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Thismaeea|sapersesTM 9-33051, 14 Novemb1956.
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IM9-3306

Sto III.
IV.
N.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
PAHT1HH.
c
Stion I.
II.
III.
APPENDX
Iv
2-1
Pmu Pug
Equilibrator .. ................... .
Elevatng Mesm ...................................................................... .
7-7 T
7-11 7-10
'ravesing MecharUsm ....................................................................
Ale a Equ ...........................................................................
1um Support Retracable Suspension System ..................... .
dand Shields ..............................................................................
7-14 7-13
7-17 7-16
719 717
7-22 720
Bm 724 725
GUUEUM8LT SYSTEMS
|U
General ......................................... .................................................... 81 81
82 8-1
86 88
REFERENCES A!
....... ....................................... ..
U L!
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crosssecon ......................................................................................
Landsand ooves ...................................................................................
band ................................................................................ .
htandunIormtwst..............................................................................
Heco||s||deral mou| .............................................................................................
Crad|eandsle hount
Borevaator...................................................................................................
Bore evacuator ogeratIon......................................... ,..q..................................
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aerana:aermehaoism............................................................................ .
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;aaerana:amme:mehao:sm|stoweaposit:eoi........................................................
eaaeraoaramme:meehaoismeom oeats................................................................ .
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418
419
420
4 20
421
421
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7-28
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TM880
PART ONE
GENERAL
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
1-1. S.
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14I
T 9-3305
CHAPTER2
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
Setion I. GENERL
21. Pregunpowde Ea. Artl has had a m
tory of development for ove 2000 y.
a. Before the invention of gunpowder, thee
were two m types of artillery.
(1) MThese mehanical devics, pow
ered by twistd ropes .f hair, hide, or s, were
deigned to throw heavy stones or combustible
materials. Like modem field guns. the ballista shot
mand directly toward the enemy.
U Catapult. The catapult (fig 21), the how
iter M mortar of it day, culd throw a l(.pound
stone 600 yards in a high
Figure 2-1. Catapult.
b. In the 11th and 12th centurie, the Greeks
used a composition kn as Greek Fire. It proba
bly cnsisted of phophorus, mmfats. and oils
and was used to set fire to wo en ships or build
y.In use and effect. Greek Fire was probably
si to jellied gaSe.
2-2. The Invn of Gunpowder. Although
many stories have ben told about the invention of
gunpowder, it believed that it was invented early
in the 13th century in west Europe. Berthold
Schwa, a Ge monk, a Roger Bacon, an
Engsh monk, are both cedite with inventing
gunpowder.
Z. Primitive Al Using Gunpowder.
a. The Arabian madfaa was U or can
non brought to West civtion. With this
small, mortar-like won weapon. Um rested
on the muzzle end until f i ring of the charge tossed
it in the geneal dtion of the eney.
b. Another primitive cannon, with a narrow
neck and Unmouth, fired an iron dup to 700
yards. The shaft of the Wwas wrapped with Ieat
er to fit tighty into the mof the cannon. A r
hot wthrust through a vet ignited the propelling
charge. The bottle shape of the weapon perhaps
suggested the Opot de fer (iron jug), given to
early 1 ons. As the cannon developed, the nar
row neck probably was enlarged until the "bottle"
be a straight tube.
Z Smothbore Cannons.
a. The early artilst's concept of neq
was that a projectile traveled in a straight line un
ti its energ was spent. Then the projectile
dropped to the target. The curved path of a projec
tile moving th the air was not cnsideed in
te design of the early wm. There, beyond
pointblank range, the gunne was never sure of
hitting the target.
b. From the erliest use of muntil about
W year 1300, weapns w smothbore. They
w made by casting the tube around a core. As
cannons evolved, they were cast solid and the bore
m improving the uty of the pie. One
of the erliest reorde uses of such a weapon in
wa m that of an attack on Seville, Spain. in
1247.
o,t:~:,Co|-
T 9-3305
= D the Hundred Ye' Wa (1399-
1453), cannons esme into geneal use. T early
iron or esstbronze pi e were vey small and 1I
led, iron, or stone balls. The en s wee laid di
rectly on the ground, with the muzzles elevated by
mounding up the w. Cumbersome and m8h
cient, they played little part i battle but wee
quite useful in a siege.
d Mohammed I I of Turkey usd one weapon i
his m conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
This weapon weighed 19 tons and used gunpowder
to hurl a 6(pound stone seven times a day. The
usefuls of the wepon was reducd because it
took 60 oxen and 200 men to move it. The weapon
was ressible, however, for destroying the city
walls which had sucs fully resisted m at
tacks by other weapons for more than 1000 years.
e. Bombards were very large weapons with
barrels made of staves and were hoped like a D
rel jfrom which they got their name). The gunpow
de used was weak and barrel pressures were low,
but even so, D frequently burst.
. At the begn of the 15t century, cast
iron balls were being used. The greater effciency of
the iron and the improvements in gunpowde
encouraged the bu of sml and str
guns. Before 1500, the sie gun had ben the pre
domt weapon. Forgediron cannons for field,
garrison, and naval service and then cast-iron and
castbronze guns were steadily develope.
ughout the 1500's, improvements wee made
in lightening the enormous weights of the guns a
projectiles, as well as f better ways to move
the artillery. An ised knowlege mgunpow
der and improvement in essting resulted in the r
placeet mbombards with lighter cannos in the
16th ct.
g. Until about 100 y ago, en ns wee
simply cnstructed. They had a cast barrel, a
wedge elevating mechanism, and crude wheels and
carrage. These weapons were f by igniting
gunpowde with a live fire or match at the touch
hole at the brech. As the cannons improve, they
were of desed size and w esst in one piec of
ct iron or cast bronze. The cti Otrunnions
on the gun made elevation and transportstion
easie.
22
Z. Cara d MoUIta.
W+ The f i rst cn ons were placd on wag or
crs for transporting. These early Qg
jfg 22) supported the cannon at the center of bal
anc and at the mAdjustments in elevation
w made by a wedge unde the breech. To move
the bit was neessary to move the entre c
riage. Large wheels helpe move the wepon over
the por roads. The U absobed a moderate
amount of weapon jump a helped to travese th
piec.
ARR 83
Figure 22. Early crge.
b. Mobile artiller came on the feld with the
c g of John Za during the Hussite Wa
of Bohem (1418-1424). Th h fther m
proved feld artillery by using light guns hauled by
horses instead of oxen. The maneuverable French
guns proved t be an el ent mens for br
up heavy masses m pike i the It
p of the early 1500's. The Gem, under
Maxn I, however, took the Wt leader
ship away fom the 1ch with guns that ranged
1500 yards and with m who had ear the repu
tation of being the best gn ers in Europ.
c. 7nd the year 1525, the Spanish Square
of heavily w pikemen and muskete began
to domte the battd. In te fce of musket
ry, field artillery declined. Although artillery had
achieved some mobility, carriages w still c
bersome. To move a heavy cn on, e over g
q,reu 23 horses. R unition was
rie in wheelbarrows and carts o on a man's D.
The gunner's pace was te mesure of the M
tillery speed. Lacking efficient mobilit, g wee
captured and repture with evey c
swep of the battle.
o,t:~:,Coogle
d. Under the Swedish warrior Gustavs Ad
olphus. albegan mtake its true position on
the battlefield in the 17th cntury. He increased
the rapidity of T by combining the powder
charge and the projetile into a single cartridge,
doing away with the old method of ladling powder
into the gun. Ri the ne for mobile
weapons, he made M of pies which could be
moved by two horses and served by thre men. In
the past, one 1 n for 1000 infantrymen had
standard; Gustavus brought the ratio t six
cannons per 1000 M+
e. Throughout the 18th century, artil
me very clumsy and battles were ly de
cided by infantry and cavalry. About 1750, Freder
ick II, Kg of Prussia, suc ed in developing
the first light artilley. use during the Seven
Years' War (1756-1763). He used artilley that was
light and mobile enough U acompeey the army
and t be readily maneuvered on the battleeld.
The gradual destruction of his veteran infantry
made b lean more heavily on artilley. To keep
pace with cvalry movements, he developed a
horse artillery that moved rapidly along with the
cavalry. His field alery had only light guns and
htr
.

T 9-3305
2-. R Cannons.
a. Straight groovg was applied msmall arms
as early as 1480. During the 1500's, straight groov
ing of musket bores was done extensively. Rifling
probably evolved from the early observation of
feathers on an arrow and from the practcal results
of cutting chamtels in a musket to reduce fouling.
Then it was found that rifling also improved the ac
curacy of a shot.
b. Early cannons were not made acurately:
their accuracy of m was correpondingly low.
These weapons could not be made better than the
tools which producd them, and good machinery
capable of boring cannons was not made until
1750. Although rifling had already been applied m
small arms, mac of the necssary accuracy
t apply rifling mcn ons was not available until
about a ctury later.
1. In 1846, Major Cavelli in Italy and Baron
Wahrendorff in Gy independently producd
rifled iron brechloading cannons. The Cavelli g
lview A, f ig 23) bad two spiral goves which t
t the 114inch projecting lugs of a long projectile.
About the same tm, a British industst, Jo
seph Whitworth, developed the helical hexagonal
bore weapon lview B). This weapon was one of
many used during the American Civil War U861
1865). It was an effcient piece, though subject to
easy fouling which made it dangeous.
.

