MATHEMATICAL VIDYAMANDIR

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TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE
Compiled by: OP GUPTA
| | Elect. &Comm. Engg.; B.Sc.Maths(H)- Part II
(

INDIRA AWARD WINNER
+ (

. : Contact No 91 9650 350 480
e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

Basic Trigonometric Relations
1.a)
2 2
sin cos 1 u u + =
b)
2 2
1 tan sec u u + =
c)
2 2
1 cot cosec u u + =
2.a) ( ) sin sin u u =
b) ( ) cos cos u u =
c) ( ) tan tan u u =
3.a)
sin
tan
cos
u
u
u
=
b)
1
tan
cot
u
u
=
c)
cos
cot
sin
u
u
u
=
d)
1
cosec
sin
u
u
=
e)
1
sec
cos
u
u
=
4.a) ( ) sin sin cos cos sin A B A B A B + = +
b) ( ) sin sin cos cos sin A B A B A B =
c) ( ) cos cos cos sin sin A B A B A B + =
d) ( ) cos cos cos sin sin A B A B A B = +
5.a) ( )
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

A B
A B
A B

b) ( )
cot cot 1
cot
cot cot
=

B A
A B
B A

6.a) sin2 2sin cos A A A =
b)
2 2
cos2 cos sin A A A =
c)
2
cos2 2cos 1 A A =
d)
2
2cos 1 cos 2 A A = +
e)
2
cos2 1 2sin A A =
f)
2
2sin 1 cos2 A A =
g)
2
2tan
sin 2
1 tan
A
A
A
=
+

h)
2
2
1 tan
cos2
1 tan
A
A
A

=
+

i)
2
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
A
A
A
=

7.a)
3
sin3 3sin 4sin A A A =
b)
3
cos3 4cos 3cos A A A =
c)
3
2
3tan tan
tan3
1 3tan
A A
A
A

8.a) sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
A B A B
A B
+
+ =


b) sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
A B A B
A B
+
=


c) cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
A B A B
A B
+
+ =


d) cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
A B A B
A B
+
=
9.a)
( ) ( ) sin sin 2sin cos A B A B A B = + +
b)
( ) ( ) 2 sin sin cos sin A B A B A B = +
c)
( ) ( )
cos cos 2cos cos A B A B A B = + +
d)
( ) ( ) cos cos 2sin sin A B A B A B= +

Relations in Different Measures of Angle
( )
t
Angle in Radian Measure = Angle in Degree Measure
180
=
o
1Right angle 90 ' ' ''
o
1 =60 , 1 =60
( ) u =
l
in radian measure
r
( )
t
o
1 = =0.01745 radians approximately
180
206265 ' ''
o
1 radian= 57 17 45 or seconds

General Solutions
a) ( ) sin sin 1 , x y x n y where n Z
n
t = = + e .
b) cos cos 2 , x y x n y where n Z t = = e .
c) tan tan , x y x n y where n Z t = = + e .
Relation in Degree & Radian Measures
Angles in Degree

0

30

45

60

90

180

270

360

Angles in Radian


0
6
t

4
t

3
t

2
t


t
3
2
t


2t
Trigonometric Ratio of Standard Angles
Degree /Radian ( ) 0

30

45

60

90

T- Ratios
( )
+

0
6
t

4
t

3
t

2
t

sin 0
1
2

1
2

3
2

1
cos
1 3
2

1
2

1
2

0
tan 0
1
3

1

3
cosec
2 2
2
3

1
sec
1
2
3

2 2
cot
3 1
1
3

0
Allied Angles
Angles ( )

2
t
u

2
t
u +

t u

t u +

3
2
t
u

3
2
t
u +

2t u
OR u

2t u +

T- Ratios
( )
+

sin cosu cosu sinu sinu cosu cosu sinu sinu
cos sinu sinu
cosu

cosu sinu sinu cosu cosu
tan cotu cotu
tanu

tanu cotu cotu tanu tanu
cot tanu tanu
cotu

cotu tanu tanu cotu cotu
sec
cosecu

cosecu

secu

secu
cosecu

cosecu secu secu
cosec secu secu
cosecu

cosecu

secu secu
cosecu

cosecu



FORMULAE FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Compiled by: OP GUPTA
| | Elect. &Comm. Engg.; B.Sc.Maths(H)- Part II
(

INDIRA AWARD WINNER
+ (

. : Contact No 91 9650 350 480
e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

Basic Relations & Formulae
1.a) ( ) ( | | )
1 1
1
sin cosec , , 1 1,

| |
|
\ .
= e x
x
x
b) ( ) ( | | )
1 1
1
cos sec , , 1 1,

| |
|
\ .
= e x
x
x
c) ( )
1
1
1
1
1
cot , 0
tan
cot , 0 t

| |
|
\ .

