International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 06 19

108706-2929 IJECS-IJENS December 2010 IJENS

I J E N S

Abstract The narrow bandwidth of microstrip antenna is
one of the important features that restrict its wide usage.
This paper presents a bandwidth enhancement using array
technique and combined with transformator /4 for the feed
line matching is proposed and experimentally studied. The
maximum bandwidth can be achieved by controlling the
distance between the two patch antennas and by adjusting
the length of the transmission feed line 50 Ohm. Return loss
of -15.45 dB with VSWR 1.406 for the first frequency at 2.3
GHz and return loss of -32.77 dB with VSWR 1.047 for the
second frequency at 3.3 GHz. The results show that the
proposed antenna has the impedance bandwidth of 14.6%
for the first frequency and 41.87% for the second frequency.
Gain of 8.98 dB and radiation pattern with HPBW 20
0
can be
obtained.

Keywords : Array, triangular microstrip antenna, bandwidth,
transformator /4, WiMAX


I. INTRODUCTION

atch antenna possesses many advantages such as low
profile, light weight, small volume and compability with
microwave integrated circuit (MIC) and monolithic
microwave integrated circuit ( MMIC ). However, the narrow
bandwidth is the major obstacle in wide applications for the
microstrip antenna. In general, the impedance bandwidth of
the traditional microstrip antenna is only a few percent (2% -
5%) [1]. Therefore, it becomes very important to develop
broadband technique to increase the bandwidth of the
microstrip antenna.
There are several ways to overcome this problem such as
use U-slotted patch [2] and use array technique [3], but [2] and
[3] still use rectangular patch microstrip antenna. Although
rectangular and circular geometries are most commonly used,






other geometries having greater size reduction find wide
applications in modern communication systems, where the
prime concern is compactness. The triangular patch antenna
configuration is chosen because it has the advantage of
occupying less metalized area on substrate than other existing
configurations.
In some applications which the increased bandwidth is
needed, dual frequency patch antenna is one of the alternative
solutions [4]. When modern communication system, such as
satellite, radar and wimax requires operation at two
frequencies, dual frequency patch antennas may avoid the use
of two different antennas. Basically, dual frequency patch
antenna will be divided as orthogonal mode dual frequency
patch antenna, multi patch dual frequency antenna, and
reactively loaded dual frequency patch antenna [4]. Recently,
the most popular technique for obtaining dual frequency is by
introducing a reactive loading to a single patch [5][6][7].
Mainly there are two feeding systems and can be
categorized into two groups, direct coupling or probe feed and
electromagnetic coupling. Microstrip line and coplanar
waveguide are two types of transmission line and usually used
as a feeding line for the electromagnetic coupling. The
advantage of electromagnetic coupling is permits for
improving bandwidth [8].
Using geometry and dimension from [7] this paper
therefore proposed a design of triangular microstrip antenna
array using transformator /4 for the feed line matching
technique and add between the two transmission feed line 100
Ohm from the two patch antennas. Details of the proposed
antenna design and the results of the dual frequency to enlarge
the bandwidth performances are presented.

II. ANTENNA DESIGN
The geometry of a single patch antenna using two slots
with different height for dual frequency operation feed by
microstrip feed line can be shown in Figure 1a and 1b.
The patch antenna is constructed on two layers with the same
dielectric substrate. On the first layer, the patch antenna is
realized on FR 4 substrate and having a relative permittivity
Increasing Bandwidth Dual Frequency
Triangular Microstrip Antenna
For WiMAX Application
Indra Surjati, Yuli KN and Yuliastuti
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Industrial Technology Trisakti University
Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1 Grogol, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
Email : indra@trisakti.ac.id
P
International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 06 20


108706-2929 IJECS-IJENS December 2010 IJENS
I J E N S
(
r
) = 4.98, substrate of thickness (h) = 1.53 mm and loss
tangent (tan) = 0.09 and the microstrip feed line is realized
on the second layer.
Figure 1a, a is the dimension of the side length of the
triangular patch antenna and given by

o =
2c
3]

s
r
(1)

a1 is the left length of the triangular and the first slot, a2 is
distance between the first slot and the second slot, a3 is the
right length of the triangular and the second slot. Beside that,
x1 and y1 are the length and width of the first slot, x2 and y2
are the length and the width of the second slot. Table 1a
shown the parameters of a single patch antenna.
Figure 1b, W1 and L1 are the length and width of the
feeding system and r is the distance from the left side of the
triangular patch antenna to microstrip feed line. Table 1b
shown the parameters of microstrip feed line.