A. SDDE PROJILE A BR (CAVEL I)
(
ARR8310
B. MGONAL PROJILE A BORE (WHITWORTH)
Figure 23. Early rifled canons.
o,t:~:,C_le
Y
d. T Civil War b with smoth
boe muzzle wd and eded with rifled muzzle
loaders (f 2-4). When thee wepons wore out or
were cpture, smothbore wepns wee mc
with r Qi s. T R gun is an example
of a wepon converted fom a smoothboe U8 rif
U Developed by Captain T. J. R
(United State Army Oce) in the mid-180's,
this smothbore weapon was cast aound a water
ccore. Its inner walls solidifed frst and wee
cmpressed by te cntaction of the out metal
as it cooled more slowly. By t poss, it had
much great strengt to resist explosion of the
charge. The R smoothboe cannon, cast in
o U. 16, and 2i calibers, was the bet cast
iron oce of 1L time. Dw and a the
Civil War, a number m the lO.inch R
smothbore cannons wee conveted mU8-inch ri
by egthe bore and inseting a goved
stel tube.
AR81311
Fi 24. Civil War cannon.
Z
k. h.Jo cannon
was made Jess than a century ago. There were some
brech-loading cannons m M 40 years ago,
but by o standards, t w not satisf
and w not the forn s of m bre
loading cannons.
b. T need for breeh-loading was U enable
fring and rdg without exposng the Qm
U the e. The eIuI` x of the breh-loading
poblem depede on fding a mm that
would s the propl t gs within the c
b. T was accmplished by using h m
(brass) Qcass for the slcn on a
more comple expnding asbestos and m seals
for te Qones. The first on that had all
the fetures now in use was the French 75 I[25).
This 75mm g model of 1897, ussu-
niton and had mws`yt>a fg mehanism,
and a ti mehanism. It was the DObof 1
mQ of U Pw armies in World War I
(1914-1918).
AR81312
Fi 25. Fr 75-mm g,model of 1897.
o,t:~:,Coogle
MVdd0
Sction II. DEVELOPMENT OF
UNITED STATES CANNON ARTILLERY
3 Dement.
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B
b. Mobile Al ery. The of tm
Frech 75 m1897 spurre Ameican desigers a
series of develgnts. Many mwmm
3, 4.7, 6, and 8i calibes wth various cr ge
and ri ms m nts. Little mm
was available, howeve, t manufacture Uguns
for issue. fore, upon ent Wol Wa I in
1917, weapons were adopted for which production
facilities existed. The foUowing gwee adopted
mUthe Ae Forcs:
(II The French 76-m @ model of 1897.
Q The American 75mm g mol of 1916
(fig 28).
(3) The British 75mm gmof 1917.
(4) The French 156-mmgun(Fillous)(f 2-9),
m fly kw u G.P.F., after 1L
French M Grande-e-t nce Fmg of
geat power).
(5) The French 155mm howitzer \Wl
(`g210).
Figure 28. Acan 75-mm gun, moel of 1916.
ARI16
2
Figure 29. French 155-mm gun \v
ARI1318
ARR 801317
Fi@210. French 155-mm howitzer (Schneider).
o,t:~:,Coogle
Z Dmet I Wol Wa II.
a. T prio btwen Wold War I a II
brought abut Vlittle i n Uprouction of new
feld artil weapns. With the bn of
World War II. there was a ne for mm field &
tiller wepns, and lge number of weap
ons were dvelo.
b. Moem highways and highsped trcks
brought about the dveloment of artilley weap
ons that culd b towe at relatively high spe
With the further develmt of the m after
World War I, artilley wepns were uw
that culd travel C ty ove rough and
U3rets brught abut
t development of large numbr o new towe
srl alWpn
{11 TmwwMas follows:
laIGUDe.
(fg 211).
1. M1 4.5inch gun on Ml carri age
TM3305
2 M1 155mm g 1 M2 @
Tom =212).
(fg 2-13t.
3. M1 8-inch gn on M2 crge
4. M85 280m gun (fg 214).
m|Howltzee.
1. M1A1 75mm pck howitzer on
Ml (Mll6) cr ge (fg 215).
Z M2A1 105mm mwIu M M2
(MlOl) cr(fg 216).
3 Ml 15f.mm howt 1 Ml
(M114) cr(f 217).
4 M1 8-inch mmmton Ml (Mll5)
cr(fg 218).
5. Ml 240m howitzer on M2 \
tiage (fig 2-19t.
AR il318
Fi 211. M1 4.5-inch gon M1 carriage.
Llglll ~:
C
2

7
o
g
l
e
V0
ARl319
Figure 212. M1 155m gun on M21Long Tom cr ge.
Figure 213. Ml 8inc gun on M2 cr.
Digitized by Coogle
.

TM 9-3306
AR 81321
Fi 2-14. M85 280m gn.
ARR 8132
Figr 215. MlAl 75-m pac howitze on Ml (Mll6) cr ag.
P
Digitize by Co:1e
T 9-3305
A 813
Figr 216. M2A1 105-m howit 1 M21Ml01) criag
AR813
Fig 217. M1 155-m howit on Ml1Mll4) cr ge.
2-Jf
Digitize by Coogle
AR 813
Fi 218. Ml 8inch howitzer on Ml (M 1161
cr
.
Fi 219. Ml 24(.m howitzer on M2 crge.
T93306
AR 8132
Digitize by ti:og|-
9-3305
fQ The s-prpl w8 m oo fol
lw:
Is1Guns.
(fg 220).
1. M12 motr cr 155-mm gun
(fig 221).
2. M40 motor cr155-mm gun
3. M53 155-mm sl-prl medi
um g(fg 222).
(fig 2-23).
4. T93 cr 8-inch gun
m|How=
1. M37 Ocrg 105-mm DW
1C(fig 224).
2. M7 motor crge 105-m bowit
4(fg 225).
3. MS 105-mm self-pelled light
howiter (f. 226).
4 M44 155mm s-prple m
M howitz (fg 227).
5. M55 8-inch s-prl e heav
howite (8M|.
6. T92 motor cr ge 24(-mm howit
W (fg 229).
AR813
Figure 220. Ml2 motor cr155-mm gun.
212
Digitize by Coogle
|

ARl3
Fi 221. M4 motor cr155- gn.
Fi 222. M53 155m sf-propele meum g-
Digitize by le
TM 9330
Fie 223. T3 m cr8mO.
ARR S-1831
Figure 224. M37 motor carriage 105-mm howit.
ARR S-13
Figure 225. M7 UUUIcarriage 105-mm howi tzer.
2-14
ARR 80-130
Digitize by Coogle

AR 81333
Fig 226. M8 105-sel-propeled lht howiter.
Figre 227. M44 155sel-propeled meum howitzer.
T 93305
215
T 9330
ARR 013
Figre 2-28. M55 8i s-prl e hev bwL.
Am80-13
Figre 229. '92 motor 1 iae 240-mm howitzer.
2-16

.
* 4
Digitize by Coogle
Z10. Delopment Since the KoT Confct.
Weapons developed since the Korean ct in
elude towed wws with a 6400-mil traverse and
weapons with an extended npcapbility. For
many years, alsl-ple field al ery weap
ons wee mounted on converte u chassis. As
these olde self-Qlled weapons b obso
lete, a new family of self-prled weapons was in
tuced. chassis were designed specifically
hfield artillery wepons.
a. The towed weapons are as follows:
1 MI02 105mm towed light howitzer
(fg 230).
(2 Ml98 155mm towed meium howitzer
I fig 231).
b. The self-prl ed weapons are as follows:
Ill Gu. M107 175mm self-propelled feld
artilheavy gun (fig 232).
TM 9-3305
(2) Howitzers.
(a) Ml08 105-mm self-prol light
howitzer lfig 233).
lbl M109 155-mm self-propelled medium
howitze (fg 234).
(c) M109Al 155mm self-prl ed medi
um howitzer (fg 235).
(d) MilO 8inch sel-propelled heavy
howitze (fig 236).
(e) Ml10A1 8-inch self-prl ed heavy
howitzer (fi 237).
tU M 110A2 8inch self propelled heavy
howitzer (f 23}.
ARR8337
Figure YJ.M102 105-mm towed light howitzer.
ARRl338
Figure 231. Ml98 155-mm towed medium howitzer.
Digitize by ztngle
TM9-3306
Figure 232. M107 175m selpled fe mhv g
Figure 233. Ml08 105m selpropllight howit.
2-18
Digitized by Coogle
ARR 8-1341
Fie 234. M109 155-m sel-prpeled meum howitr.
AmM
Fie 235. M109A1 155-m s-prpld meum hwt.
T 9-3305
TM 93305
220
ARR 8l343
Figre 236. MllO 8inch selpropeled heav howitze.
ARR 8134
Figre 237. MllOAl 8inch selpropeled heav howitze.
ARR 813
yn238. MUOA2 8inch selprlheav howitzer.
Digitize by Coogle

