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A C 1 3LB.L/3LB=LR

92

0662949 0504705 990

First Printing, September

1992

AC1 Manual of Concrete Practice

Most AC1 Standards and committee reports reports in the general areas of materials and of concrete, construction practices aregathered together in the annually revisedproperites AC1 Manual of Concrete Practice. The several and inspection, pavements and slabs, strucvolumes are arranged to group related material tural design and analysis, structural specificatogether and may be purchased individually or tions, and special products and processes. in sets. A complete catalog of all AC1 publications is AC1 Committeespreparestandardsand available without charge.

American Concrete Institute Box 19150, Redford Station Detroit, Mich. 48219-0150

AC1 Certification Programs

The final quality of a concrete structure depends on qualified people to construct it. AC1 certification programs identify craftsmen, technicians and inspectors who have demonstrated their qualifications. The following programs are administered by to fulfill the growAC1 ing demand in the industry for certified workers:

Enhancement ofAC1 Documents

The technical committees responsible for commitAC1 to tee reports and standards striveavoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors these documents. In spite of in these efforts, the users AC1 documents occasionally of to find information requirements that may be subject or more than one interpretation may be incomplete or or incorrect. To assist in the effort for accuracy and clarity, the Concrete Flatwork Finisher Technical Activities Committee solicits the help indiof Concrete Field Testing Technician-Grade I viduals using AC1 reports and standards identifying in Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician-Grade I and eliminating problems that may be associated with Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician-Grade II their use. Concrete Construction Inspector-ln-Training Users who have suggestions for the improvement Concrete Construction Inspector-Level II ofAC1 documents are requested to contact the AC1 Engineering Departmentin writing, with the following This document may already contain reference these to information: AC1 certification programs, which can be incorporated of the into project specifications or quality control procedures. 1. Title and number the document containing problem and specific section in the document; If not, suggested guide specifications are available on 2. Concise description the problem; of request from the AC1 Certification Department. 3. If possible, suggested revisions for mitigating the problem. The Institutes Engineering Staff will review and take appropriate action on comments and suggestions reall ceived. Members as well as nonmembers of the Institute to are encouraged assist in enhancing the accuracy and usefulness ofAC1 documents.

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Building Code Requirements For Structural Plain Concrete (AC1 31 8.1 =89)* (Revised 1992) and Commentary-AC1 31 8.1 R-89 (Revised 1992)

Reported By AC1 Committee 318

W.G.Corley Chairman Claude V. Baker Eugene H. Boeke, Jr. John E. Breen James R. Cagley Gregory P. Chacos George Chironis Paul F. Fratessa Clifford L. Freyermuth Luis E. Garcia HolguinMacGregor Salmon RichardJames E. G. Charles G. RichardDavidJr. F. Siess Gaynor Robert P. D. Hunter,Chester A. Mast Jacob S. Grossman Francis J. Jacques Robert Alan Smith Mattock J. H. David Daniel Moore, GustafsonJenny P. Mete P. P.Walter Jr. Sozen A. John M. Hanson James O. Jirsa Clarkson James R. Harris A. James Dean Lefter Richard Ramsey Raymond C. Hays H. S. Lew Reaveley Jr. Lawrence Loring D. Wyllie, A. Edward S. Hoffman
Voting Subcommittee Members Bijan O. Aalami Roger J. Becker Edward M. Frisbee Richard W. Furlong

Basile G. Rabbat
Secretary

Pinkham W. Speyer Irwin J.

E. Stephan

S. K. Ghosh Roger Green Philip G. Griffin James K. lverson

Phillip J. lverson Paul Klieger Cary Kopczynski Michael E. Kreger Liaison Members

Cameron Maclnnes David T. Lashgari Peter Marti Denis Mitchell

Jack P. Moehle Donald R. Strand David A. Whiting James K. Wight

Shunsuke Rudiger Thonier Henry Tewes Otani D.Martin Isaac Julio Cesar Caballero Augusto Carlos De Vasconcelos Luis Eduardo Laverde Peter Lenkei Harold P. lsaacs

Robert Park Horacio Ramirez de Alba

George Somenrille Bai Shengxian

Mireya Veloz Habib M. Zein Al-Abidien

AC1 318.1-89 (Revised 1992) was adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Institute July 1, 1992 supersede AC1 318.1 -89 in accordance with to the Institute's standardization procedure. Vertical lines in the margins indicate the 1992 changes. 'Acomplete metric companion to AC1 318.11318.1Rhas been developed, 318.1M/318.1RM; therefore metric equivalents are included no in this document. tACl Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance designing, planning, executing, or inspecting construcin tion, andin preparing specifications. Referencethese documents shall not to be

If items found these documents are desired in to made in the Project Documents. be part of the Project Documents they should be phrased in mandatory language and incorporated into the Project Documents.

