BIOLOGY 1 FALL 2011 CHAPTER 4 HOMEWORK 1)

NAME: TIME LAB SECTION BEGINS:

MEMORIZE THE FOLLOWING ANSWERS! How many bonds does carbon make? How many bonds does hydrogen make? How many bonds does oxygen make? How many bonds does nitrogen make? (Nitrogen can vary; give the simplest answer at this point.)

2)

Draw the following molecules, using lines to indicate covalent bonds: CH4 CO2

NH3

C2H6

C2H4

C2H2

H2O

Chapter 4 Homework

Page 1

3)

Define "structural isomer".

Define "geometric isomer".

Define "enantiomer".

4)

In the space below, draw two structural isomers of the following compound: C4H10.

For Questions 5 - 11 below, refer to Figure 4.10. 5) In the space below, draw two geometric isomers of a compound with two carbon atoms, two hydrogen atoms, and two amino groups (NH2). NO ABBREVIATIONS: DRAW ALL ATOMS AND ALL BONDS!

Chapter 4 Homework

Page 2

6)

Draw a single carbon atom and attach to it a hydroxyl group and three hydrogen atoms. (This is methanol.) NO ABBREVIATIONS: DRAW ALL ATOMS AND ALL BONDS!

What do we call the general category of molecules that contain the hydroxyl group? 7) Draw a single carbon atom and attach to it a carbonyl group and four hydrogen atoms. NO ABBREVIATIONS: DRAW ALL ATOMS AND ALL BONDS!

What do we call the general category of molecules that contain the carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain? 8) Draw a three-carbon chain and add an oxygen atom to the middle carbon, to form a carbonyl group. Add six hydrogen atoms where needed. NO ABBREVIATIONS: DRAW ALL ATOMS AND ALL BONDS!

What do we call the general category of molecules that contain the carbonyl group that is not at the end of a carbon chain?

9)

Draw a single carbon atom and attach to it an amino group and three more hydrogen atoms. NO ABBREVIATIONS: DRAW ALL ATOMS AND ALL BONDS!

Chapter 4 Homework

Page 3

What do we call the general category of molecules that contain an amino group? The answer is not amino acids. We will discuss amino acids later. 10) Draw a single carbon atom and attach to it a sulfhydryl group and three more hydrogen atoms. NO ABBREVIATIONS: DRAW ALL ATOMS AND ALL BONDS!

What do we call the general category of molecules that contain a sulfhydryl group? 11) Draw a single carbon atom and attach to it a phosphate group and three more hydrogen atoms. Use the ionized form shown in Figure 4.10. (Another form that is not ionized is found in acidic solutions. Ignore this form at this point in your careers.) NO ABBREVIATIONS: DRAW ALL ATOMS AND ALL BONDS!

What do we call the general category of molecules that contain a phosphate group? 12) Using Figure 8.9 as a model, draw a molecule of ATP. (Use the abbreviated symbol for the phosphate groups (a circle with a P in it), rather than drawing them all out as is shown in Figure 8.8!)

Chapter 4 Homework

Page 4

13)

Using Figure 8.9 as a model, draw a molecule of ADP, as above.

14)

From what you know from answering questions 12 and 13, draw a molecule of AMP, as above.

Chapter 4 Homework

Page 5