T 9-3305
Section III. DEVELOPMENT OF
ROCKETS AND GUIDED MISSILES
2-11. Early Develpent.
a. Rockets. From the earliest time, rockets
have attracted the attntion mthe military engi
neer for warlike pus, first in Asia and later in
Europe.
U The Chinese used an arrow with a roket
propling devic in battle against the Mongols as
early as 1232. By the end of the 13th ctury,
knowledge of rokets had travfrom the Orient
to Europe.
Q} By the begn g of the 15th cntury.
rockets were widely known in parts of Ew, as
shown in a German military report of 1406, U
which several types of rockets wee mentioned.
During the 15th century, both cn ons and rocket
were used on the battlefeld. T accuracy and
range advantages of the n over the crude
rockets became apparent. and the rokets were
gadually discarde. For the next thre centuries,
rokets beame obsolete as weapons. and their use
was limited to signals and fireworks displays.
13) Duing the latter part of the 18th centu
ry. India used rockets in combat against the Brit
ish. Thes rockets reached ranges up to 1112 mile
and w so successful that the British immediate
ly began developing a war rocket. As a rut, Sir
William Congreve developed a rt that reached
up to several thousand yards. The British used
their rokets against the French in 1806 and
against the Americans in the War of 1812.
l4I By 1850, the use of rockets as weapons
was practically discontinued. Guns were still the
predomnt weapons of war, since the develop
ment of rifled m s and reoil mechas set an
efficiency standard with which rokets could not
compete.
{5) Rocket development bgan again around
1918. during World War I. During this period and
the years immedistely after, an Ameican, Dr.
Rbet Goddard, performed the roket develop
ment work which was to lay ufoundaton of mod
rockets and guided missiles. Dr. Goddard de
veloped the basic idea of the bazooka in 1918, but
the weapon was not used until World War II.
b. Guided Missle.
{1) The torpedo was developed duing the
Civil War and is classifed as the first guided mis
sile. By the time of World War I. the torpedo was a
highly developed and formidable wepon.
lZI The inacy of rokets bTht about
the realization that some form of guidanc would
be necsary u the potentialities of speed and
range wee t be proftably used. Dr. Goddard laid
down the principles of rocketry that used today
in the development of guided missiles.
{3) During the 1930's, much research was
conducted on jets and rokets by both American
and G<n roket societies. The Germans initi
ated guided missile warfare in August 1943, when
a British ship was hit with a radioontrolled bomb
launched from a German airplane. The Germans
did not exploit these radio-cntrolled missiles, but
instead developed 1b` systems for control
ling missiles that were pre-set before teoff. Such
controls were used most exclusively in the V 1 and
V2 missiles which w used to bombard England
and the Emn Continent during World War II.
The V1 missiles were launched both from the m
and the ground.
Digitize by g;gle
8 0
Z-W Developmeat bWo War 11.
Althoug the M119 4.6 multiple roket
launche (fi 239) dd and used a
feld alwpn during Wold War II, m
of Udpmnt of roketa and g ms
tok place mWold War II.
Figure 239. Mll9 4.5-inch multiple roket launche.
a. Reta. Lrpcaliber tr-fliht rocket
dev soon m World War II. Thee
rocketa usd a solid propl t (fuel) and
fm mobile lus equipped with a launcher
rail t guidethe roket during U .The r
and rocket launchers develope sinc World War
II a as folow:
(1) HU1st John rocket launcher (fg240).
( Lttle John roket launche ( f ig 241).
Ai-13
Figure 240. Hoest John rocket launche.
ZZ
Digitize by Coogle
T 93305
ARR 3
Figure 241. Little John rocket launche.
b. Guded Ms les. Gui ded missiles were 0
velope that used both liquid and solid propel
!ants. These guided missiles are equipped with
an eletronic guidance system. The guided missiles
dev since World War II as follows:
Cll Corporal guided missile (242).
C2 Lance guided missile ( ` 243).
C3) Peshing guided missile \fg244).
{4 Sergeant guided missile (fg 245).
Figure 242. Corporal guided missile.
Digitize by gggle
T 93306
W
Fi 9
)244. Pg W
|
ZZ
O l eGo|e

. . .
T 93305
ARRl32
Figre 25. Sgt gided missile.
TM 9-3305
CHAPTER S
CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENT
FIELD ARTILLERY WEAPONS
Section I. GENERAL
31. . Cr t field al ery weapons in
elude both on-type weapons and p D
siles. Each tye of weapon i sdes for a partie
ular use and therefore m a df t Oand
tajetory (path of fght).
32. CannonTe Weapons. Cannon-type we
ons are cksshas guns or howitzers. Some artil
lery weapons hsve both gun and howiter charac
teristics.
GU. As a typ of al ery, a gis a
with a long bDwhich filt types of po
jetiles at a low angle of mand at a high muule
vty.
b. Howitze. A howitzer is a cannon with a
dium length barrel which fires various types of pro
je at a high ape of fire and at a medium
muule velocity.
. Res Guided Misalee.
a. Re. A rocet i s a free-fght missile. AI
though the rocet is classified as a feld al ery
weapon, it i s tly not i mU W.
b. Gded Mlaalle. A guided missile is a rocet
tye devce with a trajectory thst b at i
fht by a mehanism within the ms e. It is held,
aimed, and fire by a rail Mplatfntype missile
laU.
Section II. CURRENT FIELD ARTILLERY WEAPONS
. Cannon-Te WV.
= M101A1 106MM To Lght Howitzer
IFig 3-1). This weapon came mservice in the K
ly 1940's and was used extenively during World
War II and the Koren conflict. The MlOlAl is
now in lt use with the US Army and is being
replaced with the M102. The M101Al is primarily
assqt infantry divisions.
Figure 3-1. MlOlAl howitzer.
ARR &13
Digitize by |-
T 9-3305
b. Ml02 10-MM Towed lJght Howtz
(Fig 3-2). This weapon cam m servic i n th
midl960's and was used etnivey d1 u
Vi etnam coof!ict The Ml02 mgenelreplac
t MlOlAl. TheM 102 pr asW
tr, aitmobi!e. abr divio.
Fig 32. Ml02 howitzer.
Mll4Al 15-MM Towed Meium Howtz
(Fig 33). This wepn cme int service in the W
ly 1940's and was use in WorId War II and the
Ko and Vietnam contlicts. Although now m
us, the Mll4Al i s scheduled t b replac with
tbe Ml98. The Mll4Al is primrily assig6dt in
faoUandaitmobi|edivisions and t nondivision
a ut that supprt them.
Figure 33. Mll4Al howitzer.
Z
Ai-II
Diqitlze by Googl

