ANCIENT GREECE REVIEW "Golden age of Athens"-lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE

to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE. Pericles

Aeschylus- was the first of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived, the others being Sophocles and Euripides, and is o recognized as the father of tragedy. he expanded the number of characters in plays to allow for conflict among them; previously, characters interacted only with the chorus. Acropolis- means "highest city" in Greek, literally city on the extremity and is usually translated into English as Citadel, which, by reason of historical associations and the several famous buildings erected upon it (most notably the Parthenon), is known without qualification asthe Acropolis. Although originating in the mainland of Greece, use of the acropolis model quickly spread to Greek colonies such as the Dorian Lato on Crete during the Archaic Period.

Alexander the Great- king of Macedon. He is the most celebrated member of the Argead Dynasty and the creator of one of the largest empir in ancient history. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by the famed philosopher Aristotle. Alexander inherited a strong kingdom an experienced army. He succeeded in being awarded the generalship of Greece and, with his authority firmly established, launched the m plans for expansion left by his father. In 334 BC he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns lasting ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela, The Macedonian Empire now stretched from the Adriatic sea to the Indus river. Following his desire to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" he invaded India in 326 BC, but was eventually forced to turn back by the near-mutiny of his troops. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, following Alexander's death a series of civil wars tore his empire apart which resulted in the formation of a number of states ruled by the Diadochi - Alexander's surviving generals

Alexandria, Egypt- Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in April 331 BC. Alexandria was intended to supersedeNaucratis as a Hellenistic centre in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile Valley. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left for the East and never returned to his city. After Alexander departed, his viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the expansion. Following a struggle the other successors of Alexander, his general Ptolemy succeeded in bringing Alexander's body to Alexandria.

Archimedes- was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is reg as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump tha bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the w and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors. MYTH Athens vs. Sparta (role of women)-

Aristarchus- was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in Greece. He presented the first known heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe. He was influenced by the Pythagorean Philolaus of Croton, but, in contrast to Philolaus, he identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and put the other planets in th correct order of position around the Sun

Colossus of Rhodes- was a statue of the Greek god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes on the Greek island of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos between 292 and 280 BC. It is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Before its destruction, the Colossus of R stood over 30 meters (107 ft) high, making it one of the tallest statues of the ancient world

Aristophanes- was a prolific and much acclaimed comic playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete. he together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and t are in fact used to define the genre Also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy Aristophanes has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author. Crops grown by Greek farmers- barley, grapes, and olives.

Aristotle- as a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics,metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the fir create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics

Dark Age- are terms which have regularly been used to refer to the period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean Palatial civilizationaround 1200 BC, to the first signs of the Greek city-states in the 9th century BC. These terms are gradua going out of use, since the former lack of archaeological evidence in a period that was mute in its lack of inscriptions (thus "dark") has been [1] shown to be an accident of discovery rather than a fact of history.

Cleisthenes- was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democraticfooting in 508/7 BC.For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy." He was the ma grandson of the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon, as the younger son of the latter's daughter Agariste and her husband Megacles.

Delian League- founded in 477 BC, was an association of 173 Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to conti fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the GrecoPersian Wars Darius- was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia from 336 BC to 330 BC. It was under his rule that the Persian Empire was conquered during the Wars of Alexander the Great

Dorians- were one of the four major tribes into which the Ancient Greeks of the Classical period divided themselves. The Dorians are almos always simply referenced as just "the Dorians", as they are in the earliest literary mention of them in Odyssey, where they already can be fo inhabiting the island of Crete

Demosthenes- was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contempor Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20, in which he arg effectively to gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speech-w (logographer) and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits. geography of GreeceDraco- as the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th century BC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a written code to be enforced only by a court. Because of its harshness, this code also gave rise to the term "draconian".

Greek democracy- developed in the Greek city-state of Athens, comprising the central city-state of Athens and the surrounding territory of At around 508 BC. Athens was one of the first known democracies. Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, or as well-documented as that of Athens. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in d democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right Participation was by no means open, but the in-group of participants was constituted with no reference to economic class and they participa on a scale that was truly phenomenal. The public opinion of voters was remarkably influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theatres

Epicurus- was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and lett remain of Epicurus's 300 written works. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later followers and commentators. Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by ataraxia, peace and freedom from fear, and apo the absence of pain, and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends Greek religion- Many Greek people recognized the major gods and goddesses: Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Ares, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Athena, Hermes, Demeter, Hestia and Hera philosophies such as Stoicism and some forms of Platonism used language that seems to posit a transcendent single deity. Different cities

worshipped the same deities, sometimes with epithetsthat distinguished them and specified their local nature.