Copyright O 1992 American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights reproduction and use any form or by o f in any means,includingthe making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or writtenoral, or recording for sound or or visual reproduction or foruse in any knowledge or retrieval system device, or unless permission writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. in

318.1/318.1R-l
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m Obb29V9
MANUAL 318.1I318.1R-2

050V707 763

OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

The 1992 AC1 Building Code for Plain Concrete and Commentary are presented in a side-by-side column format, To with code text placed in the left column and the corresponding commentary text aligned in the right column. further distinguish the Code from the Commentary, the Code has been in Helvetica, the same printed type face in which this pargraph set. Vertical lines the margins indicate changes from 31-89. is in 8.1 This paragraph is set in Times Roman, all portions of the text exclusive to the Commentary are printed in this type face. an section numbers. Commentary section numbers are preceded by R to further distinguish them from Code

CONTENTS
Chapter l-General requirements. .318.1-3
i.1-scope 1.2-Limitations 1.3-Permits and Drawings 1.4-Inspection

This code covers the properdesign and constructionof written in such structural members ofplain concrete, and is form that may be adopted reference a general building it by in code. This code supplements AC1 Standard 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete. Among the subjects covered permits and drawings; inare: spection; materials; concrete quality; formwork;joints; control analysis and design (permissiblestresses); and structural members (walls, footing, and pedestals).

Chapter 2-Definitions Chapter 3-Materials.

...........318.1-5 ........... .318.1-6

Keywords: building codes; compressive strength; control joints; flexural strength; footings; inspection;plain concrete; precast concrete;shear strength; specifications: stresses; structural design; walls.

3.1 -Materials for Concrete 3.2-Metal Reinforcement 3.3-Tests of Materials 3.4-Storage of Materials

Chapter 4-Concrete quality.

4.0-Notation 4.1 -General 4.2-Minimum Strength 4.3-Selection of Concrete Proportions 4.4-Mixing and Placing Concrete 4.5-Evaluation and Acceptance of Concrete

.....318.1-6

5.1-Formwork 5.2-Joints

Chapter 5-Formwork and joints ..318.1-7

Chapter 6Analysis and design .318.1-8

6.0-Notation 6.1 -Design Method 6.2-Permissible Stresses 6.3-Design

7.0-Notation 7.1walls 7.2-Footings 7.3-Pedestals 7.4-Precast Members

Chapter 7Plain concrete members.. ....... 318.1-11

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0662949 0504708 6 T T
PLAIN CONCRETE CODE AND COMMENTARY
318.11318.1R-3

CHAPTER I-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

CODE
1.l-scope
1.1.1-This code provides minimum requirements for design and construction of structural plain concrete members (cast-in-place or precast) of any structure erected under requirements of the legally adopted general building code of which code forms a part. this In areas without a legally adopted building code, this code defines minimum acceptable standards design of and construction practice.

COMMENTARY
R1.l-Scope
The American Concrete Institute Building Code Requirements for Structural Plain Concrete (AC1 318.1) provides minimum requirements for any structural plain concrete design and construction that is regulated by a legally adopted general building code of which it forms a part. AC1 3 18.1 is intended as a supplementto the general building code and the AC1 318 code for reinforced concrete, and is intended to govern for plain concrete when in conflict with the requirements inthose codes. Earlier editions of AC13 18 included design provisions for some usesof plain concrete, such as plain concrete footings; those provisions have deleted from AC1 3 18 and are now been contained exclusively in 3 18.1 AC1 The design provisionsof AC1 318.1 are empirical, based on present practice and successful experience in the useof plain concrete andunreinforced masonry for residential and light commercial buildings. Three types of plain concrete structural members are specifically included in Chapter 7: walls (Section 7.1), footings (Section 7.2), and pedestals (Section 7.3).

1.1.2-Thiscodesupplementsthegeneralbuilding R1.1.2-The American Concrete Institute recommends that code and Building Code Requirements for Reinforced the codebe adopted in itsentirety; however, it is recognized Concrete (AC1 31 8-89) (Revised 1992)*and shall govthat when code is made a part of a legally this adopted general ern in all matters pertaining to structural plain concrete building code that general building code may modify some design and construction except wherever this code is provisions of this code. in conflict with requirements the legally adopted general of building code. Requirements of AC1 318.1-89 (Revised 1992) should govern where in conflict with requirements of AC1 318-89 (Revised 1992). 1.1.3-All applicable provisions AC1318 notin conflict of with provisions this code shall apply to plain concrete. of 1.1.4-This code shall govern in all matters pertaining to design, construction, and material properties wherever this codeis in conflict with requirements contained in other standards referenced in this code or recommended practices referenced this code. in 1.1.5-For special structures, such as arches, underground utility structures, gravity walls, and shielding walls, provisions of this code shall governwhere applicable.

1.2-Limitations

R1.2-Limitations

code definition, concrete that is either unrein1.2.1-Provisions of this code shall apply for design of R1.2.1-By plain concrete members, defined as either unreinforced forced or contains less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified reinforced concrete is classified as plain for or containing less reinforcement than the minimum of amount specified AC1 318for reinforced concrete. See concrete for design considerations. See definition reinin forced concrete in Section 2.1 of AC1 3 18. section 2.1

1.2.2-Use of plain concrete shall be limted to (a) mem- R1.2.2 and Rl.2.3-Since the structural integrity of plain concrete members depends solely on the propertiesthe of bers that are continuously supported by soil or supconcrete, use of plain concrete structural members should be ported by other structural members capable of providing limited to: members that primarily in a are state of comprescontinuousverticalsupport; (b) membersforwhich
Published by American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan. Hereafter ceferted to as AC1 318.

