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● Generally speaking, Korean has seven dialects. Since 1945, North Korean and South
Korean has displayed some differences between themselves. Yet, the basic patterns and
principles are same.
● Korean contains a great number of Chinese characters. It has been developing its own
of use. EG. 三寸 (삼촌) means uncle, not three inches in Chinese; 日氣 (일기) stands for
weather, 食口 (식구) for family/household or family member, both of which are new
coinage to Korean use. Japanese had gone under the same trajectory of transformation in
adapting Chinese to their milieu.
● All particles are not propositions but postposition.
EG. Jane goes to school. : to is placed before school
제인은 학교에 갑니다. : in the case of 에, it comes after 학교.
● Situation-oriented language
EG. 안녕하세요? means ‘how are you?’ And, 어디가세요? can substitute for it in a
situation where you run into one of your acquaintances/colleagues on campus or in the
office.
● Macro-to-micro language
Family name, first name, then title : 최호진 선생님
Country, city, street, number, name, and zip code : 미국 캘리포니아주
피코거리. (대한민국) 서울시 강남구 도곡동 143-98, 박유진 (앞), 137
-900.
Year, month, and day : 2004 년 4 월 20 일
● Honorific language
Sociolinguistic factors: age, kinship, and social status.
EG. Good night! father to son : 잘 자(거라) son to father : 안녕히 주무세요.
● Address/reference terms
Hierarchy-sensitive terms. EG. the use of honorific suffixes : –님. 목사님 (pastor),
교수님 (professor), 선생님(teacher), 부모님 (parent), 아버님 (father),
어머님(mother), 형님 (older brother), 누님 (older sister), 형수님 (older
brother’s wife), etc..
● Important speech levels in Korean
Deferential level : –ㅂ/습니다. 날씨가 좋습니다. 커피를 마십니다.
Polite level : –어/아요. 날씨가 좋아요. 커피를 마셔요.
Intimate style (half-talk 반말) : –어/아. 날씨가 좋아. 커피를 마셔.
Plain style : –다. 날씨가 좋다. 커피를 마시다.
● Non-verbal behavior
Bowing, drinking, smoking, giving and receiving, meals, and the like.
<Irregular predicates>
D.F 어/아요 ㅂ/습니다 (으)세요(?) 어/아서
* ㄷ type:
듣다 (to listen) 들어요 듣습니다 들으세요 들어서
걷다 (to walk) _______ ________ 걸으세요 ______
* 르 type:
모르다 (to now know) 몰라요 모릅니다 모르세요 몰라서
빠르다 (to be fast) 빨라요 _______ _______ ______
부르다 (to sing/call) _______ _______ _______ ______
* ㄹ type:
알다 (to know) 알아요 압니다 아세요 알아서
놀다 (to play) ______ ______ ______ ______
만들다 (to make) 만들어요 ______ ______ ______
* ㅂ type:
춥다 (to be cold) 추워요 춥습니다 추우세요 ______
어렵다 (to be hard) ______ _______ _______ ______
쉽다 (to be easy) ______ _______ _______ ______
* 으 type:
예쁘다 (to be pretty) 예뻐요 _______ 예쁘세요 ______
쓰다 (to wirte/use) ______ _______ _______ ______
바쁘다 (to be busy) ______ _______ _______ ______
* ㅎ type:
어떻다 (to be some way) 어때요 어떻습니다 어떠세요 어때서
이렇다 (to be this way) 이래요 _______ _______ ______
노랗다 (to be yellow) ______ _______ N.A. ______
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Benefactive Expression: 어/아 주다
Originally means give. When used as an auxiliary verb, which means as it follows the
main verb, it signifies the idea that the action of the main verb is taken in favor of or for
the benefit of someone – ‘do something for someone.’
사다: to buy
사 + 아 주다 → 사주다
친구가 책을 사 주다/주었어요.
가 주다 to go for someone’s benefit
읽어주다 to read for someone’s benefit
놀아주다 to play for someone’s benefit
빌려 주다 to lend for someone’s benefit
* 어/아 드리다 is the humble (or recipient honorific) form of 어/아 주다.
나는 저번주에 어머니께 꽃을 사 드렸어요.
