Babur Buranov Content

Introduction

I. The challenges of attracting passengers to the Dubai Metro.

II. Measures that can be taken to attract passengers to Dubai Metro.

III. Benefits to be gained from the introduction of the Dubai Metro.

IV. Other planned rail projects planned in GCC and how are they likely to impact on the other modes of transport. Conclusion

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References

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Babur Buranov Introduction The metro is a parallel city, a network of tubes and cables that reflects the complexity of the city, a system of veins and arteries pumping urban lifeblood. Londons Underground was the first. The Metropolitan Railway (lending its name to all that fallowed) opened in 1963, its locomotives spewing smoke into sooty, brickbuilt tunnels. Tokyos subway, fiercely efficient and exemplified by its white-gloved peoplesqueezers, had its sarin gas attacks. New Yorks massive and once decrepit and dangerous system became a cipher for crime and the bankrupt megacity; its rebirth a symbol of the city taking back control. Hector Guimards sinuously organic Art Nouveau iron-work for the Paris Metro announces the presence of a station art runs through the citys veins and the artists sign has become the symbol of the city itself, as have Londons roundels. Moscows astonishing Stalinist stations became palaces of the proletariat, fairlytale commuters balls lit by sparkling chandeliers. Stockholms Tunnelbana appears as a network of caves, hewn from the rock and painted with endlessly engaging verve. Munichs vividly colored U-Bahn is an underground art gallery and, while Bilbaos rebirth is usually credited to the Guggenheim Museum, it was the elegant glass hoods of the Basque citys Metro system, designed by Norman Foster that truly animated the city. From Shanghai to Dubai, cities are only allowed to become real once they have dug deep enough within themselves to make themselves truly metropolitan. On 9 September 2009, Dubai inaugurated its metro network, becoming the first urban metro network in the Gulf's Arab states. Dubai Metro is a driverless, fully automated metro network. The Red Line (52.1 km long and runs from Rashidiya to Jebel Ali, covering a span of 29 stations) is partly operational (18 stations), the Green Line (22.5 km will run from Al Qusais to Jaddaf taking in 18 stations en route) is still under construction, and further lines are planned. These first two lines run underground in the city centre and on elevated viaducts elsewhere. All trains and stations are air conditioned with platform edge doors to make this possible. Once the 20 km Green line opens, the Dubai Metro will overtake the title of longest automated metro network from the Vancouver Skytrain, surpassing it by 3 km. This assignment is intended to examine the challenges of encouraging the use of rail transport, the benefits to be gained and the impact on other modes of transport.

Logistic Operations Assignment

Babur Buranov The challenges of attracting passengers to the Dubai Metro. There are few main factors contributing to the challenging characteristics of Dubai Metro and public transport in general, some of them are of a geographical nature like extreme heat and humidity. 1.1 During the summer temperature soars to 113F (45C) and humidity reaching almost 100%, taking in consideration that summer is almost half of the year; sandstorms and rear but sudden in nature rains are not encouraging to use public transport. 1.2 However, main challenges are laying within the public transport itself, or its undeveloped network to be more precise. On the surface, Dubai is well-served by taxis compared to other metropolises. About 6,900 taxis serve its population of about 1.4 million, or 4.9 cabs per 1,000 people. That compares with 1.6 in New York, 2.7 in London and 4.7 in Tokyo, according to a survey by Bloomberg News. It is the gridlock and lack of public transport - the city's bus service counts 500 coaches - that make the search for taxis nightmarish for residents and the more than six million business travelers and tourists who visit Dubai annually. In addition to its iconic black cabs, London, by contrast, has a fleet of 8,000 buses. At peak hours, 522 Underground trains run at the same time, according to Transport for London. Dubai Metro, at present moment, does not cover most of the residential areas; therefore most of the commuters need to use other modes of transport in order to get to the Metro station. With only 58 existing bus routs most of commuters have to catch a cab, or drive to the nearest station 1.3 Lack of parking space. For those who drive, using a metro may seam to be a long awaited relief but so-called concept of park and ride works only if the final destination is located next to the Metro station, so far parking areas are available only at Rashidia and Nakheel Harbour stations of the Red Line, and Etisalat of the Green Line (under construction). The network of shuttle bus services that Dubai is rolling out to get people from their homes to metro is simply not as convenient as driving to a car park at the metro. 1.4 Other reasons not to use Dubai Metro are cheap fuel and affordable car prices. A lot of people, despite traffic jams, still prefer to drive rather than using public transport. It will take time for people to make the shift to using the metro as a regular part of their lives. That also contributes to high fumes emission. 1.5 Timing can also be a demotivator. At the present moment Dubai Metro operates only 12 trains on the Red Line, as a result the waiting time at the station during the rush hour is up to ten minutes. On Fridays Metro opens only at 2 p.m. I.

