , II"

fl ~l 106;, 'ill" IUf I& 11-'

lhr

re;

~ ~

!+

~ (~

lir 1~ fi

I
-

..

di' 11'1
'
IV

!+

<!! ~
l+

c:!i

b'? . (.c:.,

or b9,_
:'

""'

ttij
'tt!_ I@ <117'

jg

~ li'

!::'

.:' ~ tz;. ~
.hoc

..

"" 1~ If teJ .. ~
":=' 11;'

!+

b'?

If '=

..

If;,

't

.!,

~ ~

APPENDIX E
LIST OF WORKS ON RAJADHABMA .AND RAJANiTI

( Omitting the Epics, PurliQ.aS and the E"mrtis ) Portions of Digests ( Nibandha)
Gopala.-RaJadharma-Kamaclhenu (referred to by Cai;l~esvara; no manuscript known). Circa 1100 A. D.
:If: Lak~mi:dha.ra.-RaJadha?maka~~a

of K:tya-kalpataru

* *
:11=

CaQ.~esvara- Ra}anitiratnakara

( ed. K P J ayaswal,

1924 ); c. 1350 A. D.
Vacaspatimisra-Nilicintama~i

( c. 1460 A D. )

1\:fitramisra-Ra}anitipmkas'a, (c. 1612 A. D. )

NiJakan~ha Bha~~a. Nitimcty~Gkha ( ed. Gujarati Press, 1921; ed,J. R. Gharpurey, 1925 ) Ananh BhaHa-RaJanitika~~a ( c. 1650 A. D. ), part

:If:

:11=

of Rama-Kalpaclruma Anantadeva-Rajadha1ma-kaustttbha (c. 1G60 A. D. ), G. 0. S. No. 72, 1935 Special Topics of Ra}adharma Vardhamana-Dandaviveka (c. 1450 A. D.); G. 0. S.,

No. 52, 1931

:11:

Raghunandana.- Vastuyagatatva ( c. 1550 A. D. ), 1895 ( from Toclarananda ) c. 1580 A. D. . . Dinakara ( Divakara )-Rajyabhis.eka-paddhati (c. 1600
To~armal-RaJyabhiseka-krama

A. D from the Dinakarocldyota, ) Ka.malakara-RaJyabhis.eka-prayoga (c. 1600 A. D.) Ragh una tha Samra ~-stha pati -Rajyabh is~ka-prayoga ( c. 1620 A. D. ) Commentaries on Smrtis

* Visvarupa-Balalcrzda
:11=

(c. 825 A. D. ); commentary on

1922-24.

Yaj~avalkya-sm:rti;

Medbatithi-.ilfanubhasya ( Bibliotheca Indica, 1932-39,

G. Jha ) c. 850 A. D.

268
:11:

Govindaraja-..ManuVl:tii(ed. Mandlik, 1886), c,1100 A. D.

N

Vijnane~vara-Mitaksani ( c, 1120 A. D. ); commentary

:11<

on the same. Apararka- Y aJnavalkyasnwti-tikci 1903-1904 .

( c. 1125 A. D. ); ( ed. Bib. lnd,

:11: Madhavaoarya-Paras'arasm;ti-bha~ya

:11:

and Islampurkar, 1893-1911 ) N andapl~c;lita.- Kes'avavaiJayanti (Vi~Q. usmrti-vyakhya) c. 1623 A. D. Collated manuscript:with the Editor. A rthas' astra and Nit is'ast?'a Kau~ilya.-Arthas'astra (c. 300 B. C. ) ed. Shama Sastri, 1909; ed. J. Jolly and R. Schmidt, 1923-4; Ga.Q.a pa.ti S'astri with his commentary, S'1imulam,1924-5; BhaHasvamin ' s bhasyc~, ed. J ayaswal and Banerji-Sastri, 1926.

Kamandaka-Nitisa1a (c. 400 A. D.); Bib. Indica, ed. R. L. Mitra, 1861; ed. Gaoapati S'astri with the Jc~yamangala of S'ankararya, 1912.

Somadeva-Nitivakya1~1ta with commentary, 1923

*
:11<

S'ukranitisara, ed G. Oppert, 1882 (cited by Ca.Q.c;lesvara ); c. 12 th century (?) Barhaspatya-Arthas'aslram ( ed. F. W. Tiiomas,1921) Canalcya-raJanUi-s'astmm; ed.Isvaracandra Sastri, 1919; ed, J. Van Maanen, 1926
Vais~mpayana-NUiprakas'ika ( ed. G. Oppert. 1882 )

:11:

Can_akya-niti-sutmm ( collated Mss with the Editor ) Bhoja-Yuktikalpataru ( 1917) c. 1030 A. D. :11: Somesvara Calukya-Abhilascirthc~-cintamani or lllciaa sollasa c. 1129 A. D.; G. 0. S., 1935-1940 Hemacandra-Laghu-..11'hanniti ( 12th century ). 1906. 11--IiscellaneoHs Varahamihira-Brhatsan~hita (with the commentary of
Utpala, 1895-97. ( ed. Sudhakara Dvivedi)

