Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
R Y
OP THE
Theological Seminary,
PRINCETON, N.
'
Milman, Henry Hart, 1791-
sjh 1868.
The history of Christianity
THE
HISTORY
CHRISTIANITY,
VOL. III.
London :
Printed by A. Spottiswoode,
New-Street- Square.
THE
HISTORY
OF
CHRISTIANITY,
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST
BY .
/
THE REV. H. H. MILMAN,
PRKBENDARY OF ST. PETER's, AND MINISTER OF ST. MARGARET's,
WESTMINSTER.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. III.
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
MDCCCXL.
CONTENTS
OP
BOOK III.
CHAPTER V.
Page
Accession of the Sons of Constantine - " 1
Religious Differences of the two surviving Sons - ..
2
Moral more slow than Religious Revolution - - 4
Athanasius - - - - _
7
Restoration of Athanasius to Alexandria (a. d. 338) - 9
Council at Antioch (a. d. 341.) - - - 9
Athanasius flies to Rome - - - - 1
Usurpation of Gregory -^ - _ - 11
Bloody Quarrel at Constantinople - - - 12
Effects of the Trinitarian Controversy in the West - 13
Athanasius at Rome - - - - 14
Julius,Bishop of Rome - - - 14
Synod at Rome — at Milan (a. d. 343.) - - 15
Council of Sardica (a. D. 345, 346.) - - - 15
Rival Council at Philippopolis - - -
16
Reconciliation of Constantius with Athanasius (a. d. 349.) 10
Persian War ^ ^ - . - 18
Death of Constans - - - - 18
War with Magnentius (a. D. 351.) - - - 18
Battle of Mursa - - _ - 19
Paul deposed from the Bishopric of Constantinople — Ma-
cedonius re-instated - - - - 20
Councils of Aries and Milan - - - 20
Persecution of Liberius, Bishop of Rome * _ 20
A 3
VI CONTENTS.
Page
New
Council ot'Milan
Fall of Liberius -
...
Charges against Athanasius
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
22
24?
ofHosius - - - - - 25
Reception of Constantius at Rome - - - 25
Orders to remove Athanasius - - - 26
Tumult in the Church of Alexandria - - 27
George of Cappadocia - - - - 28
Escape and Retreat of Athanasius - - - 30
Hilary of Poitiers - - - - 32
Lucifer of Cagliari ^ - - - - 32
Mutual Accusations of Cruelty - - - - 35
Athanasius as a Writer - - - - 38
Necessity of Creeds during the succeeding Centuries - 40
Influence of the Athanasian Controversy on the Growth of
the Papal Power - - - - 40
Superiority of Arianism - - - - 42
Heresy of Aetius - - - - 43
of Macedonius - - - - 44
Council of Rimini - - - - - 45
CHAPTER VI.
JULIAN.
...
-
...
- - - - -
A 4
Vlll CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIIL
Page
Statue of Serapis - - - - - 152
The first Attacks on Paganism - - - 153
Olympus, the Philosopher - - - 154?
War in the City - - - - - 154
Flight of Olympus - - - - 155
Rescript of Theodosius - - _ - 155
The Temple assailed - - - - 156
The Statue - - - - - 157
Paganism at Rome - - - - - 162
Gratian Emperor (a. D. 367.) - - - - 165
refuses the Pontificate - - - 165
Statue of Victory . - - - 166
Apology of Symmachus _ - - . 159
Reply of Ambrose _ - _ . 171
Murder of Valentinian (a. D. 392.) - - -173
Accession of Eugenius - - - - 173
Law of Honorius _ _ - _ . 179
Capture of Rome by Alaric - - - 181
CHAPTER IX.
Chrysostom
his Life
_.__--
Gregory, Bishop of Constantinople (a. d. 339—379.)
- . .
-
-
Page
200
205
206
Riots in Antioch - . - - - 211
Intercession of Flavianus for the Rioters - - 213
Sentence of Theodosius - - - 214?
Issue of the interview of Flavianus with the Emperor - 216
Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople (a. d. 398.) - 217
CHAPTER X.
Page
Ambrose Empress Justina
disputes with the - - 24-7
compels the Emperor to yield - - 24'9
his second Embassy to the Usurper Maximus - 254'
Accession of Theodosius (a. D. 338.) - - 255
Jewish Synagogue destroyed - - - - 256
Conduct of Ambrose . _ - _ 256
Massacre of Thessalonica (a. d. 390.) - - 258
First Capital Punishment for Religion (a. d. 385.) - 260
Priscillian and his Followers _ - - 261
Martin of Tours - - - - - 261
Death of Valentinian (a. d. 392.) - - - 262
of Theodosius (a. D. 395.) - - -262
of Ambrose (A. D. 397.) - - - -262
Augustine - - - - . 263
Augustinlan Theology - - _ - . 264?
Augustine's Baptism (a. d. 387.) - _ . 276
controversial Writings . _ _ 276
"City of God" - - - - 277
Life and Character - - - 282
CHAPTER XI.
Monachism - . - _ 289
Coenobitism - - -
290
Origin of Monachism - • . . 291
Celibacy - - - - 292
Causes which tended to promote Monachism 294.
Antony - - - _ „
297
Self-torture - - * _ 301
Influence of Antony - -
303
Coenobitic Establishments - - _ 305
Dangers of Coenobitism . - » 307
Bigotry - - . - ^ 307
Fanaticism - - - _ 308
Ignorance - . - . 309
General Effects of Monachism on Christianity 311
on Political Affairs 312
XII CONTENTS.
Page
Some of Advantages
its . - - - 314?
Controversies of Jerome -
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
329
S30
331
Retreat to Palestine - - - - 332
Jovinian and Vigilantius - - - - 332
BOOK IV.
CHAPTER I.
Dissensions
Power
in
-----_
The Bishop in the early Community
the Church Cause of Increase of Sacerdotal
-
- -
-363
360
360
_ . 353
Change in the Mode of electing the Priesthood - - 366
Metropolitan Bishops - - _ _ 3(37
Formation of the Diocese - _ . 357
Chorepiscopi - _ - - _ S68
Archbishops and Patriarchs - - _ S69
Church of Rome - - - - _ 370
New sacred Offices - - _ - 372
Unity of the Church
-----
- - _ _ 373
General Councils - _ - - « 373
Increase in Pomp 375
Wealth of the Clergy - _ - - 373
Uses to which it was applied
------
- - - - 378
Law of Constantine empowering the Church to receive
Bequests 38O
Restrictive Edict of Valentinian - - - 380
Pope Damasus - - - - - 380
Application of Church Wealth - - - 382
Celibacy of the Clergy - - _ - 383
Married Bishops and Clergy - - _ 388
Moral Consequences of Celibacy - - - 389
Mulieres subintroductae - - - _ 389
Union of Church and State - - _ _ 391
The State under Ecclesiastical Discipline - - 396
Divorce
Wills
-
Penitential Discipline
- _
-
-
-
-
_
-
.. _
-
393
400
401
Excommunication - - - - 404?
Synesius - - . - ... 405
Ecclesiastical Censures chiefly confined to Heresy - 408
executed by the State - 408
CivilPunishment for Ecclesiastical Offences - - 409
Objects of the great Defenders of the Hierarchical Power 411
Dignity and Advantages of the Clerical Station - - 413
General Influence of the Clergy - - - 414
XIV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER II.
PUBLIC SPECTACLES.
Page
Religious Ceremonial - - - - 418
Divisions of the Church - _ _ . 420
The Porch.— The Penitents - - - -421
The Narthex - - - - - 422
The Preacher - - - - 423
Secrecy of the Sacraments . - _ - 425
Baptism . - - _ - - 427
Eucharist - - - - - _ 428
Christian Funerals - - - - - 431
Worship of the Martyrs . - . - 433
Festivals - - - - - - 435
Profane Spectacles - - ... - 441
Heathen Calendar . - - - - 442
Theoretica - - - - - - 443
Four Kinds of Spectacles _ . . - 447
Gymnastic Games ^ - - - 448
Tragedy and Comedy . . - - 448
Mimes - _ . _ . - 450
Pantomimes - _ . _ _ 451
Amphitheatre. —
Gladiatorial Shows - - 455
The Circus Chariot Races - - , _ 460
CHAPTER III.
CHRISTIAN LITERATURE.
Lives of Saints
History
Apologies
Hermeneutics
-----
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
.
-
-
_
Page
4.73
474.
476
477
Expositions of Faith . _ _ - _ 478
Polemical Writings - - - - - 478
Christian Oratory - - _ . _ 479
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V.
CONCLUSION.
Page
Faith - - - - - 532
Imaginative State of the Human Mind - - 533
Religious Impressions - - - - 536
Effect on Natural Philosophy - - _ 537
Pol3^theistic Form of Christianity . . . 539
Worship of Saints and Angels _ - - 541
of the Virgin - - - • 54'4'
ERRATA.
CHRISTIANITY.
BOOK III.
CHAPTER V.
(for they
of relifi^ious
'^
hostility.
ti i i
were speedily reduced to two; placed
nit
siirMvins
sons. ^jjgj^-jggi^gg
LIJUlllSClVCCS ai, m^ l^g.^^j
^^ tl^g ii\_cn.i of the
kjl liiv^ two
\.\\yj contending
\^vyiii.v,in-*iiJ^
empire.
B 2
4f HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
B 4
8 rirsToiiY of Christianity.
* Athanas. Oper., p. J 12. 149. :i50. 352,, and the ecclesiastical his-
torians in loc.
u HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
VOL. III. C
18 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY
war.
monitions of his brother, not unmingled with war-
like menace, might enforce the expediency at least
of a temporary reconciliation with Athanasius. The
political troubles of three years suspended the re-
ligious strife. The war of Persia brought some
fame to the arms of Constantius and in the more ;
C 2
20 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* Nihil prorsus aliud egit, qiiam sunt dici. Hoc tanden rogo, quis
ut orbem terraruni, pro quo episcopis jubeat et quis aposto-
ChristLis passiis est, cliabolo con- licae prsedicationis vetet formam ?
donaret. Adv. Constant, c. 15. c. IG. Among
the sentences as-
Hilary's highest indignation is ex- cribed to the Arians, which so
cited by the gentle and insidious nuich shocked the Western
manner with which he confesses that bishops, there is one which is
Constantius endeavoured to com- evidently the argument of a strong
pass his unholy end. He would anti-materialist asserting the sole
not honour them with the dignity existence of the Father, and that
t of martyrs, but he used the pre- the terms of son and generation,
vailing persuasion of bribes, flat- &c., are not to be received in a
teries, and honours —
Non dorsa literal sense. Erat Dcus quod est.
caedit, sed ventrem palpat; non tru- Pater non erat, quia neque ei fdius ;
dit carcere ad libertatem, sed in- nam si filius, necesse est ut et fae-
tra palatiuin honorat ad servi- mina sit, cSrc. One phrase has a
tutem non latera vexat, sed cor
; singularly Oriental, I would say, In-
occupat * * non contendit ne dian cast. How
much soever the
vincatur, sed adulatur ut domi- Son exj)ands himself towards the
netur. There are several other knowledge of the Father, so much
remarkable passages in this tract. the Father super-expands himself,
Constantius wished to confine the lest he should be known by the
creed to the language of scripture. Son. Quantum enim Filius se ex-
This was rejected, as infringing on tendit cognoscere Patrem, tantum
the authority of the bishops, and Pater superextendit se, ne cogni-
the forms of Apostolic ])reaching. tus Filio sit. c. 13. The parties,
Nolo, inquit, verba quae non scripta at least in the W'^est, were speak-
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 33
ing two totally distinct languages, nitionem sui docuit potius quam
It would be unjust to Hilary not exegit. * * Deus universitatis est
to acknowledge the beautiful and Doniinus ; non requirit coactani
Christian sentiments scattered confessionem. Nostra potius non
through his two former addresses sua causa venerandus est * *
to Constantius, which are firm, but simplicitate qucerendus est, con-
respectful ;and if rigidly, yet sin- fessione discendus est, charitate
cerely, dogmatic. His plea for toler- amandus est, tiinore venerandus
ation, if not very consistently est, voluntatis probitate retincndus
maintained, is expressed with great est. Lib. i. c. G.
force and simplicity. Deus cog-
VOL. III. D
34 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
.
understood, perhaps unintelligible, watchwords of
violent and disorderly men. The rabble of Alex-
andria and other cities availed themselves of the
commotion to give loose to their suppressed passion
for tlie excitement of plunder and bloodshed. How
far the doctrines of Christianity had worked down
into the populace of the great cities cannot be as-
certained, or even conjectured ; its spirit had not
in the least mitigated their ferocity and inhumanity.
If Christianity is accused as the immediate exciting-
cause of these disastrous scenes, the predisposing
principle was in that uncivilised nature of man,
which not merely was unaliayed by the gentle and
humanising tenets of the Gospel, but, as it has per-
petually done, pressed the Gospel itself, as it were,
into its own unhallowed service.
,
,
modern languages of Europe were sufficiently
formed to admit of translations, the sacred writings
receded from general use they became the de-
;
powerl''^'^
Eastern and Western Christendom at least the ;
riiis and his rival Felix should rule the see with chap.
conjoint authority. The parties had already come ,
CHAPTER VI.
JULIAN.
363.
reformed the army, the court, the tribunals of
justice ; he had promulgated many useful laws,
which maintained their place in the jurisprudence
of the empire he had established peace on all
;
most of his age. Besides all this, his vast and rest-
less spirit contemplated, and had already com-
menced, nothing less than a total change in the
religion of the empire ; not merely the restoration
* Six years, from 355 to 361.
PIISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. SI
m
.
-ii
amicable union
• of Julian,
E ^
;'2 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
It was in
.
E 4
66 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
threw down all his work. Gregory heard it from eye-witnesses. Gre-
Nazianzen declares that he had gor. Or. iii. p. 59. CI. Sozomen,
heard this from eye-witnesses ; v. 2.
Sozomen, from those who had * Uuvtoq /;<a6////taro(; GTzovcaiov.
58 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* Libanius.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 61
VOL. III. F
66 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
.
offerings; he set the example of costly sacrifices.*
The Athenians in particular obeyed with alacrity the
commands of the new Emperor the honours of ;
F 2
^8 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
the strong expression of Ammi- ro/c; tojp \epwv XlOoig ac^naiv avroii;
anus. Libanius says, that some oiViat; tyt'ipovrtg. Orat. Parent,
persons had built themselves p. 504-.
houses from the materials of the
F 3
70 HISTORY OF CIIIirSTIANITY.
BOOK who, a short time ago, like the beasts of the field,
^^
fixed our downward and grovelling vision on the
^'
^
F 4
72 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
,
The Christians, not without justice, called the Em-
peror "the ape of Christianity." Of all homage to the
Gospel, this was the most impressive and sincere ;
religious
.
instruction.
.
oil
JSchoolmasters,
1 •
catechists,
instruction.
* Gregor. Xaz. iii. p. 70. " Show me," he says, to the phi-
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 79
• Epist. XV.
so HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
G 3
S6 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
G 4
S8 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
ries.! The
atrocious persecutions of the fanatic
populace, in some of the cities of Syria, liave al-
ready been noticed. Tlie aged Mark of Arethusa
was, if not the most blameless, at least the victim
of these cruelties, whose life ought to have been
* Julian. Epist. xi. p. 378. f Julian. Epist. x. p. 377.
VOL. III. II
98 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
H 3
102 HISTORY OF CIIIIISTIANITY.
different from those which the awe of his name and chap.
VI.
the vigorous organisation of his army, even after his ,
nations. 27.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 109
CHAP.
VII.
CHAPTER VII.
1 .
and uninterrupted
1 1 • 1
toleration, whicli
• 1 • 11
incurred the
Toleration
ofVaienti-
"'^"*
reproach of indifference from the Christian party,
but has received the respectful homage of the Pa-
gan historian.* The immunities and the privileges
of the Pagan priesthood were confirmed t; the rites
of divination were permitted, if performed without
malicious intent, t The prohibition of midnight sa-
crifices, which seemed to be required by the public
Rome, administered the laws with all the vindictive fore Maxi-
mm.
ferocity,but without the severe dignity, of his im-
perial master. Maximin was of an obscure and
barbarian family, settled in Pannonia. He had
attained the government of Corsica and Sardinia,
and subsequently of Tuscany. He was promoted
in Rome to the important office of superintendent
of the markets of the city. During the illness of
Olybius, the pra?fect of Rome,
the supreme ju-
dicial authority had been delegated to Maximin.
Maximin was himself rumoured to have dabbled in
necromantic arts, and lived in constant terror of
accusation till released by the death of his accom-
plice. This rumour may create a suspicion that
Maximin was, at least at the time at which the ac-
cusation pointed, a Pagan. The Paganism of a
large proportion of his victims more evident. The
is
VII.
curiosity about the future, the indeUble passion for
supernatural excitement, even more criminal de-
signs, might betray some few professed Christians
into this direct treason against their rehgion, was a
crime which, in general, would have been held
in dread and abhorrence by the members of the
churcli. In the laws it is invariably denounced as
a Pagan crime. The aristocracy of Home were the
chief victims of Maximin's cruelty, and in this
class, till its final extinction, was the stronghold of
Paganism. It is not assuming too much influence to connection
Christianity •/
now be^an
oassume a new and im-
to
^'^''''"•aa
invas'on.
^
* Greg. Naz. Orat. xx, ; Ciireg. Nyss. contra Eunom. ; and the eccle-
siastical historians in loco.
