06 01 TransformerProt

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2314 / trafoprot_a.ppt / F1 of 44
ABB

Power transformers in a power system 400 kV AC Transmission
130 kV Subtransmission Generation MV Distribution LV

ABB

Different vector group and neutral connections
Yy YN yn0 (d1)
Yd YN d1
Dy D yn11
Yd+z YN d11 + zn

ABB

Different winding arrangements
2 windings + unloaded tertiary
3 windings e.g. Yy 6 d1
Autotransformer + tertiary e.g. YN Auto d1
2-winding transf. + Auxiliary transformer

ABB

Possible Faults Insulation breakdown Short circuits phase-to-phase Inter-turns Ground faults Overvoltage U> (overexcitation U/f>) Overtemperature Oil leakage or contamination Oil level monitor Reduced cooling
ABB

Possible Transformer Failures Winding failures Tap changer failures Bushing failures Core failures Miscellaneous failures

ABB

Selective Protection of:
- two or - three winding transformer - autotransformer - generator-transformer unit

Detection of:
- all-phase faults - earth-faults at solidly or low-impedance earthed systems - interturn faults

ABB

Recommended Transformer Protection
Functions up to 2 MVA Gas Detector Relay (Buchholz) Overload Protection (Thermal or temperature monitoring relay) Overcurrent Protection Differential Protection Ground Fault Protection Voltage Regulating Relay Overexcitation Oil level monitor for exposed overvoltage situations Rating 2 - 5 MVA less 60 MVA over 60 MVA

ABB

Transformer Protection Basic Versions
Transformer Protection Basic Versions
Type of Transformer Unit Prot.
Transformer Rating High-Voltage Side Medium-Voltage Side Low-Voltage Sid S < 60 MVA S > 60 MVA Prot. 2 Prot. 1 Prot. 2 (Back-up) (Main) (Back-up)
Prot. 1 (Main)
2-Winding (Star/Delta)
Id Id Id Id Id Id Id Id Id Id Id + REF Id + REF
REF
I> + IN + TH + SBEF I> + IN + TH + SBEF I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH I> + IN + TH
I> I> I> + IN + SBEF I> + IN + SBEF I> + IN + SBEF I> + IN + SBEF I> + IN + SBEF I> I> + IN + SBEF I> I> + IN I> + IN I> + IN I> + IN I> I> + IN + SBEF I> + IN + SBEF
2-Winding (Star/Stern)
REF
REF
2-Winding (Star/Delta) + Earth.transf.
REF
3-Winding (Star/Star/Delta)
REF
REF
3-Winding (Star/Star/Delta) + Earth.transf.
REF
REF
2-Winding (Auto) 3-Winding (Auto)
Remark: The SBEF-Function (Stand-by EF Prot.) is only needed if earthing resistor is installed

ABB

Transformer protection example (1)
I >> I> IN TH
Bu / LOL OT / WT
I IN
REF
IN I>

ABB

- Differential prot. (87T) - REF (87N) - Overcurrent (51T) - E/F protection (51N) - Thermal overload prot. (49) - Overvoltage prot. (59)
I> 51T 87T REF 87N
u 49 I0 51N
87T
U> 59

ABB

I> IN
Bu / LOL OT / WT
TH
Id I> I> IN

ABB

I >> I> IN TH
REF
Bu / LOL OT / WT
I REF
Id I> IN I>

ABB

Differential protection (87T) Causes phase faults in the protection zone effects high currents potential damage to transformer winding expensive outage and repair due to damage Features / requirements
low impedance principle for two and three-winding transformers non-linear current-dependant tripping characteristic high stability during throughfault and CT-saturation compensation for vector group compensation for current amplitude (CT-ratio) inrush restraint

ABB

Features
Differential Protection includes:

C.T. Ratio adaption Connection group adaption Back-up functions Large setting ranges

ABB

Differential protection (87T)
Id= I1+I2 by external faults can due to -ratio errors -saturation -losses in the transfomer -tapchanger a differential current can occur, therefore a stabilized tripping characteristic is needed Inrush can also provoke differential current
87T
Protection zone

ABB

Features True measurement for three-wind. transformer compares the greatest current the with sum of the two others I-instantaneous independ. of inrush Inrush eval.ratio 2nd.harm to fundamental detection of largest phase current detection of energised transformer using load current Adaptive characteristic (b-line)
Id/ IN
Trip Trip for I1 / IN < b or I2 / IN < b
g-high g b
No Trip
Ih/ IN

ABB

A
AI 1,2,3
DIFF
A
AI 7,8,9

ABB

Differential protection for 3 windings
AI 4,5,6
DIFF
AI 1,2,3
A D
AI 7,8,9

ABB

Differential protection 87T
800/ 5 300MVA 220/ 18 KV 30MVA 18/ 6 KV
87GT
10'000/ 5
CT's at the Aux. transformer must have the same ratio as the other two. Correction of the ratio with Ref.-Value or a-Factor in the protection function
300MVA 18 KV
10'000/ 5