Eratosthenes- was a Greek mathematician, elegiac poet, athlete, geographer, astronomer, and music theorist. He was the first person to us word "geography" and invented the discipline of geography as we understand it. He invented a system of latitude and longitude. Hellenistic sculpture vs. classical- Hellenistic portrayed people as they were not how the perfect body looked

Euclid- 0 BC, also known as Euclid of Alexandria, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry". He was activ in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323283 BC). His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, se as the main textbook for teachingmathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century

Helots- were an unfree population group that formed the main population of Laconia and the whole of Messenia (areas of Sparta). Their exa status was already disputed in antiquity: according to Critias, they were "especially slaves"

Euripides- was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles). Ancient scholars th that Euripides had written ninety-five plays, although four of those were probably written by Critias. Eighteen or nineteen of Euripides' plays survived complete. Euripides is known primarily for having reshaped the formal structure of Athenian tragedy by portraying strong female characters and intelligent slaves and by satirizing many heroes of Greek mythology.

Hoplite- was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. Hoplites were primarily armed as spear-men and fought in a phalanx formati

Herodotus- as an ancient Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC (c.484 BC c.425 BC). He was born in Caria, Halicarnassus (mo day Bodrum, Turkey). He is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture. He was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.

Illiad- is an epic poem in dactylic hexameters, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set in the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of Ilion by a coalitio Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Although th story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege. Hipparchus- was a Greek astrologer, astronomer, geographer, and mathematician of the Hellenistic period. He is considered the founder of trigonometry

Macedonians- re a regional population group of ethnic Greeks, inhabiting or originating from the region of Macedonia, in northern Greece. T are largely concentrated in the capital city of Thessaloniki, but many have spread across the whole of Greece and in the diaspora.

Hippocrates- was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figure the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of Western medicine

Marathon- is an ancient Greek city-state, a contemporary town in Greece, the site of the battle of Marathon in 490 BC, in which the heavily outnumbered Athenian army defeated the Persians. The tumulus or burial mound for the 192 Athenian dead that was erected near the battl remains a feature of the coastal plain. The Tymbos is now marked by a marble memorial stele and surrounded by a small park. The name o athletic long-distance endurance race, the "marathon", comes from the legend of Pheidippides, a Greek runner, who was sent from the tow Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been miraculously defeated in the Battle of Marathon. It is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping, but moments after proclaiming his message "Nenikekamen" ("We were victorious!") to the city, he collapsed from exhaustion.

Homer- n classical tradition is the ancient Greek epic poet, author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, the Homeric Hymns and oth works. Homer's epics stand at the beginning of the western canon of literature, exerting enormous influence on the history of fiction and literature in general.

Minoans- was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC

Myron- working circa 480-440 BC, was an Athenian sculptor from the mid-fifth century BC. He was born in Eleutherae on the borders of Boeotia and Attica. According to Pliny's Natural History, Ageladas of Argos was his teacher. He made the Discus thrower

[1]

Mycenaeans- s a cultural period of Bronze Age Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese of southern Greece.Athens, Pylos, Thebes, and Tiryns are also important Mycenaean sites. The last phase of the Bronze in Ancient Greece, it is the historical setting of much ancient Greek literature and myth, including the epics ofHomer.

Pericles-an Athenian general, politician, and orator - distinguished himself above the other shining personalities of the era, men who excelle in politics, philosophy, architecture, sculpture, history and literature. He fostered arts and literature and gave to Athens a splendor which wo never return throughout its history. He executed a large number of public works projects and improved the life of the citizens. Hence, this important figure gave his name to the Athenian Golden Age.

Odyssey- s one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work traditionally asc to Homer. The poem is fundamental to the modern Western canon. Indeed it is the secondthe Iliad being the firstextant work of Wester literature. It was probably composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek-speaking coastal region of what is now Turkey

Pheidippides- hero of Ancient Greece, is the central figure in a story which was the inspiration for a modern sporting event, themarathon. Th traditional story relates that Pheidippides (530 BC490 BC), an Athenian herald, was sent to Sparta to request help when the Persians land at Marathon, Greece. He ran 240 km (150 miles) in two days. He then ran the 40 km (25 miles) from the battlefield near Marathon to Athen announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) with the word "" (Nenikkamen, "We have won") an collapsed and died on the spot from exhaustion. Oligarchy- a political system governed by a few people

Phidias- was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect, who lived in the 5th century BC, and is commonly regarded as one of the greatest of a sculptors of Classical Greece: Phidias' Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Phidias also design statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely the Athena Parthenos inside the Parthenon and the Athena Promachos, ] colossal bronze statue of Athena which stood between it and the Propylaea, a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to the Acr in Athens. Phidias was the son of a certain Charmides of Athens.

Olympic Games (p. 126)- were a series of athletic competitions held for representatives of various city-states ofAncient Greece held in honor of Zeus. The exact origins of the Games are shrouded in myth and legend but records indicate that they began in 776 BC in Olympia in Gre They were celebrated until 393 AD when they were suppressed by Theodosius Ias part of the campaign to impose Christianity as a state re The Games were usually held every four years, or olympiad, as the unit of time came to be known. During a celebration of the Games, an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their countries to the Games in safety. The prizes for the victors were olive wr or crowns.