128 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
things.
new
state of 11.
cisedby the cler^^y
^*^
way for this amalgamation of the Goths with the ity among
*''^ ^'''*'^*
Roman empire. In their first inroads, during the
reign of Gallienus, when they ravaged a large part
of the Roman empire, they carried away numbers
of slaves, especially from Asia Minor and Cappa-
docia. Among these were many Christians. Tlie
K 4
136 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* The greater part of the frag- ments, chiefly of the otiier Epis-
mcnts of IJlphilas's version of the ties of iSt. Paul. Mihin, 1819.
Scriptures now extant is con- St. Martin, notes to Le Beau, iii.
tained in the celebrated Codex 100. On the Gothic translation of
Argenteus, now at Upsala. This the Scriptures. See Socrat. iv.
splendid MS., written in silver 33. Sozom. vi. 37. Philostor-
letters, on parchment of a purple gius, ii. 5. Compare Theodoret,
ground, contains almost the whole v. 30, 31.
four Gospels. Knittel, in 1762, f It remarkable to find a
is
BOOK
III.
CHAPTER VIIL
^^^-
silence; the glory of Tiieodosius and his family
inspired its last noble effort in the verse of Clau-
dian.
Theodosius was a Spaniard. In that province
Christianity had probably found less resistance from
the feeble provincial Paganism ; nor was there, as
in Gaul, an old national religion which lingered in
the minds of the native population. Christianity
was early and permanently established in the Pe-
ninsula. To Theodosius, who was but slightly
tinged with the love of letters, or the tastes of a
more liberal education, the colossal temples of the
East, or themore graceful and harmonious fabrics
of Europe, would probably create no feeling but
that of aversion from the shrines of idolatry. His
Christianity was pure from any of the old Pagan
associations un softened, it may, perhaps, be said,
;
triumph of Christianity.
.
* ToXfiaTca [.itv ovv kuv rali; yvvaiKoh^, Kui tskvcov Kai (ioiov, Kal
TtoXtffi, TO TToXv St ev TOiQ dy^ulq. ti'jq (nrnpofxivrfQ yrj^ icai TrttpVTtv-
Liban. pro Templis. fxtv)]^. Liban. de Tempi.
f Kai ToiQytwpyovaiv tv avrolg -^ This difference prevailed
m iXTTicer, oaai TTffA re avcpuJv kui equally in the West. Fleury gives
PIISTORY or CHRISTIANITY. 147
L 2
148 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
L 3
150 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
iTeTan.''^
wrought irou, and whose fall had excited the indig-
*^''''-
nant eloquence of Libanius, to compare it to the
Serapion in Alexandria. The Serapion, at that time,
appeared secure in the superstition, which con-
nected its invoilable sanctity, and the honour of
its god*, with the rise and fall of the Nile, with the
the death of Julian, was really appears not to have the least
presented to Theodosius, it be- notion that Theodosius would not
trays something of the same ig- respect the memory of the apos-
norance. He seems to think his tate.
156 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* Socrat. Eccl. Hist. v. IG. and thirty years after this trans-
Helladius is mentioned in a law action.
of Theodosius the younger, as a f Nos vidimus armaria libro-
celebrated granunarian elevated to rum ;
quibus direptis, exinanita
certain honours. This law is, ea a nostris hominibus, nostris
however, dated 4:25 at least five
; temporibus memorant. Oros. vi.l5.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 157
the youno;er
•^ ^ Valentinian, as of Theodosius, was ' t"'^'^^.'
.
Theodosius,
free from those early inculcated and daily renewed a. d. 379.
* Liban. pro Templis. tolas, i. 40. 43. 45., ii. 7. 3*. 36.
f See on Praetextatns, Macrob. 53. 59. Hieronym. Epistolae,
Saturn, i. 2. Symniachi Epis- xxiii.
IVI ^
l64f HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
and the act of public worship, with whicli the Se- chap.
VIII.
nate had for centuries of uninterrupted prosperity
and glory commenced and hallowed its proceedings A, D. 382.
M 4
l68 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
sion with the most eager joy and the fondest hopes.
The Christian writers denounce the apostasy of
Eugenius not without justice, if Eugenius ever
* Cod. Theod. xvi. 10. 12. supplicium est." Epist. xciii. But
f Gibbon has quoted from Le passages amiably inconsistent with
Clerc a fearful sentence of St. this fierce tone might be quoted on
Augustine, adressed to the Do- the other side. Compare Editor's
natists. " Quis nostrum, quis ves- note on Gibbon, v. p. 1 14.
trum non laudat leges ab Impera- J Quis corum comprehensus
toribus datas adversus sacrificia est in sacrificio(cum his legibus
Paganorum ? Et certe longe ibi istaprohiberentur) et non negavit.
pcEua severior constituta est ; Augustin, in Psalm cxx., quoted
illius quippe impietatis capitale by Gibbon from Lardner.
176 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
•f
Inclitus ergo parens patriae, moderator et orbis.
Nil egit prohibendo, vagas ne pristinus error
Crederet esse Deum nigrante sub acre formas.
\ Sed quoniam renovata lues turbare salutem
Tentat Romulidum.
§ Armorum dominos, vernantes flore juventae,
Inter castra patris genitos, sub imagine avitu
Eductos, exempla domi congesta tenentes.
Orator catits instigat.
Si vobis vol parta, viri, victoria cordi est,
Vel parienda dehinc, temi)luin Dea virgo sacratum
Obtineat, vobis regnantibus.
The orator catus, is Symmachus ; the parta victoria, that of Pollentia ;
N 3
182 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
was not till the seventh century, that the Pantheon chap.
^^^^'
was dedicated by Pope Boniflice IV. to the Holy > .
N 4
1S4) HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
CHAP.
IX.
CHAPTER IX.
for the sins of mankind and for his own -, his very
writings, it was said, weep ; there is a deep and
latent sorrow even in his panegyrics or festival
homiHes.*
Ephrem was a poet, and his hymns, poured forth
in the prodigaHty of his succeeded at lengtli
zeal,
in entirely disenchanting the popular ear from the
heretical strains of Bardesanes, and his son Har-
monius, which lingered after the general decay of
Gnosticism. t The hymns of Ephrem were sung
on the festivals of the martyrs. His psalms, the
constant occupation which he enjoins upon his
monkish companions, were always of a sorrowful
and contrite tone. Laughter was the source and
the indication of all wickedness, sorrow of all virtue.
During the melancholy psalm, God was present
with his angels, all more joyous strains belonged
to heathenism and idolatry.
The monasticismas well as the Trinitarianism
of Syria, received a strong impulse from Ephrem,
and in Syria monasticism began to run into its ut-
most extravagance. There was one class of ascetics
who, at certain periods, forsook their cities, and
retired to the mountains to browse on the herbao-e
o
which they found, as their only food. The writings
of Ephrem were the occupation and delight of all
these gentle and irreproachable fanatics and, as ;
O 2
196 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
o 3
198 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
fuse new life into the dead philosophy and religion chap
IX.
of Greece. He felt himself summoned to a nobler
field. At the age of eighteen, Chrysostom began
to study that one source of eloquence, to which
the human heart responded, the sacred writings
of the Christians. The church was not slow in
recognising the value of such a proselyte. He
received the strongest encouragement from Mele-
tius, Bishop of Antioch he was appointed a reader
;
BOOK widowhood ;
grievous as they had been, she had
^^^-
ever one consolation, the gazing on his face, and
beholding in hhn the image of his departed father.
Before he could speak, he had thus been her com-
fort and her joy. She reminded him of the fidelity
with which she had administered the paternal pro-
perty. ''
Think not that I would reproach you
with these things. I have but one favour to en-
treat — make me not a second time a widow ;
VOL. III. V
SIO HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
p 2
212 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
r r^A n
^ ^ ' ^
Chrysostom
tore Chrysostom was summoned to the pontifical bishop of
authority, which set them apart and flu' above the rest
of mankind, he demanded a moral superiority, and
entire devotion to their calling, which could not but
to their altars, and to the statues profane the holy building itself
of the Emperors, it ought to be- by eating or sleeping within it.
long to the temples of God. " Quibus si perfuga non adnuit.
See the laws which defined neqiie consentit, praeferenda hu-
the right of asylum, Cod. Theo- manitati religio est." There was a
dos.ix. 4^5. 3. ct scqq. The sacred strong prohibition against intro-
space extended to the outer gates ducing arms into the churches ;
of the church. But those who a prohibition which the Emperors
took refuge in the church were themselves did not scruple to vio-
on no account to be permitted to late on more than one occasion.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 2^5
a 3
230 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* There are three laws in the " qui sacrilege animo auctorita-
Theodosian Code against unlaw- tern nostri nuininis ausi fuerint
till and seditious meetings (con- expugnare." The deiti/ is the
venticula), directed against the usual term, but the deity of the
followers of Chrysostom, — the feeble Arcadius, and the passion-
Joannitae, as they were called, ate Eudoxia, reads strangely.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 237
portud'to"^'
tom were transported to Constantinople with the
Constan- utiiiost revereiicc, and received with solemn pomp.
Constantinople, and the imperial family, submitted
with eager zeal to worship as a saint him whom
they would not endure as a prelate.
The remarkable part in the whole of this perse-
cution of Chrysostom is that it arose not out of
difference of doctrine, or polemic hostiUty. No
charge of heresy darkened the pure fame of the
great Christian orator. His persecution had not
the it was a
dignity of conscientious bigotry ;
CHAP. X.
practical —
we mean where it related to affairs of
business, or addressed men in general ; it has, as we
shall hereafter observe, a very different character
in some of his theological writings.
* Chiefly Trom the life of Am- edition of his works ; the Life by
brose affixed to the Benedictine Paulinus; and Tilleniont.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 243
R '2
244 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
,
tered his strong mind was liis earnest admiration of
Ambrose ccHbacy ; in all other respects he was a Roman
celibacy^
""
Statesman, not a meditative Oriental, or rhetorical
Greek. The strong contrast of this doctrine
with the dissolute manners of Rome, which no
doubt extended to Milan, made it the more im-
pressive it was received with all the ardour of
:
* Theodoret, iv. 7.
IJISTORY OF CHRISTIANIIY. *;^45
R 3
4b HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
R 4
248 HISTORY OF Christianity.
* Certatim hoc nuntiarc militcs, ceiveJ that God had stricken Lu-
iiTuentcs in altaria, osculis signi- cifer, the great Dragon (verniem
ficare pacis insigne. Ambrose per- antelucanuin).
250 HISTORY OF CHIIISTIANITY.
ar]ixHa, TtK/jinpiov ttoiov tov /.d) y(- on Psalm cxlii. vol.v. p. 455. Mid-
yev)]aOai tots, Kai yap l^t) t6t( xPV- dleton has dwelt at length on this
aifiujg tyii'tTo, Kal vvv x(^i](yti.i(ijg ov subject. Works, vol. i. p. 103.
yiveTai. See the whole passage Augustine denies the continu-
in Cor. Hom. vi. xi. 45. On Psalm ance of miracles with equal dis-
cx., indeed, vol. v. p. 271,, he seems tinctness. Cum enim Ecclesia Ca-
to assert the continuance of mi- tholica per totum orbem diffusa at-
racles, particularly during the reign que fundata sit, nee miracula ilia
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 253
and the eager enthusiasm of the people did not hesi- chap.
X.
tate to embrace as unquestionable truth, the public
display of preternatural power in the streets of the
city. A dream revealed to the pious prelate the
spot, where rested the relics of the martyrs, St.
Gervaise and Protadius. As they approached the
spot, a man possessed by a demon was seized with
a paroxysm, which betrayed his trembling consci-
ousness of the presence of the holy remains. The
bones of two men of great stature were found, with
much blood.* The bodies were disinterred, and
conveyed in solemn pomp to the Ambrosian Church.
They were reinterred under the altar; they became
the tutelary Saints of the spot.t A blind butcher,
named Severus, recovered his eyesight by the
application of a handkerchief, which had touched
the relics, and this was but one of many wonders
which w^ere universally supposed to have been
s 2
260 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
A. D. 371.
neighbouring city of Madaura could afford. At
seventeen, he was sent to Carthage to finish his
studies. Augustine has, perhaps, highly coloured
both the idleness of his period of study in Madaura,
and the licentious habits to which he abandoned
himself in the dissolute city of Carthage, His
ardent mind plunged into the intoxicating enjoy-
ments of the theatre, and his excited passions de-
manded every kind of gratification. He had a
natural son, called by the somewhat inappropriate
name A-deo-datus. He was first arrested in his sen-
sual course, not by the solemn voice of religion,
but by the gentler remonstrances of Pagan litera-
ture. He learned from Cicero, not from the
Gospel, the higher dignity of intellectual attain-
ments. From his brilliant success in his studies, it
iEtat. 29.
383.
T 4
^80 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
I
cratic polity. The earthly city had undergone
its predestined fate ; had passed away with all
it
the faith but pours forth all the riches of his imagi-
;
,Jo-3S'//
-^'^
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 285
:hap.
XI.
CHAP. XI.
which had more churches than any The authenticity of this epistle
part of the workl; and inquires, in is indeed contested hy Koman Ca-
plain terms, whether a man wiU tholic ^^riters; but I can see no
believe the virgin birth of Christ internal evidence against its ge-
the more by seeing Bethlehem, or nuineness. Jerome's more sober
his resurrection by visiting his tomb, letter to Pauhnus, Epist. xxix.
or his ascension by standing on the vol.iv. p. 563., should also be com-
Mount of Olives. Greg. Nyss. de pared,
eunt. Hieros.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 289
BOOK if Christ and his apostles had retired into the de-
^^^'
.
sert, Christianity would never have spread beyond
the wilderness of Judaea. The transformation
which afterwards took place of the fierce Arab
marauder, or the proselyte to the martial creed of
the Koran, into a dreamy dervish, was hardly more
violent and complete, than that of the disciple of
the great example of Christian virtue, or of the ac-
tive and popular Paul, into a solitary anchorite.
Coenobit. Still that which might appear most adverse to
ISIU
the universal dissemination of Christianity even-
tually tended to its entire and permanent in-
celibac}', the social advantages ap- the writers seem almost uncon-
pear to have occurred to the mind; scious of the softening and human-
the benefit to inankind of raising ising effect of the natural affections,
up a race born from Christian pa- the beauty of parental tenderness
rents and brought up in Christian and filial love.
u 2
292 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
,
constant mortification, the extinction, if possible,
of those senses which were necessarily keeping up
a dangerous and treasonable correspondence with
the external universe. On the other hand, entire
estrangement from the rest of mankind, included
in the proscribed and infectious worlds appeared no
less indispensable. Communion with God alone
was once the sole refuge and perfection of the
at
abstracted spirit prayer the sole un endangered oc-
;
* There is a sensible and judi- fully into the origin and conse-
cious book, entitled " Die Ent- quences of celibacy inthe whole
fiihrimg der Erzwungenen Ehelo- church.
sigkeit bei dem Christhchen und f I agree with Theiner (p. 24.)
ihreFolge/'vonJ.A.undAug.Thei- in considering these precepts local
ner, Altenburg, 1828, which enters and temporary, relating to the es-
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 293
a common doctrine that sexual in- But Jerome is the most vehement of
tercourse was the sign and the con- all :
— Nuptiaeterram replent,virgini-
sequence of the Fall ; they forgot tas Paradisum. The unclean beasts
that the command to " increase and went bt/ pairs into the ark, the clean
multiply "is placed in the Book of by seven. Though there is another
Genesis (i. 28.) before the Fall. mystery in the pairs, even the tin-
We have before (p. 199.) quoted clean beasts were not to be allowed
passages from Greg, of Nazian- a second marriage : —
Ne in bestiis
zum. Gregory of Nyssa says, quidem et innnundis avibus diga-
r)dovr) di airaTijq lyyivofitvi} Tr\Q Ik- mia comprobata sit. Adv. Jovin.
TTTioffSiog rjp'^aTo — tv uvofiiaig tGTii' Laudo nuptias,laudo
vol. iv. p. 160.
ri avX\r]-ipig, tv af-uipTuac; i) Kvtjoig,. conjugium, sed quia mihi virgines
Greg. Nyss. de Virgin, c. 12. c. 13. general. Ad Eustoch. p. 36.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. ^95
mats, or plaiting baskets, alternated with
periods chap,
of morbid reflection on the moral state of the ^^'
soul, ,
u 4
296 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* Joseph! Vita.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
QQj
contributed to people these solitudes*), or
prompted chap.
by religious feelings, to fly from the
face of man, ^'•
found himself, with no violent eflfbrt, in '
a dead and '
'
as its representative.
Antonyt was born of Christian parents, bred
up
in the faith, and before he was twenty years old,
found himself master of considerable wealth,
and
charged with the care of a younger sister.
He was
a youth of ardent imagination, vehement
impulses,
and so imperfectly educated as to be
acquainted
with no language but his native
Egyptian.^ A
constant attendant on Christian worship,
he had
long looked back with admiration on
those primi-
tive times when
the Christians laid all their worldly
goods at the feet of the Apostles. One day he
heard the sentence, **Go, sell all thou hast,
and give
to the poor, * * and come, and follow
me." It
seemed personally addressed to himself by
the
voice of God. He returned home, distributed his
* Paul the first Christian her- being the first hermit for Paul in
mit, fled from persecution. Hiero- the time of Decius or Valerian
njm. Vit. Paul. p. 69. ^Vit V '
V yit. Pin)
i^aui. n 08.^; h.,!
p. fis but fi
the whole
4-TK^ f„
t The fact* ..I
that^ .1 . .
the great Atha- life of Paul, and the visit
of An-
nasms paused in Ins polemic war- tony to him, read like religious ro-
''' 1'^^°^ Antony,
Zl show
may L X
the genera admiration
mance and, from the prVace of
,
,
^^^* or enjoyment, the conscience, as it were, struck
forciblyupon the chord which it wished to deaden,
and made it vibrate with a kind of morbid, but
more than ordinary, energy. Nothing was so licen-
tious or so terrible as not to find its way to the cell
of the recluse. Beautiful women danced around
him ; wild beasts of every shape, and monsters with
no shape at all, howled and yelled and shrieked
about him, while he knelt in prayer, or snatched
his broken slumbers. '*
Oh how often in the desert,"
says Jerome, *' parched
in that~vast solitude, which,
by the sultry sun, affords a dwelling to the monks,
did I fancy myself in the midst of the luxuries of
Rome. I sate alone, for I was full of bitterness.