| |

+
|

\ .
>
=
<
x
x
x
x
x

2.a)
( ) | |
1 1
sin sin , 1,1

= e x x x
b) ( ) | |
1 1
cos cos , 1,1 t

= e x x x
c)
( )
1 1
tan tan , R

= e x x x
d) ( )
1 1
cosec cosec , 1

> = x x x
e) ( )
1 1
sec sec , 1 t

= > x x x
f)
( )
1 1
cot cot , R t

= e x x x
3.a)
( )
1
2 2
sin sin ,
t t

s s = x x x
b) ( )
1
0 cos cos , t

s s = x x x
c) ( )
1
2 2
tan tan ,
t t

< < = x x x
d) ( )
1
, 0
2 2
cosec cosec ,
t t

< < = = x x x x
e) ( )
1
0 ,
2
sec sec ,
t
t

< < = = x x x x
f)
( )
1
0 cot cot , t

< < = x x x
4.a) | |
1 1
sin cos , 1,1
2
t

+ = e x x x
b)
1 1
tan cot , R
2
t

+ = e x x x
c)
1 1
cosec sec , 1
2
t

+ = > x x x
5.a)
1 1 1 2 2
sin sin sin 1 1

(
=

x y x y y x
b)
1 1 1 2 2
cos cos cos 1 1

(
=

x y xy x y
c)
1
1 1 1
1
, 1
, 0, 0, 1
, 0, 0, 1
tan
1
tan tan tan
1
tan
1
t
t

| |
<
|
\ .

| |

> > >

|
\ .

| |

< < >

|

\ .
+

+
+ = +

+
+

xy
x y xy
x y xy
x y
xy
x y
x y
xy
x y
xy

d)
1
1 1 1
1
, 1
, 0, 0, 1
, 0, 0, 1
tan
1
tan tan tan
1
tan
1
t
t

| |
>
|
\ .

| |

> < <

|
\ .

| |

< > <

|

\ .

= +
+

+
+
xy
x y xy
x y xy
x y
xy
x y
x y
xy
x y
xy

6.a)
2
1 1
2
2tan sin , 1
1
| |
= s
|
+
\ .
x
x x
x

b)
2
1
2
1
1
2tan cos , 0
1

| |
= >
|
+
\ .
x
x x
x

c)
1
2
1
2
2tan tan , 1 1
1
| |
= < <
|

\ .
x
x x
x

Kindly notice that these Inverse Trigonometric Relations are true only in their respective domains i.e. they are valid for
some some values of x for which these relations are well defined!



Table demonstrating domains and ranges of Inverse Trigonometric functions


Inverse Trigonometric Functions i.e. ( ) f x

Domain / Values of x

Range / Values of ( ) f x

1
sin x

| | 1,1
,
2 2
t t (

(


1
cos x

| | 1,1 | | 0,t

-1
cosec x
( ) R 1,1
{ } , 0
2 2
t t (

(


1
sec x

( ) R 1,1
| | 0,
2
t
t

`
)

-1
tan x
R
,
2 2
t t | |

|
\ .

-1
cot x
R
( ) 0,t

To simplify inverse trigonometrical expressions, following substitutions can be considered

Expression

Substitution
2 2 2 2
a x or a x + +

tan cot x a or x a u u = =
2 2 2 2
a x or a x

sin cos x a or x a u u = =
2 2 2 2
x a or x a

sec cosec x a or x a u u = =
a x a x
or
a x a x
+
+

cos 2 x a u =
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a x a x
or
a x a x
+
+

2 2
cos 2 x a u =
x a x
or
a x x

2 2
sin cos x a or x a u u = =
x a x
or
a x x
+
+

2 2
tan cot x a or x a u u = =



FORMULAE FOR LIMITS & DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Compiled by: OP GUPTA
| | Elect. &Comm. Engg.; B.Sc.Maths(H)- Part II
(

INDIRA AWARD WINNER
+ (

. : Contact No 91 9650 350 480
e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

Standard Limits
a)
0
sin
lim 1

=
x
x
x

b)
0
tan
lim 1

=
x
x
x

c)
1
0
sin
lim 1

=
x
x
x

d)
1
0
tan
lim 1

=
x
x
x

e)
0
1
lim log

=
x
e
x
a
a
x

f)
0
1
lim 1

=
x
x
e
x

g)
( )
0
log 1
lim 1

+
=
e
x
x
x

h)
0
1
lim

x
n
n
n
x a
na
x a

i) ( )
0
1
lim 1

+ =
k
x
x
kx e , where k is any constant.
Derivative Of Some Standard Functions
a)
( )
1
=
n n
d
x nx
dx

b) ( ) 0 =
d
k
dx
, where k is any constant.
c)
( )
log =
x x
e
d
a a a
dx

d)
( )
=
x x
d
e e
dx

e) ( )
1 1
log log
log
= =
a a
e
d
x
dx x a x
e
f) ( )
1
log =
e
d
x
dx x

g) ( ) sin cos =
d
x x
dx

h) ( ) cos sin =
d
x x
dx

i) ( )
2
tan sec =
d
x x
dx

j) ( ) sec sec tan =
d
x x x
dx

k) ( )
2
cot cosec =
d
x x
dx

l) ( ) cosec cosec cot =
d
x x x
dx

m)
( ) ( )
1
2
1
sin , 1,1
1

= e

d
x x
dx
x

n)
( ) ( )
1
2
cos , 1,1
1
1

= e

d
x x
dx
x

o)
( )
1
2
1
tan , R
1

= e
+
d
x x
dx x

p)
( )
1
2
cot , R
1
1

= e
+
d
x x
dx
x

q)
( )
1
2
1
sec ,
1

d
x
dx
x x
( ) ( ) , 1 1, x e
r)
( )
1
2
1
cosec ,
1

d
x
dx
x x
( ) ( ) , 1 1, e x
s)
( )
1
2
=
d
x
dx x

t)
2
1 1 | |
=
|
\ .
d
dx x x

Note that for the trigonometric functions, angle x is in Radians!