Philip II- Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonian greatness brought him early success. He had however first to re-estab situation which had been greatly worsened by the defeat against theIllyrians in which King Perdiccas himself had died. The Paionians and the Thracians had sacked and invaded the eastern regions of the country, while the Athenians had landed, at Methoni on the coast, a conti under a Macedonian pretender called Argeus. Using diplomacy, Philip pushed back Paionians and Thracians promising tributes, and crush 3,000 Athenian hoplites (359). Momentarily free from his opponents, he concentrated on strengthening his internal position and, above all, h army. His most important innovation was doubtless the introduction of the phalanx infantry corps, armed with the famous sarissa, an excee long spear, at the time the most important army corps in Macedonia.

Parthenon- is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered protector. Its construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BC. I most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and ofAthenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying [1] programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.

Pisistratus- as a tyrant of Athens from 546 to 527/8 BC. His legacy lies primarily in his institution of the Panathenaic Festival and the conseq first attempt at producing a definitive version for Homeric epics.

Peloponnesian War- was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponneseattempting to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. Thi period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewe fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from Persia, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens' at Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year.

Plato- was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of theAcademy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the founda [3] of Western philosophy andscience. Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by his appa unjust execution.

Persepolis- as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550-330 BCE). Persepolis is situated 70 km northeast of the modern c of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as Throne of Jamshid and Parseh. The earliest re of Persepolis date from around 515 BCE. To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Prsa, which means "The City of Persians".

Ptolemy- as a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and a poet of a s epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou the Thebaid. He died in Alexandria around AD 168. Persian Wars (key battles, results, etc.)- LOOK IN NOTES

[1]

Pythagoras- was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Cr a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum. Phalanx- fighting technique using shield and spears that covered all of the body

Socrates- Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later class writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity. Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, So has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method

places Alexander conquered- Alexander the Great of Macedonia, possibly regarded as the greatest ever military commander, le army from Greece through Turkey to what is now Iran, Persia, through to what is now Pakistan, parts of India & Afghanistan.....Notable victories include Guagmela, the Hydaspes, the Granicus & Issus. Egypt, Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, what is now parts of Pakistan, India & Afghanistan.

Solon- was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic moral decline inarchaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy

Plato's Republic- s a Socratic dialogue about the nature of justice and the order and character of the just City-State and the just individual. dialogues, among Socrates and various Athenians and foreigners, discuss the meaning of justice, and examine whether or not the just man happier than the unjust man, by proposing a society ruled by philosopher-kings and the guardians; hence the Republic's original Ancient Gr Moreover, in the dialogues, the Classical Greek philosopher Plato also discusses the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the ro [2] the philosopher and of poetry in society. The Republic, Platos best-known work, proved one of the most intellectually and historically influ works of philosophy and political theory.

[1]

Sophocles- was the second of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus and earlier than those of Euripides. According to the Suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, Sophocles wrote 123 plays during th course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form

Polis- is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, polis i translated as "city-state."

Thucydides- was a Greek historian and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athensto the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standard evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to [1] work. He has also been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the relations between nations as based on might ra than right.

Salamis- was a naval battle fought between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia in September 480 BC in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens. It marked the high-point of the second Persian inv of Greece which had begun in 480 BC. GREEKS WON

Xerxes- Immediately after seizing the kingship, Darius I of Persia (son of Hystaspes) married Atossa (daughter of Cyrus the Great). They we both descendants of Achaemenes from different Achaemenid line. Darius left to his son the task of punishing the Athenians, Naxians, and Eretrians for their interference in the Ionian Revolt and their victory over the Persians at Marathon. From 483 BC Xerxes prepared his expedition: A channel was dug through the isthmus of the peninsula of Mount Athos, provisions were stored in the stations on the road through Thrace, two bridges were built across the Hellespont. Soldiers of many nationalities served in the armies of Xerxes, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Egyptians and Jews. Socratic method- named after the Classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas

Zeno- Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 BC. Based on the moral ideas of the Cynics, Stoicism laid great emphasis on goodness and peace of mind gained from living a life of virtue in accordance with nature. It pro very successful, and flourished as the dominant philosophy from the Hellenistic period through to the Roman era. Sophists- a sophism is a specious argument used for deceiving someone Spartan culture- boys were raised to be warriors, and put into military schools at 7 and then became Spartan soldiers at the age of 20 Stocism- was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC Thermopylae- where the battle between Persia and Spartas 300 took place, but there were really 7000 Greek soldiers.

Trojan War- was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the k of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. "The Iliad" relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while theOdyssey describes the journey of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.