My misshapen limbs were rough with sackloth ;
prised me my
naked bones, which
unawares,
scarcely held together, clashed on the earth. I
will say nothing of my food or beverage even the
:
on his own age. " Rivalling, earth and heaven, he had comnm-
while yet in the flesh, the conver- nion with God, and glorified God
sation'of angels, he withdrew him- with the angels; from the earth
302 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
:
BOOK profound, a rock so inaccessible, but that he would
i be pressed upon by some zealous competitor, or
invaded by the humble veneration of some disciple.
It is extraordinary to observe this infringement
on the social system of Christianity, tliis discon-
necting principle, which, pushed to excess, might
appear fatal to that organisation in which so much
of the strength of Christianity consisted, gradually
self-expanding into a new source of power and
energy, so wonderfully adapted to the age. The
desire of the anchorite to isolate himself in un-
endangered seclusion was constantly balanced and
corrected by the holy zeal or involuntary tendency
to proselytism. The farther the saint retired from
the habitations of men, the brighter and more at-
tractive became the light of his sanctity ; the more
he concealed himself, the more was he sought out
by a multitude of admiring and emulous followers.
Each built or occupied his cell in the hallowed
neighbourhood. A monastery was thus imper-
ceptibly formed around the hermitage ; and nothing
was requisite to the incorporation of a regular
community, but the formation of rules for common
intercourse, stated meetings for worship, and
something of uniformity in dress, food, and daily
occupations. Some monastic establishments were no
doubt formed at once, in imitation of the Jewish
Therapeutae but many of the more celebrated
;
VOL. III. X
300 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
X 2
308 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
BOOK literature, and arts, were extinct and effete, and that
,
every path was preoccupied, —
all these concurrent
'*
" preconceived motives for seclusion give a kind
;
* Jerome says, — " Prima est vir- ingenuously confesses that he could
ginitas a nativitate; secunda vir- only boast of the second. Epist.
ginitas a secunda nativitate ; " he xx.v. iv. p. 242. ; Oper. iv. p. 459.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 325
appear rude and barbarous. In his retreat in Beth- chap.
lehem he had undertaken the study of Hebrew*, as ^^'
Y 3
826 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
stantium claritate fiilgoris, lit pro- tuis ait, Ciceronianus es, non Chris-
jectiis in terrain, sursum aspicere tinnus; ubienim thesaurus tuus,ibiet
non auderem. Interrogatus de con- cor luum. Ad Eustoch. Epist. xviii.
ditione, Christianum me esse re- iv. p. 42.
spondi. Et ille qui praesidebat inor-
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 827
diium. The whole of this letter stranger liberty with the language
isa singular union of religious ear- of Scripture. He seems to say
nestness and what, to modern tliat Eustochium was the first noble
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 3^9
,
united the mcongruous, but too frequently recon-
ciled, vices of sensuality and cruelty the female, ;
ZO^-v d"0.
'-4-y^ iV^W^^vtv ^^'
HISTORY OF CHllISTIANITY. 333
one city alone, but the bishops of all the cities in the
world who reverence these relics, around which
the souls of the martyrs are constantly hovering to
hear the prayers of the supplicant?"
The great work of Jerome, the authoritative
Latin version of the scriptures, will demand our
attention, as one of the primary elements of Christian
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 337
VOL. III.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
BOOK IV.
z 2
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 341
CHAPTER I.
f Ilic Asiam
villa pactus regit ille redeniit
;
clientes
Fallit, et ambitos u principe vendit honores.
* * * +
VOL. III. A A
354f HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* The case in St. Paul's Epistle ted, to return into the bosom of
to the Corinthians (I Cor. v. 5.), the Jewish community, which they
which seems to have been the first had abandoned, and, if expelled
of forcible expulsion, was obviously from tlie Christian Church, would
an act of yiy;o,9/o//r authority. This, be complete outcasts. Not so the
it probable, was a Jewish con-
is Heathen apostate, who might one
vert ; and these persons stood in a day leave, and the next return, to
peculiar position ; they would be his old religion, with all its advan-
ashamed, or would not be permit- tages.
A A 3
C^S HlSrOK\ OF CHKlSriANIlY.
* I: is c;xri*>iis ro find thrit Ix^rh null and void. Cod. Theod. xvi.
ecdesiastScA: and chni Uws ac.-in^t 7. I :?:?. A law of Valentinian
apoii:ta>T were consrant^y weces- II, inflii-ts the same penalty (^only
sary. Tbe Council of Elvira re- with some limitation) on apo>;tates
admit; an apostate to commun on, to Judaism or Manieheism, The
wbo ha> not worshipped idols laws of Arc^ius aud Valentinian
after ten years' |-»enanoe. The laws HI. prove, by the severity of their
of Graiian and Theodosius. and prohibitions, not only that cases of
even of Arca*fius and Valentiniaii ^visrasy took place, but that sa-
IIL, speak a more menacing Ian- crifices were still frequent lyofiered.
gm^ : the Chnstian who has Cod. Thoi^dos. xvi. tit. de Apos-
bescome a Pagan forfets the riirht tatis,
of beqpietarhinc by wiU —
hiswiUis
All le<^al rJisputes had, from the first, f>een submitted chap.
to the rc-ligioiis magistracy, not as interpreters of the '
,
quent, and too much in the style strong expressions the object of
and spirit of the whole, are later the writer does not seem to be to
interpolations. Certainly the fact raise the sacerdotal power, but
of the existence of two different rather to enforce Christian unity,
copies of these Epistles throws with direct reference to these fatal
doubt on the genuineness of both ;
differences of doctrine. In another
but I receive them partly ,rom an passage he says, " Be ye subject to
historical argument, which I have the bishop and to each other (r<;>
suggested, vol. ii. p. 151., partly from tTvirTKOTTo) Kcii aXX/yXojf), as Jesus
internal evidence. Some of their Christ to the Father, and the
expressions, e. g., '* Be ye subject Apostles to Christ, to the Father
"
to the bishop as to Jesus Christ" and to the Spirit.
(ad Trail, c. 2.) " Follow your
;
I cannot indeed understand the
bishop as Jesus Christ the Fatlier, inference that all the language
the presbytery as the Apostles; or tenets of Christians who may
reverence the deacons as the ordi- have heard the Apostles are to
nance of God " (ad Smyrn. c. 8.) be considered of Apostolic au-
taken as detached sentences, and thority. Ignatius was a vehement
without regard to the figurative and strongly figurative writer,
style and anient manner of the very different in his tone, accor-
362 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* See the list of earlier synods disponenda ea, quae curae nostra)
chiefly on this suhject, Labbc, commissa sunt. Firm, ad Cjprian.
Concilia, vol. i. p. 595. C50., edit. Ep. 75.
Paris, 1G71. § Bingham names thirteen or
-f-
8ee the remarkable passage in fourteen patriarchs. Alexandria,
TertuUian, de Jtjunio, with the in- Antiocli, Caesarea, Jerusalem,
genious commentary of Mosheim, Ephesus, Constantinople, Thessa-
De Keb. Christ, ante Const. M. lonica, Sirmium, Rome, Carthat^e,
pp. 2G4. 268. ^ Milan, Lyons, Toledo, York. But
J Necessario apud nos fit, ut their respective claims do not ap-
per singulos annos seniores et prae- pear to have been equally recog-
positi in unum conveniamus, ad nised, or at the same period.
VOL. III. B B
370 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
that of
Nice. See book iii. ii. 559. The first of Constan-
c. iv. was followed by the long
It tinople was the second oeciimenic
succession of Arian, and anti- council (a. d. 381), It re-established
Arian councils, at Tyre, Antioch, Trinitarianism as the doctrine of
Rome, Milan, Sardica, Rin)ini, &c. the East ; it elevated the bishop-
The Arian Council of Antioch is ric of Constantinople into a patri-
very strict in its regulations for the archate, to rank after Rome. The
residence of the bishops and the two other of the oecumenic coun-
clergy, and their restriction of their ciis are beyond the bounds of the
labours to their own dioceses or prese/it history,
cures (a.d. 341). Apud Labbe,vol.
HISTORY OF CIIUISTTANITY. 375
* The clergy were long without umilta faceva una certa pompa cle
any distinction of dress, except on abjezione e de poverta. Cicognara,
ceremonial occasions. At the end Storiade Scultura,t.i. p.27. Count
of the fourth century, it was the Cicognara gives a curious account
custom for them in some churches of the date and origin of the dif-
to wear black. Socr. H. E. vi.22. ferent parts of the clerical dress.
Jerome, however, recommends that The mitre is of the eighth century,
they should neither be distin- the tiara of the tenth,
gui.^hed by too bright or too sombre The fourth Council of Carthage
colours. Ad Nepot. The proper (a. d. 398) has some restrictions
habits were probably introduced at ou dress. The clericus was not to
the end of the fifth century, as they wear long hair or beard (nee comam
are recognised by councils in the habeat nee barbam. Can- xliv.); he
sixth. Cone. Matisc. a. d. 581, was to approve his professon by
can. 1. 5. Trull, c. 27.
; The ton- his dress and walk, and not to study
sure began in the fourth century, the beauty of his ch-ess or sandals.
Prima del iv. secolo i semplici preti He might obtain his sustenance by
non avevano alcun abito distinto working as an artisan, or in agri-
dagli altri o Pagani o Cristiani, se culture, provided he did not neg-
non in quanto la prolessata loro lect his duty. Can. li. hi.
378 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
,
ligioLis performances. As the outward ceremonial,
during almost every part of
fasting, public prayer
the day, and the rest of the ritual service, were
more completely incorporated with Christianity,
they were expected to maintain the pubHc devo-
tion by and to encourage self-denial
their example,
by more rigid austerity.
their
Wealth of Wealth as well as pomp followed in the train of
t'eccrgy.
p^^^gj,^ ^pj^^ dcsirc to commattd wealth (we must
t Eu-seb. II. E. X. G.
380 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* Sozomcn, V.7. The Church of and the diseased, who sat down, as
Antioch possessed hinds, houses, it were hefore the Christian altar,
rents, carriages, mules, and other and received food and raiment, he-
kinds of property. It undertook the sides many other accidental claims
daily sustenance of 3000 widows on their henevolcnce. Chrysos-
and virgins, besiiles prisoners, the tom, Oper. Montfaucon in his dis-
sick in the hospitals, the maimed, sertation,gives the references.
382 HISTORY OF CFmiSTIANITY.
VOL. III. C C
386 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
said, that since the coming of Christ semper orandum est. Si semper
ficia
no digamous clergyman had ever orandum est, semper carendum ma-
been ordained. Barbeyrac has col- trimonio. Adv. Jovin. p. 175.
lected the passages of the Fathers -j- The Council of Gangra, in
expressive of their abhorrence of the preamble and in the first ca-
second marriages. Morale des non do not appear to refer ne-
Peres, p. 1. 29. 34. 37. &c. The cessarily to the wives of the clergy.
Council of Neo-Caesarea forbade Theyanathematise certain teachers
clergymen to be present at a se- (the Eustathians) who had blamed
cond marriage — Trpta^vnpov tig marriage, and said that a faithful
ydfiovQ ^ly a ixoiivTCJv fij) icTia<jQai. and pious woman who slept with
Can.vii. her husband could not enter into
* Such is the distinct language the kingdom of heaven. A
sacred
of Jerome. Si laicus et quicunque virgin is prohibited from vaunting
fidelis orare non potest nisi carent over a married woman, canon x.
officio conjugali, sacerdoti, cui sem- Women are forbidden to abandon
per pro populo offerenda sunt sacri- their husbands and children.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 387
,
i
c c 2
388 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
c c 3
390 HISTORY OF CIIllISTIANITy
vow of chastity.
Divorce. The facility of divorce was the primary principle
of corruption in Roman Augustus had
social life.
* Codex Theodos. iii. 16. 1. strong case (gravis causa), she re-
See vol. ii. p. 473. tained her dowry, and might marry
-j- By the law of Honoriiis, again after five years. The hus-
I. The woman who demanded a di- band, in the first case, forfeited the
vorce without sufficient proof for- gifts and dowry,and was condemned
feited her dowry, was condemned to to perpetual celibacy, not having
banishment, could not contract a liberty to marry again after a cer-
second marriage, was without hope tain number of years. In the se-
of restoration to civil rights. 2. If cond, he forfeited the dowry but
she made out only a tolerable case not the donation, and could marry
(convicted her husband only of me- again after two years. In the third,
diocris culpa), she only forfeited he was bound to prosecute his guilty
her dowry, and could not contract wife. On conviction, he received
a second marriage, but was liable the dowry, and might marry again
to be prosecuted by her husband immediately. Cod. Theodos. iii.
for adultery. 3. If she made a xvi. 2.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 399
* Mulieres a maritis tanquam had buried them all); his wife had
vestes subinde mutari, et thalamos had twenty-two husbands. There
tarn saepe et facile strui quam nun- was a great anxiety to know which
dinaruni tabernas. Asterius Ama- would outlive the other. The man
senus apud Combefis. Auct. t. i. carried the day, and bore his wife
The story has been often quoted to the grave in a kind of triumphal
from St. Jerome, of the man (of the procession. Ilicronym. Epist. xci.
lowest class) in Rome, who had p. 745.
had twenty wives (not divorced —
400 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* De Peenitentia, c.9.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 403
* Synesii Epistolae, Ivii. Iviii. should the man in power treat his
f There is a canon of the Coun- message with contempt, letters
oil of Toledo (a.d. 408.) that if shall be sent to all the bishops of
any man in power shall have robbed the province, declaring him excom-
one in holy orders, or a 2^(^or man municated till he has heard the
(quemlibet pauperiorem), or a cause or made restitution. Can xi.
monk, and the l)ishop shall send to Labbe, ii. 1225.
demand a hearing for the cause,
D D 4<
408 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
^
^^* detected than heresy of conduct. Gradually, from
Ecciesiasti- ^ moral as well as a religious power, the discipline
chieflyTon!
bccamc almost exclusively religious, or rather con-
finedto fined itself to the speculative, while it almost aban-
heresy.
doned in despair the practical effects of religion.
Heresy became the one great crime for which ex-
communication was pronounced in its most awful
form the heretic was the one being with whom it
;
This was almost the only way in which any man tageofthe
could devote great abilities or generous activity to elation
a useful purpose with reasonable hopes of success.
The civil offices were occupied by favour and
intrigue, often acquired most easily and held most
permanently by the worst men for the worst
purposes ; the utter extinction of freedom had left
no course of honourable distinction, as an honest
advocate or an independent jurist literature was
;
the cie"rgy?^
Christian hierarchy (without which, in its complete
and vigorous organisation, it is clear that the
religion could not have subsisted throughout these
ages of disaster and confusion) is to imagine, if
possible, the state of things without that influence.
A tyranny the most oppressive and debasing, without
any principles of free or hopeful resistance, or
resistance only attainable by the complete dismem-
berment of the Roman empire, and its severance
into a number of hostile states; the general morals at
the lowest state of depravation, with nothing but a
religion totally without influence, and a philosophy
without authority, to correct its growing cruelty
and licentiousness ; a very large portion of mankind
in hopeless slavery, with nothing to mitigate it but
the insufficient control of fear in the master, or
occasional gleams of humanity or political foresight
in the government, with no inward consolation or
feeling of independence whatever. In the midst
of this, the invasion of hostile barbarians in every
quarter,and the complete wreck of civilisation
with no commanding influence to assimilate the
adverse races, without the protection or conserva-
tive tendency of any religious feeling to soften
at length to reorganise and re-create, literature, the
arts of building, painting, and music ; the Latin
language itself breaking up into as many count-
less dialects as there were settlements of barbarous
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 415
BOOK
IV.
CHAP. IL
PUBLIC SPECTACLES.
VOL. III. E E
418 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
E E ^
420 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
not pass, or, at the farthest, entering only into the chap.
first porch, or vestibule*, and pressing around the ,
^^'
.
* There is much difficulty and icXavmg i'^w rfjg irvX^g rov evKTijpiov
confusion respecting these divi- tanV, ivOa tcrCJTa top dfxapTciPovTa
sions of the church. The fact pro- xP') "^^^^ elaiovTOJv SeXaOai ttkttojp
bably is, that, accorcHng to the pe- v-n-ip ahrov tvx^(T9ai' r] aKpoamg
riod or the local circumstances, the ev^oOi rijg TrvXijg iv ri^ vdpQijKi, tvda
structure and the arrangement iaravai xpy ^-ov vnaprijicoray tujg
were more or less complicated, tujv icanjxovi^itvujVy tvrtvQtv koi
Tertuliian says distinctly, "non l^tpxeaOat' cikovojv yap ^)]m twv
modo limine verum omni ecclesiae ypcKpoiv kuI ttjq ^iSacjKaXiacy k-fa-
tecto su])niovemus." Where the XiaOco, Kai fii) d^iovaOix) Trpoatyxng'
churches were of a simpler form, >) U viro-nTiornQy 'iva tauiOev Tijg
and had no roofed narthexor vcsti- TruXijg rov vaov LaTafifpog, /jfru rtZp
bule, these penitents stood in the KaTrixovi.dpu}p l^ipxijrai' ij avaramg,
open court before the church; even nm awioTaTai roig Triarolg kuI fiij
later, the flentes and the hiemantes tS,^pxr]Tca fu-d nop KaTrjxovfiepiop*
formed a particular class. reXevratov ijfxsOeKig rujp dyiaai^uiTajp.