d M19 15MT Me M
(Fq $ !. T wep c mU m W
md-1970's and is replac the Ml14Al. Te
wQu = b asige divisi ona a nondivi
sonal u
F 3. M19 ht.
W Ml0 10MSPpl Lht Ht
z (Fi g 35). Ater coming into servic mthe ely
1960's, t weapon was us extensively i n the
YwImconflict. T MI08 mbe n phased ot of
the active Aya i sb replac by the Ml09
a Ml09Al howit.rs in the armored ad mh
n divisions.
Fir 35. Ml08 ht.
T 93306
ARRW1
ARR&17
TM9-3E
f. M10 11-MM SlfPropU Meu How
ltr (Fi 3-). This weapon, which c into serv
ic in the ealy 1960's, was Dextensively in the
Vietnam cnflict. The M 109 m b replace by
the M109Al.
Figure 36. M109 howitzer.
g. M10A1 15-MM Sll-Proplle Meu
Howitr (Fig 37). This ww was imt
duc in the early 1960"s and was used mthe Viet
/ conflict. The Ml09A1 will eventually replac
the M109. The M109A1 provides a get range
Uthe M109 because of longer tube length and
the ability to fire the new cg 8 prol g
charge. This weapon is primarily assigned to divi
sional ad nondivisional units.
Figure 37. Ml09Al howitzer.
AW1&
AmW1W
Digitize by Coogle
& MUO Sb Se He Howit
(Fig 3-). wepon ce it O i the
mid-1960e ad wa u etensively m the Viet
nm conflict. The M 110 has Uphase out and is
bi replac by the MllOAl and M110A2. The
MilO is pry a crps weapn.
Figure 38. M 110 howiter.
I. MUOAl SIne SPl e Hev How
1W(Fig 39). One of sv wpns u i t
Vi cl t M110Al c it SOm
the mid19os. wpn w evetually
plac the MllO. M110Al mpry assigned
t divisionAl and nondiv ut.
Figure 39. M 11 OA1 howitzer.
T 935
A 8131
TM936
j. Ml07 175MM Self-Propelled Gun
Wig 3-1 0). weapon O m 8 in the
mid 1%s an was u mtively m the Viet
1 cct. The w rng M107's m
sigt nondivisional mU. The M107 = M
wb replaced by the MllOAl or Mll0A2.
Fg 310. M107 g.
3. Guided Mia.ea.
a. Pela Guided m (Fi 311). This
missile was devas long-range, st
sac weapon with nuclear capabiity t b usd
at te feld army level It cme it s i the
early 1960's.
Figure 311. Pershing guided mm.
7&1
Digitize by Coogle
. . .
b. 1 Gded Mle (Fig 3-12). Th m
W. deepd t replace the Honet John roet
t Sgt gd .mU
mWely 1970's. Lis te corps general sup
_msyste.
Figure 312. Lance guid m.
T93306
AR 813
|
TM 93305
PART TWO
THE CANNON
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION
Setion I.
4-1. Scope. The term "cannon" is defined as a
fixed or mobile piee of m . such as a gun or
howitzer. Cannon is a used to refer to the por
tion of a wepon required to a projectile. This
setion is about the cn on as an et we
while setion II discusses the cannon as an individ
ual component of the weapon.
4-2. Cmpnents. Although the number and
types of components may Nacg to the re
quirements of the weapon, cn on esentially
consists of the following cmponents:
GENERAL
a. CBD on.
(1) Br l W bl.
(2 Breech mechsm.
b. Loading and ramming mesm.
+ Blmeanism.
d. Carriage and mount.
Setion II. BARREL ASSEMBLY
4. Definitons. The barrel assembly (fig 4-11
gally consists of the tube and breech ring.
+ Tube. T tube consists of the chamber and
bore.
Cll Chamber. T chamber i sthat part of te
tube formed to recive the cartridge case when the
complete round of ammuniton is loaded into the
weapon. It consists mthe gas Oeseat and the
cet slope.
(a) Gas mm seat. T gas Ocseat i s
the tapered surface in the rear interior of the tube
on weapons firng unition without metallic
cdge cases. It seats the split rings of the obtu
rating manism when they expand unde pres
s in f. This expansion creates a sal and
prevents the escape of gases through te r of
the breech. Weapons f ammunitio with me
tallic crtridge cases do not have gas check seats
since the expansion of the case against the walls of
the chambe provides a gas sel for the breech
(reard obturation).
(b) Centering slope. The centering slope
is the tapered portion at ornear the forward end of
the chamber that causes the proetile to center it
self in the bore during loading.
121 Bore. The bore is the rifled cylindrical i
terior portion of the tube through which the projec
t ile moves when fired. It extends from the forcing
cone to the muzzle. The up forcing cone at the
rear of the b allows the rotating band of the pro
jetile to be engaged gadually by the rifling, there
by centnthe projectile i n the bore.
BREECH
RECESS
RIFL BORE COUNTERBORE
GAS CHECK SEAT CEERING CYLINDER TUBE
CEERING SLOPE FORCING CONE
Fi g 41. Barassembly (cross secton).
AR 8136
Digitize by Cgle
TM 9-3305
b. Be Ring. The breeh ring houses the
breh mehanism and is attache t the r end
of the tube.
(1) Bre= The be s is the
space formed inthe inteior ofthe brechring to
cive the brechblock.
( S threads. In current %
weapons, the breech ring is attached to t tube by
threds. The Ml09 and M109Al howitzers
have interrupted threads on te brech ring
and tube. T tube and bm ring cn be sepa
rated by rotating the tube only 1/4 tu
4-4. Moblo Tube Construcon. Themonoblo
tube is formed in o.ne piece by forging. The tube i s
made from an alloy ste l ingot which is QDand
then hot-forged into a cylindrical shape by a high
pressure pres. A hole is bored through the cter,
the outer surface is rough-tur, and the Dis
machined. The tube is then subjet U one or
both of the following pHures:
a. Heat Treatment. In the heat teatment pro
css, the steel tube subjeted t high tempera
tures, air-cooled or quenched in oil. and t.
This proess brings out the most desirable combi
nations of mt properties, i.e., strength, hard
nes, toughness, etc.
b. Autofrettae (Pstresi). In this procss,
the inner pro of the tube i sstressed beyond its
elastic lt (beyond the stress induced by the
highest charge to be fired). T a two methods
of autofrettage.
(1) Swa method. The tube is swaged open
by forcing a cylindrical-shape carbon slug
through the tube.
Q) Hydraulic method. The tube is stessed
by applyi ng vey highhydraulic preto t in
side of t bore foa B C.
4. Cab. The caliber ofa cn on is a mesure
ofthe diameter of the bore, not including the depth
o the r The calibe cn be in mUinches or
m tes (1 inch ^ 25.4 m etes).
4. Rg.
a. Rifling consists of helical grooves cut mt
bore of a tube, begnin front of the cmb
and extending to the muzzle. Thelands (fg 42) M
t surfaces bM the groves.
Figure 4 2. Lands and groves.
b. The purpose of rifling is toimpart t the Q
jete rotation sary t ensure stability i n
flight. The projectile (fig 43) is designed with
tating bands of sfmetal, slightly larger md
t than the bore of the tube. As t projectile s
force through the bore by propellant gw. the
lands cut through the rotatng |d wving it
t conform to the cross setion of the bore and
cusing the projectile to rotate. The metal of the
rotating band m the grove prevents escape of
gwpast the projectile, thus prfoOg
obturation.
ROTATING BA
Figure 43. Projetile with rotatng band.
Digitize by Coogle

Almost w nt feld al ery tubes have

ri with a right-Duniform twist lfig 44). As
viewed from Wbreech end of the tube, the Og
rotates Uthe right or clockwise. With the un
twist, the dee of the twist is constant fom the
ori gin of the ri fling to the muzzle. The twist of ri
fling can b expressed in Uof the numbe of
calibers of length i nwhich the groove complete
one tum.
47. Bar l Assebly Mounts. The three ba
sic methods for mounting a barrel assembly are
cental bore, recoil slide rail, a cradle and sleigh.
TM 93305
a. Central Bore Mount (Fi 45). T 0
assembly may be mounted through the cntral
b of a cradle in which it slide during reoil and
counterrecoil. Ro cylinders on the cradle
coupled t the brech ring lug reulate the reoil
of the bar l bly and Uretu it mthe bat
tery position. A reoil guide key, fitted in the key
way of the cradle yoke, prevents the Dasse
bly from rotating m the cadle. The cntral bre
mounting m the barrel assembly is used on the
Mll4Al howit and the Ml09/M109Al howit
zer.
ARB 8.)3
Figure 44. R-right-hand mM twist.
--
BARREL
ASEBLY CRL
REIL
GUIDE
B
+

Fi 45. Central bore mounting.

BARREL
ASEMBLY
ARB 8.139
Digitize by mogle
TM S330b
. e W Mou (Fi 4l. T
br bly is mounte on slide rails which
slide in g o the reoil mehm mdeThe
bering is attached to the Ioil mehanism pill
=tube uattached to the brering by
intr pted t. The tube l key ke ps
the tube Urtatg. T mze of the tube
is sup by the tube suppot which is deigned
to let the tube move forward as it uwa
lengthe by heat. The W slide mounting of
the 0asly w u uut MllO/MllOAl/
MllOA2 ht.
RIL
MHISM
CL
BREEC RING
BAR
ASSELY
RECOIL SLIE RAIL

TUBE SUPPORT
<

<

L
7

WASSELY
A810
Fi 4. Re slide wtg.
Digitize by Coogle
Sleg Mountag (Fig 47). The
massembly is mounted a ft t the r
ci mechanism sleigh whc sd the cadle
during ri and otri The cadle and
sleigh mounting of the brassembly is used on
the M101/Ml01Al howitzer, the Ml02 howitzer,
and the M198 howitzer.
Figure 4 7. Cadle and slgh mounting.
T 93306
AR8131
Digitize by ,.gle
T 9
4. A IW
MEvacato.
Q br evcuat (f 1
is uon aelpl ct W
with a sautoDtic breh mWsuch a
the Ml09/Ml09Al howitzer. 1tprevents contami
ntion of the wcompartment by removing
pUant gases fom the bre f.Th
evacuato f to otward t
the be Ua mje wma cyl
Ochambr on the tub. Tje my b mor
wUv in the tube.
BR
EVACUATR TUBE
|
A. BORE EVACUATOR ON Ml0 HOWITZER
lZ Opraton. When a wepon has bfm
the proectile paeees the evacuator jeta, eome
of the propeUant gaee f into the evacuato
chamb (f 49), ma high pein th
chmb. Wh th projWW th
the in th bre 4W Wi
the of preeeure in the bore, gaes flow from
the evacuator chamber th the jets into the
bore. As the gases flow from the jets at high veloi
ty, gaes daw f the Wmthe b
the gee mepng fom the evacatr cham
b, the mm=to
fow through the bore and out of the muzzle.
B. BORE EVACUATOR ON Ml0Al HOWI3R
A&13
)+.eWtors.
BREECH
MCHANISM
[
AIR _