Measures that can be taken to attract passengers to Dubai Metro. The Dubai population should considerably increase over the next 15 years (from 1 to over 4 million), so it is essential to impel residents and guests of Dubai to use public Logistic Operations Assignment 3

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Babur Buranov transport. An array of measures can be taken to do so, and some of them are already being implemented. 2.1 To combat the heat air conditioning is inevitable, after all comfort is paramount. All buses, taxis, connecting areas and footbridges should be air conditioned; new access and egress points interconnecting malls to stations should be built to enhance the temperature controlled nature of the network. In a climate when at certain times of the year its impossible to go outside for any length of time, temperature control at stations and connecting areas is crucial. 2.2 Expanding and strengthening the Dubai Metro network in conjunction with other modes of public transport will increase the attractiveness of the Metro system. Once finished, the Green Line together with planned Purple and Blue Lines may just do the job. The Purple Line (from Dubai International Airport to Al Maktoum International Airport, along Al Khail Road) will extend 49 km and include 8 passenger stations three of which will include facilities for checking-in for the two airports. Passengers will be able to bring their personal effects, check-in and obtain plane boarding passes through the airlines counters in the designated three metro stations. Accordingly, passengers will be able to proceed directly to the airports. The Blue Line will link the current international airport with the new Dubai World Central International Airport (along Emirates road) which is being built at Jebel Ali, part of a 140km multi-mode transports hub. Nine-car trains configured for the demands of airport passengers will take 40 minutes between line termini. With the Blue Line to follow the Purple Line, Dubai RTA expects 318km of metro lines to be in operation by 2020. To further reduce the area's reliance upon road transport, the authority is considering adding 268km of light rail lines that will serve as feeders to Dubai Metro. In April 2008 the RTA announced the development of the Yellow Line, a light rail operation. The transport authority is going to spend 52.5 billion dirham over five years to expand bus, road and rail networks (the number of public buses will be increased to 1,200 and 800 taxis will be added). The expansion will also include developing of the feeder bus services (28 new feeder bus routs will link the Metro stations to the neighboring areas). Dubai, being a coastal city and a major seaport, does not have any significant net of water transport. Two existing abra routes are functioning only within the old city area. Introducing more abra routs along the Creek will help to improve traffic on the roads. 2.3 To attract car owners to use Dubai Metro more free parking areas should be available, if not next to the Metro station itself but adjacent to the feeder bus stop. Free parking should be available on base of valid Metro tickets to make sure its being utilized only by Metro users. Ideally, people should be able to leave their car at the car park, visit stores or offices up and down the Metro line, and not see their car all day. 2.4 To encourage commuter use, the Dubai metro is relatively inexpensive compared to rail networks in other cities, with the cost of travelling from one end of the Red Line to the other held at Dhs5.80. Additionally, increasing the fuel price, installing more toll gates and restricted licensing will make Metro, and public transport in general more attractive.

Logistic Operations Assignment

Babur Buranov 2.5Cutting the wait time at the station will be an advantage. This will be gradually reached by increasing the number of the trains on the line. Changing the Friday timing may attract those who wish to visit shopping malls.