A canon of St. Gregory Thau- Apud Labbe, Cone. i. p. 842.
maturgus gives the clearest view f Thispart of the church was
of these arrangements: '11 Trpuor- usually called the narthex. But this
E E 3
4^2 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
,
learnhig, was most likely to prevail, the cate-
chetical school of Origen attempted to form the
simpler truths of the Gospel into a regular and
progressive system of development.* The works
of Clement of Alexandria were progressive, ad-
dressed to the Heathen, the Catechumen, the per-
fect Christian. But the doctrine which was there
reserved for the initiate had a strange tinge of
Platonic mysticism. In the church in general
the only esoteric doctrine, as we have said, related
VOL. in. F F
434 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
severe laws against the violations of non habetur ; imo culpae genus est
the tombs. In fact, these treasures inutiliter abdita rehnqueremortuo-
were so great, as to be a source of rum, unde se vita potest sustentare
revenue, which the government viventium. Such are the instruc-
was unwilhng to share with un- tions of the minister of Theodo-
licensed pkmderers. Et si aurum, ric. Cassiod. Var. iv. 34.
ut dicitur, vel argentum fuerit tua But it is still more strange, that
indagatione detectum, compendio the Christians continued this prac-
publico fideliter vindicabis, ita tice, particularly of the piece of
tamen ut abstineatis a cineribus money in the mouth, which the
mortuorum. jEdificia tegant ci- Heathen intended for the payment
neres, cohimnoe vel marmora or- of Charon. It continued to the
nent sepulcra : talenta non tene- time of Thomas Aquinas, who,
ant, qui commercia virorum reli- according to M.R.Rochette, wrote
querunt. Aurum enim juste against it.
sepulcro detrahitur, ubi dominus
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 435
, ,
were or a more private nature ; the poor were
entertained at the cost of the married couple or
the relatives of the deceased. The relationship
of the martyrs extended to the whole Christian
community, and united all in one bond of piety.
They belonged, by a new tie of spiritual kindred,
to the whole Church.
By a noble metaphor, the day of the martyrs'
death was considered that of their birth to im-
mortality and their birthdays became the most
;
mythic fable) ;
panegyrical orations were delivered chap.
by the best preachers.* The day closed with an ,
F F 4
440 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
urbis Constantin. - - i
Paschae - - - - xv
Dies Solisi, circiter - - - xli
Natalitia Imperatorum - - iv
cxxv
Christmas-day, Epiphany, and Pen- (Grasvii Thesaur. viii.) reckons
tecost, were not as yet general ninety-six days for the games, of
holidays. which but few were peculiar to
f The Constantiniau Calendar Rome. Muller, ii. p. 49.
The other Sundays were comprised in the summer, autumnal, and Easter holidays.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 443
Compare the quotations from Liba- epist. 20. 27. 30, 31, 32, 33., iii.51.,
nius, in Godefroy's Commentary, iv.37. Theodoric espoused the
There a sumptuary law of Theo-
is green faction he suj)ported the
;
dosius II. limiting the expenses: pantomime. There were still tribuni
" Nee inconsulta plausorum insania voluptatum at Rome, vi. 6. Sti-
curialium vires, fortunas civium, pends were allowed to scenici, ix.
principalium domus, possessorum 21.
opes, reipublicae robur evellant." f Synmiachus, lib. x. epist. 28.
The Alytarchs,Syriarchs, Asiarchs, 42. Compare Heyne, Opuscula,vi.
and some others, are exempted p. 14.
from this Law. C. T. xv. 9. 2. In J Basil, in Psal. 61. Prudent.
Italy, at a later period, the reign Hamartigenia.
of Theodoric, the public games, § Muller names the following
were provided by the liberality besides the four great capi-
cities,
of the Gothic sovereign Beati-: tals, Constantinople, An-
Rome,
tudo sit temporum lostitia populo- tioch,and Alexandria, in which the
rum. Cassiodorus, epist. i. 20. games are alluded to by ancient
The Epistles of Theodoric's mi- authors, Gortyna, Nicomedia, Lao-
nister are full of provisions and dicea. Tyre, Berytus, C^rsarea,
regulations for the celebration of Heliopolis, Gaza, Ascalon, Jerusa-
446 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
f There are one or two passages Gordius, matrons and virgins, for-
of the Fathers opposed to this getting their bashfulness, rushed to
opinion. Tatian says, rovg oTrojg the theatre. Basil, vol. ii. p. 144.
^£1 ixoix^veiv hTTi riJQ <tki)v)]q aoipLaTtv- 147.
ovrag at ^vyctrepsg vfnov Kaioi TraiSeg
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 447
X Donatus in Andriain, act. iv. the energy of the first ages against
sc. 3. tragedy and comedy: — Tragical
^ Confess, iii. 2. historioe subjiciunt oculis patricidia
II
Chrysostoin, Horn. 10. in Co- et incesta reguni malorum, et co-
loss. V. ii. p. 403. Horn. 6. in
; thurnata scelera dcnionstrant. Co-
Terrae mot. i. 780., i. p. 38. i. 731. micie de stupris virginum et am-
VOL. III. G G
450 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
G G 2
40^ HISTORY or CHRISTIAXITY.
cruel enjoyments,*
Christianity began to assail this deep-rooted pas-
sion of the Roman world with caution, almost with
timidity. Christian Constantinople was never
defiled with the blood of gladiators. In the same
year as that of the Council of Nice, a local edict
was issued, declaring the Emperor's disapprobation
of these sanguinary exhibitions in time of peace,
and prohibiting the volunteering of men as gla-
diators, t This was a considerable step, if we call
to mind the careless apathy with which Constan-
tine, before his conversion, had exhibited all his
barbarian captives in the amphitheatre at Treves, t
* August. Conf. vi. 8. See vol. ii. p. 355,
j
t Codex Theodos. xv. 12. 1.
458 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
II
Arripe dilatam tua, dux, in tempora famam,
Quodque patri siipcrest, successor laudis habeto.
llle urbcm vetuit taurorum sanguine tingi,
Tu mortes miscrorum hominum prohibete litari :
BOOK
IV.
CHAR III.
CHRISTIAN LITERATURE.
VOL. III. n II
466 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
The though of a
religious books of Christianity, chap.
gentler cast, and only in a few short passages (and y.
H II 3
470 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
* Compare what has been said observe that the antiquity of this
on the Gospel of the Infancy, vol.i. gospel is very dubious,
jiage 133. jthough I would now
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 473
incUnation.
The larger part of Christian literature consists in
controversial writings, valuable to posterity as re-
cords of the progress of the human mind, and of
the gradual developement of Christian ophiions -, at
times worthy of admiration for the force, the co-
piousness, and the subtlety of argument ; but too
often repulsive from their solemn prolixity on in-
significant subjects, and above all, the fierce, the
unjust, and the acrimonious spirit with which they
treat their adversaries. The Christian literature in
prose (excluding the history and hagiography), may
be distributed under five heads : — I. Apologies, or
defences of the Faith, against Jewish, or more fre-
quently Heathen adversaries. II. Hermeneutics,
or commentaries on the sacred writings. III. Ex-
positions of the principles and doctrines of the
Faith. IV. Polemical works against the different
sects and heresies. V. Orations.
BOOK I. We
have already traced the manner in which
IV. ...
the apology for Christianity, from humbly defensive,
Apologies, became vigorously aggressive. The calm appeal to
justice and humanity, the earnest deprecation of
the odious calumnies with which they w^ere charged,
the plea for toleration, gradually rise to the vehe-
ment and uncompromising proscription of the folly
and guilt of idolatry. Tertullian marks, as it were,
the period of transition, though his fiery temper
may perhaps have anticipated the time when
Christianity, in the consciousness of strength,
instead of endeavouring to appease or avert the
wrath of hostile Paganism, might defy it to deadly
strife. Tlie earliest extant apology, that of Justin
Martyr, is by no means severe in argument, nor
vigorous in style, and though not altogether ab-
staining from recrimination, is still rather humble
and deprecatory in its tone. The short apologetic
orations —
as the Christians had to encounter not
merely the general hostility of the government or
the people, but direct and argumentative treatises,
written against them by the philosophic party —
gradually swelled into books. The first of these is
* The laity were long permitted days. Quod medicorum est, promit-
to address the people in the ab- tunt medici, tractant flibriiia fabri.
sence of the clergy. It was ob- Sola Scripturoriim ars est, quam
jected to the Bishop Demetrius, sibi omnes passim vindieant. Scri-
Cone. Carth. can. 98. Jerome might pariun hoc sit quadam facilitate
besupposed,inhisindignantremon- verborum, imo audacia, edisserunt
strance against the right which al- aliis quod ipsi non intelligujit.
most all assumed of interpreting the Epist. 1. ad Paulinum, vol. iv. p.
Scriptures, to be writing of later 371.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 483
I I 3
486 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
BOOK
IV.
CHAP. IV.
dows :" — Tovg ^£ TrpoQ TO (puig vices, especially reading the Scrip-
dvoiyfiaffi KaravydZu. He seems to tures, required it to be both bright
describe the temple as full of light, and equally diffused. Ciampini, as
emblematical of the heavenly light an Italian, prefers the latter, and
diffused by Christ, —
Xafnr^iov kccI sarcastically alludes to the narrow
(pojToi: 'ti.i-\eoj Tu Tt tvcuOev kciI tci windows of Gothic architecture,
hcTOQ but it is not easy to discover
: introduced by the " Vandals,"
where his metaphor ends and his whose first object being to exclude
fact begins. See Ciampini, vol. i. the cold of their northern climate,
p. 74. they contracted the windows to the
490 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
German words andeutung (allusion been so long dissevered from all its
or suggestion, but neither conveys coarse and humiliating associations,
the same forcible sense), and dars- that it cannot be cast back and
telliing, actual representation or desecrated into its state of op-
placing before the sight. The art- probrium and contempt. To the
ists who employ the first can only most daring unbeliever among
address minds already furnished ourselves it is the symbol the —
with the key to the symbohc or al- absurd and irrational, he may
legoric form. Imitation (the ge- conceive, but still the ancient and
nuine object of art) speaks to all venerable symbol — of a powerful
mankind. and influential religion. What was
f The author has expressed in a it to the Jew and
the Heathen ?
former work his impression on this — the basest, the most degrading,
most remarkable fact in the history punishment of the lowest crimi-
of Christianity. nal, the proverbial terror of the
" In one respect it is impossible wretched slave It was to them
!
now to conceive the extent to which what the most despicai)le and re-
the Apostles of the crucified Jesus volting instrument of public exe-
shocked all the feehngs of mankind. cution is to us. Yet to the Cross of
The public establishment of Chris- Christ men turned from deities, in
tianity, the adoration of ages, the which were embodied every attri-
reverence of nations, has thrown bute of strength, power, and dig-
around the Cross of Christ an in- nity," &c. Milman's Bampton Lec-
delible and inalienable sanctity. tures, p. 279.
No effort of the imagination can
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 497
the Cross assumed, and the fanciful vel orans, forma crucis vehitur.
notions concerning it. Navis per maria antenna cruel
Ipsa species crucis quid est nisi similata sufflatur. Thau litera sig-
forma quadrata niundi ? Oriens de num salutis et crucis describitur.
vertice fulgens ; Arcton dextra Hieronym. in Marc. xv.
tenet; Auster in laeva consistit ; f The 'ixevs, according to the
Occidcns sub plantis formatur. rule of the ancient anagram, meant
Unde Apostolus dicit ut sciamus,
; 'l}](Toi'g Xinarog Oeov Tiot; "Eioryp.
K K ^
500 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
arotti, in his work, " De' Vetri Ce- mestieri." See Mamachi, vol. i.
K K 3
502 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
BOOK i"to the Christian mind. The pure and holy and
^^- majestic inward thoughts and sentiments had to
work into form, and associate themselves with
appropriate visible images. This want and this
desire were long unfelt.
Person of Thc pcrsou of the Saviour was a subject of grave
dispute among the older fathers. Some took the
expressions of the sacred writings in a literal sense,
and outward form was mean and
insisted that his
unseemly. Justin Martyr speaks of his want of form
and comeliness. * Tertullian, who could not but be
in extremes, expresses the same sentiment with his
accustomed vehemence. The person of Christ
wanted not merely divine majesty, but even human
beauty, t Clement of Alexandria maintains the
same opinion, t But the most curious illustration
of this notion occurs in tlie workof Origen against
Celsus. In the true spirit of Grecian art and phi-
losophy, Celsus denies that the Deity could dwell
in a mean form or low stature. Origen is embar-
rassed with the argument he fears to recede from;
* Qua fuerit ille facie nos penitiis -|- Eiiseb. H. E. vii. 18, with
ignoramus nam et ipsius Donii-
: the Excursus of Heinichen. These
nicae facies carnis innumerabilium were, probably, two bronze figures,
cogitationum diversitate variatur oneof a kneeling woman in the act
et fingitur, quae tamen una erat, of supplication ; the other, the up-
qutccunque erat. De Trin. lib. vii. right figure of a man, probably of
c. 4, 5. a Caesar, which the Christian in-
The Christian apologists uni- habitants of Caesarea Philippi
formly acknowledge the charge, that transformed into the Saviour and
they have no altars or images. Mi- the woman in the Gospels: 'Vovrov
nuc. Fel. Octavius, x. p. 61. Ar- ^k tov dvcpuivTa eh-oya tov lijaov
nob. vi. post init. Origen, contra (p'tptiv VKtyov. Eusebius seems de-
Celsum, viii. p. 389. Compare sirous of believing the story. Com-
Jablonski (Dissertatio de Origine pare Munter.
Ima<:inum Christi, opuscul. vol, iii. \ "Ore kciI tojv 'ATroaroXiov Tuiv
p. 377.) who well argues that, con- abrov TageiKovag UavXov Kai Utrpov
sistently with Jewish manners, there Kai avrov dt) tov Xpirrrou Sid xP^-
could not have been any likeness of fianov tv ypatpalg (rio^oiihaQ iaTo-
the Lord. Compare Pearson on pi)aaiA(v. Ibid. loc. cit.
the Creed, vol. ii. p. 101.
506 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
1
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY 507
1 1 rr^i 11 T
portraits
on one type or model. 1 hey all represent the oftheSa-
'''°"'''
oval countenance, slightly lengthened; the grave,
soft, and melancholy expression the short thin ;
or glory. On the reverse is an in- love and awe. His hair was of the
scription in a kind of cabalistic colour of wine (vinei coloris), reach-
character, of which the sense seems ing to his ears, witii no radiation
to be, " The Messiah reigns in peace (sine radiatione, without the nim-
God is made man." This may bus), and standing up, from his ears,
possibly be a tessera of the Jewish clustering and and flowing
bright,
Christians ; or modelled after a down over his shoulders, parted
on
Gnostic type of the first age of the top according to the fashion of
Christianity. See Discours sur les the Nazarencs. The brow high
Types Imitatifs de I'Art du Chris- and open the complexion clear,
;
tion of the person of our Saviour and mouth finely formed the beard ;
in the spurious Epistle of Lentulus thick, parted, and the colour of the
to the Roman Senate (see Fabric. hair; the eyes blue, and exceed-
Cod. Apoc. N. T. i. p. 301.), since ingly bright. * * His counte-
it is referred to constantly by nance was of wonderful sweetness
writers on early Christian art. But and gravity ; no one ever saw him
what proof is there of the exist- laugh, though he was seen to weep ;
ence of this epistle previous to the his stature was tall; the hands and
great eera of Christian painting ? arms finely formed. * * * He was
" He was a man of tall and well- the most beautiful of the sons of
proportioned form ; the counte- men."
nance severe and impressive, so as t Raoul Rochette, p. 2G.
to move the beholders at once to
508 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
VOL. III. L L
514" HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
,
^_^' catacombs of Home and in all the earliest Christian
art. A modern writer, who has studied the subject
with profound attention, has expressed himself in
the following language * **
The catacombs des- : —
tined for the sepulture of the primitive Christians,
for a long time peopled with martyrs, ornamented
during times of persecution, and under the dominion
of melancholy thoughts and painful duties, never-
theless every where represent in all the historic
parts of these paintings only what is noble and
exalted t, and in that wliich constitutes the purely
decorative part only pleasing and graceful sub-
jects, the images of the good shepherd, represent-
ations of the vintage, of the agape, with pastoral
scenes : the symbols are fruits, flowers, palms,
crowns, lambs, doves, in a word nothing but what
excites emotions of joy, innocence, and charity.
Entirely occupied with the celestial recompense
which awaited them after the trials of their trou-
bled life, and often of so dreadful a death, the
BOOK IV. Christ fastened to the cross with four nails, still
.
living, and with open eyes. He was not represented
as dead till the tenth or eleventh century.* There
is some reason to believe that the bust of the Saviour
firstappeared on the cross, and afterwards the whole
person the head was at first erect, with some ex-
;
* De cruce Vaticana.
f The lines are not without merit :
—
Quo ciuce Jordancs suspenso gurgite fixis
Fluctibus, a facie divinai restitit arcae.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 517
If this description is drawn from talent for composition and for land-
the picture, not from the book, the scape, as well as for the drawing of
painter must have possessed some figures.