GAS
A
B
c
GAS
-
. AIR AND
GAS
ABRW1M
Figure 9. Boe evacuator operation.
l
|
b. Muzle Br.
Cll J ption. A muzzle brake (fig 41 01 is a
ccal pie mounte on the muzzle of a tube.
It has a centrally bored hole, through which the
projetile p ,and one or more bafe. The pri
O puQof a muzzle brake is t reduc the
force of 1i. The Ml09/M109Al howitze, U
Ml98 howitzer, and t M110A2 howitzer Meach
euipped with a muzzle brake.
93305
(2) Operaton. As t pojectile leaves the
muzzle, the high velocity gases strike the bf s of
the muzzle brake ( f i g 4111 and deflected T1
ward a sideways it the atmosphere. When
str the baffes, the gases eert a forward force
the bafes that pl y counteracts and T
ducs the forc of r.
TE
ARRl34
Figure HO. Muzzle brake.
GAE
MZLE
BRE
Figure 4-11. Muzzle brake operation.
ARRl375
Diglt1ze by ogle
T 93305
Secion III. BREECH MECHAISM
45. Ga.Tbebrech mechanism is the goup
of d~s that onsand closes the brech, fires
the round of ammunition, and provides a gas s
af f. The breech msm ifi g 412 and
4I cnsists of the following:
a. Bw bIock. o and 0 the
breh.
b. BrmhOat M~ha.Thisactut
the breehblock.
1+ FM~hanlsm.Tb!sfires the round.
d. Obtu
In weapons using separate-load
ing am unition, this provides a gas
'
BBEELH
OPEBATNG
MELHN8M
FBNG
MECHANI8M
BBWCHBLOCK
AR80138
Figure 4-12. Breech mechanism for semifi.ed
am unition
BBWCHBLOCK
BBEELH
OPEBATING
MCHAN8M
AR80131
Figure 413. Breech mnism hseparat-loading
am unition.
41v. Bw b. The breechblock i s the princi
pal part of the breech mehanism. 1t!sessentally
a lg heavy piece of stel thatovcsor W
mend of t tb and houses portions of the
fring mehanism. There are two typ mbreh
bIok~theintr pted-screw and sl-wedge.
Q Intrrupte Bw bock (Fig 414).
This type of be block is used cannons that
fTseparateIoamammunition.
(1) T threade s of t be Iok
is divided into a even numbe of setions, 8the
threads of the altte secms a cut away
(fig 4141. A a resuIt, mof the breechblock sur
facu treaded and wis plain or slotted. 8lm
arIy, tbethreads of the breh rsare ctaway
opposite tmthreaded aeonsof the U Ip
The breechblock cn be rapidy inserted into the
breh rss, wU the threded setions of the
brehblok sliding in u blank set of U
brech recess

With a smaIt t threds of t

breechblock and brech rs a fully eged
and the breechblock Iok

If the threads were

not ct away, kthe breehblock would
qire several ts. Ttype of intr pted-sw
breechblock is used onthe MI09tMI09AImwt
and the MI98howiter.
`
|
\
`
BB
\
N
_
' | '
Figure 4-14. Interrupted-scew breechblock
Diglt1ze by Coogle
QThe stpped-thread in> pted-
mI bm blok (fig H51 is a modifcaton of
th interpte-sew breecbblok. The breh ~
Land breh block mcut with a 8of stp
u. When t brehblok in and
tue in the breeh w88. the matching eections
of stptds engage. Ls rotation i sne e
m Qm the be blo, and there is a gter
tde wc o holding . The stepped
td interupted-sew brechbl is on
the Ml14fM114Al/Ml14A4 hovL@ the MllOf
MllOAl/MllOA2 howitzer, and the M107 gun.
ARR 8-139
Figure 415. Stepped-thread inu pted-screw
bm blo.
b. SUd W B blo.
l1 De ciptlon. The rtl sliding
wege breehblok slides ma retaagular w88in
the bmriag. It is used on cannons firi ng eemi
fieam unition.
(a W t moo of the brechblo
is horizontal. the mechanism i s referred U as the
horizontal sliding-wedge be blok (fig H6).
The Ml01/M101Al mwL m u typ of
brech block.
T 9-3305
'
1/
Fi 4-16. Horizontal sliding-wedge
breh block.
ml Whn the mm the breechblo
is veict 1hm is refered as a vei
cal sliding-wedge brehblo (fig 4-17). The Ml02
howitzer mutype mbm blo.
AK 8131
F'q4-17. Vw'xsliding-wedge breechblock.
Diglt1ze by (agle
TM9305
( Oaton. Figur 418 shows the op
tion of the sliding-wedge brehblock.
(a) In view A, the brechblock i8 o
and the cn oni8 ready to reve the am unition.
m) The ~u is pushed into the breh
almost t a seted position as shown in view B.
COMPLE
RUN

(c) With the acton of the opa t ing

mechanis, the breechblock sd 1the bre
|
fac(view C). The beveled edge o the brehblo
foces the round into its ste positio in t
chamber. The wedgng acton DWbreh
blok and the breh ring seals the tub.
BE
'
`
l

|
BREECHL
A. OPE B. CLOSING C. CLO
AR,l3
Fig418. Sliding-wedge brehblock opration.
411. Be Opatng Mesm. The be
opeating mmis primarily desige to ac
tuate the breechblok. The cr ie and sliding
wedge a the two m types of breh opating
mechanisms.
a. C Breech Og Mem. The
crbreh operating mehanism is Dmc
nons with interrupted-screw be bloks. The c
re, which i8 assemble to the brehblock, i8
h at the side so that it swings the brechblock
horizontally. The cr r ma mm for r
ta t ing the brehblock to dge t threads U
fore singng it feof the breh for egaging
the threads afte closing. T cr er beo
ating mm is designe for mwor s
tomatic opation.
(1) Maual oeraton. The ot handle
on this type o breh oting msm
(fig 419) actuates the rotating mehanism of the
brechblok cr ie a s the be lok
out of its rsin the breh ring. A ctrbal
ance mmaids i on a dt
breh on some medium- and lagb wgm
that have large and correslheavy breeh
bloks an carriers.

AM
Figur 419. Nmcr ie breh opating mm.
+If
Digitize by Coogle
. . *
a) To ope the breech, thes latch is
rs and the operating handle is pldwto
a horizont position. Ts muand unlocks the
breechblock. The operating handle is then used to
swing the carrier and breehblock ope. To cse,
the opeating handle is used to swng the cr e
and brechblock to the OOpoition. Raisingthe
operati ng handle to the upright position rotates
the brechblock t the locked poeition.
) A counterbalance mechanism
fig 4-2) provided on some weapons to aid m
swinging the breechblock into the o and clo
CYNER
Q

A
T 90b
position with essafety, and rapidity. Although
useful at low elevation to hold the breehblock in
the fully open o closed position, the cuterba
ance mehanism is epl y valuable whe the
on is elevate, because it aids in swingig the
brechblock aginst gravity and lowering it gent
ly. The cterbalance mechanism is essentially a
cylinder, piston, piston r. and compresion
spring connected to the bre mm The
cmpression n and holds the brech
blok in the open Or clo poition.
U ARR&13
Fig 4-20. Counterbalance mehm.
( Seiautc operatio. The nmu m
of the operating cank on this type of brech oper
ating mechanism (fig 4-21) actuates the rota t i ng
mehanism of the brehblock cr e and vp
the breechblock out of its recess in the breeh r.
To load the first round, the breh must b opened
manually. After mpeach round, the breh is au
tomatically opeed dur counterrecoiL
Figr 4-21. Semiautomatic carrier breeh operating mechanism.
ARRW!3
Digitize by = ;xgle
T 93
( Opening the be .
1. Manual operatloa (view A,
fg 4-22). Tbe blok is o by depressing
the plunger on the opeating h and pl
the opeating handle reard until the operating
crank pia is engaged mthe cradle Toperat
ing handle uretto the lke poition.
2. Automatc operaton (view B).
Duriag countrWopating mpius en
Mthe cgrooves on the underside of the cradle
c. A the canon moves mU battery, the m
grooves, a on the opeating crank pins, foce
the operating cank t roUte. This actuates the
A. OVING THE BREECH MAA Y
tating mm of the bre lok m r a