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W 0bb2949 0504709 536 W

318.11318.1R-4

MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

CODE
arch action provides compression under all conditions of loading; or (c) cast-in-place concrete piles or piers, except in regions of high seismic risk, that have adequate lateral support for stability and where calculated compression occurs on the entire cross section under all conditions of loading. 1.2.3-Plain concrete shall not be used forstructural members where special design considerations are required for earthquake or blast, unless explicitly permitted by the legally adopted general building code.

COMMENTARY
sion; members that tolerate randomcracks without detrican ment to their structural integrity; and members whereductility isnot an essential feature of design. The tensile strength of concrete can be utilized in design of members when the buildup of tensile stresses due to restraint from shrinkage or temperature are considered and sufficiently reduced by constructiontechniques to avoid uncontrolled cracks or when uncontrolled cracksdue to such restraint effects can be anticipated to occur in such a manner that will not induce structural failure or collapse. It should be noted, however, that it is not within thescope of this code to provide serviceabilityrequirementsfor nonstructurd members of plain concrete such as soil-supported slabs (slabs on grade). The 1992 code was changed to specially include such structures as cast-in-place concrete piles and piers in ground or other material sufficiently stiff to provide adequate lateral support to prevent bucking.

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R1.2.4-Since plain concrete lacks the necessary ductility 1.2.4-Plain concrete for compression members, other than arches and cast-in-place piles and piers permitted that columns should possess and because a random crack in an unreinforced column will most likely endanger its strucin Section 1.2.2, shall be limited to pedestals. See Section tural integrity, code does not permit use of plain concrete the 7.3. for columns. It does allow, however, its use for pedestals limited to a ratiounsupported height to least lateral dimension of of 3 or less (Section 7.3.2). Plain concrete walls are permitted (see Section 7.1) without an absolute maximum height limitation. However, for multistory construction and other major structures, AC1 Committee 318 strongly encourages the use walls designed reinof as forced concrete members in accordance with AC1 318. See Section R7.1.

1.3-Permits and drawings

1.3.1-Copies of design drawings, typical details, and specifications for all structural plain concrete construction shall bear the seal registered engineer archiof a or tect. These drawings, details, and specifications shall show: (a) Name and date of issue of code and supplement to which design conforms (b) Live load and other loads used in design (c) Specified strength concrete at stated ages or of stages of construction (d) Size and location all structural members and of any reinforcement (e) Details and location all control joints of

R1.3-Permits and drawings

R1.3.1-The provision for preparation of design drawings, specifications, and issuance of permits are, in general, consistent with those of most general building codesand are intended as supplements thereto. The code lists some of the more important items of information that must included in the designdrawings, details, or be specifications. The code does not implyan all-inclusive list, and additional items may be required by the Building Official.

1.3.2-Calculations pertinent to design shallbe filed with the drawings when required by the Building Official. When computer programs are used, design assumptions and identified inputa l d output data may be submitted in lieu of calculations. Model analysis shall be permitted to supplement calculations.

or other desig1.3.3-Building Official means the officer nated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, or his duly authorized representative.

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COMMENTARY 318.11318.1R-5 AND PLAIN CONCRETE CODE

CODE

COMMENTARY R1.4-Inspection

1.4-Inspection

I
Q

See 1.4.1-As a minimum, concrete construction shall be in- Section R1.3 of AC1 318 for detailed discussion of inresponsibility. spected as requiredby the legally adopted general spection building code. In the absence of such requirements, concrete construction shall be inspected throughout the various work stages by a competent engineer or architect, or by a competent representative responsible to that engineer or architect.

N Y
O A

Ff

O Y O

1.4.2-Inspector shall require compliance with design drawings and specifications. Unless specified otherwise in the legally adopted general building code, inspection records shall include: (a) Quality and proportions of concrete materials and strength of concrete (b) Construction and removal of forms and reshoring (c) Mixing, placing, and curing of concrete (d) Placing of any reinforcement (e) Any significant construction loadings on completed members, or walls (f) Sequenceof erection and connection precast of members (9) General progress of work 1.4.3-When the ambient temperature falls belowF40 or rises above 95 F, a complete record shall be kept of concrete temperatures andprotectiongiven to conof crete during placement and curing. 1.4.4-Records of inspection required Sections 1.4.2 in and 1.4.3 shall be preserved by the inspecting agency, engineer, or architect for 2 years or longer after completion of the project.

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CHAPTER 2-DEFINITIONS
2.1-The following terms are defined for general use in this code. For other terms used code, reference in this is made to AC1 318 where such terms have already been defined. Specialized definitions appear in individual chapters. Control joint-Construction joint or partial joint (minimum 25 percent reduction of member thickness) used for the purpose of reducing buildup of internal stresses caused by restraint to movements due to creep, shrinkage, or temperature effects.
R2.1-The definitions given for use in application of this are code only and not always correspond to ordinary usage. do By definition, plain concrete is concrete contains less that than the minimum reinforcement requiredby the AC1 318 code for reinforced concrete. The definitionof control joint in this code is meant to serve the purposeof plain concrete construction only. See Section R5.2 for detailed discussion of jointing and the importance of jointing in plain concrete construction.