제인씨가 어제 최 교수님께 그 사진을 보여 드렸어요.
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Exercise. Use benefactive pattern in Korean translation.
Please read (읽다) me a book (책).
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Present Progressive form: AVS + 고 있다
To be doing something. It is used as an auxiliary verb referring to present progressive tense.
~다’라고 하다
Refers to quotation, citation, identification, etc. Noun or even sentences come with this pattern.
E.g. 1) 이것을 책상이라고 하다/해요 This is called (as) a desk. 2) 박감독은 “삼 년동안 국산
영화가 미국 영화를 앞서고 있다”라고 했다. Director Kim said that Korean cinema has been
outshining Hollywood movies for the past 3 years.
*~다고 하다 is possible. The 하다 verb in Korean is related to the widely-used 爲 verb in
classical Chinese. It contains various meanings of ‘to do,’ ‘to be(come),’ ‘to think,’ ‘to say,’ ‘to
be referred to as,’ and the like. Here, the expression was used in the combination of 以
(as/with/in: 라고, 로서) and 爲. And, in this case, 하다 is almost equivalent to ‘to state,’ ‘to
argue,’ ‘to refer to,’ ‘to point out,’ and so forth.
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Exercise: translate to Korean in the 어/아 주(시)다 form, –고 있다 form, and -(이)라고
하다.
Jinsu is doing laundry (빨래하다).
Jane said that she has been working (일하다) in this office (사무실) since fall (가을),
2002.
It is said that Misun’s grandmother (할머니) is very healthy (건강하다) after (-후에)
operation (수술).
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Verb + (으) ㄴ 것 같다. It seems… or I think…
Commonly used for indirect and more polite tone.
한국영화는 참 재미있는 것 같아요. It seems that K movies are very interesting.
제이슨의 생각은 참 좋은 것 같아요. It seems Jason’s idea is very good.
이 안내서는 좀 복잡한 것 같아요. I think this handbook is a little complicated.
영진씨 가게가 참 큰 것 같아요. I think Yongjin’s store is very big.
cf. -(으)ㄴ/는/(은)ㄹ 것 같다.
어제 너무 많이 먹은 것 같아요. 오늘 저녁에 너무 많이 먹는 것 같아요.
이번 주말 모임에서 바다 요리을 많이 먹을 것 같아요.
c.f.) 제인씨, 이 컴퓨터는 저 노트북과 가격이 같아요. Jane, the price of this computer is same
as that of the notebook.
* N+처럼 and N+ 와/과 같이 (p. 104), whose meaning is ‘like’ in English, are also widely used
in conversation. Here, 처럼 is a particle and 와/과 같이 are particle. E.g. 어제처럼 일찍
일어나요 I wake up early like yesterday. 존은 한국말을 한국사람과 같이/처럼 해요 John
speaks Korean like a Korean person.
● When ‘ 와/과 같다’ is associated with noun, first, it means equivalent to, equal to, or
identical to. In this case, it can substitute copulas 이다 (to be) or 아니다 (not to be). *
copulas is a special subclass of descriptive verb, denoting equation, identification, or
definition. Second, it means be like.
E.g. 4+3 은 7 과 같다 (= 4+3 은 7 이다). 존은 내 친동생같아요 Mark is like my real
brother. * Notice that here 와/과 같다 is used as a verb. In the case of N+처럼 or +
와/과 같이, 처럼 is a particle ‘like,’ and 와/과 같이 is a adverb phrase.
E.g. 어제처럼 일찍 일어나요 I wake up early like yesterday. 존은 한국말을
한국사럼과 같이 해요 John speaks Korean like a Korean person.
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● Movement
Place 1 에서 place 2 까지: from place 1 to place 2
집에서 식당까지 멀어요? From home to the restaurant, is it far?
Transportation + (으)로: by means of
차 car/자전거 bicycle/버스 bus/기차 train/비행기 airplane/지하철 subway + 로. * in
the case of –ㄹ ending, if a consonant, it is to be +로. Sometimes, ㄹ is uttered as a vowel.