CU W brehblock to rotate, unlo. and

swing

(b) Cg the be(view C). When the

brehblock m held m the opn pition wt M
qtng cank pin egaged in the cradle cam. the
cosing springs i nside the opeating cm U
der tension. To close the breh. the cradle cw
5h up until W ting m pia i s d
gged mthe g vin the cradle T t
sion of the closng spriDgs rotates the operating
cank, causing the brech block cr e t svth
brechblock cosed. rotat, and lok.
BREHBLOCK
CRADLE
OPERATING
CRK
B. OPENING THE BREECH AUTOMATICALLY
OPETING
CRK
CL
412
OING
CB
PIN
C. CLOSING THE BREECH ARRl3
Figure 422. Opening closng the breh (semiautomati c m r breech operating
mhs.
Diglt1ze by Coople
. . * ~
b. SUdege Be (atng Me
usm. The m h operating mms for hori
zontal and vwU sliding-wedge bre bloks a
manually operate a m similar m opeation.
The moton of the brehblock used to activate
t mehanism for etracting the cdge case af
t fring.
(U Hotal slidingwe breech opeat
mesm. The horizontal sliding-wedge
brech operating mehanism is operated by means
of te operating handle.
(a When the operating handle i s un
latched a rotated to the r, it the m
block horizontally U the right, thereby opening
te breech (ve A, f ig 423).
(b) After a round is mmmthe cham
be, the be block i s O back into the
mring when the operating handle is manually
BREECHBLOCK
_ CATCH
A. OPEN POSITION
T 9-3305
rotated forward (ve B). The front face of the
brehblock beveled and, as the brech is closed,
the beveled face cntacts the base of the cdge
Iand sets it in the chambe. When the breh
iscompletely closed, the opeating handle ens
and is locked in the c position by a catch
cated in t upper right crw of the bering.
(c) T extractor (fg 424) is seted in
the bottom of the be ring unde the breech
block. As the breech is cg the cmg v
inthe brechblock rotthe extractor about its
seat in the breech ring until the lip end of the ex
tractor is ma recess mfront of the r of the 1
tridge case (view A, fg 4251. When the breeh m
opened. the extractor lip, which is en mthe
r ofthe cartidge Vis msharply t the
r; theeby extracting the crtridge case from
the M(view B).
OPERATING
HANDLE
B. CLOSE POSITION
ARR 813
Figue 423 Horizontal sliding-wedge breech operating mechanism.
A
ARR 8138
Figure 424. Extractr.
Digitize by ogle
T 93305
BREECHLOK
EX
' I
BREH RING
3
CARTRIGE
CASE
A. CLOSED BREEH
CARTRIDGE CASE
I
EXTRACTOR
BREHLOCK
BREEH
RING
TE
B. OPE BREH .a 81
Figure 425. Exga cr cs.
( V e alg beorat
me a (fig 426). The vertical slwedge
beopratbg mesm is oprate by the o
erating handle. A Ospring in the brechblok o
erating shaft functions Mequl at Ueu
Dthe efort r to o and close the breh
blok.
(a) We the opating handle is u
wu rm mthe r@ the be blok
drop, op the breh (ve A, fig 4261. When
the bre block drops, it me the etrctos m
the r@ etrac t i ng the f cqcase, and
lods the coil spring in the opating shaft. The
downward mto of the breehblok as c
the pers ion mechanism. The extractors r
i the rard position mlok the brebblock in
the open position.
4-14
( W a round is i in the cu
b.the extractrs a puahed fo unlo
the brehb. T otng h is rotat
foward to cloee the breh tV I. W the
brehblok is cmpletely Qm the opratng
handle eges mk' mthe ce1M
by a ctch in the opating h stop.
BREHBLOK

7OPE POSITION
OPTING HL
B. CLOSE POSITION
Figure 426. Vertcl 5mwebreh
operating mechanism
Digitize by Coogle
* ^
412. F Me. The f mehanism w
a dmmmuut am unition primer. The
p the sets off the igniter which ignites the
plcharge of the ammunition. Current field
alwepns have a percussion f meha
nis acti vate by a lanyard. The gssion firing
memm is also cc by a f pin
which strikes the primer of a round. The U
t@of prcussion f iring mehanisms mcon t inu
ospulm, and ssion-hm .
T 9-3306
LUuow Firing Meeb One
continous pull of the lanyard initiates the
plete functioning of the f mm. This
safety feture ensures tat te f mehanism i s
not ceexcept at the i nstant bfore f. The
Ml3 and M36 firing mms mthe two con
t i nuouspull fring mehanisms in us.
(1) M13 f mechanism (fig 4I.Referred
mas the f lok, ufring mm i sused
on the MlOIAl howitzer and funcions follows:
SEAR SPRING
FIRING PIN HOLER SLE
FIRING PIN
ARW1
Figure 427. Ml3 firg mn
Digitize by le
TM 93
(a) Pulling the lanyard cause the trg
shaft to rotate, which fo the trigger fork for
ward lview ^ fg 428, sheet 1). This pushes the
f pin holde sleve forward. Osing te
fr spring.
mI The sleeve continue t b forced for
ward until it trips the s (view B).
(cl This relesee the f pin holder.
lowing the compresse fing spto expand and
snap the f pin forward (view shet 2). The
firing pin detonate the primer in the cr
case, which ignites the proplcharge.
d When the presure on the tgfork
i s rse the firing spring continue t Wnd

f and O with equal force. The fo

ward pressure is applied to the middle 4 mr
of the tgfork by the T on the f pin holde
(view D). The rard pressure uap to U
to ft s o the trigger fork by t f
pin holde sleeve.
{ Sinc the rerward pessure w
to the top font s Won a l lve
than that of the forward press the tgfork
rotates rard a the f pin holde
rard until the s again Wgthe 6pin
holder !VA, sheet 1).
FIRING PIN HOWER SLE
4-16
SPRING
FIRING PIN HOWER
L
PIN
SEAR
A. IN FIRING POSITION
FIRING PIN
HOWE SLEE
FIRING SPRING
(FL Y COMPB E!
SEAR bR
(COMPRESSED)
B. TRIPPING THE SEAR AR 813
Fi gr 428. Continuouspull mechanism operation (l of 2).
Diglt1ze by Coogle
FIRING PIN
HOLDE
FIRING
PIN
C. AT MOMENT OF FIRING
LEVER ARMS OF
APPLIED FORCES
FORCE EXERTED BY
FIRING PIN HOLDER
FORCE EE BY FIRING
PIN HOLDER SLEEVE
FULCRUM OF LEVE ARMS _
OF APPLIE FORCES
FIRING PIN
HOLDER
T 93306
FORK
FIRING SPRING
!PANDING)
D. FORCES FOR AUTOMATIC CKING
Fq4M.Cntnu&lf m m @t (2 of 2).
Digitize by 1+gle
T 93306
l M f mew (f 4wI. T
functioning o this f mm ve simi
Jar to the Ml3 f m It i us o the
Ml09/Ml09Al howitzer. te MllO/MllOAl m
Iuw, uMl98 hwt, UMl07 @
HINGE PIN
HAMMER_ \
GUIDE YOK SPRING
CP
AW1W
Fie 429. M35 pm
b IDea g Mel (Fig 430). T
firing msm has a hevy f pin and guide
assebly wmO1Nforward by in t ste
the primer afr the acto of the f pin has
stopped. The fng pin guide bly u
taced by a sat retacting spring. The f
mechanism cks wmthe breehblok mo
and re cocked during loading and closing m
te brechblok. The inetia f mm us
o te Ml02 howitze, functions in tephases:
418
SPRING PIN
BUSHING
CKING
LV
SPRING

RETRACOR
.
RETAINER
FIRING PIN FIRING
GUIDE PIN
BREECHLCK

`
SEAR
SPRING
SEAR
FIRING
TRIGGER
Fie 430. Inertia firing mechanism.
Digitize by Coogle
Ill Lg gDa (V`e A, f 4311. De
olv is tD1u16. D61DW6t6DC D\D616Vw
QUBD8B B\a Ug1D\D8gU1C6,moving the g` d6
rtC uDC cDDQt6BBuQ \D6 f BQt1Dg uD\11
the B6mUgpasses \D6Bw1. The cI1DDD1the s
BQt:Dg DDV6B 1D6 2 mB \D6gU:C6 1D font D1
the 1Ug. D6 ful y cDDQt6BB60 1:Dg BQt1Dg
QUBD6B 1D6 gmC6 a t1Dg QUf.D6 s
1Ug QUBD6B against \D6 s WD:cD Qt6V6D1B 1D6
gU1C6 from f 1DtWut0 D6 WwQDD 1B DDW
twC] 1t .
(2 Y1Dg gDa\V16W |. D6D \D6 l
1BQU160. \D6 f ii tg` u1DII60. WD1CD1Dtum
cUB8B \D8s \16VDV6. D8 rotation of \D6s
cBUB6B \D66Dgg:DgBut1^B \IQDVw. t66B1Dg
the ia mechanism. The sear t61wB6BID6gid,
WD:cDDV6B 1DtWBtCuDC6t \D6Qt6BBut6D\D8 m
1ng BQt1Dg. D6 f B

t1Dg BUQ BOK6B \D6 t~

W1C 6DC D1 \D6 UtD1DK 1D8111 cr 1Dg \D6
BREECHBLOCK
BUSHING
!