The RTA has come up with some initiatives to make Metro use more comfortable: unified ticketing system (nol card), Wi-Fi and mobile access through out the Metro journey, dedicated cabins for women and children are among them. Stations equipped with amenities such as food outlets, ATMs, dry cleaning services and retail space are also an advantage. III. Benefits to be gained from the introduction of the Dubai Metro. 5

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Babur Buranov While it is true that traffic is still a problem in a few high density areas, it is not as bad as it was a few years ago when the plans for the metro were drawn up. In the past 6 to 12 months Dubai's roads have improved noticeably as the population has shrunk due to the wave of layoffs that resulted from the financial crisis. The easing of the traffic problem, along with the relatively few number of stations that will be opening and the challenges involved in connecting people from their homes to the metro stations, are among the reasons why some experts think the impact of the metro will be relatively minor in the short term. Commuters (especially low-paid expatriates who depend on public transport), tourists and retailers are the ones to benefit the most. Traffic costs the local economy about 4.6 billion dirham a year in lost man-hours, according to Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority. Sixty-one per cent of the congestion is due to the lack of alternatives. The introduction of the metro as a transportation system would lower the financial costs that result from the daily congestion on Dubai roads, especially in some of the more densely populated areas of the city. Figures provided by the RTA show that 10 million passengers used the Metro in its first five months.Dubai officials are confident that the metro will help reduce traffic in the emirate, according to the forecast the metro will carry 27,000 passengers per hour and 355 million passengers a year, once both lines are fully operational. Commuters from the residential areas of Dubai will have a better link with the business and industrial areas. For instance, Dubai Internet City is home to over 25,000 professionals who commute daily from across Dubai and other emirates in UAE. Metro will definitely help ease traffic congestion in area in addition to providing a fast and affordable mode of transport. Similarly, residents in areas such as Jumeirah Lake Towers, Karama and Marina are expected to benefit from the Metro as it would afford them easier access to places. Another good example is Emirates Group: Emirates station is directly linked to the Emirates head office, which will ease employees daily travel to work, furthermore, the Metro will be a vital mode of transport for those employees whose work requires shuttling between the Head Office and Dubai Airport. Businesses in areas such as Bur Dubai, which continue to have traffic problems, will also benefit from having a metro station. Some retailers, especially the malls, are likely to get a boost by their proximity to metro. However, there needs to be more parking near metro stations to encourage people to use the new transport system. According to Rail Operation Department at RTA Rail Agency, the Mall of the Emirates Station is the most attractive to both commuters and tourists, recording 1,578,447 passengers; accounting for 16% of total passenger count. Another outcome of the new metro service likely to be seen are little communities cropping up around the metro stations, creating an opportunity for convenience retailers like express supermarkets, laundry services, and gift shops. Dubai's deputy ruler, Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, has said that he believes the metro will be one of the 'major tourist landmarks in the country'. He contends that the metro will 'attract more holidaymakers to the UAE, giving a big boost to internal tourism and energizing and diversifying the local economy'. Metro definitely will be a landmark for Dubai, on the other hand it adds to the infrastructure and tourism inventory. With a number of hotels near metro stations in Dubai, visitors will be able to enjoy hassle-free journeys and will be able to avoid the Logistic Operations Assignment 6