L L 3
18 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
CHAP.
V.
CHAP. V.
CONCLUSION.
nuich which was irreconcilable with its pure and ori- chap.
ginal spirit. Hence the mingled cliaracter of its social ,
in literature.*
may have been may
11begun
iiave
Principles
A
to take firm root,
r> 111
admitted, and
though the authori-
1 •
Enicton
natural
philosophy.
Briickcr,Hist. Phil. iii. p. 357. The that great prelate. The evil was, not
work of Cosmas Indicopleustes, that the fathers fell into extraor-
edited by Montfaufon, is a curious dinary errors on subjects of which
example of the prevailing notions they were ignorant, but that their
of physical science. errors were canonised by the blind
* Compare the Hexaemeron of veneration of later ages, which
Ambrose, and Brnckcr's sensible might have been better informed.
remarks on the pardonable errors of
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY- 539
* The progress of the worship fathers of the next period leave the
of saints and angels has been fairly saints and martyrs in a kind of in-
and impartially traced by Shroeck, termediatestate,thebosomof Abra-
ChristHcheKirchengeschichte, viii. ham or Paradise, as explained by
161. etseq. In the account of the Tertnllian, contr. Marc. iv. 34.
martyrdom of Polycarp, it is said, Apolyct. 47. Compare Irenaeus
" we love the martyrs as disciples adv. Haer. v. c. 31. Justin, Dial, cun
and followers of the Lord." The Tryph. Origen, Horn. vii. in Levit.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 541
devotion, know no
logic they pause not it would
: ;
* Massuet, in his preface to Ire- vol. ii, p. 155. These and similar
naeus, p. cxxxvi. has adduced some passages in Greg. Nazianzen (Orat.
texts from the fathers of the fourth in Basil. )and Gregory of Nyssa (in
and fifth centuries on the ubiquity Theodor. Martyr.) may he rhetori-
of the saints and the Virgin. cal ornaments, but their ignorant
-|- Perhaps the earliest instances and enthusiastic hearers would not
of these are in the eulogies of the make much allowance for the fer-
eastern martyrs, by Basil, Greg, vour of eloquence.
Naz. and Greg. Nyssen. See es- J An illustration of the new
pecially the former on the Forty form assumed by Christian wor-
Martyrs. 'O ^\i€6ntvoQ, tTrl tovq ship may be collected from the
TtaaapuKovTci KaTa(ptvyti,6 evcppaLvo- works of Paulinus,who,in eighteen
jxevog, kw civtovq diroTpsxei, o fjitv poems, celebrates the nativity of
'Iva \vaiv evpjj tmv livaxtpoJv, 6 dk St. Felix the tutelary saint of
'iva (pv\a-)(Qy ahrtZ tu xQ^'^Toripa' Nola. St. F'elix is at least invested
tvravOa yvvt) ev(Te€7}g inrep rtKvtov in the powers ascribed to the inter-
evxofiivt] KaTokan^ai/eTai, cnrodt]- mediate deities of antiquity. Pil-
fiovvTiav^piToviTravo^ovaiToviitv)), grims crowded from the whole of
appioarovpTL Tri7> (noTtjpiar. Oper. the south of Italy to the festival of
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 543
2 " Da
currere mollibus undis
Et famulis famulos a puppi suggere ventos." — Carm. i.
silver plates with inscriptions, can- bling apprehension lest the splen-
dles of painted wax, pendent lamps, did " palace " of the saint should
precious ointments, and dishes of be enveloped in the flames. He
venison and other meats for the entered the church, armed with a
banquet. The following character- piece of the wood of the true cross,
istic circumstance must not be and advanced towards the fire.
omitted. The magnificent plans The flames which had resisted all
of Paulinus for building the church the water thrown upon them, re-
of St. Felix were interfered with treated before the sacred wood ;
by two wooden cottages, which and in the morning everything was
stood in a field before the front of found uninjured except these two
the building. At midnight a fire devoted buildings. The bishop,
broke out in these tenements. The without scruple, ascribes the fire
affrighted bishop woke up in trem to St. Felix :
—
" Sed et hoc Felicis gratia nobis
Munere consuluit, quod prajveniendo laborem
UtiUbusJIammis^ operum compendia nobis
Praestitit." Carm. x.
The peasant, who had dared to of God or of his saint, seeing one
prefer his hovel, though the beloved of the buildings thus miraculously
dwelling of his youth, to the house in flames, sets fire to the other.
" Et ccleri peragit sua damna furore
Dilectasque domos, et inanes planget amores."
Some of the other miracles at the shrine of St. Felix border close
on the comic.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY. 545
VOL. III. N N
546 HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN IT Y.
Such are the verses of George of Pisidia, relating a victory over the
Avars.
N N 2
548 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
tribes of, i. II. The granary of ii. 433. He expels Arius from
Rome, ii- 375. Advance of reli- the city, 434.
N N 3
550 INDEX.
119 —
124. Moral and religious, 419. On acquittal at Rome, he
238. et passim. resumes his office, 420. St. Paul
Allegory, Scripture, by whom consi- boldly confronts, 433. 437.
dered a moral, i. 26. 152. Greek Andreas, execution of the eunuch,
mythology also reduced to, 79. ii. 277.
iii. 53. Religions when clothed Andrew, St., the Apostle, i. 159.
in, 119.
i. 189. 225.
Allegorical Being attributed to Wis- Angel of the Synagogue, or chazan,
dom, Mind, Agriculture, &c. &c., defined, ii. 67.
ii. 84. Persons and incidents of Angels and Archangels, i. 70. The
the Old Testament said to be al- Angel of the Covenant, 83. Mis-
legorical, iii. 499. sions of Gabriel to Zachariah,
Altar of the ancient Romans erected 91. To Elizabeth, 91 94. To —
in camps, i. 19. Of Incense of the Virgin Mary, 94. 96. To St.
the Temple, 157. Of the Un- Peter in prison, 409, 410. Of the
known God, ii. 17, 18. n. Chris- Pool of Bethesda, 215. n.
tian, 505.
iii. Angel, the material world created by
Amantius, reasons of his execution, an, ii, 106, 113.
iii. 118, Angels and Jewish doc-
devils, later
Ambrose, St., rebukes Theodosius, trine of, 101,
ii,
ii. 466. iii. 165. 169. 171. He , the seven, of Gnostic heresy,
flies from Milan, on occasion of ii. 113. Contest of good and bad,
the apostasy of Evigenius, 173. 114.
Character and fate of, 241, et seq. Anna, prophetical character of, i, 109.
He advocates celibacy, 244. Re- Annas, high priest, i. 285. 334.
demption of captives by, 245. His 392, n. His son Annas, or Ana-
belief in the miracles performed at nus, high priest, 441, His san-
Milan, 253. His denial of a guinary administration of the Jew-
church for tlie use of the heretical ish law, 443,
empress Justina, 247 250. His— Annunciation, the, of our Lord, i.
light and darkness, li. C>2S. ct j^ns- 163. 182. iii. 475. « Apology' of
sim. See Prhiciples. Christianity, ii. 154. 157. 165.
Anthemius, the Emperor, iii. '159. 182. 215. iii. 476.
Anthropomorphism of the Greeks,!. Appendix I., Recent Lives of Christ,
16. 18. ii. Of the Egyptian
16. i. 115.
monks, 309.
iii. II., Origin of the Gospels,
Antinous, the (juinquennial games in i. I'JI.
Arbogastes, the Gaul, commander of Asia, rapid fall of the monarchies of,
the Roman troops, iii. 173. i. 1. Jewish settlements in, 60.
Archelaus, his accession on the death 62, n. Religions of, 64. 427.
of Herod the Great, i. 86. 114. Asiatic hours of the day, i. 179. n.
136. His deposition, 137. 139. Jews, the, i. 397. ii. 7. Ca-
341. lamities of, 293.
bishop of Cascar, his con-
, Asia Minor, Jews resident in all the
ference with Mani, ii. 337. His provinces of, i. 421, 422. Chris-
' Acts,' 327. tian churches of, 428. ii. 150, 151.
Architecture of Grecian temples, ii. n. St. Paul preaches in the cities
412. 414. Principle of the arch and of, ii. 24, et seq, 40. 42. Office of
vault, 412. Of Christian churches, Asiarch, 29. n. Progress of Chris-
414. Later Roman, 417. Church, tianity in, 80. 158. Orientalism
iii. 488. Windows, 489. Sub- of Western, 92. 168. Persecu-
divisions of the building, 490. tions in, 183. 292. et passim.
Gothic, 491. Asmonean dynasty, the, i. 341. See
Ardeschir Babhegan, king of Persia, the Herods.
ii. 312. Astarte, worship of, i. 64. ii. 227.
Areopagus at Athens, ii. 15. iii. 93.
Aretas, king of Arabia, i. 145. n. Astral worship, of the East, i. 12.
176. 240. 406. 64.
Arianism, of the Visigoths, ii. 423. Astrologers banished by Augustus,
n. Disputes on account of, iii, i. 43.
2—21. 46. 124. Astrology, its character, i. 43, Books
Arians, tenets of this sect, ii. 433. of, ii. 130. Predictions of, 176.
Triumph of the faction, iii. 22. 25. Asylum, right of, iii. 222.
47. Athanasian Christians, the, iii. 29.
Arius, doctrine of, ii, 433. Driven et passim.
from Alexandria, 434. Writes the Athanasius, St., ii. 444. 449. Charges
' Thalia,' 435. His disciples, 435. against him, 450. Appears before
n. Is exiled, 444. Recalled by the synod of Tyre, 453. He jus-
a letter from Constantine, 446. tifies himself, 453. Meets the of-
456. His sudden death, 457. The fended Constantine, 454. New
Arian faction, iii. 22. accusations, 454. Banished to
Aristides, his apology for Christian- Treves, 456. Acquittal of, iii. 2.
ity, ii. 154. 189. Aprominent character of Christian-
Aristobulus, 166. n.
ii. ity, 7. His restoration to Alex-
Armenia, 141;
iii. Jews of, i. 62. andria, 9. He flies to Rome, 11.
War of Maximin with, ii. 294. 14. Is recalled, 1 7. New charges
The first Christian kingdom, 318. against, 21. Orders to remove
Armenian Church, the, ii^81. 316. him, 26. Tumults at Alexandria
Arsaces, dynasty of, ii. 311. in consequence, 27, Retreat of
INDEX. 553
this prelate, 30. His writings de- Baat,, the Sun worshipped as, i. 64.
scribed, 38. His return from exile, Baalbec, temples of, ii. 412. 417. iii.
and authority over the Christian 149.
church of Alexandria, 96. His Baalpcor, rites of, ii. 225.
fifth exile, 124. His death, 124. Babylas, bishop of Antioch, his mar-
Allusions to, 521. et passim. tyrdom and relics, ii. 243. iii. 88.
Athens, Jewish proselytes at, i. 429. n. 92.
State of polytheism at, ii. 13. St. Babylon, Jews at, i. 61. 63. n. Con-
Paul in the Areopagus, 15. Phi- troversy respecting [on St. Peter, I.
losophy of, 16. 18. The Emperor V. 13.], 63. n.
Hadrian's visit to, 153. Julian Babylonia, superstitions of, i. 5. 40.
at, iii. 62. The Parthenon, i. 26. 70. Captivity and settlement of
iii. 161. n. Jews in, 61, 62. ii. 312. Cara-
Attains, Roman emperor, iii. 181. vans from Jerusalem to, i. 111. n.
a Christian martyr,
, ii.195. 164.
Augustan JEra, the, i. 1. Bacchus, Temple of, at Alexandria,
Augusti and Cctsars, forming four iii.153.
cotemporary authorities in the Bactria, i. 66. ii. 314.
Roman
empire, ii. 304. Baharam, King, 337.
ii.
Augustine, St., his works effected a Balk, city of, ii. 313.
change in human opinion, and in- Bampton Lectures : — Remarks on
fluence Christianity, iii. 263. His Polytheism, by the Rev. H. H.
use of Latin, 263. The Augusti- Milman, ii. 6. n. By Mr. Coney-
nian theology, 264. His style of beare, 264. n.
writing, 271. His civil life, 273. Baptism, rite of, i. 142. 417. ii. 3.
'
His studies, 274. Impressed with 77. iii. 427.
Manichean notions, 274. His cele- Baptism by Menander, disciple of
brity, 275. His baptism, 276. Con- Simon Magus, ii. 101.
troversial writings of, 276. The Barabbas, release of, i. 324. 353.
• City of God,' 277—281. 477. Barbarians, the enemies of the Ro-
Life of Augustine, 282. The siege man empire termed, ii. 390.
ofHippo,284. His death, 284. Re- Their irruption into the Roman
marks of, 439. 457. et passim. His empire, iii. 39. 127.
work « De Civitate Dei,' i. 29. Bar-cochab, his successes against
36. n. De Consensu Evangelist., Hadrian, i. 147. n.
128, n. Other writings of, ii. Bardesanes, mystic hymns of, ii.
323. n. 325. n. 335. n. 370. 379. 108. The Poet of the Gnostics,
iii. 175. n. 252. n. 286. De Mo- 124. iii. 191.
ribus Manichaeorum, ii. 336. n. Bar-Jesus struck with blindness by
Augustus, JEra of, i. 1. Sacrifice by Paul and Barnabas, i. 422.
Octavius, 27. n. His deification, Barnabas, of Cyrus, his conversion, i.
29. n. The decree of, 104. Re- 407. His conjoint mission with
script of, in favour of the Jews, ii. Paul, 4 5. 422. 424. In company
1
Bath-Kol, or voice from Heaven, i. St. Jerome's Latin version of, 288.
306. n. 336. Language of the Old Tes-
Beausobre, M., on the Slmonians, ii. tament, 363. 465. n. Its persons and
98, 99. On Manicheism, 322. n. incidents an allegory of the doctrines
332. n. 337. n. of the New Testament, 4 99.
Beauty, allegorical impersonation of Bingham, Eccles. Antiq., quoted, ii.
of, i'i. 99. 414. iii. 369. n.
Beelzebub, i. 234. Bishop, authority of the, ii. 71.
Belgium ravaged by the Catti, ii. Bishops, presbyter, of the primitive
180. Church, 64. 156. n.
ii. Ordi-
Belief, diversities of, i. 82. et passim. nation or consecration of, 72.
Bentley, Dr., i. 427. |
Their attention to secular con-
Bernice, wife of Polemo king of Ci- cerns, 77. Title of pontiff, 78.
licia, i. 425. 440. Growth of the sacerdotal power,
BercTca, the Apostles at, ii. 14. 365. 381. 439. iii. 179. 218.
Bertholdt, Professor, Christologia 353. 357. 405. Mode of election
Judseorum of, i. 58. n. His ex- of, 366. Metropolitan, 367. Form-
tracts from certain Samaritan let- ation of the diocese, 367. Chor-
ters, 180. episcopi, 368. Archbishops, 369.
Bethabara and the ford of the river Patriarchs, 369. Management of
Jordan, i. 141. the church property intrusted to,
Bethany, Jesus at, i. 269. n. 279. 382. The oeconomus, 382. Mar-
283. 800. 311. n. 331. n. 383. riage of, 384.
Beth-esda, Healing of the sick man Bithynia, spread of Christianity in,
at the Pool of, i. 215, 216. Judi- and the neighbouring provinces, ii.
cial investigation into the conduct 140.
of Jesus, 217. His defence, 217. Blandina, torture and martydom of,
His second defence, 218. ii. 1 96, et seq.
Bethlehem, Birth of Christ at, i. 86. Blasphemy, accusations of: — Our
iii. 286. The Magi adore the Saviour, 354. St. Stephen, 397.
i.
Cana, marriage at, i. 161. The mi- Celestial bodies, their offices, accord-
racle of turning water into wine, ing to Mani, ii. 333.
considered as anti-Essenian, 161, Celibacy, early observance of, i. 162.
162. ii. 87. iii. 292. 320. Laws fa-
Canaanite woman, the, prays Jesus vourable to, ii. 475. Its influence
to heal her daughter, i. 251. on civilisation, iii. 127. 224. Of
556 INDEX.
OF Christ, 86. 98. 107. 109. The 197, 198. 237. Manner of his
Annunciation, 94. 96. The In- Discourses, 199. These were not
carnation, 97. The Holy Child, in unison with the age, 201.
108. 133. The Circumcision, 109. His conduct with regard to his
The flight into Egypt, and return countrymen, 207. Forgave sins,
thence, 113. Recent Lives of, 209. Is a general theme of admira-
see Appendix I., 115. Parables tion, and beloved by the people, 2 1 0.
of, 125. The Resurrection of, 131.n. 304. Again keeps the Passover
INDEX. 557
in Jerusalem, 212, Change of Annas,"333, et seq. And is inter-
the national sentiment as to Jesus, rogated by Caiaphas, 335. His
213, 214. 322. Commencement arraignment before the Sanhedrin,
of public accusations against Je- 335, et seq. Question of their
sus, 217, et seq. His retirement, jurisdiction in capital charges, 339.