Direction + (으)로: toward direction
나는 삼 층으로 가요 I go to the third floor. 오른쪽/왼쪽으로 돌아요 I turn to the
right/left. 동/서/남/북으로 가요 I go east/west/south/northward. 서울로 가요 I go to
Seoul.
* The particle 에 is also employed to indicate destination or goal, typically for directional
verbs such as 가다 ‘to go’ and 오다 ‘to come.’ Another particle signifies a location of
activity, referring to a dynamic location (the action or activity takes place in that location).
E.g. 영미씨는 오늘 도서관에 가요 Young-mi goes to library today. 저는 생일 선물을
그 백화점에서 사요 I buy a birthday present at the department store.
Kinship Terms
Pair work
Your parent: 부모님의 가족관계
부친/아버지/아빠 모친/어머니/엄마
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Passive form
AVS + 기 + 다
끊다 (to sever, disconnect) – 끊기다 빼앗다 (to snatch, take) - 빼앗기다
AVS + 리 + 다
열다 (to open) – 열리다 듣다 (to listen) – 들리다
걸다 (to hang, call) – 걸리다 물다 (to bite) – 물리다
풀다 (to untie) – 풀리다
AVS + 이 + 다
보다 (to see) – 보이다 쓰다 (to write; to use) – 쓰이다
섞다 (to mix) – 섞이다 쌓다 (to pile) – 쌓이다
놓다 (to place or put) – 놓이다 끓다 (to boil) – 끓이다
AVS + 히 + 다
먹다 (to eat) – 먹히다 닫다 (to close) – 닫히다
막다 (to block) – 막히다 잡다 (to catch) – 잡히다
뽑다 (to choose) – 뽑히다
My grandmother passed away (죽다) last year (작년). She was very old.
Sister, what is your name (이름)? Please, would you write down it for us?
My wife (아내) got sick last week (지난/저번주). How about your family (가족), Mr.
Chang?
Last week, the thief (도둑) was caught at the bank (은행).
Jane, it seems the dust (먼지) is piled up on the top of the computer.
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-겠
Intention
It is used to express the speaker’s intention or volition, or ‘will’ in English. In most cases,
it occurs in a formal context, such as news, weather forecast, or announcement. In
conversational speech, -(으)ㄹ래요 usually is used as equivalent to –겠. Also, both
statement and question forms do not follow the past tense. And, the first or second person
is the subject in the intentional sentence.
Example: 1) 저는 다음주에 가겠어요. I will go next week 2) A: 영호씨, 뭐
마시겠어요? Y^ongho, what would you like to drink? B: 글쎄요. 오렌지 쥬스주세요.
Well, can I get OJ? Notice that in the second cases, the statement has something to do
with the will or, at least, thought of the listener.
* In less formal settings, -(으)ㄹ래요 is used to ask the listener’s intention in question or
refer to the speaker’s in statement. Example) A: 주영씨, 뭐 먹을래요? 제가 사겠어요.
Chuyông, what would you like to eat? I will buy you. B: 정말요? 순두부 먹을래요.
Really, I’d like to eat a suntubu.
Conjecture
Here, -겠 expresses the speaker or listener’s guess or conjecture, based on the given
situation or information. It can be glossed in English as ‘I guess/think/suppose’ or ‘you
must be.’ In the past tense, -었/았 + 겠 form is employed. In the conjectural meaning, the
subject can be any person.
Example: 1) A: 날씨가 흐려요 The weather is cloudy B: 아마 오후에 비가 오겠어요 I
guess it will rain this afternoon. 2) 점심 안 먹었어요? 배 고프겠어요. Didn’t you have
a lunch? You must be hungry. 3) A: 알렉스가 어제 싱가폴로 떠났어요. Alex left for
Singapore yesterday. B: 그러면, 지금쯤 도착했겠네요. Then, I suppose that he must
have arrived by now.
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A. Complete the following sentences using the –겠 form.
(On the Street) 저어, 실례합니다. 말씀 좀 ____________
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AVS + 아/어야 겠다 form “Probably will have to or ought to”
빨리 먹어야 겠어요 I ought to eat quickly.
비행기로 가야 겠어요 I ought to go by airplane.