Table 1a Parameters of a single patch antenna
Parameter a a1 a2 a3 x1 x2 y1 y2
Length (mm) 24 9 5 8 10 8 1 1


Table 1b Parameters of microstrip feed line
Parameter W1 L1 r
Length (mm) 2.8 12,5 18



Figure 1a Geometry of a single patch antenna




Figure 1b Geometry of microstrip feed line


For array technique, the minimum distance between the
two patch antennas can be calculated as follow:

d = /2 (2)

Transformator /4 is an impedance matching technique
by providing transmission feed line with a matching
impedance Z
T
between the two transmission feed line that
does not match each other as seen in Figure 2 and given by :

Z
T
= Z
1
Z
3
(3)



Figure 2 Transformator /4


From (3) the impedance of transformer /4 is 70.7 Ohm
and the length of transformer /4 transmission feed line is
given by:

g
l
4
1
= (4)
and can be seen in Figure 3. While
g
is the wavelength of the
dielectric substrate and can be calculated as follow:


eff
g

0
= (5)
International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 06 21


108706-2929 IJECS-IJENS December 2010 IJENS
I J E N S
1

Figure 3 Length of the transformator /4


To calculate the width of the microstrip feed line 100
Ohm, 70.7 Ohm and 50 Ohm is given by :

B =
60n
2
z0

s
r
(6)

w =
2h
n
]B -1 -ln(2B -1) +
s
r
-1
2s
r
jln(B - 1) + u,S9 -
0,61
s
r
[ (7)


From (6) and (7), the width of the three transmission feed
line for the proposed antenna are as follow 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm
and 3 mm respectively for 100 Ohm, 70.7 Ohm and 50 Ohm.
Figure 3 shows the geometry and the dimension of the
proposed antenna.



Figure 3 Geometry and dimension of the proposed antenna





III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The results of the first condition of the proposed antenna
is as follow, return loss of -10.82 dB with VSWR 1.808 at
frequency 2.3 GHz and return loss of -15.16 dB with VSWR
1.423 at frequency 3.3. GHz. The results shows that return
loss and VSWR did not indicate the maximum value. To
achieve the maximum results, the distance between the two
patch adjusted and the length of the microstrip feed line 50
Ohm need to be controlled.
Table 2 shows the comperation results after controlling
the length of the microstrip feed line 50 Ohm and Figure 4
shows the return loss value.

Table 2 Iteration of the length of the microstrip feed line 50 Ohm
Length of the
microstrip
feed line
50 Ohm
Frequency 2.3 GHz Frequency 3.3 GHz
Return
Loss
VSWR Return
Loss
VSWR
42 mm -11.50 dB 1.725 -12.77 dB 1.600
46 mm -13.05 dB 1.573 -12.78 dB 1.599
51 mm -17.58 dB 1.304 -17.25 dB 1.298



Figure 4a Return loss after adjusting the length of the
microstrip feed line



Figure 4b VSWR after adjusting the length of the microstrip
feed line
2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.5
Frequency (GHz)
RL
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
3.3 GHz
-12.77 dB
3.3 GHz
-12.78 dB
3.3 GHz
-17.75 dB
2.3 GHz
-11.5 dB
2.3 GHz
-13.05 dB
2.3 GHz
-17.58 dB
DB(|S(1,1)|)
iterasi tinggi saluran pencatu 42mm
DB(|S(1,1)|)
iterasi tinggi saluran pencatu 46 mm
DB(|S(1,1)|)
iterasi tinggi saluran pencatu 51 mm
2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.5
Frequency (GHz)
VSWR
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.3 GHz
1.6
3.3 GHz
1.599
3.3 GHz
1.298
2.3 GHz
1.725
2.3 GHz
1.573
2.3 GHz
1.304
VSWR(1)
iterasi tinggi saluran pencatu 42mm
VSWR(1)
iterasi tinggi saluran pencatu 46 mm
VSWR(1)
iterasi tinggi saluran pencatu 51 mm
International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 06 22


108706-2929 IJECS-IJENS December 2010 IJENS
I J E N S
Figure 4a shows that frequency 3.3 GHz is not in the
right position. By adjusting the distance between the two patch
antennas the frequency can be shifted to the right position as
seen in Table 3 and Figure 5.

Table 3 Iteration the distance between the two patch antennas
The distance
between the
two patch
antennas
Frequency 2.3 GHz Frequency 3.3 GHz
Retrun
Loss
VSWR Return
Loss
VSWR
49.50 mm -17.09 dB 1.346 -19.30 dB 1.243
50.50 mm -16.61 dB 1.325 -21.24 dB 1.109
53.50 mm -15.45 dB 1.406 -32.77 dB 1.047



Figure 5a Return loss after adjusting the distance between
the two patch antennas



Figure 5b VSWR after adjusting the distance between
the two patch antennas

After controlling the distance between the two patch
antenna and microstrip feed line 50 Ohm, Table 4 shows the
comperation between the single patch antenna and the antenna
array.


Table 4 The comperation between a single patch antenna
and the antenna array

Parameter

Single element Array 2 element
Center
Frequency
2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz
Return Loss -22.65dB -20.37dB -15.45 dB -32.77 dB
VSWR 1.159 1.212 1.406 1.047
Bandwidth 273 MHz 294 MHz 338 MHz 1382 MHz

Table 4 shows that for the first frequency at 2.3 GHz has
the impedance bandwidth 273 MHz or about 11.86% and for
the second frequency at 3.3 GHz is 294 MHz or about 8.9%.
Figure 5a and Table 4 shown that impedance bandwidth
for frequency at 2.3 GHz is 338 MHz or about 14.6% and for
the second frequency at 3.3 GHz is 1382 MHz or about
41.87%. It is seen that the proposed antenna can increase the
bandwidth.