223. Returns to Capernaum, and His reproof to I'eter, 338. No
appoints the twelve Apostles, 224 l)recedent for the trial of Jesus,
— 227. 238. His power exerted 342. INIotives of the Rulers in
in recalling the dead to this world, carrying Jesus to the tribunal of
229. 238. Compares himself and Pilate, 343. The Roman prefect,
John the Baptist, 232. Is enter- and Herod also, declared they
tained by a Pharisee, and is anoint- found no guilt in Jesus, 351. 354.
ed from an alabaster box by INIary The Saviour declares, in turn, that
Magdalen, 233. His conduct to- Pilate is guiltless of his blood, 356.
wards his relatives, 236. He re- Insults of the soldiery, 337. The
bukes the storm, 238. He walks crown of thorns, and mocking of
upon the waters, 243. Question Jesus, 354. The Sanhedrin press
of Jesus being the ^Messiah, 245. n. the charge of '
blasphemy,' 354.
264. 280. 290. 314. 412. Public The condemnation of our Saviour,
Life of Jesus from the first to the 357. The Crucifixion, 359, et seq.
second Passover, 175. Second The Passion and Agony, 364.
year of the public life of Jesus, Burial of Christ, 366. His Title
212. The third year, 247. The of King of the Jews, 360. His
last Passover, 287. Concealment Resurrection, 376 — 382. His As-
of Jesus, 250. 253. 275. Peter cension, 383. Advent, and second
recognises him as Christ, the Son
' coming of, 391. 454. The only
of the Living God,' 256. The Messiah, 445. The descendants
Transfiguration of, 25 7. He teaches of the brethren of Jesus brought
in the Temple, 261. 266. Is de- before the tribunals, ii. 57. Their
nounced by the Sanhedrin, 262. poverty a cause of their release,
272. Pharisees perplexed as to 58. Mystical doctrine of the
the measures against Jesus, 263. Gnostics, and of Jews, relative to
His defence before the Sanhedrin, the Messiah, 102. Doctrine of
268. 281. 335, 336. n. The true the human nature of. 111. Na-
Shepherd, 275. Visits Jerusalem ture of the Christos, 112. 122.
at the Feast of the Dedication, Gnostic notions of, 118. 123
279. He asserts his being one 131. A temple of Venus Aphro-
with the Father, 281. Caiaphas dite over the Holy Sepulchre, 417.
and the authorities of Jerusalem Helena, mother of Constantine,
resolve on putting him to death, builds the Church of the Holy Se-
286. Calm demeanour of the Sa- pulchre, and other edifices, 419.
viour, 300. 330. 333. He enters The true Cross discovered, 419.
Jerusalem on the colt of an ass, Person of the Saviour, 502. INIa-
followed by a rejoicing multitude, jesty of the hidden divinity, 503.
303. 311. n. He declares his ap- Augustin's description of his
proaching death, 307. 317. Causes beauty, 504. Earliest portraits of,
that prompted the Jews to require 507. The Father rarely repre-
it, 322. His betrayal by Judas, sented, 508.
326. 332. His final celebration Christianity,appearance of, i. 3.
of the Passover, 329. He insti- Its Co-extensive
universality, 7.
tutes the Sacrifice of the Lord's with the Roman Empire, 8. Re-
Supper, 329. His prayer to the volution effected by, 44. Design
Father in the garden of Geth- of this History of, 47. Its influ-
semane, 331. His Agony, 332. ence on civilisation, 47. Different
Is led prisoner to the house of in form at difierent periods of
55S INDEX.
civilisation, 49. Gave rise to chi- 456. 460. Their total independ-
valry, 49. Not
self-developed, 50. ence of Judaism, 432. Effect of
The Saviour Jesus, 50. Princi- the fall of Jerusalem and destruc-
ples of, 50. Tlie Gospels, 50 tion of the Temple, on, 445. Prac-
54. 60. 95. 110. 18G. Historical tice of our Lord and the Apostles,
evidence of, 52. Development of, 447. How far Judaism was re-
77. Spirit of the times at the tained by the early Church, 449,
Birth of Christ, 88. 96. The et seq.ii. 43, 44. 75. Promulga-
Christian scheme essentially moral, tion of the Christian doctrine in
and distinguished from the physi- Rome, i. 451, et seq. At Corinth,
cal notions of India or China, 98. ii. 22. et passim. In Asia Minor,
148. 422. Propagation and main- 40. Its conflict with Judaism, 1.22.
tenance of, 129—132. 404. 445. et passim, iii. 98, et seq. And with
Tlie great Day of the Lord, 14G. Paganism, ii. 1. 254. 259. 308.
Origin of Monks and Hermits, 1 62. St. Paul a later representative of,
Principles of Christian morality, 17. 43. His martyrdom, 42. 46.
201. Its universality, 205, 206. Great revolutions slow and gra-
319. 413. Was particularly op- dual, 48. In the Second Century,
posed to the doctrine 9f the Sad- 49. Characters of Trajan, Hadrian,
ducees, 293. Its real design not and the Antonines favourable to,
understood by the Jews, 295. 138. The conflict of Oriental
Who among the Hebrew nation worship with, 80. 103. Tlieir
likely to embrace, 296. Christ's combination, 94. Religious sects
compendious definition of, 315. confused with the ancient religions,
Ordinance of the Lord's Supper, 80. Asceticism introduced into,
329. The History of Christi- 88. The Gnostics, 95—135.
anity commenced from the Cruci- Christianity during the prosperous
fixion, 365—368. The Resurrec- period of the Roman empire,
tion of Christ, and promulgation 136. 140—144. 260. The Chris-
of his religion, 371, et seq. Peter tians kept aloof from theatrical
invested with the pastoral charge, amusements, 146. Crisis in the
382. The religion of Jesus suc- position of the Christians at Rome,
cessfully re-instituted by the gift of 143. 147. 178. 259. Public cry
tongues to the Apostles, 385. Ha- of ' the Christians to the lions,'
rangues by Peter and the followers 154. 175. Insecurity of the Im-
of Christ, 387. Converts, at Je- perial throne favourable to, 200.
rusalem, to the creed of Jesus, 263. Peaceful conduct of the
388. Common fund, of the early Christians, 206. Change in the
followers of the Apostles, 389. relation of, to society, under Alex-
Doctrine of the Resurrection, 75. ander Severus, 232. Under Maxi-
78. 313. 371. 391, 392. Tolera- min, Gordian, Philip, and Decius,
tion of the Apostles and early 240, et seq. Persecuted by De-
Church at Jerusalem, 395. Per- cius, 242, et seq. By Valerian,
secution of Christians in the Holy —
246 253. By AureUan, 254.
City, 400. 409. 44 1 Progress of,
. By Dioclesian, 259. INIiserable
in the First Century of the Chris- death of the persecutors of, 253,
tian iEra, 411. 445. ii. 48. Church 254. 285. 297. 345, 346. Tem-
of Antioch assumes the appellation porary peace of the Church, 259
of Christians, i. 411. External The Dioclesian Persecution, 259
conflict of Judaism with, 414. 281. Dioclesian and Galerius de-
428. Internal conflict, 414. Not liberate concerning Christianity,
likely long to 'maintain or suffer 272. A civil Council summoned,
the ri^id nationality of the He- 272. Edicts of persecution, 273.
brew people, 424. Christians se- 279. Its triumph by the conver-
parate from the Jews, 430. 447. sion of Constantine, 308, et seq.
INDEX. 559
340. 381. Different state of the Chronology of the Acts, i. 409.
East for the propagation of, 34'J. 439. n.
And of the West, 343. Civil war of the Epistles, i. 451.
of the Donatists and Trinitarians, n.
364, et seq. Doctrines of, 396. Chrysanthlus, iii. 58,59. 79.
398. Rise of Constantinople fa- Chrysostom, St., writings of, iii. 90.
vourable to, 401, 402, et seq. Le- 187. 497. Bishop of Constan-
gal establishment of, 4G4. Effects tinople, 205. 217. Life of, 206.
on the religion, 464. And on the Political diflicultics of, 220. Is
civil power, 465. And on society, governed by Serajjion, his deacon,
468. Its progress towards the 225. Is summoned before the
conquest of the whole world, ill. 1. Patriarch of Alexandria, 228.
Worldly reprisals on religion, 1. Condemned by the Council of
Elements of Christianity, 5. In Chalcedon, 228. 230. He quits
the Dark Ages, 39. In the reign Constantinople, 231. His return,
of Julian, 55. Toleration of, by 232. Second condemnation of,
Julian the Apostate, 82. How 234. His retreat, 235. 237. His
far he limited his favours to, 82, 83, death, 238. His remains trans-
84. It predominated in Constan- ported to Constantinople, 238.
tinople and at Antioch, 89. Pro- Causes of the persecution of, 227.
bable results of Julian's conflict 233, 234. 238.
with, 107. Monastic asceticism of, Church, the heresies in, i. 63. Ar-
117. State of, in the East, 124, ticles of the, 79. n. The Apostles
et seq. It mitigated the evils of establish the primitive Christian,
invasions by Barbarians, 127. Mo- or early, 388. The common fund
nasteries and hermitages, 128. not a community of goods, 389.
The Goths, Gepidae, Vandals, and Toleration of, at Jerusalem, 394,
Burgundians receive, 136. 138. et seq. Deacons, instituted, 396.
Its triumph and concentration Success of St. Stephen, 397.
under Theodosius, 1 40, et seq. 462. The first martyr, 397. He proved
General effects of Monachlsm on, Christian faith to be triumphant
311. 316. 321. Survey of the over death, 400. Christians of
change effected in, 341, et seq. Damascus, 402. The Apostles at
Christians no longer a separate Jerusalem admit Paul of the Chris-
people, 341. Christian writers, tian community, 407. 440. Herod
342. Assailed the savage gladia- Agrippa, grandson of Herod the
torial spectacles of Rome, 457. Great, persecutes the Church of
Christian literature, 464. 475. Judaea, 409. On the supernatural
The Ecclesiastical Greek andLatln release of St. Peter, the persecu-
are new dialects, 465. Church tion ceases for a time, 4 1 0. Church
poetry, Latin, 466. Greek, 468. n. of Syria, 411. Church of Cy])rus,
Acts of the Martyrs, 469. The 407.'411. 422. Church of 'Anti-
Fine Arts, as connected with, 486. och, 411. 425. 449. Ordination
Christianity the religion of the of Elders, 424. Council of Jeru-
Roman world, 525. Christian salem [A. D. 49.], 425. The pri-
Theology, 527. Mythic age of mitive Christians of, 430. The
Christianity, 531. Churches of Asia Minor, 431.
Christmas Day, i. 108, et seq. 451. ii. 183. The Christian
Chronology of the Scriptures, al. Church of Jerusalem, 1. 441. ii.
luded to, 106.
1 417, et seq. Christians warned to
of the Life of Christ, i. flyfrom Jerusalem on the approach
187. n, 275. n. 301. of Titus,i. 444. Controversy of the
of early Christian his- primitive, on election and the pre-
tory, how far uncertain, i. 395. servation of Judaic doctrines, 450.
560 INDEX.
Passion for chariot races, 410. 12. ii. 106. 113. 1C7. Persian
Tlie Hippodrome and its factions system of the, 66. ii. 84.
known by tlieir colours, 410. The Creator, the Almighty, i. 319. Gno-
churclies of, 467. Successors of stic notion of a malignant nature,
Constantine, iii. 1, et seq. Tlie ii. 426.
of, i. 427. Grove of, iii. 89. 91, Diagoras of Mclos, ii. 20.
92. Diana of the Ephcsians, ii. 29, 30.
Darkness, preternatural, during the 103.
crucifixion, i. 363. Dica?archus, Macedonian naval com-
Darkness, the realm of, ii. 329. n. mander, i. 6. n.
David, the son of, i. 56. n. 59. 78. Dio Chrysostom, oration of, ii. 21.
95. 102. 159. 295. Royal lineage Dioclesian, the Emperor,
240. ii.
Trinitarians, ii. 364. A fatal hermits of, 128. 296. 306. The
scliism, 378. 422. temjiles of Egyptian worship and
Donatists, the, ii. 3G4, et seq. idols destroyed,' 150 160, —
Dorotheus put to death, ii. 177. Eichhorn, biblical remarks by, i,
Dove, the, descending on Jesus, i. 399. n,
151, 152. _ Elagabalus, the Emperor, ii. 225.
Druids, the, ii. "39. n. Their inhuman Worshipped, 226. Religious in-
rites proscribed, 343. novations meditated by, 228.
Drusilla, espoused by Aziz king of Elders of the Church, ii. 70. Of
Emcsa, i, 425. n. Felix and, ii. the Synagogue, 66.
98. Election, doctrine of, iii. 269.
Dryden's line on the savage Man, Eleusinian mysteries, the, ii. 20. iii.
i. 9. 63,
Du Perron, question of the Zenda- Eleusis, Temple of, iii. 161.
vesta, &c., i, 68. n. Elias, tradition and expectation of
his re-appearance, i, 144. n. 157.
Earth and Sun, i. 12. Fabulous 255. 257. 364.
marriage of the, 13. Elijah, the still small voice addressed
Earthquakes, ii, 179. ili. 231. to, i, 45, His personal re-appear-
East, on religions of the, i. 5. 12. 15. ance expected, 92. 144, 146. 157.
22. 40. 64. 68. 74. 79. 98. 172. .364. Reverence for, 143.
296. 413. ii. 52. 82, e^ sey. 1 18. Elizabeth, mother of John the Bap-
225. 227. 310 —
318. Persecution tist, i. 93, 94. 101,
in the, 377. Gnostics of the, ii. Elymas, the sorcerer, 422. ii, 9, i.
231. Propagation of the Christian Emanation, doctrine of, ii, 83. 98,
faith in the, ii. 22— 64. 81. 31 6— 102. 109. 111. 324.
321.342. et passim. The East still Enimaus, the disciples at, i. 380.
pagan, ii. 381. Emblems, Christian, iii. 500.
Eastern Churches, ii. 389. iii. 124. Emesa, the conical black stone of,
Easter, Festival of, ii. 438. Time ii. 226.
Esdras, Second Book of, i. 82. n. ii. Exodus, passages from tlie Book of,
165. i. 314. 328. n.
Kssenes, the ascetic sect of, i. 84. 93. Exorcism, i. 234. By the name of
141, 142. IGl, 162, 163. 297. 389. Jesus, 431. ii. 27. The name of
ii. 67. u. 86. 88. 92. 114. God, ii. 27. n.
Etruscans, the, i. 18. Haruspices Exorcists, Jewish, ii. 27, 28.
of, iii. 105. Ezekicl, chariot of, i. 65. n. On a
Eucharist, the, i. 329, et seq. ii. 77. future state, 75.
335. iii. 428. Tragoedus, ii. 166. n.
Eudoxia, the Empress, her cliaracter, Ezra, i. 61.
iii. 227. 230. 233, et seq. Her
statue, 234. Fabianus, Bishop of Rome, put to
Eudoxus of Antioch, iii. 45. Bishop death, ii. 242.
of Constantinople, 47. 1 24. Fabiola, her funeral at Rome, iii.
His authority refer rred to, i. 94. Fatalism, doctrine of, ii. 19.
n. 425. n. 442. n. 444. ii. 125. n. Fathers, traditions of the, iii. 365.
158. n. 244. n. 278. n. 348. n. Fausta, the Empress, put to death
475. n. Latin version of, by Ru- by order of Constantine, ii. 391 —
finus, ii. 341. n. His Life of Con- ' 396. Domus Fausta?, 361. n.
stantine,' 460. Felix, his cliaracter, i. 41 9. His ad-
Eustathius, bishop of Antioch, ac- ministration of the Roman pro-
cused of Sabellianism, ii. 448. His vince of Juda'a, 419. 434. 439. n.
mission to the Iberians, 481. St. Paul before, 438. Affair of
Eutropius, Proconsul of Asia, accu- Urusllla, ii. 98.
sation against, iii. 121. , bishop of Apthunga, ii. 371.
. the eunuch, iii. 222. His
, 373.
saved by St. Chrysostom, 224.
life Festivals of ancient Rome, i. 19. iii.
Afterwards beheaded at Chalcedon, 183 Of the Jews, i. 248. 254.
225. 257. 261. 277. n. 279. n. Of the
Evangelists, the, i. 51. 53, 54. 60. Church, iii. 435.
95. 105. n. 106. n. 111. n. 143. Festus, Porcius, Roman governor in
152. 279. n. 383. n. Style of the, Judaea, i. 323. St. Paul accused
i. 375. See Appendices to chapter ii. before, 439.
o o 3
566 INDEX.
Jesus, 261. They refuse tribute against the Roman empire, ii. 181.
to Rome, 312. The Apostles were 190. 390. iii. 141,
Galileans, and made numberless Gervaise, St,, and Protadcus, the
converts, 385. martyrs, iii, 253.
Galilee, i. 95. 103. 164. 188, Its Gcsenius, critic and commentator on
population, 195. The Tetrarchate Isaiah, i, 59. 63. n. On some
of, i. 114. 195. Jesus made a pro- Samaritan poems, i, 181, n,
gress through, 194. Is unmo- Geta, accession of, ii. 217.
lested, 197, The Apostles return Geta?, the, superstitious practices of,
to, 382. ii, 321.
INDEX. 5G7
Various sects of, 114. Allegory 54. Texts relating to the Mes-
of Valentinus, 1 1 8 124. Barde- — siah, 60. 95. 110, 111. n. On
sanes tlie mystical poet of the, St. Luke's Gospel, 105. n. 106. n.
124. Gnosticism had many con- History of the Saviour in, 116
verts, but was not a popular be- 122. Origin of the, 124—129.
lief, 132. It was conciliatory to- Their influence on the propagation
Avards Paganism, 133. Images, of Christianity, 129—132. Time
iii. 505, 506. of their general reception, ii.
God, ideas of the Divinity and Crea- 73. iii. 266. Spurious Gospels,
tor, 14,15. 23.34. 45. 51. 218. n.
i. 472.