.
FIRING SPRING
STOP
9306
gu1C6 1DtWtC UD\1l 1\ B\t1K6B 1D6 UtDU1DcK, at
\D6 Bu6 \1D8, \D6 f iQ1D D1IB \D6 Qr and
i the W6uQDD. D6 1D1W1C motion Dthe firing
Q1D 16Uc8B 1D8 C1BIBDc6 U6teID6 BDDU1C6t DD
\D6 f ii Q1D the firing BQt1Dg BtQ, thereby
cDDQ18BB1Dg the retracting BQt1Dg U6\W86D \Dw
Ql MWuc11ggDa(veCI.The retracting
Q1D QU11B UucK 0 t61tc\B the 1ItUg Q1D 1D\D 1D6
Ut66cDU1DcK \O K%Q \D6 1111Dg Q1D DD being
BDe off 1D8 U U1OK mopened. The cDD-
Qt6BB60retacting B

t1DgQUBD8Bback \D611t1Dg
Q1DDC 1B16B\t:DDD]\1\B 1oC6DCU] the
:t1DgBQt1DgB1QuDC be U1OK. T gu1C8,W\D
Q1D\IcD6C. is fe\D DV61\D64. m6
cDDQ16BB80 retracting BQt1Dg6XQBDCB. QU1J1Dg \D6
QUUcK UID\D6Ut6%DUDcK. The B]Bt6 ` u
\D6D \ t6B\, 180] 1D1 BUUMU6D\ O11C m
-
SPRING
SEAR LUG
A. COKING PHASE
BREECHLOCK
BUSHING
FIRING PIN
SE LUG
FIRING SPRING
STOP
RETRACING
SPRING
B. FIRING PHASE
BREECHBLOCK FIRING
FIRING PIN RETAI
FIRING SPRING
STOP
RCING
SPRING
C. RCTING PHASE
ARR1W
FQ4-31. Inertia 11t1Dgmm o11DD.
Digitize by le
T 93306
PealonHammer Fing Meehauem
(Fig 432). This f msm m a hm
which. w acuated by a
p
ull on a wd
strikes the f pin Ute wepon. T p
csson- r f mh us 1 the
Ml14Al wt.Wons follows:
(I) A primer mins in the primer holder
in the front fc of the f mehm blok
(fig 4-32).
I The firing ma block m
into the DWVA, fg 4-33).
FIRING MSM
BLK HANDLE
FIRING MECHANISM
PLUNGE

FIRING PIN
QI To .the lanyard is pulled (view B). W
the yd`upthe hmstrikes the f
pi n. which then st the p.
(4) The crs f pin sping r
the f pin t its nor poition (fg 4-32).
(61 Af firing. the firing mm block is
ued from the bre l t re t
fired p.
PROTECTIVE

RIM
CUTAWAY PORTION OF
PROTEIVE RIM 1
ALLOW PERCUSSION
HAMMER T CNTACT
FIRING PIN
A 1W
F`g4-32. Peussio-hmf mm.
FIRING
PIN
BREEH
LN
A. PERCUSSION HAMER LOCK
PRIOR T FIRING
FIRING
MECHANISM
BLOCK
B. PERCUSSION MAT MOMENT
OF FIRING
A 813
Figr 4-33. Percssion-Wfring mehanism opeaton.
Digitize by Coogle

+14. Otuator.
Obtaatloa. Obturtion wthe preventio o
t a passge of gase into the Uds ad
other prte of Ubreh mm Tb p1s
which have geat velties and high tmpatll

wo wWUbre h
3wold aft the W tics o Uyi fa
of obtrato wmintruc
(1) In w W
mmO18 ac he by of t
m YUis W, Up
mt Qllant ge the ~@W
f a tight at th walls of the m
b. 3prevents the Qfrm eping to the
r~ W the Qp drops, the ce
cntrats sf cently to prmit esy ext

Ql In weapons using separate-lding "

mton obturating dY suc as the
TM 9-8306
DB

obturator, must b mdein t breh

m to |t t a esp of pro
t $
b. De Ot.
(1) Compoaeta. 7 obturator, which
t t brehblo (fg 4), i s U
t mwand fmBuUg
sh o U@a t brei
t obtp(45) mof Nand
nommor of neprene. stel split rings,
y@ tely to Wat the walls of the
bre, w t obpd. 3 obturator
pad, split rings, nd spine 0not uuwith t
brehblo dW cmg o o but the
brehblo ~u about the s B an m.
3is a Mslt r mu the spindle t
prevet the escap of obturator pd cmpsition
and Q.A ds forms b be the obtu
rator pd and be block.
A8lM
F 4-34. Obturator dbrehblo. a cr e.
FRONT
SPLT
RIG
IN E
RING
DS
RER
SPLIT
RING ARR 8140
Figure 4-36. Obturator spindle cments.
Digitize by <
2
1 ogle
T 93306
42 Oata. Wh the weapon is - the
gas presure acts against the head of the sid,
moving the spindle back and compresing the pad
bet the rear of the mum head and the
front of the hhhlock itself (ve A, fg 461.
This cause the pad to expand radially against the
split rings, which expand to make a gas-tight sal
against the bore w After firing, when the gs
pressure is m, the pad retu to its normal
shape (ve Bl, moving the spindle fo. T
split rings cntract to ther orl size, a the
he ok can then he oe.
SEAL
SPLIT
RINGS
(OPEN)
GAS
PRESS1
A. UNDE GAS PRESURE (FIRING).
4Z
SPLIT RINGS
BRECHBLOCK (CLOSED)
OTOR V
B. NORMAL.
Figure 43. Obturatr opation.
AR 1141
Digitize by Coogle
TM 9-3305
CHAPTER S
LOADING AND RAMMING MECHANISM
Seton I. HAND LOADING AND RAMMING DEVICES
1. Haud Lading em Rm .
a. Weapons f aed am tion, such
as the MlOl/MlOIAl howitzer and the Ml02 how
itze a loaded manually (fig 51). The pr
jetile is st i the Hbthe action of the
brehblok when the breech closd.
b. S weapons faseparate-loading am
munition, such the Mll4Al htze and the
Ml98 howiter, a loaded manually. For speed
and conveience, the projectile is placed on a load
ingtray and loaded mU the tube. using a loading
(fg 52). D DM is as used when
Qras UUfunction. T must m
t rotating bo the projetil with te fore
ing cone of the tube t prevent fallback when the
tube is elevated.

ARB 814
Figure 51. Hand loading and rmfor weapons f semixed ammunition.
A. LAING B. RMMING ARR 814
Figure 52. Hand loading and rmf weapons f te-loading ammunition.
Digitize by C_le
T 9-3305
Section II. POWER LOADING
AND RAMMING MECHANISM
2. Gee. There are tWOt Ohydraulical
ly poweed loading and rmmesms.
The lode a r# r mem (fig 53)
designe to lt the pojectile onto W1 e
aMbly a ram the projetile into the tube. The
MllOfMllOAl howitze and the Ml07 g use
this loade a raW mm.
b. The 1 e mehanism (fg 5-4) is designe
to ram the projectile into the tube. The proje
must b ml y pl on the r tray.
1 mehanism is used the Ml09f Ml09Al
howitzer.
Figure 53. Loader and rammer mechan
Figure 54. mechanism.
2
Digitize by Coogle

5. L a Rammer Mem.
Q Ga. The hydraulic loder and rammer
mechanism lf a proectle from the rer or lf
side of the vehicle, positions it, and rams it mto the
cb.
Ill The loader and rW er mehanism i
bolted toa support and travesing cylinder M
sembly mted on the top cr ia (fig 55). This
montng alows the loader and r# r mecha
nism to be travsed during the loading operation.
T 93305
(2) The vehicle hydraulic syste proes
the power for operation. If a hydraulic power fail
ure oc rs, au power is provide by a hand
pump and handcanks.
b. Components. The loder and rar mecha
nism !6! consists of a trough rM e, ln
tray, loader U lifting cylinders, ramr chain,
ramr chain housing, raer gse housing,
ramme cylinder, and trav cer.
Figure 55. Loader and r er mehanism (stowed position).
TRAVERSE LMX
/
RAMER CYLINDER
wmmI
LOADER AM
RAMER V%
CHAIN HOUSING, RAMER
GEARCASE HOUSING ARW
Figure 56. Loader and ramr mechanism components.
Digitize by C_gle
TM 93
e. Ctl. Most mthe cntrols a lt to
the r a right of the gn er's set.
lI Lm ta baDdies lfig 57). There a
four l trsy handles on the l ta.
1 Lde h (f 57). The loader he
on the right side of the t ' uwmslide the
LAER
t forward so the slide t cntrol r
handle on the wside of te t c lat pr
p
ly.
w T etrol rhaudle ( f ig 5-71.
The trough control rse h on the left side O
the trough es the eateh Upermit rmop
eatio
JlFINGTY
!A NLE
Fi 57. Loader a rmmm contols.
141 Mpump (fig 58). T h pump on
the right side of the tr t is m U sw the
loader and rmehm into positon mU
the projectile during a hydraulc power faiure.
(51 Hac. T handcr m m
sinteedsoftheram erheadshaftformanu
ramming during hydraulic p faue (vew A
f 591. The handc a se in the bracket
mthe right of the rmhsn (vi ew I.
T 93305
ARR Sl4
Fi 58. Hand O.
A. OPERATING POSITION B. STWPOSITION
ARR 89M19
g b-. Handcank.
!
Digitize by Cyle
TM 9-3305
(6) Hydraulic pegage (fg 5-10). Loat
ed on the fo end of the ram ercontrol m
fold, the hydraulic pre @uused to moni
tr the hydraulic syst. The gage regsters the
pressure of the m hydraulic system and the
pressure supplied to the cntrol valves.
H t valve (fg 510). The
rm cntol valve u loate on the ramme
control mfold mted on a bracket on the lf
tn n. It otes a hydraulic cylinr ted
ram chain which r the proectile into the
M.
lM cntl valve (fg 510). 7load
er cntrol valve, loceted o te ram control
md, opats the loade W which r a
projectile to the trough.
(M Sw ct v (fig 51 0). swing
control valve, loted onthe rmcontol mJ
fold, allows the loader and ram mechan to
b sg ineithe the load position behind the
non or the stowed position behind the gunn's
seat ( f ig 55).
LOADER CONTROL
VALVE
PRESSURE
GAGE
F 510. Rmc mnod
A8M11