Babur Buranov congestion on the roads, as an illustration, the Novotel and the Ibis World Trade Centre Hotels are located at the metro station itself, which means guests will not have to walk outdoors to take the metro. Another benefit that the tourism industry will see is that the metro will help attract global conferences, as infrastructure is a key driver when it comes to attracting these events. Dubai has many things going for it in terms of its location and its hotels, but the ability to get people through the airport and out to the properties efficiently was missing. So far traffic congestion is a serious disadvantage for Dubai as a place to do business. According to the Roads and Transport Authority, 88% of the 1 million vehicles registered in Dubai are cars and buses, what results in noise and heavy pollution. Ecofriendly Dubai Metro system will reduce noise and pollution caused by traffic congestion, reduce waiting times for road users and fatalities and injuries from accidents. The environmental implications will also become more tangible as pollution levels drop and quality of air improves. Moreover it is a good PR for Dubai during economical crisis to have an investment in infrastructure, it is going to help attract outside investors who are looking at the Dubai market. Other planned rail projects planned in GCC and how are they likely to impact on the other modes of transport. There is number of rail projects in GCC in the different stages of development, the major one within the Gulf region is GCC rail network. All six states will be linked with a 2,117km long network, starting in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia before construction of the lines linking Bahrain, Qatar and the UAE. It is hoped to get the project up and running by 2017. According to Kuwait Financial Centre GCC nations are planning to invest a total of $109bn on rail projects in the next 10 years as officials look to solve traffic congestion issues. Train services across the six GCC states will facilitate movement and travel of GCC citizens as well as expatriates and boost regional trade. The extension of the network from KSA to Jordan and from Kuwait to Iraq will link the Gulf countries with the rest of Middle East. The six countries have agreed to share the anticipated US$25bn cost in proportion to the length of main line in each country. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates will shoulder the largest proportion, with Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman the other partners. Each country will build its own branches, stations and freight terminals to feed the core network. UAE has already taken its first steps with the establishment of Etihad Railways Co, also known as Union Railways. With an equity capital of 1bn dirham, ER will be responsible for building around 1100 route-km. The railway may also serve oil and gas Logistic Operations Assignment 7 IV.

Babur Buranov fields in the west of the country. ER is to develop the network within UAE, with main lines running from Al-Ghuweifat on the border with Saudi Arabia to Al-Fujayrah and from Abu Dhabi to Al-Ayn and the Oman border. It has a mandate to procure its own fleet of freight and passenger trains. Qatar has also launched its own national railway project, under the management of Qatari Diar, railway development will run from 2012 to 2026, starting with a metro network in Doha and a connection to the Gulf Railway in the south. To the east, Systra is working with Omans National Engineering Office on plans for an initial 400 km network in the Batinah region, with a feasibility study to be completed by the end of this year. The 260 km main line would follow the coast from Khatmat Malaha on the UAE border near Al-Fujayrah to Barka, with a 30 km link from Barka to Rusayl. A 110 km branch from the port of Suhar would run to the UAE border at Al Buraimi near Al-Ayn. As an aspiring candidate to join the GCC, Yemen is anxious to plug into the emerging rail network. On October 14 Yemens Ministry of Transport invited tenders for a contract to manage the construction of three routes. A trunk line would run along the coast from the border with Saudi Arabia in the northwest to the Oman border in the east, with two branches serving ports on the Red Sea and Arabian Sea. Nearly 2,000km long, this rail line will be for both freight and passenger transport. It is intended to complement the road network which is congested with lorries and is underdeveloped, except around cities; it should also provide an alternative to air travel for passengers. Further each of six GGC countries railway projects will be reviewed separately. Saudi Arabia. One of the parts of future GCC railway the North-South Railway in the west of Saudi Arabia is already under construction. The line will stretch from Haditha point at the border line of KSA with Jordan to Riyadh, passing through Jouf, Hail, Gassim and Sudair. The railway will connect the northern region (Hizam AlJalamid) to the Hail region (Azzabira) allowing the transportation of phosphates and bauxite to Ras Azzur in the northern-eastern part of the kingdom, then on to Jubail to a total length of 2,400 kms. The 200 km/h train sets will have diesel-electric locomotives at each end, and must cope with sandstorms and temperatures of 50C in the Great AnNafud Desert. The first freight trains are expected to begin using the North-South Railway by the end of 2010, with passenger operations from 2012. Eventually the line will be extended to Amman, Jordan. This project is of vital strategic importance to the national economy, as the processing of phosphates, which exists in commercial quantities, will place the kingdom second internationally in their export, besides accommodating fertilizer industry technology. It will also increase oil, agricultural and industrial products transportation, as well as goods and passengers. Moreover, the development of adjacent areas, cities, towns and villages where the railway line passes through, will consequently lead to the advancement of industries in the northern part of the kingdom. Another railway project under construction is Haramain High Speed Rail, the 444 km high speed line will link the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah via Jeddah and King Abdul Aziz International Airport. Trains will run at up to 320 km/h, giving a 2 h journey time between Madinah and Jeddah and 30 min for the 72 km from Jeddah to Makkah. Logistic Operations Assignment 8