314. 3. 16, et seq. 83. 108.
ii. Gothic language, the, iii. 136.
119. 130. 236. 328. The one God Goths, their invasions of the emjjire,
of the Mosaic religion, i. 21, 22. ii. 253. iii. 137. 181. Early
Is Power under the old religion, Christianity of the, 135. Arian-
22. 173. Love under the new, ism of the, 138.
22. A
Spirit, 22. Is invisible, Gradivus or IMars, i. 6. 18.
25. The divine attributes, i. 25. Grace, doctrine of, iii. 269.
46. 72. n. ii. 99. 114. 116 iii. Granianus, Serenus, pro-consul, ii.
chosen dwelling, i. 443. 447. The 5. 18. 23. ii. 99. The priesthood
name of, having power over sjiirits, less connected with the state than
ii. 27. The nature of the Deity, at Rome, 5. Temples, dimensions
Gods, Pagan, i. 6. 19, 20. 38, 39. religion that of the arts and
427. n. ii. 29, 30. 52. 103. 139. games, Sec, 18. Notions of one
145. 150. n. 168, 169. 192. 227. Deity secretly entertained by the
230. 291. 406. iii. 53. 65. The philo.sophers of, 23. 456. ii. 17.
idols, shrines, and temples of, de- The Judteo- Grecian system, i. 79.
stroyed, 144, et seq. 166. 173. 182. 297. The Jews esteemed most
ctpassim. other people to be Greeks, 251. n.
Golgotha, the Place of a Skull, i. 305. Jews resident in, and Chris-
359. n. tian Church establisheil in, 429.
Good, principle of, i. 76. ii. 7. 158. Ascetics unknown to
o o 4
568 INDEX,
Gregory the Illuminator, the apostle and Oriental, i. 15.41. 64, 65.
of Armenia, ii. 319. Is perse- 74. n. 79. 98. 142. 172. ii. 83.
cuted, 321. Converts Tiridates 85. Ancient Roman, i. 6. 18.
and his people, 322. Persecution 20. 37. 44. 230. 290. 355.
ii. 5.
death, 86. ii. 285. His kindred, 324. And Splenditenens, 324.
i. 106. 425. n. His subtle charac- 332. n. 334.
ter, 112. 283. Honey, wild, i. 142.
Herod Antipas, i. 114. 145. n. Te- Honorius, the emperor of the West,
trarch of Galilee and Pera;a, 176. or of Rome, iii. 177. Laws of,
195. Imprisons John the Bap- 177. 179. 459.
tist for denouncing his marriage Horace, i. 42.
with Herodias as incestuous, 176. Horns, ii. 121, 122.
He dreads an insurrection, 176. n. Hosius, bishop of Cordova, ii. 437.
He puts the Baptist to death, 239. 439. iii. 15. His fall, 25. 42.
He sends Jesus with insult to Hug, German critic, error of, i.
Images, the earliest belonging to the Called the Just, 443. His mar-
Church were Gnostic, iii. 505. tyrdom, 409. 441.
Immolation, human, ii. ;J2I. Of James, Clirist's disciple of this name,
animals, abolished, iii. 143. uncertainly recognised, i. 425. n.
Immorality of ancient superstitions, son of Cleophas or Alpheus,
,
i. 28. 427. ii. 51. Of the Carpo- an Apostle, i. 226. His fate un-
orations, 131. certain, but often styled brother
Immortality of the soul, i. 33. 36. of Jesus, 227. 425. n.
98. 371. ii. 177. iii. 264. Senti- Jansenius and the Jansenists, iii.
ment of the ancients on the, i. 40. 264.
Universal in the sentiment of man- Jehovah, attributes of, i. 23. 65. ii.
Paul, 459. That of Rome led by Jones, Sir William, on the Zenda-
St. Peter, ii. 43. 55. The foreign vesta, i. 68. Tlie Memi of, ii.85.
Jews not averse to Christianity, 3. Jordan, the river : — Itsor valley,
Proseucha of,near the banks of AuAwz/, i. 140. n. 141.
Its ford,
rivers, 11. Jewish population in Baptism of Jesus in, by John the
Rome, 35. 37. 51. 55. In the East- Ba))tist, 151. Jesus visits the
ern dominions of Rome, 148. banks of, 279.
Change in the condition and esti- Jortin, Dr., on the sermons of Je-
mation of the Jewish people after sus, i. 199. His remarks on ec-
the war against Rome, 56. They clesiastical history, ii. 188. n.
every where formed a civil as well Joseph, of the royal race of David,
as a religious community, 66. i. 95. Betrothed to Mary, 95.
Their elders and pastors, 66. Ju- His journey to Bethlehem, 103.
lian a patron of this nation and of His flight into Egypt, 113. His
Jerusalem, iii. 98, et seq. Various reurn to Galilee, 113.
allusions to the Mosaic history, ii. of Arimathea, i. 366.
1 29. The Jews not averse to the- Josephus, ' History of the Jews,' &c.
atrical amusements, 145. et jjassim. the more important references and
Joanna, wife of Chuza, i. 377. citations, i. 25. 60, 61. 83. 105,
John the Baptist, i. 73. Conception 106. n. 120. 149. n. 176. 299.
and birth of, i. 89. 94. 102. His 314. 406. 421. n. 442.
preaching at Bethabara, the ford Jovinian, ccntroversy of St. Jerome
of the Jordan, 141. Baptism of, with, iii. 332.
142. 310. Multitude attending, Judaisingand Hellenising Christians,
143. His denunciations against i. 118.
sins, 145. Duration of his mis- Judaism, i. 21. 41. 102. 111. 146,
sion, 149. An ascetic or Essene, 147. n. 418. 425. 428. 448. 451,
141.161. His language and style et seq. 456. ii. 1.82. 231. 363.
of preaching, 147. 149. His iii. 99.
avowed inferiority to Jesus, 150. Judaea, its political state adverse to
175. He baptize; Jesus, 151. the new religion, i. 53. Reign of
Deputation from Jerusalem to, Herod the Great, 54. Roman
148. 157. He declares himself jealousy excited by the Jewish
the harbinger of Jesus, 157. 175. expectation of a deliverer, 57. Le-
294. Removes his station to wa- vitical cities of, 93. The Messiah
ters near Salim, 175. Close of his expected a great king over,
as
career, 175. Imprisoned by He- 114. 136. 155. Reduced to a
rod Antipas, 177. 230. John's Roman province, 137. The Ro-
testimony of Jesus the Messiah, man tribute, 137, n. Its topogra-
158. 173. 219. His message to phy, 156. The Apostles in, 383.
Jesus, 229. He is beheaded in Famine in the time of Claudius,
prison, 239. His disciples, ii. 25, 410. 421. Roman prasfects govern,
26. 137. 139. 263. 323. 326. .'599. n.
John, St., his Gospel argumentative Succinct account of various of the
in comparison of the three first, i. procurators or praefects of, 418,
54. 163. 174. 179.n. 212. n. 340. n. 419. Authority of the Younger
ii. 103. The constant companion Agrippa in, 440.
of Jesus, i. 163. 189. 225. n. 363. Judas, brother of James, also an
Teaches the Christian doctrine to Apostle, i. 226.
the Ephesians, ii. 55. 103. His Judas the Gaulonite, or Galilean, i.
death, 61, ci seq. 138. 204. 249. 297. 312. 394. ii.
NDEX. 573
Law, the Jewish or Mosaic, i. 59. Llbellatici, who called the, ii. 244.
81. 104. n. 142. 144. 161. 168. Liberius, bishop of Rome,
20. iii.
179. 186. 193. 397. 427. n. 433. An exile in Thrace, 24. Returns
ii. 1. 68. Relaxation of, i. 342. to his see, 42.
'Sons of the Law,' 133. The Libertines, the, or Roman freedmen
lawyers, scribes, and rabbis, 190, and their descendants, at Jerusa-
I9l' 292. 449. Causes of their lem, i. 386.
hostility to Jesus,1 92. Two wit- I^iberty, ])rinciple of, advanced by
nesses required by the Law, 336. the establishment of Christianity,
Jews remain strongly attached to ii. 465.
. the Mosaic, 424. 447. Disquisition Licinius, the Emperor, ii. 286. 297.
on, 447. The lawyers subse- 356. His wars with Constantine,
quently denominated the wise 385. Persecution* by, 387. His
men, li. 68. death, 388. 391. His son's death,
Laws; — of the Twelve Tables, ii. 393.
359. Of Justinian, iii. 399. Of Life, doctrine of a future, i. 25. 39.
Constantine, ii. 358. iii. 444. Of 173. Knowledge of a future state,
Valentinian, 112. 396. n. 458. 75. 205. Blessings and miseries of,
Of Theodosius, 185. 445. Of 202.
Constantius, 397. Of Honorius, Liglit, Great Principle of, i. 76. 111.
398. n. 459. Edicts of Milan, Kingdom of, ii. 315.
&'C., ii. 356. et passhn. Of Ho- Light and Darkness, ii. 84. 324.
norius, iii. 177. 179. Roman ju- Light of Light, ii. 331. The foun-
risprudence, 134. Laws against tain of, 334.
heretics, 185. The Theodosian Lightfoot quoted, i. 79. n. 109. n.
code, 342. 331. n. 365. n. ii. 44.
Lazarus, i. 301. Raising of, from Literature immediately preceding
the grave, 283—285. 303. the inti-oduction of Christianity, i.
Leake, Col. William Martin, illus- 37. The persecutions for magic,
tration of the edict of Dioclesian, &c. affected theliteratureof Greece,
by, ii. 263. n. iii. 123. Influence of Christianity
Lebbeus or Thaddeus, or Judas the on, 131. And on language, 132.
brother of James, an Apostle, i. Christian literature, 462. 475.
226. Loaves and fishes, miracle of the, i.
Le Beau, M., remarks by, ii. 391. n. 241. Repetition of the miracle,
Le Clercj philologist, referred to, i. 254.
103. n. Lobeck, the Aglaophamus of, an
Legends, Christian, iii. 471. Gre- erudite work, i. 10. n. 13. 17.
cian and Italian mythological, i. Locusts, a food, i. 141.
21. 38. 120. Of the missions of Logos, the, i. 74. 81. ii. 104. 120.
the Apostles, ii. 61. Of Abgarus 427.
of Edessa, 319. Of Antemius, Lollianus executed for copying a book
352, n. of magic, iii. 118.
Legion, the Thundering, miracle of, Love, a designation of God, i. 22.
ii. 175. n. 190. Love of God, and love of man, i.
Lemuria, in honour of Remus, i. 21. 315.
n. Lucan, i. 42. n. 63. n.
Leper, Christ healing the, i. 208. Lucian, i. 120. 427. n. A satirist
Tlie ten lepers, 294. of Polytheism, ii. 237. The Phllo-
Leprosy, outcasts through, i. 208. n. patris not written by, ii. 432. n.
IMacrianus, ii. 246. Mani, religion of, ii. 317. 322 337. —
Maiso- Gothic alphabet, the, iii. 136. He is flayed, 337.
Magdala and Dalmanutha, Jesus vi- Manichelsm, details of, ii. 322, et
sits, i. 254. seq. 142.
iii.
Magi, the, i. 15. 40. 65. 68. 71. 111. Manes, heresiarch, i. 64. ii. 80.
ii. 311. Their tenets, how far coin- , the, and Lemures, i. 21.
cident with Scripture, i. 66. They Manlcha?an doctrines, i. 69. n. iii.
Manso, on the Augusti and C.Tsars, St. Polycarp, 184, et seq. Blan-
262. n.
ii. dina, 196. Perpetua and Feli-
Marccllinus, his narrative respecting citas,216, et seq. Fabianus, 242.
the Temple of Jerusalem, iii. 101. Babylas, 243. St. Cyprian, 246
106. n. — 253. St. Lucianus, 289. Mar-
Marcellus, fame of the Christian sol- cellus of Apamea, iii. 149. Nu-
dier, ii. 337. midicus, 384. St. Sebastian, 513.
. Pope, in the reign of INIax-
,
Mary, the Virgin : —the Annun-
entius, ii. 348. ciation to, i.'94. The angel's ad-
of Apamea, martyrdom of, dress to, 96. The Incarnation, 97.
iii. 149. Her visit to Elizabeth. 101. The
Marcion, Gospel of, by Ilalm, i. Magnificat, 101. The journey to
162. n. ii. 129. The system of, Bethlehem, 103. Her subsequent
125. His severe doctrine, 127. residence with Jesus, and parental
His contrast of the Old and New attention to him, 163. 236. Is
Testaments, 128. recommended by the Saviour to
Marcomanni, war of the, against the care of St. John, 363. Allu-
Rome, ii. 176. sions to, ii. 405. Personal de-
Marcus, bishop of Jerusalem, i. 458. scription of, iii. 509. Oldest known
Marcus Aurelius, the Emperor, ii. painting of, 510. Hieratic type of,
139. 159, 160. ll^yCtscq. 183. explained, 511.
Mardoniu?, preceptor of Julian the Mother of James and Joses, i.
,
Nero, the emperor, i. 439. n. The Onager, termed the wild ass, iii. 18.
burning of Rome, ii. 34. 171. n. Onesiphorus of Ephesus, ii. 41.
Persecution by, 42, et seq. 45. n. Ophites, the, or worshippers of the
51. 145. Styled Antichrist in the serpent, ii. 131, et seq.
Sybilline verses, 171. n. Optatus, works of, and important
Nerva, the emperor, ii. 61. documents appended, ii. 366. n.
Nestorian tenets, i. 99. n. ii. 81, 374. n.
316. iii. 188. Oracles, i. 27. n. 41. ii. 164—168.
Neuman, Professor, his translation 268. 273. 285. 349. iii. 120. n.
of Vartan, i. 68. n. Orations of the Fathers, iii. 484.
Nice, Council of, ii. 390. 397. 422. Oratory, Christian, and orations, iii.
438. 475. 479.
Nicene Creed, the, comparison of Orgiasm described, ii. 213.
Mani's theory with, ii. 325. 331. Oriental literature, i. 10. n. 68. n.
The Creed, 442. The Homoou- 74. n. ii. 310. n. Allegory, i.
sion, 443. iii. 9. 201. Opinions, 152. ii. 84. Asceticism, i. 162.
iii. 11. 43. ii. 86 — 95. 335. Religions, i. 5.
Nicodemus, his discourse with Je- 12. 15. 22. 40. 64. 68. 74. 79.
sus, i. 171—174. 213. 98. 172. 296. 413. ii. 83. 310—
Nicolaitans, their opposition to St. 317. 222—340. iii. 189.
John the Evangelist, ii. 105. Orientalism, conflict of Christianity
Nicomedia, the residence of Diocle- with, ii. 80. 323. 407. Of West-
sian, ii. 264. 304. His edict of ern Asia, 92. Tenet of the Great
persecution executed at, 274. Supreme, 119. 328. Symbolism,
Torn down by a Christian, 275. 326.
The palace on fire, 276. Conse- Origen, writings and opinions of, i.
quences severe on the Christians, 113. n. 151. n. 460. ii. 98. n.
277. Julian at, iii. 57. 236. iii, 189. Against Celsus,
Nicopolis, ii. 41. 476. He was subjected to tor-
Niger, Pescennius, ii. 207. ture, ii. 243. Ormuzd, Oromazd,
Nile, River, iii. 151. The Kilometer or Aramazt, worship of, ii. 315.
kept in the Temple of Serapis at 321. 330.
Alexandria, 151. 158. Orthodoxy, iii. 6. 37. 42. n. 96. 125
of, i. 1:3. Temple of, at Alexan- tianity,' &c., referred to, i. 105. n.
dria, iii. 153. 234. n.
Osius, bishop of Cordova, ii. 373. Palilia, and rural rites of Italy, i.
437. 18. n.
Ostrogoths, the, iii. 138. Palladius, pra^fect of Egypt, iii. 124.
Ovid, his ' Fasti embody the reli-
' Palmyra, ii. 255. Temples of, iii. 147.
gious legends of Ancient Home, Pantheism of India, defined, i. 65.
i. 19. n. 21. 142. ii. 83.
Pantheon of Rome, i. 6-
Paganism, the older religions than Paphos, city of the island of Cyprus,
Christianity, i. 4. The Roman i. 421. 427. n.
iii. 48.
INIedo- Persian dynasty, 67. n. A
INIessiah expected by the Persians,
Paul, an insurgent chief so named,
434. 77. n. The Dualism of, ii. 83. The
i.
later Persian kingdom raised on
, a claimant of the see of Con-
stantinople, iii. 12. Conflicts in the ruins of the Parthian, 81.
the capital, 12. Paul expelled, Ancient religion of, i. 15. 22. 65.
13. Is deposed, 20. His death, 20. 69. 111. ii. 113. 310. 312. 326.
. and Macurius defeat the cir- Reign of Ardeschir Babhegan,
cumcellions at Bagnia, ii. 379. 312. His edict, 316. Destruction
of Christi.nity in, 316. His ac-
of Samosata, bishop of Antioch,
ii. 255. His magnificence, 256. quisition of Armenia, 320. The
His quarrel with the synod, &c., Persian war, iii. 18. 141. Defeat
257, et seq. iii. 521. of Julian, 105.
p p 3
582 INDEX,
the Gospel, 131. The Greek phi- 163. 167. His title of supreme
losophical poets, ii. 16. iii. 79. pontiff", 162. His wife also the
Poetry of the Gnostics, ii, 124. priestess, 164. His death, 163.
Poetical predictions at Rome, 167. funeral and apotheosis of, 164.