Plain concrete-Concrete that is either unreinforced or Soil-supported slabs, such as slabs on grade, are not considered to be structural slabs within thecontext of the definition contains less reinforcement than the minimum amount for structural plain concrete, unless they transmit vertical specified in AC1 318 for reinforced concrete. loads from other parts of structre to the soil. Precast concrete-Concrete member cast elsewhere than its final position the structure. in Structural plainconcrete-Plain concrete used for structural purposes.

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MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

06627119 050117Ll 194

CHAPTER 3-MATERIALS
CODE
3.1-Materials for concrete
All materials for concrete (cement, aggregate,water, 3 and admixtures when used) shall conform to Chapter of AC1 318.

COMMENTARY
See commentary sections of AC1 318 for detailed discussion of applicable material requirements.

3.2-Metal reinforcement
Reinforcement, if used, shall conform to Section 3.5 of AGI 318.

3.3-Tests of materials
3.3.1-Building Official shall have the right to order testing of any materialsused in plain concrete construction to determineif materials are of quality specified. 3.3.2-Tests of materials and concrete shall be made of in accordance with standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials, listed in Section 3.8of AC1

318.
3.3.3-A complete recordof tests of materials and of concrete shall be made available for inspection during 2 progress of work and foryears after completion of the project, and shall be preserved by inspecting engineer or architect for that purpose.

3.4-Storage of materials
3.4.1-Cement and aggregates shall be storedin such manner as to preventdeterioration or contamination from foreign matter. 3.4.2-Any material that has deteriorated or has been contaminated shall not used for concrete. be

CHAPTER 4-CONCRETE QUALITY

4.0-Notation

c= specified compressive strength concrete, psi of

4.1-General
4.1.1-Concrete shall be proportioned to provide an as average compressive strength prescribed in Section 5.3.2of AC1 318.Concrete shall be produced to minimize frequency strengths belowfias prescribed in of of Section 5.6.2.3 AC1 318. 4.1.2-Requirements for shall be based ontests of cylinders made and tested as prescribed in Section 4.6.2 of AC1318. 4.1.3-Unless otherwise specified, shall be based on 28 eshall be 28-day tests.If other than days, test age for as indicated in design drawings or specifications. 4.1.4-Design drawings shallshow specified compressive strength of concretecfor which each plain concrete member is designed.

Quality control requirements for plain concrete are the same as for reinforced concrete; this code, however, imposes a minimum concrete strength for plain concrete construction (2500 psi) for reasons explained in Section R4.2. See applicable commentary sections of AC1 318 for detailed discussion of concrete quality requirements.

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COMMENTARY 318.11318.1R-7 ANDCODE CONCRETE PLAIN

CODE

COMMENTARY

4.2-Minimum strength

R4.2 Minimum strength

Specified compressive strength plain concrete to be A minimum strength requirement forplain concrete concof struction is considered necessary because safety is based used for structural purposes shall be not less than 2500 solely on strength and quality of concrete treated as a homogpsi. eneous material. Lean concrete mixturesmay not produce adequately homogeneous material or well formed surfaces.

4.3-Selection of concrete proportions

Selection of concrete proportions shall conform to Secof tion 5.2 AC1 318.

4.4-Mixing and placing concrete

Mixing and placing of concrete conform to Chapter shall 5 of AC1 318.

4.5-Evaluation and acceptance of concrete

Evaluation and acceptance concrete shall conform to of Section 5.6 of AC1 318.

CHAPTER 5-FORMWORK
5.1-Formwork
Design of formwork and removal forms and shores of 6 of shall conform to Chapter AC1 318.

AND JOINTS

5.2-Joints
5.2.1-ln plain concrete construction, control joints shall be provided to divide a structural member into flexurally discontinuous elements. Size of each element shall be limited to control buildup of excessive internal stresses within each element caused byrestraint to movements from creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects. 5.2.2-ln determining the number and location conof trol joints, consideration shall be given to: influence of of mateclimatic conditions; selection and proportioning rials; mixing, placing, and curing of concrete; degree of restraint to movement; stresses due to to which an loads element is subject; and construction techniques. 5.2.3-Locations of control joints shall be indicated on the drawings or the specifications. See Section in 1.3.1. 5.2.4-Any reinforcement provided in a plain ,concrete member shall be terminated not less than3 in. from a joint. 5.2.5-Interruptions of made only at joints. concrete placement shall be

R5.2- Joints
Joints in plain concrete construction are an important design consideration. In reinforced concrete, reinforcement is provided to absorb the stresses due to restraint of creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects. In plain concrete, joints are the only designmeans of controlling and thereby relieving the buildup of such tensile stresses. A plain concrete member, therefore, must be small enough or divided into smaller elements by joints to control the buildup of the internal stresses. The joints may be a constructionjoint, ora control joint. The jointing must be such that no axial tension or flexural tension can be developed across a joint, a condition referred to by the code as flexural discontinuity.

5.2.6-Walls and similar members shall be keyed or dowelled to other intersecting members required for as lateral stability.