Babur Buranov High speed trains will be ideal solutions to the transport problems faced by the millions of Hajj and Umrah pilgrims.Every year millions of Muslim pilgrims converge on the Holy City of Makkah in Saudi Arabia to perform the rituals of Hajj and Umrah. Forecasts suggest that the number of Hajj and Umrah visitors will rise steadily from the present total of 20 million a year, with 30 million reached by 2010. This explains why the Saudi government is putting plans in place to build a high speed railway linking the two cities, with around 50% of visitors expected to take advantage of the service. During Ramadan alone the region must accommodate 2 million Umrah pilgrims. The line will also serve Jeddah, where King Abdul Aziz International Airport is a major gateway for pilgrims visiting the Kingdom. Jeddah is also a major port. It is believed that the railway will reduce traffic congestion on the main road linking the three cities and within the urban areas of Makkah and Madinah. A cleaner environment thanks to fewer emissions is anticipated, together with a reduction in road accidents and substantial social and economic benefits. The 18.1 km elevated Makkah Metro will enhance the undergoing railway development in the west of KSA once integrated with the Haramain High Speed Rail. The metro will transport pilgrims to holy sites in Arafat, Muzdalifa and Mena during the Hajj, reducing congestion caused by buses and cars. The line will also carry Umrah pilgrims throughout the year. Each site will have three stations. The metro will open in time for the November 2010 Hajj, operating at 35% capacity initially with automatic train protection to assist manual driving. A member of staff will be retained onboard once driverless operation is introduced in mid-2011, when the metro will reach its full capacity of 72 000 passengers/direction/h in time for the 2011 Hajj. The line may be extended later to Al Haram and is the first of a proposed five-line network which would connect the area to Jeddah airport and the planned national rail network. Riyadh Metrois part of the ADA's efforts to make the public transport system more effective and popular. The first phase will involve the construction of a 25-km north-south route. It will extend from the northern side of the ring road to Olaya and Batha streets up to the southern ring road. The second phase will involve a 14 km route extending from the eastern side of the ring road across King Abdulaziz Road up to King Khaled Road in the west. It is expected that the first phase of the project will cover 30 districts of the city. Distances between stations will be 600 meters in highly populated areas and 1,100 meters to 2,000 meters in less populated areas of the city. Qatar. Railway development in Qatar includes the east coast rail link, a passenger and freight railway linking Ras Laffan industrial complex with Doha and the new port in Mesaieed; a high speed link from the new international airport to central Doha and across the planned causeway and bridge to Manama in Bahrain; the Doha expressway, a freight link to Saudi Arabia based on GCC rail studies; the Doha metro network of six lines,