오늘 그 책을 읽어야 겠어요 I ought to read the book today.
영진씨, 일찍 자야 겠어요. Yougjin, you will (probably) have to sleep earlier.
Exercise
1. VS+ 겠 + 다 form
I will leave (떠나다/출발하다) within 10 minutes (10 분 안으로).
I think it will be a little bit (다소, 조금/좀) cold in the afternoon (오후에).
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Practice conjugation
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Antonyms
무겁다 to be heavy ↔ 가볍다 to be light
시끄럽다 to be noisy ↔ 조용하다 to be quiet
키가 크다 to be tall ↔ 키가 작다 to be short
길다 to be long ↔ 짧다 to be short
깨끗하다 to be clean ↔ 더럽다 to be dirty
높다 to be high ↔ 낮다 to be low
비싸다 to be expensive ↔ 싸다 to be cheap
많다 to be many/much ↔ 적다 to be few/little
맛있다 to be delicious ↔ 맛없다 to be bland
가깝다 to be close ↔ 멀다 to be far
같다 to be the same ↔ 다르다 to be different
좋다 to be good ↔ 나쁘다 to be bad
넓다 to be wide ↔ 좁다 to be narrow
배가 부르다 to be full ↔ 배가 고프다 to be hungry
편하다/ to be comfortable/ ↔ 불편하다 to be uncomfortable/
편리하다 convenient ↔ inconvenient
쉽다 to be easy ↔ 어렵다 to be difficult
친절하다 to be kind ↔ 불친절하다 to be unkind
재미있다 to be fun/interesting ↔ 재미없다 to be no fun
빠르다 to be fast ↔ 느리다 to be slow
Time Expressions
나중에 later 이따가 a little later
늦게 late 일찍/빨리 early
방금 just now 지금 now
아까 a while ago
Frequency
매일 (날마다) every day 한달에 두 번 twice a month
가끔 once in a while 일년에 두 번 정도 about twice a year
자주 often 한번도 안 not even once, never
하루에 한 번 once a day 하루에 한 번 정도 about once a day
얼마나 자주 how often? 일 주일에 한 번 정도 about once a week
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* Interview your classmates using “얼마나 자주 - ?” and translate the answer in Korean.
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Potential form: VS + (으)ㄹ 수(가) 있다/없다.
내일 갈 수(가) 있어요. I can go tomorrow.
지금 점심을 먹을 수가 없어요. I cannot eat lunch now.
어제 점심을 먹을 수가 없었어요. I could not eat lunch yesterday.
Exercise
I can read (읽다) Korean newspaper (한국 신문).
Jane’s older brother (오빠) was not able to come to the party last night (어제 저녁).
Interview
무슨 음식을 할 수 있어요?
(What kind of food can you make?)
무슨 운동을 할 수 있어요?
(What kind of sport/exercise can you do?)
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Negative adverbs 안 and 못 with AV sentences.
못 ‘unable, cannot’ is used when circumstances/situations prevent a person from doing
something whereas 안 for general negation.
가다 go 안 가다 don’t go 못 가다 can’t go
배우다 learn 안 배우다 don’t learn 못 배우다 can’t learn
전화하다 phone 전화 안 하다 don’t phone 전화 못 하다 can’t phone
Notice that ‘-하다’ verbs are usually made a negation form by placing 안 or 못
between the noun and the verb 하다. Therefore, noun + 안/못 + 하다 is the negation.
공부하다 study 공부 안 하다 don’t study 공부 못 하다 can’t study
연습하다 exercise 연습 안 하다 don’t exercise 연습 못 하다 can’t exercise
일하다 work 일 안 하다 don’t work 일 못 하다 can’t work
Exercise
유진: 제인씨, 채플린 영화 봤어요?
Eugene: Jane, have you ever seen any of Chaplin movies?
제인: 아니오, 저는 코메디를 ( ) 좋아해요. 그래서 ( ) 봤어요.
Jane: No, I don’t like comedy. So, I haven’t seen any.
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Clothing
Korean has different verbs for ‘to put on/off or wear.’
옷 clothes, 셔츠 shirts, 치마 skirts, 바지 parts/trousers: 입다 or 벗다.