APPENDIX F
Readings of MS.* No. 2367 in the Anup Sanskrit Library, Fort, Bikanir
References are by page and line to the printed text of

Rajadharma-K'llrz,qam.
Page 1, line 6 Begins-~ <rut~~ ;:r~J: 1 ~ mf:afct"'F!fifii4 ;:r~J: 1 instead of fit~ f.lfCl~'1lt'5~1Rlit; 9 cr~ for m~t.. 2, 14 msm+icrfu for ~3, 10 <r~ ~ for ~4, 9 E1~ill4lild for~ S<''i; 10 aq: for~5, 17 qj~qf&"fl~tfu: for q~l&"'lfm:. 6, 4 ~ ~~ :q for ~ ~ ; 8 El~=eqfigx for El~l:eqa. 7, 3 Reads ~'T"'~~rn:.; 13 4T<r~ for 4T<r: ~9, 7 ~~~ for <m+ft~; 8 Reads ~~ri?f ~~~II, 2 omits EI~T. 13, 13 ~<IT for ~<i '<f. 14, 16 ~:for ~'lW:; 19 ~'11{ for ~"'t{. 16, 13 Reads ~ iiTt'5l~ 18, 10 Reads ~EI'fiT~ for MMri"f. 20, 4 ~: for ~r~:p:r~'l\: . 21, 18 '"ffi<i' ~ (~) for crc<i ~~. 27, 10 Reads ~1:l<fiR1Jft ~; Penultimate and last lines, and first line on p. 28 given as in A.S.B. and I. 0. 31, 19 Reads q~f<EI~uoi for~-

an

'r.

Transcript No. 13981 of the Baroda Oriental Institute.

270
~ for 4((1"1Ri<tit~a'l{.

K~TYAKALPATARU

33, 14 Reads Rl'lil!iiai for Ri'fl1~aq:; 15 Reads 4((1'31fq::l36, 37, 41, 42, 48, 14 4'~~wi for ~~a<tir~. 6 ~~~for ~f.lf~. 13 ~for~6 'fur;q:' for tW: . 8 Interpolates here.
:qv~t~~~~l
"i~~~~~ ~we.rer

51, 13 Reads ~r~~+rfr<taq: for m-ur~~ffi!.. 52, 13 ~: qft: for ~~qft:; 15 ~: for ~iii. 53, 4 l{_qT~ for 'i'fT'ei"(J{.. 54, 1 ~r "i o:rr~~r for a:~r ;r "iR~; 11 ~ ~~ for ~fii~; 15 "iTS~ for errs~. 55, 3 'lil<?'li~ omitted; 12 ~m. for ~56, 1 <J~srlfi~ omitted; 4 CfRqjl'SJt omitted; 6 omitted; 7 cr~ for cr::~; 8 qf{<t ~ for qft:~ ~ <r~ <rPt!l <tir&cr_ [<J]~; 9 omitted; 12 omitted; 15 omitted. 57, 13 ~ma< for ~m. 58, 1 omitted. 59, 8 w!Tcrr~ for wit~ful{; ~<~ ~ g for fli~ i{'ii['<r t;cr g 1 probably it should be read as ifi~li("''<4 ~ g; 10 4~'1~ for 4'~ ~~; 12 ~ for fcrf~!l; 13 ~ for~; 14 ~~ for m; 17 51~: for ~~r ~:; 18 and 60, 1 are omitted. 60, 11 Wli: for ~iii: . 6 I, !>f;;g>q~ 1 is i m mediately fallowed by 17 and 18 beginning with ~~fl'SI{ etc. Then the prose passage ~~ f.Rlfeya etc., is written up to ~crf.G ~t:i: 1 ~ 3'1'R; 15 is omitted. 62, 3 mr~~ for ~cfclr ~i{i{; 7 ~~ for ~. 63, 10 omitted; 18 cr~ for "if~'lil{. 64,8 ;fr~~ for~; 14 ~~ "i for ~ru ~"f. 65, 8 ~g~ for ~g~~~66, 14 omits the following :-q~~+lTUIT ml'Sr ~crfu 1 ~ m~ ~I ~~<r OJ<r~fa ~ (l"'~~if~ i 19 omitted. 67, 13 omitted.