Logistic Operations Assignment

Babur Buranov running underground in the city centre; Peoplemovers in urban developments at Lusail, West bay and Education City. This massive railway development should boost already booming Qatari economy connecting Doha to industrial development areas outside the capital and other GCC nations; improved traffic situation in Doha will contribute to attractiveness of the city as a regional financial and cultural hub. Kuwait. The government of Kuwait is planning to build a 165 km four-line metro network in the capital city. The lines will be tendered as separate projects. Construction is anticipated to take five years. Around 65% of the network will be elevated, with the remainder underground. Annual ridership is estimated at 69.1 million passengers. The government is also developing plans for a national rail network in the emirate. Five passenger and freight lines are under consideration, with a total length of 505.3 km of double track electrified line. East-west routes would link economic centers within Kuwait, a 42.5 km line would serve the airport, a 30 km line the port, and a 244.8 north-south line would connect the Iraqi and Saudi Arabian borders. This would eventually form part of the proposed Gulf rail network.Kuwait. Included in the plans is more than $11bn worth of investment in the construction of a railway and metro that will link Kuwait to the rest of the Gulf and possibly Central Asia and China as well, what will radicalize both the country's economical position and rail infrastructure. UAE. Apart from developing national section of GCC railway network there are another two major railway projects. In August 2008 Abu Dhabi revealed its plans to create an integrated mass transit system to connect its upcoming communities. The system will involve a complex network of trams, underground metro lines and high-speed rail. The project seems equal to Dubai in its ambition and the smaller scale of overall development in Abu Dhabi allows such plans a greater degree of freedom than its neighbor. Developed transport infrastructure will make Abu Dhabi a better place for tourism, business and life. The Al Sufouh Tram Project is part and parcel of a Dubai master plan to provide mass transit systems up to 2020, covering metro, tram, bus, and marine lines. The path of Al Sufouh Tram interchanges with the Red Line of Dubai and the monorail of The Palm Jumeirah. Al Sufouh Tram Project adopts the latest technologies, particularly in power supply. The tram will be catenary free and will be supplied with electricity through a safe and modern ground cable system. Al Sufouh Tram will be the worlds first tram network to use platform screen doors, thus maintaining the efficient air-conditioning of stations and tram cars. Due to economical turndown the project was suspended. Oman. The government of sultanate has finalized the route for a 475 km network connecting the capital, Muscat, with the countrys border with UAE at Khatmat Malaha and Al Ain. Branch lines will also run from the industrial port city of Sohar to Buraimi. The network will be designed for high speeds of up to 350 km/h for passenger travel, and 200 km/h for freight trains. In later stages the rail system will be extended to Duqm on Omans south-eastern coast, where a ship repair yard is being built. Bahrain. Two rail links connecting Juffair with Manama and Bahrain International Airport with the Diplomatic Area will open in 2013. Both will terminate in the Seef District and will be among six new rail links due to be up and running in Bahrain by 2030. Logistic Operations Assignment 10

Babur Buranov Four other rail links will be added to the network. The tramway is said to be capable of running at speeds of up to 30kmph and transporting 10,000 passengers an hour. Metro Rail Transit (MRT) system, capable of speeds of up to 60kmph and taking up to 60,000 passengers an hour, while a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and a monorail were also being considered. The GCC rail network is believed to revolutionize the regional trade links. The auto transport will be the most affected, as its monopoly on land transport will come to an end. Project is designed to put the most of the freight from tracks to rail, reducing GCCs dependency on road transport, improving the traffic and environment. Freight trains can be very efficient, with economy of scale and high energy efficiency. However, their use is reduced by lack of flexibility, often by the need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the points of pick-up and delivery. Putting freight from road to rail will improve the traffic situation on the roads and allow using them more efficiently. Water transport wont be affected as much, particularly international trade operations, but part of freight between the GCC countries may be transported by rail. The integration of big ports with the railway stations will enhance the feeder services and make these multimodal transportation hubs key centers for industrial development. Pipelines and tankers will stay main modes of transportation of oil and natural gas. Rail will allow GCC countries to develop deposits of nonoil minerals in the interior of Arabia. The impact of rail projects in passengers transportation in GCC is more questionable. Travel by rail becomes more competitive in areas of higher population density or where gasoline is expensive, because trains are more fuel efficient than cars when ridership is high, similar to other forms of mass transit. Development of urban rail in the major cities across the Gulf may contribute to popularization of rail as a mode of intercity passenger transport, especially if the train stations will be integrated with metro stations. A side effect of the high-speed rail lines may open up of previously isolated regions to fast economic development. Cities relatively close to a major city may see an increase in population, but those farther away may actually lose population. While commercial high-speed trains have maximum operating speeds much slower than jet aircraft, they have advantages over air travel mostly for relatively short distances, and can be an integral part of a transportation system, particularly in the more densely populated coastal areas of the Gulf. With the increasing role of airports like Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Doha as major international hubs some short haul flights may be substituted by railway services due to busy airspace and better efficiency. On the whole railway transport will boost the infrastructure sometimes overtaking, sometimes reinforcing other modes of transport.