시계 wristwatches: 차다 or 풀다.
Money Matters
돈을 벌다 to earn/make money
돈이 들다 to cost money
돈을 쓰다 to spend money
Correspondence
팩스를 보내다 to send a fax 우표를 붙이다 to stamp
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Uses of Indirect Discourse Forms 고- 하다.
1. Interrogative form
AVS + 느냐고 하다 제인이 네가 어디로 가느냐고 하다. Jane asks where you are going.
제인이 내가 언제 먹느냐고 하다. Jane asks when I am eating.
DVS + (으)냐고 하다 그가 너 요새 바쁘냐고 하다. He asks if you are busy lately.
그가 그 선물 좋으냐고 하다. He asks if the present is good.
N + (이)냐고 하다 정수씨가 존이 누구냐고 하다. Jungsu asks who John is.
제인이 그가 동생이냐고 하다. Jane asks if he is my younger sibling.
* Notice that the plain interrogative forms is –느냐 or -냐? in the case of AVS; -(으)냐? in DVS;
and -(이)냐? in the -이다 verb.
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Exercise
Namhee says that she doesn’t have (없다) a car (차).
남희는 차가 없다고 해요.
Jongson says let’s meet (만나다) at the Korean Cultural Center (한국문화원) at 5 p.m.
(오후 5 시).
종선씨는 오후 5 시에 한국문화원에서 만나자고 해요.
Minson says to wait (기다리다) at the front of the museum (박물관 앞에서).
민선씨가 (우리/나에게) 박물관 앞에서 기다리라고 해요.
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Conditional form -(으)면: “If” in English
VS + (으)면
값이 싸면 사겠다. If the price is cheap, I will buy it.
날씨가 좋으면 가겠다. If the weather is good, I will go.
N + (이)라면
한국 음식이라면 다 좋다. If it’s Korean food, I like it all.
나라면 안 가겠다. If it were me, I wouldn’t go.
If you tell me to see that movie with you, I will see it together (함께).
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Exercise B. Translate the sentences in English, and answer in your own words.
1. 음악회 표가 두장 있으면 누구하고 같이 가고 싶으세요?
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–지요/죠
This pattern is used to 1) ask for confirmation or seeking agreement from the listener, 2)
make an indirect suggestion that the speaker believes will work best under the given
situation (in this case, it may be best translated as why don’t we/you?), or 3) emphasize a
point with a nuance of ‘indeed, definitely, surely.’ Notice that in the case of 2), the
honorific form is –(으)시지요.
Exercise.
[You and another person are about to get on an elevator. You let that person get on first]
______________________________________________________
A: 우리 술마시러 갈까요?
B: 요즘 재미있는 영화 하는데 _______________________________
A: 한 잔 더 할까요?
B: 너무 늦었는데 ____________________________________
[You as the host(ess) are drawing a party at your place, and greeting the guests.]
_______________________________________________
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- (으)ㄹ까요?
The basic function is asking about the listener’s opinion or view. When the speaker is
also involved in the subject, this form often conveys the meaning of a suggestion or an
offer in the sense of ‘shall I/we?’
뭘 먹을까요? What would you like to eat? / What shall we eat?
커피 마실까요? Shall we drink some coffee?
제가 갈까요? Shall I go? / May I suggest that I go?
When the subject is a third person, this form is used to seek the listener’s opinion in the
sense of ‘do you think…?’
And, this form is also used for questions that offer a choice of alternatives. For instance,
‘영어로 말할까요? 한국어로 말할까요?’ is translated into ‘Shall I/we speak in English
or in Korean?’ * Notice that in Korean the whole predicate should be repeated in this case.
That is in Korean 영어로 말할까요? 한국어로? is not the formal and written pattern.
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VS –나 보다/AS –(으)ㄴ가 보다
It seems that; I guess.
This type of conjecturing is based on evidence, so it involves an inference or makes an
inferential judgment. Notice that –겠 indicates a conjecture based on immediate evidence,
thus inferring a consequence from what s/he had just learned. Meanwhile, -나 보다
pattern infers a source or cause for a given situation or topic.