Gain of the proposed antenna can be calculated as
follow :

e
c]]
=
s
r
+1
2
+
s
r
-1
2
_
1
1+12h w
_ = 4,S1986

[ =
2n

s
c]]
x
0
= 148,S47 roJ = 8Suu,28S


uu
= _
1
N
+
2
N
2

N -m
mu
sinmucos m
N=-1
m=1
_
-1
= 2

If directivity element for W << 0 is 6.6, than


totuI
=
uu

cIcmcn
= 2 6,6 = 1S.2

Efficiency (q) for microstrip antenna 60%, gain of the
proposed antenna can be calculated as follow :
0 = p. = 8.98 dB.

The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna is seen in
Figure 6 and it is observed that the radiation pattern is
broadside.


Figure 6 Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna
2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.5
Frequency (GHz)
RL dualband hasil akhir terbaik
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
3.3 GHz
-19.3 dB
3.3 GHz
-21.24 dB
2.3 GHz
-16.61 dB
2.3 GHz
-17.09 dB
4.371 GHz
-10 dB
2.99 GHz
-10 dB
2.511 GHz
-10 dB
2.173 GHz
-10 dB
3.3 GHz
-32.77 dB
2.3 GHz
-15.45 dB
DB(|S(1,1)|)
jarak antar elemen 49 koma 5
DB(|S(1,1)|)
jarak antar elemen 50 koma 5
DB(|S(1,1)|)
jarak antar elemen 53 koma 5
2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.5
Frequency (GHz)
VSWR dualband hasil akhi terbaik
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.3 GHz
1.243
3.3 GHz
1.19
2.3 GHz
1.346
2.3 GHz
1.325
3.3 GHz
1.047
2.3 GHz
1.406
VSWR(1)
jarak antar elemen 49 koma 5
VSWR(1)
jarak antar elemen 50 koma 5
VSWR(1)
jarak antar elemen 53 koma 5
0 -
1
0 -
2
0
-
3
0
-
4
0
-
5
0
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
-
1
3
0
-
1
4
0
-
1
5
0
-
1
6
0
-
1
7
0 1
8
0
1
7
0
1
6
0
1
5
0
1
4
0
1
3
0
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
pola radiasi
Mag Max
7 dB
Mag Min
2 dB
1 dB
Per Div
Mag 3.15 dB
Ang 60.43 dB
Mag 3.149 dB
Ang -46.78 dB
Mag 6.149 dB
Ang 0.251 dB
TPwr(0,1)|)
dualband simulasi terbaik


the
see
Ha




A
mi
exp
can
fee
pat
wit
2.3
the
VS
add
rad
ant
ant

Furthermore
e proposed ante
en in Table 5 a
alf Power Beam
Table 5 Mea
Figure
A novel config
crostrip anten
perimentally s
n be easily con
ed line 50 Ohm
tch antennas.
th VSWR 1.40
3 GHz and the
e second freque
SWR 1.047 ha
dition, the gain
diation pattern
tenna is applic
tenna to enlarg
Internationa

e, the measurem
enna is done on
and Figure 7 sh
m Width (HPBW
asurement resu
Angle ()
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
e 7 Radiation p
IV. CON
guration to incr
nna array for
studied. It is s
ntrolled by vary
m and adjustin
It is observed
06 can be ach
e impedance b
ency at 3.3 GH
as the impeda
n of the propos
n with HPBW
cable as a new
ge the bandwid
al Journal of El

1
ment for the ra
nly at the frequ
hown the radiat
W) 20
0
.
ults for the radi
Gain (dB)
12,43
11,63
10,77
10,01
8,82
7,44
6,03
4,64
2,73
0
pattern with HP
CLUSION
rease bandwidt
WiMAX appl
hown that the
ying the length
ng the distance
d that return lo
ieved for the f
andwidth is ab
Hz, return loss o
ance bandwidt
sed antenna is
W 20
0
.

Therefo
w candidate fo
dth for WiMAX
lectrical & Com
108706-2929 IJECS-IJ
adiation pattern
uency 2.3 GHz
tion pattern wit
iation pattern
)
PBW 20
0

th dual frequen
lication has be
e two frequenc
h of the microst
between the t
oss of -15.45
first frequency
bout 14.60%. F
of -32.77 dB w
th of 41.87%.
8.98 dB and ha
ore the propo
or dual frequen
X application.
mputer Science

JENS December 20
n of
z as
th

ncy
een
cies
trip
two
dB
y at
For
with
In
ave
sed
ncy
REFER
[1] P
I
[2] C
u
[3] M
A
A
P
[4] M
A
M
[5] S
M
P
W
[6] A
M
S
R
[7] S
A
C
E
[8] R
F
S




es IJECS-IJEN
10 IJENS
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