Results: PART 1

T=105C t (min) 60 90 120 150 180 300 390 480 survivors 9.10E+08 6.80E+08 4.00E+08 2.80E+08 2.50E+08 6.40E+07 8.20E+06 1.32E+06 log(surv) 8.96E+00 8.83E+00 8.60E+00 8.45E+00 8.40E+00 7.81E+00 6.91E+00 6.12E+00 t (min) 20 30 40 60 90 120 180 T=110C survivors 1.20E+09 8.80E+08 4.80E+08 2.80E+08 7.00E+07 8.70E+06 1.80E+04 log(surv) 9.08E+00 8.94E+00 8.68E+00 8.45E+00 7.85E+00 6.94E+00 4.26E+00 t (min) 3 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 T=115C survivors 1.30E+09 9.20E+08 3.30E+08 1.10E+08 2.70E+07 8.40E+05 1.70E+03 2.00E+01 log(surv) 9.11E+00 8.96E+00 8.52E+00 8.04E+00 7.43E+00 5.92E+00 3.23E+00 1.30E+00 t (min) 1.33 1.67 2 4 6 8 10 12 T=120C survivors 1.10E+09 7.10E+08 7.20E+08 7.60E+07 7.70E+06 3.50E+05 3.62E+03 2.60E+02 log(surv) 9.041393 8.851258 8.857332 7.880814 6.886491 5.544068 3.558709 2.414973

Table 1 Data of surviving population at time of withdrawal Graphs 1 through 4 show the calculated decimal reduction times and the first order reaction rate constant for temperatures 105C, 110C, 115C and 120C.

Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 105C

1.00E+01 9.00E+00 8.00E+00 7.00E+00 y = -0.0065x + 9.4559 Survivors 6.00E+00 5.00E+00 4.00E+00 3.00E+00 2.00E+00 1.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 100 200 300 Time (min) 400 500 600

K=slope=-0.0065

D= 147.97 min

Graph 1 Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 105C

Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 110C

1.00E+01 9.00E+00 8.00E+00 7.00E+00 Survivors 6.00E+00 5.00E+00 4.00E+00 3.00E+00 2.00E+00 1.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (min) 120 140 160 180 200 y = -0.029x + 9.9758

K=slope=-0.029

D= 33.17min

Graph 2 Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 110C

Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 115C

1.00E+01 9.00E+00 8.00E+00 7.00E+00 Survivors 6.00E+00 5.00E+00 4.00E+00 3.00E+00 2.00E+00 1.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (min) y = -0.1419x + 9.8994

K=slope=-0.1419

D= 7.77 min

Graph 3 Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 115C

Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 120C

10 9 8 7 Survivors 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 8 10 12 14 y = -0.6241x + 10.14

K=slope=-0.6241

D= 1.61 min

Graph 4 Survivor Curve Showing Logarithmic Order of Death at 120C

PART 2 a) Temperature Dependency Factor (Z-value): Temp C D value log(Dval) 105 1.55E+02 2.190332 110 5.10E+01 1.70757 115 7.00E+00 0.845098 120 2.60E+00 0.414973 Table 2 Temperature and D value Table

Thermal Death Time Curve

2.5

2 log(D value) (minutes)

y = -0.1238x + 15.214 1.5

Z= 8.0 C
0.5

0 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 Temperature ( C )

Graph 5 Thermal Death Time Curve b) Arrhenius Energy (Ea): ln(k) 105 3.78E+02 2.65E-03 0.0065 5.03595 110 3.83E+02 2.61E-03 0.029 3.54046 115 3.88E+02 2.58E-03 0.1419 1.95263 120 3.93E+02 2.54E-03 0.6241 0.47144 Table 3 Reciprocal of absolute temperature and reaction rates in natural log cycles. Temp C Temp Kel 1/T Kel -k min

Arrhenious Plot
0 2.52E-03 -1 2.54E-03 2.56E-03 2.58E-03 2.60E-03 2.62E-03 2.64E-03 2.66E-03

-2

ln(k)

-3 y = -45399x + 115.04 -4

-5

-6

1/T (Kel^-1)

Graph 6 Arrhenious Plot

PART 3 a) Initial concentration=100 per container Level of acceptable spoilage= 1/100000=1E-5 SV=7

PART 4 a) D120 C.botulinum = 0.20 minutes

b) D120 Enzyme = 0.5 minutes with 99% Enzyme reduction needed.

PART 5 a) Process temperature at 113C

b) Process temperature at 135C

PART 6 a) Sterilizing Value (log cycle reduction) at 135C for 1 full minute

Discussion: In Part 1 of the experiment, the Decimal Reduction Time (D) and the first order reaction rate constant (K) were calculated graphing the logarithmic order of death of the population through time at each specific temperature. By looking at the graph, the time required to get one log cycle in population was approximated and D was obtained. Also, a more accurate way of finding D is to using the equation . Moreover, the first order reaction rate constant or K value was calculated by getting the slope of the best fitted line. Results of these values show that the fastest temperature to complete a cycle was at the highest temperature of 120C, taking 1.61 minutes. The slowest was 147.97 minutes at 105C. In Part 2, the temperature dependency factor (Z) was obtained by graphing the Thermal Death Time Curve and calculating the temperature required for a log cycle to complete. In this case, by looking at the graph we got 8C. Furthermore, the Arrhenious activation energy was calculated by graphing an Arrhenious plot and getting the slope of the best fitted line. This value helped us find the activation energy (Ea) by multiplying the gas constant times the slope. The Ea was found to be 377.45 kJ/mol. Part 3 was done by applying the equation of the best fitted line found in the Thermal Death Time Curve to obtain a D value at 121.1C. Then, the equation was used to get the common

lethality value. The common lethality curve is essential for food conservation and for the control of spoilage of food. For Part 4, the equation was used to calculate the cooking time to provide a safe botch cook as well as an adequate blanch process under the given conditions. For C.botulism it took 2.4 minutes to cook safely and for the enzyme, it took 1 minute. In Part 5 of this experiment, the line equation found in the Thermal Death Time Curve graph was used to calculate the D value at the different process temperatures. Then, by using a sterility value of 7 log cycles the critical process hold time was found at 113C and 135C. Lastly, the sterilizing value in Part 6 was found using the equation, , for a process of 1 full

minute. Book problems are attached in the appendix section of this lab report.