-겠 pattern
1. A: 어제 늦잠 잤어요 2. A: 한국어 수업은 매일 숙제가 있어요.
B: 수업에 늦었겠어요 B: 그럼, 참 힘들겠어요.
-나 보다 pattern
스티브는 밝은 표정을 하고 있어요. 오늘은 기분이 좋은가 봐요.
샤론씨, 안경이 참 두꺼워요. 눈이 많이 나쁜가 봐요.
유진씨는 이번 가을부터 본사에서 근무해요. 아마 대단히 능력이 있나 봅니다.
* Location of tense.
Non-past Past
Verbs -나 보다 었/았나 보다
Adjectives -(으)ㄴ가 보다 었/았나 보다
Copula -(이)ㄴ가 보다 이었나/였나 보다
A: 오늘은 좀 피곤해요
B: _____________________________
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Exercise
A. Change the verbs into –겠어요 form, and translate the sentence into English.
저는 내일 갈래요 → 저는 내일 가겠어요
제가 책을 읽을래요.
커피 마실래요?
이따가 다시 올래요.
저는 오늘 집에 있을래요.
어떤 음악을 들으실래요?
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-군요/구나(군)
Exclamation
This exclamatory expression indicates immediate reaction to something or someone’s
action. –군요 is more polite than –구나/군. The second is often used by the speaker
him/herself. Conjecture –겠 can be combined with this expression.
However, the past perception can be used by adding –더 to the –군요 expression. In
many cases, adjective forms are preferred.
Yujin: 어제 본 영화는 어땠어요?
John: 참 인상적이더군요. 좋은 영화 보았어요.
The past tense –었/았군요 refers to the speaker’s expression toward second person’s
action or event. Notice –었/았+ 겠 (conjecture) + 군요 can be used in the past tense, too.
Jane: 어제 아침에 차가 고장이 났어요. 그래서 버스를 타고 갔어요.
Young: 어제 좀 힘드셨군요 (Oh, that’s why you were tired)
힘드셨겠군요 (Oh, you must’ve been tired, huh?)
Jane: 어제 밤 늦게 어디 가셨어요?
Young: 전화하셨어요? 친구집에 갔다가 좀 늦게 왔어요
Jane: 아, 그러셨군요. (Oh, that’s what you did)
____________________________________
2. Seeing your friend’s hand is wrapped in a bandage, then you will say,,,
_____________________________________
3. Seeing many people are lined up in DMV, then you will say to your company,,,
______________________________________
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-다(가)
The suffix –다(가) indicates a movement of one action or state. The subject turns from
one action/state of being to another. Translated as ‘in the middle of –ing,’ ‘while –ing,’
‘on the way to,’ ‘doing something, then’.
공부하다가 잠이 들었어요. 자전거를 타다가 넘어졌어요
좀 빨리 운전하다가 차 사고가 났어요.
Notice that –다가 is used in the past tense and its meaning is different from the use of the
present tense. More of unexpected, or reversed result of action is implied.
미술 박물관에 갔다가 고등학교 친구를 만났어요.
우산을 안 가지고 갔다가 집에 올 때, 비를 많이 맞았어요.
Exercise. Use –군요 and –다가 forms to talk about these topics with your partner.
A will be asking with the form – 다가 and B will be answering in –군요 form.
1) 최근에 가장 기분 나쁜 사건
A: 영주씨, 저번 주에 수영장에 갔다가 목사님을 만났어요
B: 그랬어요? 좀 어샜했겠군요!
3) 가장 창피했던 일
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-(으)로
1. 수단이나 도구: in, by, and with
칼로 과일을 깍아요.
제임스는 어제 프랑스어로 친구와 통화했어요.
나무로 집을 지었어요.
주로 지하철로 통근하세요?
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* Subject marker 이/가 topic marker 은/는
마이클은 키가 커요. 마이클은 키는 커요
tm + sm tm 1 + tm 2
* Topic-comment sentence 은/는 + subject or object + verb
마이클 왕씨는 한국사람이 아니다. 마이클은 고향이 홍콩이다.
마이클은 직업이 교사이다.
* 은/는 : changing the topic or contrasting
마이클씨 집은 방은 많아요. 그런데 거실은 좁아요.