'if-

. RAJ ADHARMAKA~~A

271

68, 1 ~~if for tqfu; 15 and 16 omitted; 17 <uft for :qrfq; 18 omitted. 69, 15 omitted; 18 comes after 16 and 17 comes as line 18. 70, 3 omitted; 9 ~f<ffi:rt sit for ~~it 72, 1 ~for~; 11 for ~lll'. 73, 15 omitted. 74, 1 ~ ~ for ll&: ~; 6 err for '<f. 75, 2 ~ fu'if for '{<l~'ll"l; 3 omitted. 76, 2 Cf~ij' for~; 21 ~sr<Jr::-~: <:1~ etc. for~ 31SI4d&d~~~"l etc. 77, 2-3 m~'i~'H&: ~ ~<it f.t;crcrr: ~;:r: Slll'Wfil ~ ~ ~: a{[4': !il~ m ~~flR"~m "; 17 q)~ atR<rr ~ CJT 3IR<rr ~~ awl:IT ~d'~ amcrr 4itf~: ~~ aJ~: '4W5~<4R\R\ ' for q)~ etc. to the end of the paragraph. 78, 2 ~ CJ~ wf.:G: for ~ ~ ~N:. 79, 1 3i~ ~"l for aN <lfl~h:ti[Utij_. 81,8 <li~'ffiTforaro~; 12~~for~~; 13~

mr

for~~.

10 ~Rt ;:::us: omitted. 2 <:IT "''R=+i~ for "'Ts~; 5 8J;.{ ~r for <li~'f&T; 13 ~m~ <tJ4tJ~4{\ for ~<i wr~; 16 ~l1~T <T~ for ~~ ~ I 04, 14 ~I"fill. for fcri:TT<~I1{. lOS, 17 ~111~: for ~11T"cif~: 107, 12 3if~ for~~. 112,1 ~for~. 114, 6 omitted. I 17, 18-19 omitted.

82, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97,

2 2 8 3

~~~ for ~orrN~.

t;d'~~CIT for t;C'f<{~; 5 ~~Cfffi;r: for ar~:. ~for 3i"l~; 14 ~"l for <1~4"1iiolq:_.

omitted.

5 :q omitted after~~~. 5 3[~{ g ~omitted; 9 ;rm~ ~for~~~~ 4 4'~~~ .. ~: in line 5 omitted. omits line 5 and up to~ in line 6; 13 omitted.

272

K~TYAKALPATARU

118, 9 ~~05T for ~. 120,11 ~for~. 122, 8 ~for ~Ti{. 126, 2 ('f~ omitted. 127, 8 ~for qut"P{; 16 ('ftfl' omitted. 129, 9 iff for :q; 12 ~: omitted. 132, 11 ~('f: for~~ mr:. 133, 13 iiii$1111(CIIrl44~m1Jf: 51@0\gfll'D0<1. ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~lffi: ~ef:. It is noteworthy that this manuscript follows the reading of the V:tramitrodaya, reproduced in footnote 3 of this page, and omits up to ~.,;q~ in line 3 in the next page. 138, 7 [SIWTQ.. qftmr-r_] omitted. _ 139, 7 (atq ~q_) omitted; 9 fcl'l:lrO\' for fc\'1:1~. 141, 15 (~~)omitted. 142, 6 (~) omitted. 143, 6 aJq ~~r omitted. 156, 16 Comes after line 1 in the next page. 158, 1 ~for ;r~n..; 15 ~<::)for f.l'~. 160, 15 ~wm{ for ~fiffl{. 161, 3-4 omitted; 15 S"f= a;:r: for ~"'~ 167,2 cmtfitfor<m_f.t; 10 t~<ilCI~for~l{; 15 314~ for ~; 17 bracketted portion in this and the succeeding line are omitted. 169, 9 ~~ for ~;rq:. 171, 6 ~i{: for 00:; 13 iff for :q. 172, 6 ~'1: for ~~: . 174, 11 ~ fcrr;:rfcr[i'~ for the first pada. 175, 1 W.a ltr81'm_ for~~; 3 ('ff~ for (CI'f~. 180, 9 mrr for ~r. 181, 18 omitted. 183, additional line between lines 2 and 3 iiRllf: 3~ ~~: ~; 23 omitted. 184, 7 ~llfiL for !'JR.; 14 ~for~ 185, 4 for '!~4it. 186, 12 Wil'f'l. for ~.

RAJADHARMAKA~J?A

273

190, 3 ~~r:r: for ~~f<l:. 191, The Chapter-heading is omitted. 198, 7 omitted. 200, 9 omitted. 202, 2 omitted; 15 omitted. 203, 2 omitted; 10 ~'l:. for ~filiii.; 11 omitted; 15 ;w;r 204, 12 <t>l4f~~qol for <t>~ m; 20 From here there is an omission till line 4 in the next page (205). 208, 3 ~ omitted ; 4 omitted ; 10 lacunae as in both I. 0. and A. S. B. mentioned under footnote 2; 16 ~ ~: for ~~~;q~uftq;u: ' 212, 4 omitted; At the end the following date is recorded Samvat 1737 ~r~ ""..

for

~ffi.