No exact rules for the number and locationof joints can be made. Eachconstruction must be studied individuallyto determine wherejoints should be located, taking into account the requirements of the structural design. Where random cracking due tocreep, shrinkage, and temperature effects will not affect the structural integrity, is otherwise acand ceptable, such as transverse cracks in a continuous wall footing, transverse controljoints are not necessary. Control joints may be provided at intermediate locations between outside edges andconstructionjoints to subdivide a large plain concrete member into smaller elements. Numerous have ways been devised for forming control joints depending the on type of construction. Control joints may be made with sheet metal or sheet plastic inserts, waterstop type rubber inserts or, formed, sawed or tooled grooves in the concrete surface to cause cracking at the predetermined location. The depth or thickness of the concrete section at these inserts or at formed, sawed, or tooled grooves shouldbe reduced at least 25 per-

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318.11318.1R-8

MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

m 0662747 0504733
COMMENTARY

Tb7

CODE

cent to make thecontrol joint effective with enough remaining section some degree of aggregate interlock to hold the for adjacent elements in line. Use of free sliding dowels is considered an acceptable practice to augment the aggregateinterto lock with special attention to alignment of such dowels and protection from corrosion (which satisfies the intentof Section 5.2.4).

CHAPTER 6"ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

6.0-Notation
A, A2
= loaded area

f,,

e,
v,,

V,
c

For plainconcrete, the basic designconcept that the member be proportioned to resist tensile stresses without the aid of reinforcement requires that an uncracked section be mainsurface thatis geometrically similar and conto tained for all loading conditions. The permissible tensile centric with the loaded area stress is set sufficiently low provide an uncracked section to = width member, of in. conditions. = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi, under factored loading 4 See Chapter = square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, psi. = averagesplittingtensilestrengthoflightweight 5.1.4 aggregate concrete psi. See Sections and 5.1.5 of AC1 318 = overall thicknessofmember,in. = effectivelengthfactor.SeeSection7.1.5.2 = verticaldistancebetweensupports,in. = shear stress due to factored shear force at section = factoredshearforceatsection = ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction area = strengthreductionfactor.SeeSection6.2.2
= maximum area of the portion of the supporting

6.1-Design method
6.1.1-Plain concrete members shall be designed for adequate strengthin accordance with provisions of this code, using load factors and permissible stresses.

R6.1-Design

methocd

Plain concrete members are proportioned for adequate strength using factored loads and forces and keeping computed stresses within permissible stress limits. When computed stresses due to loads exceed the permissible stresses for 6.1.2-Factored loads and forces shall bein such comthe concrete strength specified, the section must be increased binations as specified Section 9.2 of C 318. in A1 and/or the specified strengthof concrete increased,or the member designedas a reinforced concrete member in accor6.1.3-Stresses due to factored loads and forces shall dance with AC1 318. The designer should note, however, that not exceed permissible stresses givenSection 6.2. in an increase in concrete section may havea detrimental effect; stress due to load will decrease while stresses due to creep, 6.1.4-Where permissible stresses are to be exceeded, reinforcement shall be provided and the member de- shrinkage, and temperatureeffects may increase. in signed as a reinforced concrete member accordance with appropriate design requirements 318for reinof AC1 forced concrete.

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COMMENTARY 318.11318.1R-9 ANDCODE CONCRETE PLAIN

CODE 6.2-Permissible stresses

6.2.1-Maximum fiber stresses in plain concrete due to factored loads and moments shall not exceed the following: (a) Flexure Extreme fiber stress compression. . . . . . . . . in Extreme fiber stress tension*. . . . . . . . .5$* in

COMMENTARY

R6.2-Permissible stresses
R6.2.1-The permissible stresses in flexuraltension, shear, and bearing are the same as permitted for plain concrete pedestals and footings in earlier editions of the AC1 318 code. The permissible stress values for flexural andaxial compression are new. Application of the frustrum to find A, for permissible bearing strength in sloped or stepped supports is illustrated in Commentary Section 10.15 of AC1318.

+c

0.60 (b) Axial compression

+cl1-

($i$)]
.2+*

(c) Shear* Beam action ....................... Two-wayaction, . . . . . . . . . . . .

but not greater than 4 (d) Bearing on loaded areat .......... .0.85

$C

+ c

Permissible shear and tension stresses apply for normal weight concrete: for lightweight aggregate concrete, onethe following modifications shall apply: of

(a) When f nis specified and concrete is proportioned inaccordancewith Section 5.2 of AGI 318,fJ6.7 shall be substituted for-but the value of fJ6.7 shall not exceed

(b) Whenf,, is not specified, the value of *hall be multiplied by0.75 for alllightweight concrete and 0.85for sand-lightweight concrete. Linear interby polation is permitted when partial sand replacement is used. When the supporting surface wider on all sides than the loaded area, peris missible bearing stress on the loaded area may be increased by , but not more than When thesupporting surface is sloped or stepped, 2. A, may be taken as the area of the lower base the largest frustum a right pyramid or of of cone contained wholly within the support and having for upper base the its loaded area, and having side slopes o 1 v r a to 2 horizontal. f et l i c

6.2.2-Strength reduction factor $ for flexure, compres- R6.2.2-The strength reduction factor $ for plain concrete sion, shear, and bearing of plain concrete shall be 0.65. design is made the same for all stress conditions. Since both flexural tension strength and shear strength for plain concrete depend onthe tensile strength characteristicsof the concrete, with no reserve strength or ductility possible due to the absence of reinforcement, equal understrength factors for both bending and shear are considered appropriate.