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Conclusion The launch of the Dubai Metro in September 2009 came ahead of a number of other planed rail projects across the region which will have a big impact on the transport network. This assignment examined the challenges of encouraging the use of rail transport, the benefits to be gained and the impact on other modes of transport. Dubai needs to decrease dependence on road transport for further sustainable development. The metro system will improve the traffic situation in the city, even though it is not that perceptible in short time period. Introduction of rail transport in big urban centers of GCC will make region more economically attractive and be a stimulus for further development. GCC rail network will play a role of catalysis in Gulf integration process. Better transport links between Gulf countries, and with the wider Middle East, will not only boost inter-regional trade, but could also transform the region into an international transshipment hub.

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References: Ahmed, A. (2010) Metro to increase operating hours. Gulf News 1 May: 3 Aly Khan, G. (2009) Zawya, Riyadh metro: Construction work begins [online] Available from <http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20091110032109/Construction %20Work%20Begins%20on%20Riyadh%20Metro> Ameinfo, Middle East business resource (2010) Dubai Metro lifts more than 100k passengers in a single day, says Roads and Transport Authority [online] Available from <http://www.ameinfo.com/231999.html> Bloomberg, (2008) Public transport woes slow fast-moving Dubai [online] Available from http://www.asiaone.com/Travel/News/Story/A1Story2008071576619.html Dhal, Sh. (2010) Ready or not, here they come. Xpress 22 April: 6-7 Staff Report (2010) Pre-qualification bids for rail network launched. Gulf News 17 April: 26 Global Mass Transit Report, (2010) Kuwait invites bids for railway project [online] Available from <http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=2859> Global Mass Transit Report, (2009) GCC Metro Plans: Ambitious investment plans for metro rail sector [online] Available from <http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=427> Government of Dubai, Roads and Transport Authority, (2010) Dubai Metro lifts more than 100k passengers in a single day [online] Available from <http://www.rta.ae/wpsv5/wps/portal/! ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4g3NgsBSYGZJkb6kWhijgi RIH1vfVP_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAgRbrLQ!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUM vNElVRS82XzBfMzdF?contenttype=latest&contname=Dubai%20Metro%20lifts %20more%20than%20100k%20passengers%20in%20a%20single%20day> Government of Dubai, Roads and Transport Authority, (2010) Network Lines [online] Available from <http://www.rta.ae/wpsv5/wps/portal/! ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4g3NgsFSYGZJkb6kWhijg gRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UA3YjFsA!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZN QUFzQUMvNElVRS82XzBfMzcy>

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Babur Buranov Hawkes, A.(2008) Railway-technology The GCC Rail Revolution [online] Available from <http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature43064/> Menon, V. (2010) Implementation of Dubai Metro WiMAX now complete. [online] Available from <http://www.itp.net/579355-implementation-of-dubai-metro-wimaxnow-complete> Railway Gazette (2009), Gulf Railway could start next year. [online] Available from <http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//gulfrailway-could-start-next-year.html> Railway Gazette (2010), Haramain High Speed Rail project manager appointed [online] Available from <http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/singleview/view/10/haramain-high-speed-rail-project-manager-appointed.html> Railway Gazette (2009), Qatar Railways Development Co founded [online] Available from <http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/qatarrailways-development-co-founded.html> Railway Gazette (2010), Partnership to develop Emirates rail projects [online] Available from <http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/singleview/view/10/partnership-to-develop-emirates-rail-projects.html> Railway Gazette (2009), Abu Dhabi unveils transport master plan [online] Available from <http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/abudhabi-unveils-transport-master-plan.html> SYSTRA Dubai branch (2009) Automated Guide way Transit Walter, N. (2009) The Metro unlikely to spur a fast-track revival [online] Available from <http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/the-metro-unlikely-tospur-a-fast-track-revival-1.504848> Wigglesworth, R. (2010) GCC works to bridge gaps in road to union. Financial Times 11 May: 11 Wikipedia, A Free Encyclopedia, Dubai Metro. [online] Available from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Metro>

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