A: 회사가 어디에 있어요?
B: 유니온 빌딩에 있어요.
A: 그 빌딩은 어디에 있어요?
*마이클이 키가 커요 (sm 1 + sm 2) or 마이클이 키는 커요(sm +tm) can be used.
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Noun-modifying form: VS + 는
B. Translate in English
보기: 신문을 읽는 남자는 우리 오빠예요.
The man who reads the newspaper is my older brother.
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Noun-modifying form -(으)ㄴ
A.
보기 example: 죠세핀이 음악을 들었어요 Josephine listened to music
→ 죠세핀이 들은 음악 the music that Josephine listened to
B.
보기: 지난 주에 시험을 봤어요. 시험이 어려웠어요.
→ 지난 주에 본 시험이 어려웠어요.
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Number practice
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* Medicine and illness
신체검사 a physical examination (checkup)
입원하다 to be hospitalized
퇴원하다 to be discharged
약을 먹다 to take medicine 진통제: painkillers
진찰을 받다 to consult/see a doctor
토하다 to vomit
설사하다 to have diarrhea
과식하다 to overeat
소화가 안 되다 to have indigestion
체하다 to have an upset stomach
주사 맞다 to get a shot
수술하다 to have surgery
다치다 to be injured/hurt
치과의사 dentist
이가 아프다 to have a toothache
양치하다 to brush one’s teeth
이가 썩었다 to have a cavity
감기에 걸리다 to catch cold
열이 나다 to have a fever
코가 막히다 to be congested, stuffed up
목이 아프다 to have a ore throat
콧물이 나오다 to have a runny nose
기침하다 to cough
머리가 아프다/두통이 있다 to have a headache
엑스레이를 찍다 to have an X-ray
속이 거북하다/답답하다 to have digestive problems
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- (으)ㄹ까요?
The basic function is asking about the listener’s opinion or view. When the speaker is
also involved in the subject, this form often conveys the meaning of a suggestion ro an
offer in the sense of ‘shall I/we?’
When the subject is a third person, this form is used to seek the listener’s opinion in the
sense of ‘do you think…?’
시험이 어려울까요? Do you think that the test will be difficult?
지하철이 복잡할까요? Will the subway be crowded?
And, this form is also used for questions that offer a choice of alternatives. For instance,
‘영어로 말할까요? 한국어로 말할까요?’ is translated into ‘Shall I/we speak in English
or in Korean?’ * Notice that in Korean the whole predicate should be repeated in this case.
That is in Korean 영어로 말할까요? 한국어로? is not the formal and written pattern.
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-기로 하다.
This pattern is used to express the plan or decision of the subject. So, it is translated to
‘plan to do / decide to do’ The tense is determined in the –하다 part. Notice that even the
present or future tense can be used with the form of the past pattern.
어제 같이 점심 식사하기로 했어요?
Did I/we plan to have a lunch together yesterday?
* Nominalizer –기/ -는 것
It is used when a noun is formed out of a verb, as in the English equivalent expression ‘-
doing.’
마시다 – 마시기 / 마시는 것 먹다 – 먹기 / 먹는 것
연습하다 – 연습하기 / 연습하는 것 시작하다 – 시작하기 / 시작하는 것
신디: 영화 보러 가요.
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Shops and stores
-점 a store: 상점 a store
서점 a bookstore
문방구점 a stationary store
백화점 a department store
음식점 (식당) a restaurant
제과점 (빵집) a bakery
안경점 an optician’s
(점원: a sales person, or a store clerk)
-집 a house: 꽃집 a florist
옷집 a clothing store
빵집 a bakery
-국 an office: 약국 a pharmacy
우체국 a post office
전화국 a telephone company
방송국 a broadcasting station
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-지
This noun ending is used to express an uncertain fact or occurrence, and always follows
noun modifier form. It functions as various types of subject and object. In English, it can
be translated into ‘whether or not,’ or simply ‘as to,’ ‘regarding,’ and the like.
Example)
영주에게 저번 주일에 집에 있었는지 물어 보았어요.
오늘 오후 언제 가는지 잘 모릅니다.
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Interview Practice
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