Indeterminate forms or meaningless forms:

0 0
0
, , 0. , , 1 , 0 ,
0

.
The first two forms i.e.
0
,
0

are the forms which are suitable for LHospital Rule.

Left Hand Derivative of ( ) f x at = x c :
( )
( ) ( )
L ' lim

x c
f x f c
f c
x c
and,
Right Hand Derivative of ( ) f x at = x c :
( )
( ) ( )
R ' lim
+

x c
f x f c
f c
x c


For a function to be differentiable at a point c (say), the LHD and RHD at this point c should be equal.
Derivative of . . . y wr t x :
0
lim
o
o
o

=
x
dy y
dx x
,
Also for very- very small value h, ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ' , as 0
+
=
f x h f x
f x h
h
.
a) Product or Leibnitz Rule of derivatives:
( ) ( ) ( ) v v v = +
d d d
u u u
dx dx dx


b) Quotient Rule of derivatives:

( ) ( )
2
v v
v v

| |
=
|
\ .
d d
u u
d u
dx dx
dx
.








FORMULAE FOR INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Compiled by: OP GUPTA
| | Elect. &Comm. Engg.; B.Sc.Maths(H)- Part II
(

INDIRA AWARD WINNER
+ (

. : Contact No 91 9650 350 480
e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

Formulae For Indefinite Integrals
A.
1
, 1
1
+
= + =
+
}
n
n
x
x dx k n
n

B.
1
log = +
}
dx x k
x

C.
1
log
= +
}
x x
a dx a k
a

D.
1
= +
}
ax ax
e dx e k
a

E. ( ) ( )
1
sin cos = +
}
ax dx ax k
a

F. ( ) ( )
1
cos sin = +
}
ax dx ax k
a

G. tan log sec = +
}
xdx x k
OR log cos = + x k
H. cot log sin = +
}
xdx x k
OR log cosec = + x k
I. sec log sec tan = + +
}
xdx x x k
OR log tan
4 2
t | |
= + +
|
\ .
x
k
J. cosec log cosec cot = +
}
xdx x x k
OR log tan
2
= +
x
k
K.
2
sec tan = +
}
xdx x k
L.
2
cosec cot = +
}
xdx x k
M. sec . tan sec = +
}
x xdx x c
N. cosec .cot cosec = +
}
x xdx x k
O.
2
1
1
sec
1

= +

}
dx x k
x x

P.
2 2
1
1 1
tan

| |
= +
|
+
\ .
}
x
dx k
a a a x

Q.
2 2
1 1
log
2
+
= +

}
a x
dx k
a a x a x

R.
2 2
1 1
log
2

= +
+
}
x a
dx k
a x a x a

S.
2 2
2 2
1
log = + +

}
dx x x a k
x a

T.
2 2
2 2
1
log = + + +
+
}
dx x x a k
x a

U.
2 2
1
1
sin

| |
= +
|
\ .

}
x
dx k
a
a x

V.
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
log
2 2
= + +
}
x a
x a dx x a x x a k
W.
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
log
2 2
+ = + + + + +
}
x a
x a dx x a x x a k
X.
2
2 2 2 2 1
sin
2 2

| |
= + +
|
\ .
}
x a x
a x dx a x k
a

Y.
( ) ( )
( )
I II
.
u
u u

=
`
)
} } } }
d
V dx Vdx Vdx dx
dx

Z. ( ) ( ) ( )
' + = + (
}
x x
e f x f x dx e f x k


Properties Of Definite Integrals
P.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) F F F
b
b
a
a
f x dx x b a = = (
}

P.2 ( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx =
} }

P.3 ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f t dt =
} }

P.4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ,
b m b
a a m
f x dx f x dx f x dx a m b = + < <
} } }

P.5 ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f a b x dx = +
} }

P.6 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2 , is even function . .,
0 , is oddfunction . .,

}
}
a
a
a
f x dx if f x i e f x f x
f x dx
if f x i e f x f x

P.7 ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
2 2 a a a
a
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +
} } }

( ) ( )
0 0
2
a a
f x dx f a x dx = +
} }

P.8 ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
2
0
2 ,
0 ,

=
=

}
}
m
m
f x dx if f m x f x
f x dx
if f m x f x

OR ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0
2
2 , 2
0 , 2

}
}
a
a
f x dx if f a x f x
f x dx
if f a x f x


Definite Integral As The Limit Of A Sum
Take that function whose integral value is to be calculated as ( ) f x and then use the relation given here,
( ) ( )
1
lim
b
n
n
r
a
f x dx h f a rh

=
= +

}
, such that as , n 0 h and nh b a = .