ABB

Fault inside protected zone
I1
I2
DI 4 3
cos a < 0 IH = 0
2 1 g 1 2 3 4 5 IH

ABB

Fault outside protected zone Low short circuit current Load
I < (1.5...3) * Irated
I1
I2
DI 4
cos a = 1
3 2 1 g 1 2 3 4 5 IH v=50%
IH =
I1 I2 cos a
IH = I1 = I2 = ILoad < (1.5...3)*Irated

ABB

Fault outside protected zone High short circuit current Isc
I > (1.5....3) * Irated
I1
I2
DI 4
v= infinite
cos a = 1
3 2 1 g 1 2 3 4 5 IH v=50%
IH =
I1 I2 cos a
IH = I1 = I2

ABB

Operating characteristic of the RE..16 differential protection
Operation Operation for
I1 <b IN I2 <b IN
I1
I IN
Protected unit
I2
ID = I1 + I2 + I3 ....Operating current IH .....................Restraint current IH = I1 I2 cos for cos 0 IH = 0 for cos < 0 where : I1 = greatest of I1; I2 I2 = ID - I1 = (I1; - I2)
or
v g 1 b 2 3
Restraint
IH IN

ABB

Vector group adoption for Yd5 transformer

ABB

Restricted earth-fault protection (REF)
AI
Id
REF
Trip
Used at direct and low impedance earthing Clears internal EFs instantaneously Unaffected by inrush current and external fault
Id
REF
Trip

ABB

Thermal overload protection
Rise of temperature
0,63
t
Time
ABB

Overexcitation protection
t
Definite
V/Hz inverse
V/Hz

ABB

Requirements for overcurrent protection Fast operation for primary short circuit Non operation for inrush Discrimination with other overcurrent protection Non operation at short or long term overload Back up protection for network faults, outside the transformer

ABB

Application, typical HV bay
Control unit
OFF 1
R
Busbar protection
C E
ON OFF 2
Transformer protection

ABB

Protection function structure
150 / 1 A Ir1 = 120 A Ir12 = 0,80 A A/D conv. Trip logic DIFF
145 kV 30 MVA
150 / 1 A
IrN12 = 0,80 A
11 kV
Ir2 = 1575 A 1600 / 1 A
11 kV 110 V 3 3 Ur22 = 110/3 V
F i l t e r i n g
TOC REF NOV etc.
Trip
Ir22 = 0,98 A
BI
>1

ABB

Main functions
Compact design including: Basic SW functions and transformer protection functions: - Overcurrent protection - Logic functions, delay & counter - FUPLA - Check functions (I, U) - Disturbance Recording
(Definite time or inverse functions)
- Thermal overload - Differential protection - Overvoltage protection - Distance protection - Overexcitation U/f - Metering U I f P Q

ABB

Main Features
- No interposing CT's - Standard wiring diagram - Inputs for external functions (Buchholz, temperature sensors) - Programmable indication of tripping and signalling - Indication of measuring values - Continuous self-monitoring - Modular SW protection functions - 4 serial interfaces: * one front for local commmunication (PC) * one rear for remote communication SPA or VDEW6 * two others (spare) - Member of the 316*4-family and part of PYRAMID - Fits into ABB solution
available
ABB

Transformer Protection Options I> back up Sensitive earth fault I0> for not grounded windings Restricted earth fault (High impedance principle) Thermal overload U>, U< Distance Protection
2W only 2W only
2W only 2W only

ABB

Redundancy
Q1 Q51 Q0 Q53 Q9 Q2
A
Protection Functions Additional Logic Monitoring Communication Power Supply
SCS/ SMS
B8 B9 C1 T1
Station A
T2
C2
B1
B2 B7
B3
B4
B5
B6
C7
B
Protection Functions
1252 123 123 123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
DEC 3000 AXP Alpha
Additional Logic Monitoring Communication Power Supply
INTERBAY BUS COMMUNICATION

ABB

Redundancy example
C E
C E

ABB

06 01 TransformerProt

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06 01 TransformerProt

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Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

130 kV Subtransmission Generation MV Distribution LV

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

2 windings + unloaded tertiary

Autotransformer + tertiary e.g. YN Auto d1

2-winding transf. + Auxiliary transformer

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

- two or - three winding transformer - autotransformer - generator-transformer unit

- all-phase faults - earth-faults at solidly or low-impedance earthed systems - interturn faults

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

2-Winding (Star/Delta) + Earth.transf.

3-Winding (Star/Star/Delta) + Earth.transf.

2-Winding (Auto) 3-Winding (Auto)

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

I> 51T 87T REF 87N

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

Differential Protection includes:

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

800/ 5 300MVA 220/ 18 KV 30MVA 18/ 6 KV

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

IH = I1 = I2 = ILoad < (1.5...3)*Irated

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Transformer Protection in Transmission Networks

ABB Power Automation Ltd