6.3-Design

R6.3-Design

R6.3.1The code assumes that plainconcrete is a homoge6.3.1-Strength design of plain concrete members for neous flexure and axial loads shall be based on a linear stress- material capable of maintaining essentiallya linear distribution of strains and stresses for the full range of loadstrain relationshipin both tension and compression. ing conditions, even to ultimate. For design convenience, the code assumes a triangular stress distribution under flexure within the permissible fiber stresses. Stresses computed by the straight-linetheory are not actual stresses; as a result, the permissible stresses are reduced to account for the difference in actual behavior versus assumed behavior. tension may be considered in design of 6.3.2-Tensile strength of concrete may be considered R6.3.2-Flexural of in design of plain concrete members when provisions plain concrete members to sustain loads, provided the computed stress does not exceed the permissible, and provided Sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 have been followed such that controljoints are properly designed, spaced, and constructed stresses will not exceed permissible stresses. See Secto relieve the restraint and resulting tensile stresses due to tion 6.2. creep, temperature, and shrinkage effects.
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0 b b 2 9 4 9 0504335 8 3 T

CODE
6.3.3-No strength shall be assigned metal reinforceto ment that may present. be

COMMENTARY
R6.3.3-Concrete members containing less reinforcement than the minimumamount specified for reinforced concrete must be designed as plain concrete with strength based on the properties of the concrete alone. This assumption is not for intended to apply to reinforcing used the purpose of transfemng an externalforce to a plainconcrete element. R6.3.4-Each element of plain concrete bounded by every outside edge or joint (constructionor control joint) is considered as a separatestructural element. Compressive andshear forces may be transferred to adjacent elements. Flexural continuity causing development of tensile stress between adjacent elements must be prevented. R6.3.5-The reduced overall thickness h for concrete cast against earth is to allow for unevenness of excavation and for some contamination the concrete adjacent to the soil. of

6.3.4-Tension shall not be transmitted through outside edges, construction joints, or control joints of an indiNo vidual plain concrete element. flexural continuity due to tension shall be assumed between adjacent plain concrete elements. 6.3.5-111 computing stresses due flexure, combined to flexure and axial load, and shear, the entire cross section of a member shall be considered design, except in h for concrete cast against soil, overall thickness shall be takenas 2 in. less that actual thickness. 6.3.6-Members subject to combined flexure and axial load shall be proportioned such that the sum of the ratios of all calculated to permissible stresses comin pression given in Sections 6.2.l(a) and (b)shall be less comthan or equal one. Tensile stress resultingCalculated to from bined flexure andaxial load shall exceed permissinot ble stressin tension given in Section 6.2.1 (a).

R6.3.6-Plain concrete members subject to combined flexure and axial compressive load proportioned such that on are the compression face: Calculated

and that on the tension face: Calculated Calculated bending stress axial stress

5$)<

where the permissible stresses are as given inSection 6.2.

6.3.7-Shear

strength

R6.3.7-Shear

Strength

Proportions of plain concrete members will be controlled by tensile strengthrather than shear strength for the usual plain concrete members practical proportions. Shear stress (as a of substitute for principal tensile stress) rarelywill control. However, since it is difficult to foresee all possible conditions where shear may have to be investigated (e.g., shear keys), Committee 318 decided to maintain the investigationof this basic stress condition as a part of the code requirements. An experienced designer will soon recognize where shear is not critical for plain concrete members and will adjust his design procedure accordingly.

6.3.7.1-Shear stress Y, for rectangular sections shall be computed by

n,, a v =- v u

26h

where h is overall thickness of member. See Section 6.3.5.

R6.3.7.1-The shear requirements for plain concrete assume an uncracked section. Shear failure in plain concrete will be a diagonal tension failure, occurring when the principal tensilestress near the centroidal axis becomes equal to the tensile strength of the concrete. Since the major portion of the principaltensile stress comes from the shear, the code safeguards against tensile failure by limiting the permissible shear at the centroidal axis as calculated from equation for the a sectionof homogeneous material:Y = W h , where Y and V are theshear stress and shear force respectively at the section considered, O is the statical moment of the area outside the section being considered about centroidal axisof the

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COMMENTARY ANDPLAIN 318.1/318.1R-l1 CONCRETE CODE

CODE

COMMENTARY
gross section, I is the moment of inertia of the gross section, and b is the widthwhere shear stress is being computed. This equation recognizes the more homogeneous nature of plain concrete and the concentration of shear stress near the centroidal axis. For a rectangular section, the computed shear stress will be about 50 percent greater than that computed for reinforced concrete. sections otherthan recFor tangular, v = WQlIb should be used in place of W. (6-1). In special cases, investigation for principal tensile stresses in a homogeneous material may be appropriate.

