SEKOLAH MENENGAH SAINS TAPAH

CHEMISTRY
TITLE: MANUFACTURED SUBTANCES IN INDUSTRY

NAME

OBJECTIVES

Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.

Understand alloys.

Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.

Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.

Evaluate the uses of composite materials.

Appreciate various synthetic industrial material.

SULPHURIC ACID (H4SO4)

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1) Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by plant.

2) Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.

3) Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon.

4) Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component materials.

MANUCFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID

1.Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process

2. The process contain three stage,

STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur i.Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO 2.

S(s) +O2 (g)

SO2 (g)

ii.sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.

STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide i.The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over vanadium(V) oxideV2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphur trioxide SO3.

2SO2(g)+O2(g) ii. The optimum used are a) Temperature:450-500C b) Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres c) Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide

2SO3(g)

iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is possible. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that has not reacted are allowed to flow back.

STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid

i.Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4.

SO3(g)+H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)

H2S2O7(l) [Oleum] 2H2SO4(aq)

ii.The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water. SO3(g)+H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

iii.The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction isv a r y v i g o r o u s ; a l o t o f h e a t i s g i v e n o f f . A s a r e s u l t , a l a r g e c l o u d o f s u l p h u r i c a c i d fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

The Contact Process

Outline Of Contact Process

SULPHUR DIOVIDE AND ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION

1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless and poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell 2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution. 3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic, H2SO3.In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic. SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)

4. Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to theearth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Acid Rain and Enviromental Pollution

AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS (NH3)

USES OF AMMONIA
To make fertilizers -provide plants the nitrogenthey need to grow -these fertilisers are ammonium salts obtained from the neutralization of ammonia with different acids. Examples: (a) Ammonium phosphate - reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid produces ammonium phosphates NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq) NH4H2PO4(aq) 2 NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq) (NH4)2HPO4(aq) - good fertilisers because they provide two important nutrients,phosphorus and nitrogen. (b) Ammonium nitrate - ammonia is neutralised by nitric acid,ammonium nitrate is formed NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) (c) Ammonium sulphate - ammonia is neutralised by sulphuric acid 2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA 1. The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following: i. ii. It colourless and has a pungent odour. It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.

iii. It less dense then water.iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool. 2. The chemical properties of ammonia gas: a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali. NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thusaqueous ammonia solution:

i.Turns red litmus paper blue. ii.Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction. NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) 2NH3+ H2SO4(aq) NH4CI(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii.Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq) (Form ammonia solution) Fe (OH)2(s) Dirty green precipitate