— 173. Characteristic difference Predestination, doctrine of, iii. 269.
of Greek and of Christian poetry, Presbyters of the Church, ii. 64. 72.
iii. 197. In Latin, 466, et seq. College of, iii. 363. n.
Polemical writings, iii. 475. 478. Prescience of God, iii. 268.
founded on Hebrew
Pollio, Virgil's, Prideaux, Dr., i. 66.
prophecy, ii. 166. n. Priesthood, Jewish, deputation of,
Polybius, on his use of mythological concerning the pretensions of John
legends, i. 37. On religion, 38. the Baptist, i. 148. See High-
Polycarp, martyrdom of, ii. 184. Priests.
Polytheism relaxed its influence pre- , of heathen and pagan
p p 4
584 INDEX.
178. 180. 431, 432. 456. Hymn, 355. Abolished, iii. 140, et seq.
423. n. His style, 464. Of Mahomet, i. 68. n. Of Sy-
Psalms, the, iii. 519. repeated, How ria, i. 64. 427. See Christianity.
521. Repentance essential to religion, ii.
A new capital established at By- Sabbath, the, reading of the Law, on,
zantium, 306. A new nobility i. 186. n. Jesus taught on the,
succeeds the Patricians, 307. 190. Alleged breach of, by our
Finance and jurisprudence, 307. Saviour, 214. New charges on
Tumult of the Christians against this point, 221. 272. Jewish ob-
the tyranny of Maxentius, 348. servance of, 215. Manichean ob-
The pope, Marcellus, degraded servance of, ii. 335.
by him, 348. Victory of Con- Sabellianism, its nature, ii. 429, et seq.
stantino over Maxentius, 355. Sabinus, Flavins, put to death by
Fall of Paganism, 355. Domitian, ii. 59.
Rome, Revolution effected by Con- Sacraments, secrecy of the, iii. 425.
stantine the Great at, ii, 356. Baptism, 427. The Lord's Sup-
360, et seq. 381. Patrimony of per, 428.
the popes, 361. Council of Rome, Sacrifice, the Christians put to the
370. Seat of empire transferred test of offering heathen, ii. 220.
to Byzantium or Constantinople, 251. 277. 279. Constantino said, by
399. Senate of Rome, 400. iii. Theodoret, to have prohibited pa-
167. Constantinople a counter- gan sacrifices, 460. 463. Theodosius
part of, ii. 403. Julius, bishop abolishes all heathen sacrifices, iii.
of, iii. 14. 42. n. Synod at, 15, 143.
Liberius, bishop of, 21. 42. Is Sacrifices, human, i. 27. iii. 19. n.
banished, 24. Felix, bishop of, 143. Of sheep, doves, &c., in the
24. 43. Irruption of barbarians Temple, i. 165.
into the empire, 39. Influence Sacy, M. Silvestre de, i. 78. n.
of the Athanasian controversy on Sadder, the, translated by Hyde, i,
the growth of papal power, 40. 68. n.
Trials in, before Maximin, 115. Sadducees, tenets of the, i. 75. 139.
The empire invaded or menaced 202. 292. 311. 313. 437. The
by Persians, Huns, Goths, and Sadducaic party become predomi-
Franks, on its frontiers of the Eu- nant in the Sanhedrin, i. 392.
phrates, Danube, and Rhine ,141, Saints and images, worship of, iii.
Paganism at, 162, et seq. The 539.541.
Capitol, 162. Damasus, bishop -, Lives of the, iii. 473.
of, 167. The heathen sacerdotal Salamis, in Cyprus, St. Paul at, i.421.
property confiscated, 168. Per- Salim, town of Pereea, i. 175.
sonification ofRome, by Symma- Sallust, the Prjefect, iii. 93. 98.
chus, J70. Taken by Alaric, 181. Salt, Mr., ii. 477.
The Roman Empire under Chris- Samaria, Jesus visits, i. 177. 276.
tianity, 341 The Christian em-
. Christian religion received in, 416.
perors, 846. The aristocracy of, ii. 96. Samaritan, the good, i.
348. Their manners, 349. Gra- 279. n. 294. Samaritan belief in
dual development of the hierarchi- a Messiah, 181, 182. Samaritan
cal power, 353, 357. Primacy of woman, the, 179. Samaritan San-
Rome asserted, 367. 370. n. The hedrin, 183. Samaritan letters,
capital of Christendom, 370. The the celebrated, 181. n. Samaritan
Roman law, 397. Classical, and poems, curious, 181. n. Samaritan
also ecclesiastical poetry, 466, e^sey. Chronicle, the Liber Josuae, 182. n.
Catacombs of, 500. n. 514. Ap- Samaritans and Jews hostile, 177.
proaching ruin of the empire, 525. 183. 419. The former defile the
Rosenmiiller, on Isaiah, &c., i. 59. Temple at Jerusalem, 177. Go-
99. n. 158. n. ii. 17. n. verned, under the Roman supre-
Rousseau, Jean- Jacques, i. 9. 51. n. macy, by a Sanhedrin, 183. ii.
Routh, Dr., ii. 341. 156. n.
Rustan, fabulous hero of Persia, ii. Sanchoniathon, ii. 83.
315. Sanctus, suffers martyrdom at Vienne,
Rusticus, the prefect, ii. 183. ii. 195.
INDEX. 587
Sanhedrln, the, i. 137. 154. 157. n. Seleucia, city of, i. 63. n. ii. 180.
168. 171. 221. 262, et seq. 290. Seneca, i. 29. n. 36. ii. 8. 38. 92.
Their persecution of Jesus, 272. The correspondence, of, with St.
303. 335. Question of this tri- Paul, a forgery, 23. n.
bunal being competent to condemn Septuagint, Greek, text interpolated,
Jesus to death, 339. Its relation i. 33. n. 71.
to the executive government, 340. Sepulchre, the Holy, i. 366, ct seq.
The Rulers charge Jesus with blas- The women at the, 376. Temple
phemy, 354. And press Pilate to of A phrodltc, over, ii. 4 1 7. Chris-
prove himself a friend to Tiberius tian Church of the, 419.
Cassar by condemning the King of Serapis, worship of, i. 7. 41. ii. 7. n.
the Jews, 356. Conduct, and af- 169. 208. iii. 124. The Sera-
fairs, of this religious Council sub- peum, or Temple of, destroyed by
sequent to the Resurrection of Theodosius, ii. 168. iii. 150, et seq.
Christ, 382. 384. 390. 397. 435. Sergius Paulus, his admiration of the
Revolution in the, 392. They doctrine of I'aul and Barnabas, i.
re-assert their power over life and 421, 422. ii. 8.
death, 441. Flight of, and estab- Sermon on the Mount, Christ's, i.
lishment at Tiberias, 444. Of the 192. n. 201. 227.
Samaritans, 183. Sermons of the Fathers, iii. 484. Of
Sapores, reign of, ii. 327. the Christian divines, 475. 479.
Sardica, Council of, iii. 15. 42. Serpent, the Old, ii. 110. The
Sasima, Gregory, Bishop of, iii. 199. Ophites, or worshippers of the,
Satan, exorcisms addressed to, i. 131. Ophis, considered as Satan,
235. n. ii. 113. 132. And by some as Christ, 132.
Saturninus of Antioch, ii. 108. A Seventy, the disciples, commissioned
Gnostic disciple of Simon Magus by Jesus, i. 278.
and Menander, 112. Severus, reign of, ii. 205. His visit
Saul [St. Paul], a disciple of Gama- to, and persecutions in, Egypt, 207,
lielthe Pharisee, i. 394. His mi- 208.
raculous conversion, on the road Alexander, the Emperor, ii.
,
Sin, doctrines relative to, ii. 104. Profane, iii. 441. et paS"
,
troduced into the West by Am- 417. ii. 427. iii. 268.
brose, 523. Spirits, Mani's doctrine relative to,
Sins, forgiveness of, i. 209. 363. ii. 332. 333. et passim.
stantialism, iii. 42. Synod at, 45. Star in the East, the, i. 111.
Slavery, effects of Christianity on this Stephen, proto-martyr, i. 397.
St.,
great question, iii. 343. Important influence of his con-
Slaves, sale of infants for, ii. 469, stancy, 400. 402.
470. Laws relating to, 470. Stephen, bishop of Antioch, iii. 18.
Death of a slave by torture, pu- ii. 20.
Stilpo, exile of,
nishable, 470. Christian captives Stoic philosophy, the, i- 35. ii. 19.
converted the Goths, iii. 136. The Stoic philosophers of Rome,
Smith, Dr. Pye, on the Messiah, i. 83. 54. 177.
Smyrna, Church of, ii. 184. Earth- Stolberg, Count, arguments of, i.
Sophists, philosophy of the, ii. 21. n. Sun, Festivals of the, i. 13. n. Wor-
Sophronia, suicide of the virtuous, ii. ship of, 64. ii. 225. 407. iii. 67. n.
348. 70. Worship of, at Rome, ii.
Sosthenes, the Jew, ii. 23. 227. 267. At Sirmium, 255.
Soul, the immortality of the, i. 33. Christ's dwelling in the sun, ac-
36. 40. 45. 98. 3T\,etseq. ii. 177. cording to Mani, 324. 335.
iii. 264. 423. Freedom of the Sunday, sanctity of the, ii. 358. Laws
human, 268. relating to, 468. iii. 443.
INDEX. 589
Supper, the Last, partaking of the Telemachus, the monk, lus death in
Body and Blood of the Redeemer, the Amphitlieatre, iii. 458.
i. 329, etseq. ii. 77. 335. iii. 428. Temj)le, the, of Solomon, i, 24. 157.
Swine, Legion dismissed into the The later Temple, 62. 154. 177.
herd of, i. 238. 248. 299. 387. 397. 40S. The
Symbolism, belonging to the Church, Holy of Holies, 90. 449. 458.
iii. 498. The Temple become a mart, 1 G5.
Symmachus, his oration to Theo- Jesus drives out the traders, 167.
dosius, i. 29. n. His Apology, .308. The Treasury of the, 166. n.
iii.169. Replied to by Ambrose, 266. 316. 345. Jesus's declara-
171. His fresh instances for the tion of raising the Temple again
restoration of the statue of Vic- in three days, figurative, 1 69. He
tory, 178. His contest with Am- teaches in the, 261. 311. Its Por-
brose farther alluded to, 251. On ticoes described, 280. Christ heals
the Amphitheatre, 456. the sick in, 305. The Court of
Symphorian, St., Acts of, ii. 176, n. the Gentiles, 305. 433. The
Synagogue, the, i. 82. 424. 426. n. Court of Israel, 306. Lament of
430. 448. ii. 2. 25. 65. 67 At Christ over this magnificent edi-
Corinth, 22. fice, 317. 320. Necessity of its
Synesius, Acts of, iii. 405, 406. destruction, 31 9. The Inner Court,
Syria, a Roman province, i. 137. 406. 357, n. Primitive Christians still
Christian converts throughout, resorted to the Temple, 424. 426. n.
411. 428. Jewish population of, 442. n. The Gazith, chamber of
421. Religion of, antecedent to assembly of the Sanhedrin, 435.
Christianity, 64. 427. Syrian Its destruction by Vespasian's
Greeks, 195. Syrian Christians, army, 444. The Temple service,
ii. 230. Syrian Goddess wor- ii. 1. 67. The ancient Temple
shipped, i. 427. n. ii. 227. Hymns tax, levied by Vspasian for the
of the Syrian Christians, 123. restoration of the Temple of Jupi
Church of, 435. 449. Persecutions ter Capitolinus, 55. The Empe-
in, 207. iii. 87. Temples de- ror Julian attempts to rebuild it,
stroyed, 148. Monks, 296. iii. 98, et seq.
Syrianus, the Duke, his conduct at Temples, Heathen, destroyed by
Alexandria in Egypt, iii. 26. Xerxes, i. 5. n. Destroyed by
Syro- Phoenician woman's daughter, Marcellus in Sicily, 6. n. Of an-
i. 250. cient Rome, 6. 20. On Mount
IVIoriah, 458. Considered as de-
Tabernacle, the, i. 157. secrated by the Christian oflfice,
Tabernacles Feast of the, i. 257. 260. ii. 2. Converted into Christian
Tabor, Mount, the Transfiguration churches, 2. The celebrated fane
on, i. 257. of Ephesus, 6. n. 24. 29. 103. Of
Tacitus speaks of the astrologers, i. the Sun at Sirmium, 255. Those
44. Of Juda;a, 57. 147. Of the built by the successors of Alexan-
Jews and Christians, ii. 35. n. der, 311. Of Apollo, 344. n. Of
37. n. 38. n. 50. n. 53. Byzantium, 402. n. Of Constan-
Talismans, amulets, and spells, ii. tinople, 411. Not suited for the
24 28. — Christian oflfice, 411. Spoliation
Talmud, the Babylonian, i. 63. Jew- of, recommended, iii. 87. Restor-
ish 120.
traditions in the, The ation of, by Julian, 88. De-
Jewish Talmud, 146. n. 147. n. struction of, by Theodosius, 143.
179. 329. n. ii. 66. iii. 365. Com- 14:5, et seq. 150, ct seq. Alien-
pendium of the, by Pinner, i. 193. ation of the revenues of, 147.
Targum, the, or Comments on Scrip- Some temples converted to the
ture, i. 60. Christian worship, 149.
Tarsus, the city of, i. 401, 402. n. Tempter, the, i. 15.
Tartars, the, ii. 311. 315. Temptation, the, of our Lord, i. 152,
590 INDEX.
pp.1 15— 132. (Many of the import- 260. His death, 262. The Theo-
ant references to the Testament ) : dosian code, 342. 443.
— St. Matthew, i. 53. lll.n. 122. Theognis, bishop of Nice, ii. 446.
154. 201. 459. St. Mark, 53. Theogonism of the East, ii. 104.
122. 383. n. St. Luke, 53. 105. n. Theology, iii. 264, et seq. 527.
154. 201. 248. 279. n. 421. n. Theophilosophic systems prevalent
St. John, 54. 163. n. 167. n. in the Roman empire, ii. 230.
279. n. ii. 103. Acts, the, i. 390. Theophilus, archbishop of Alexan-
392. 395. n. 409. 418. n. 421.431. dria, iii. 153, et seq. 188, et seq.
439. 441. 452. ii. 7. 9. 34. n. —
227 231.
41. 96. St. Peter, i. 6'3,. n. St. Theoretica, the, iii. 443.
Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, Theotecnus of Antioch, ii. 298.
40.5. n.]451. To the Thessalonians, Therapeutas, the, or Contemplatists,
431. n.* To the Romans, 450, i. 162. ii. 8.
451. 453. ii. 31. iii. 137. To Thessalonica, Jews, and synagogue
the Corinthians, ii. 3. 71. n. iii. of, i. 429. St. Paul expelled by
357. To the Hehrews, ii. 39. n. Jason from, ii. 14. Massacre at
To Timothy, 34. 41. n. 42. by order of Theodosius, 258.
Teutonic nations, the, iii. 137. Theudas, insurrection of, i. 394. 419.
usages, iii. 1 35. Theurgy, magic included in, ii. 231.
Thaddeus, the Apostle, named Judas 237. 463. iii. 91.
also, i. 226. Thibet, Schaka of, i. 99. n. The
Theatres of the ancients exhibited Lama of, ii. 86.
religious spectacles, ii. 6. n. The Thirl wall, Mr., i. 124.
Amphitheatre, and contests of gla- Tholuk, M., opinions of, i. 105. n.
diators, and wild beasts, 7.n. 38. 107. n.
Theatrical exhibitions and amuse- Thomas, St., or Didymus, character
ments, ii. 145. of the Apostle, i. 226.
Theism, ancient doctrines of, i. 22. Thrasea, Roman patriot, in the
41 62. 65. 427. et passim.
. reign of Vespasian, ii. 55. 92.
Themistius, speaks of the toleration Thyatira, Christians of, i. 12.
of Jovian, iii. 110. 141. 180. n. Tiberias, sea of, i. 111. n. City of,
Theodore of Mopsuestia, i. 153. n. 163. 195. The Sanhedrin flies
Theodoret, quoted, iii. 108. n. et to, 444. Jewish patriarch of, 460.
passim. Tiberius, edict of, i. 27. n. He ba-
Theodorus, St., heroic acts of, de- nishes astrologers, 43. Christ
picted, iii. 515. crucified by his pracfect Pontius
Theodosius, the Emperor, ii. 168. Pilate, 357. Gladiatorial shows,
iii. 140. Of Spanish origin, 142. ii. 38.
A Christian, 142. Hostile to Alexander, procurator of
Paganism, 143. Rescript of, to the Juda;a, i. 419.
Alexandrians, 155. Edict of, 174. Tillemont, M., observations of, ii.
His victory over Eugenius, 176. 232. n.
INDEX. 591
Time without bounds, i. 66. Turcomans, the, ii. 311. 315.
of character, i. 44. 60. 83. ii. 54. Wills, law of, iii. 400.
The Flavian dynasty, ii. 49. 53. Windischman, Philosophic,' &c.,
' of,
"Vestal Virgins of Rome, aholished, ii. 83. n.
iii. 167. 171. 178. Wine, miraculous, of Cana of Gali-
Vettius Epagathus, ii. 194. lee, i. 161, 162. Abstinence from,
Victory, statue of, at Rome, dragged i. 442. n.
from its pedestal and altar, by Gra- Wisdom, and Moral Perfection, ii.
THE END.
London :
Printed by A. Spottiswoode,
New- Street- Square.
»-4
BW935.M65V.3
The History of Christianity from the
Princeton Theological Semmary-Speer Library
Iff