2
Q i l

a m
I4

6.3.7.2-Maximum shear stress Y.. shall be computed ata distance h from face of supprt, and sections located at a lesser distance may be designed for the same shear. 6.3.7.3-Shearstress v,, shallnotexceedpermissible shear stress for beam action given in Section 6.2.1(~).

CHAPTER 7-PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS

7.0-Notation
Ag bo
= gross area of section, sq in.
=

-z

perimeter of critical section for shear footings, in in. = specified compressive strength concrete, psi. of See Chapter4 h = overallthickness of member,in. k = effective length factor 4, = verticaldistancebetweensupports,in. P = nominal axial load strength wal designed by , , of Section 7.1.5 v,, = shear stress due to factored shear force at section V,, = factored shear force at section @ = strengthreductionfactor.SeeSection6.2.2

7.1-Walls
7.1.1-Plain concrete walls shall be continuously supwalls, portedby soil or supported by footings, foundation grade beams, or other structural members capable of providing continuous vertical support.See Section 1.2.2.

R7.1-Walls

Plain concrete walls are commonly used for basement wall construction for residential and light commercialbuildings in low or nonseismic areas. Although the code imposes no absolute maximum height limitation on the use of plain concrete walls,designers are cautioned against extrapolating the experience with relatively minor structures and using plain 7.1.2-Plain concrete walls shall be designed for verconcrete walls in multistory constructionand other major tical, lateral, and other loads to which they are structures where differential settlement, wind, earthquake, subjected. or other unforeseen loading conditions require the walls to possess some ductility and ability to maintain their integrity 7.1.3-Plain concrete walls may be designedin accorwhen cracked. For such conditions, AC1 Committee 318 wal dance with Section 6.3.6 provided the l is designed strongly encourages the use of walls designed as reinforced for an eccentricity corresponding to the maximum moconcrete members in accordance with AC1 3 18 for reinforced ment that can accompany the axial load but not less concrete. walls shall be dethan 0.10h. Otherwise, plain concrete signed under provisions Section 7.15 . of The provisions for plain concrete walls are applicable only for walls laterallysupported in such a manner as to prohibit 7.1.4-Design for shear shall be in accordance with relative lateraldisplacement at top and bottom of individual Section 6.3.7. wall elements (see Section 7.1.6.4). This code does not cover walls where there is no horizontal support to prohibit relative displacement attop and bottomof wall elements. Such later-

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318.11318.1R-12

MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

0 b b 2 9 4 9 0504717 bo2

CODE

COMMENTARY
ally unsupported walls mustbe designed as reinforced concrete members in accordance with AC1 318. Plain concrete walls as structural members are subject to the limitations of Section 1.2.2 and thejointing requirements of Section 5.2, which greatlyaffect their design. Plain concrete walls must be designed to resist all loads to which they are subjected, including eccentric axial loads and lateralforces. In general, the provisions apply to walls spanning vertically. Also, the empirical design method of Section 7.1.5applies only to walls of solid rectangular cross sections; other shapes must be designed according Section 6.3.6. to Plain concrete walls must bedesigned for combined flexure and axial load according to Section 6.3.6, considering the wall to be a compression member withflexure, unless meeting therequirements of Section 7.1.5.For somecases, shear strength may also need to be investigated.

7.1.5-Empirical

design method

R7.1.5-Empirical

design method

7.1.5.1-Plain concrete walls of solid rectangular Eq. (7-1) if resultant of cross section may be designed by all factored loads is located within the middle-third of of overall thickness wall. 7.1.5.2-Design axial load strength @ Pof a plain , , concrete wallsatisfying limitations of Section 7.1S . 1 shall be computed by
r
1

where = 0.65 and effective length factorshall be: k For walls braced top and bottom against lateral translation and (a) restrained against rotation one or both ends at (top and/or bottom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8 (b) unrestrained against rotation at both ends . 1.O .. 7.1.6-Limitations

When the resultant load falls within the middle third of the wall thickness (kernof wall section), plain concrete walls Eccentric may the be designed using the simplified Eq. (7-1). loads and lateral forces are used to determine the total eccentricity of the factoredload 4. If the eccentricity does not exceed h/6, (7-1) Eq. may be applied, and design performed considering as a concentric load. The factored axial load must be less than the design axial load strength computed by Eq. (7-1), or G @ Eq. (7-1) presented to is reflect the general range of braced and restrained end conditions encountered in wall design. The limitations of Section 7.1.6 apply whether wall is proportioned by Section6.3.6 the or bythe empirical method of Section 7.1.5.

e .,

@ew,

7.1.6.1-Unless demonstrated by a detailed analysis, horizontal length of wall to be considered effective for each vertical concentrated load shall not exceed centerto-center distance between loads, nor width bearing of plus 4 times the wall thickness. 7.1.6.2-Thickness of bearing walls shall not be less than 1/24 the unsupported height or length, whichever is shorter, nor less than in. 5% 7.1.6.3-Thickness of exterior basement walls and foundation walls shall not be less than in. 7% 7.1.6.4-Walls shall be braced against lateral translation. See Sections5.2. and 6.3.4. 7.1.6.5-Not less than 2 # 5 bars shall be provided around all window and door openings. Such bars shall 24 extend at least in. beyond the corners of openings.

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COMMENTARY AND PLAIN 318.1/318.1R-13 CONCRETE CODE

CODE

COMMENTARY
R7.2-Footings

7.2-Footings

1tored loads andinduced reactions in accordance with

Y

7.2.1-Plain concrete footings shall bedesignedfor fac-

appropriate design requirements of this code and as 3 provided in Section 7.2. o7.2.2-Base area of footing shall be determined from , I unfactored forces and moments transmitted by footing = to soil and permissible soil pressure selected through o principles of soil mechanics.
Q

2
O

T r

7.2.3-Plain concrete shall not be used for footings on piles. 7.2.4-Thickness of plain concrete footings shall not be less than8 in. See Section 6.3.5. R7.2.4-Thickness of plain concrete footings will be controlled by flexural strength (extreme fiber stress in tension not greater than 5 G m r a t h e r than shear strength for the usual proportions of plain concrete footings. Shear rarelywill control; see Section R6.3.7. For footings cast againstsoil, overbe all thickness h used for strength computations must taken as 2 in. less than actual thickness to allow for unevenness of excavation and contamination the concrete adjacent soil of to as required by Section 6.3.5.Thus, for a minimum footing and thickness of8 in., calculations for flexural shear stresses must be based on an overall thicknessof 6 in.

JI

7.2.5-Moment

in plain concrete footings

Maximum factored moment shall be computed at critical as sections located follows: (a) At face ofcolumn, pedestal, or wall, for footing supporting a concrete column, pedestal, or wall. (b) Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footing supporting masonry wall. a (c) Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base plate, for footing supporting a column with steel base plate. 7.2.6-Shear

in plain concrete footings

R7.2.6-Shear

in plain concrete footings

7.2.6.1-Maximum factored shear shall be computed in accordance with Section 7.2.6.2, with location of critical section measured from face column, pedestal, or of w l for footing supporting a column, pedestal, or wall. a For footing supportinga column with steel base plates, the critical section shall be measured from location defined in Section 7.2.5(c). 7.2.6.2-Shear strength of plain concrete footings in the vicinity of concentrated loads or reactions shall be governed bythe more severe of two conditions: (a) Beam action for footing, with a critical section extending in a plane across the entire width and located at a distancehfrom face of concentrated load reacor tion area. For this condition, the footing shall be designed in accordance with Section 6.3.7. (b) Two-way action for footing, with a critical section so perpendicular to planeof footing and located that its perimeter is a minimum, but need not approach bo closer thanh/2 to perimeterof concentrated load or reaction area. For this condition, the footing shall be designed in accordance with Sections 7.2.6.3. and 7.2.6.4.

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318.11318.1R-14

MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

= 0bb29V9 0504739 V85 =

COMMENTARY

CODE
7.2.6.3-Shear stress v,, shall be computed by
v,=-

3 V" 244

(7-2)

R7.2.6.3-As for beam action shear, shear stress for twoway action for plain concrete footings is calculated using the equation for a section of homogeneous material (v = VQ//b) since the critical principal tensile stress near mid-depth of the
footing will approximate this value.

where V,, boshall be taken at the critical section deand fined in Section 7.2.6.2(b) and is overall thicknessof h footing. See Section 6.3.5.

v, shall not exceed permissi7.2.6.4-Shear stress ble shear stress for two-way action given in Section 6.2.l(c).
7.2.7-Circular or regular polygon shaped concrete columns or pedestals may be treated as square members with the same area forlocation of critical sections for moment and shear. 7.2.8-Bearing stress on concrete at contact surface between supporting and supported member shall not as exceed permissible bearing stress for either surface given in Section 6.2.l(d).

7.3-Pedestals
7.3.1-Plain concrete pedestals shall be designedfor vertical, lateral, and other loads to which they are subjected.

R7.3-Pedestals
The height-thickness limitation for plain concrete pedestals does not apply for portions of pedestals embedded in casoil pable of providing lateral restraint.

7.3.2-Ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension of plain concrete pedestals shall not exceed 3. 7.3.3-Maximum compressive stress in plain concrete pedestals shall not exceed permissible bearing stress given in Section 6.2.1 (d).

7.4-Precast members

R7.4-Precast members

7.4.1-Design of precast plain concrete members shall Precast structural membersare subject to all limitations and consider all loading conditions from initial fabrication toprovisions for cast-in-place concrete contained in this code. completion ofthe structure, including form removal, storThe approach to control joints is expected to be somewhat age, transportation, and erection. different thanfor cast-in-place concrete since the major por7.4.2-Limitations cited in Section 1.2 apply for precast tion of the internal stresses due to shrinkage takes place prior members of structural plain concrete not only to the to erection. To assure stability, precast members should be final connected to other members. Connection must be suchthat condition but also during fabrication, transportation, and no tension will be transferred from one member to the other. erection. 7.4.3-Precast members shall be connected securely, to transfer all lateral forces into a structural system capable of resisting such forces. 7.4.4-Precast members shall be adequately braced and supported during erection to insure proper alignment and structural integrity until permanent connections are completed.

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