Digitize by Coogle

5. HMe.
&. 6mW. Trm mBW DD1] tulTB
LDe gtD]%1116. Ae vhcl hY&u1lc BBM gtu
vIdm Ae gDWw 1Dt Dt8t1ub.
b. uTQtD]Mt1e WuBL DWuDVull
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anm s elc pwmt ps t u
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H1
MM
TY
1VW
T 9330
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spmt8WWttt&], tuWWtttu8ugQD11,
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RAMMER
_^jW
W
AR 814
Fig 511. tW%A8DBW OW]Debt8.
3b
d. LD.
(1) ClidrlW(f 5-121. The cyl
inderrahandle is used to I the
cylinde fm the lod position to the ram postion.
When in the ram poition, the cylinder latch
cures the cyl during raming. Lifting te cyl
inde-releaae handle rs the latch and cylinde
they c b rat to the lod poition.
Ql rlW m(fig 512). The g
l
w handle is used t unlatch the from
the stowed position, to pull the rt the
on the r support st and to assist in M
ing the into the ram position.
( Rl v switch (fig 512). T m ve
switch is acivat when the cl m
tate to the load position.
L
REI.SE
HAE
MI RESE
HL
ROLOVER SWITCH
Ai1413
Fi 512. RmmuconboL
' Latch switch (fig 5-131. Tlath switch,
activated when the cylinde is latche in
the ram psition, caus the to ram th
projetile.

LTCH SWITCH
Fi 513. Latch switch.
AR 81414
Digitize by Coogle


t6| Lm switch lf 514). T limiting
swith ` u a safety switch that is OO when U
is mthe ram position.
lI H e control box l f i 515). T ram
me eical circuit is controU by the 1
control box which co Uholding relay and
the tim&delay relay. Ct fromthe vehicle 8w
trical system enters Ur# r contol box, whee
it is femthe rW er control switches. When
the switches are activated, nt mfeto the s
lenoid which activates the r . T holding T
T 93305
lay keps the rammer eztended ut the t i mede
lay relay opens the circuit and U ramme is
tact.
Solenoid (fg 5-16). T solenoid operates
the hydraulic spool valve. When the soleoid is ac
tivated, a plur mthe solenoid extends through
the bottom of the solenoid. Th plu pushes
and holds thehydraulic spol valve in t open
sition. Whe the circuit is oped, the so l valve
red mUOO position by a ci spring
ud the spooL
LIMITING SWITCH
ARI5
Figure 5-14. Limiting switch.

BX
AR8.1416
Fire 515. r contol box.
SOLEOI
Fig 516. Solenoid.
TM 93305
CHAPTER S
RECOIL MECHANISM
Seon I. GENERL
61. Do.
W M m the O movet of
Ocn n and cn ting prts mthe wepon
It mcal1800 by a reacton t t forward
motion of the poje mg.mn
I of the cn on othe re parts
wDt the mo!l entum of the projetile and the
pro gm. ew rue t destroy
Mmotum and bring the can t rest may
WC10,00pound-feet or more in mte size
cn o.
b. Cut. Coun% il is the forward
movnt of the cn on and conneting parts r
tu t the in battry or f position after
ci. It is cused by the enegy Qfmduring
% In some weapons, cuntr il helps t
Qt breh.
62. Peof UHMechaulam.
. forces prouced in a cnnon tube when
the Wn m are very geat. If the cannon
JUMP
A. WITHOUT RECOIL MCHAISM
w mounted rigidly, witout a Wsyst, t
c ge would not b able Uwithstand the loads
imposed on it without rupturing, oveg , or
displacing. With the cr ges used until tOO years
ago, f a shot cused the entire gun and mount
t jump violently (vieA, ` j61). The g c
would then have Uretur Wweapon Uits origi
mDfiring the net shot.
b To bring w ge stresses down and t en
s stability, a reoil mhanism wput between
the cannon and carriage. The reoil mechanism ab
sorbs t energ of the rg parts (view B,
f ig 61) and reduces cannon jump, enabling the
cannon to r i position throughout the fring
cycle. Only minor changes in aim mDmt
lay t weapn on t for the next shot, speed
ing up the rate of fire. The recoil msm also
makes lighte cr s mounts possible so
that mobility of the weapon greatly improved.
RECOIL
CYLINER
B. WITH RECOIL MECHAISM
ARR 81418
Figure 61. Effets of recoil forc.
Digitize by C_le
TM 93305
(3) Variable throttlhag rod ad throt
tl ng grooves. Most 1 nt feld artillery weapons
have a variable recoil msm. This permits
long oil at low angles of elevation for stability
and short recoil at high elevation t prevent the
cannon from hittingt ground or some part of the
weapon (fig 64). T reoil brake consists O a
throttling rod and throttlhag g s (fig 65). A
hollow piston r(throttling mslides on a con
trol rod wth throttling goves mit. The rotation
of the control is cntolled through ga
cams by the angle of elevation. MwT
sults when the throttag grooves aline with ports
in the piston, allowing the mum flow of oil. To
reuce the length of recil. the cont rod is rotat
ed and moves the throttling grooves out of line
with the ports. This reduces the size of the
ings through which the oil fw, rtg a
shOreoil.
LONG BIL ELEVATION)
DEVICE FOR W A TING
CONTROL ROD
PISON
.
ARICI
Fi 64. Variable recil.
PORT THROTTLING GROOVE ARR 14
F 65. Variable reil throttling mand throtting groves.
Digitize by Coogle
6. CutIMechanism. T countr il
mm Tthe cnnon from the Wposi
tion to the firing positon and holds it there until
the weapon is feagin. There are three hof
hydropneumatic counterreil msms in us
on 1 t field artillery weapons.
a. The depndent countereoil mechanism, in
which the reoi and countereoil systems are con
nt by an mj@g. is foundon mlight field
m ery weaj. The floating piston cunterre
cD mehm uses the force of compressed gas
(um y mu t rt1 the cannon to the i
battery psition (view A, f 66). The floating
p
is
ton forms a tight 8betwen the oil at one of
the reupator (counterreco cylinder and the gas
at the othe ed
RECOIL CYLINDER
T 9-3305
(1) As the cannon recoi ls, carrying the recoil
pistn with it, the oil is forcedthrough the port i
the recuperator cylinder (view B). This forcs the
floa t ing piston forward. mer compresi ng the
gas. which helps to check w.
( At the end of recil, the is gas
@ ure forces the floating pistnhack to ther|
driving the oil back through t port against
the recoil piston This pushes the piston and can
non i nto battery. The initial gas pressure i s
made great enough to hold the cannon in battey
until the weapon mDa
CANNON
|
OIL
A. FIRING POSITION (IN BATTEY)
CA ON
RECOIL CYLINDER
B. AT ED OFRECOIL ARR 814
Fir 6-6. Dependent counterrecoil mechanism.
Digitize by sgle
T U
U. 1D06gBD0wL cuUDtr DBcDuD18D
( ` 67), 1D WD1cD LD6 r6Cu11 D0O1lDL6D0 8]8
LBD8 a DuL ODDBc160 Uj D u11 g88g6, 18u860
uD w DB\lD D0 DBV B10 m Ww8,
6Xc6gL LD6 m1U!m1UP1 DuWLZ6t. D18 OuDL61
tBO1l DwDD:8D cuD8VL8 u w cj11D0,
c0UDtr c]11D0w. D0 twUgwLut.
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Lu LD6 g18LuD mWD1cD 6XL6D08LtuUgD LD6 w
cj11D0 D0 18LLcDe Lu LD6 UtB6c n. YDw
the WBug0D18 fie LD6gVL0DD0g18L0D1u0DuV6
t61Wt0 W1LD LD6 tube 0ur1Dg1OuIL
(2 LuuDtrc11D0w. D6c0UDtr 11
cj1D6t cuDL1D8 g18LuD m D0 g18UD. T
g:8I0D r 16 c0DDw1B0 Lu LD6 UtBBc n D0
DuV68 t0 W1LD LD6 LUUB0UMDgtd.Y6D
LL
121M
L
L

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1uW10 t r u LD6 cuUDM1w11 ,
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u11Dg OuDL6ttBcu1, LD6 u1 18 t6D6 Lu t
cuuD% 11 c11D0 u g1wL gW
0tD8 LD6gVLuD 0. 16DDgt Dt
LD6 1D UL6t gu81L1uD.
QI B Qm.T 1Oug6IU1 ct
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1uWuu11uD06tgD0V68LD61mL1Dgg18LuD
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uu118Lug8WDBDt cuDD0DD8u11jw6
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gu8, u1cB8LD6uuLDg@8LuDUcKLu1L8` mULLj
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UcK mmLD6 cuUDL6Oc11D0w
LM L
L

L^
L
1
LLL^LL

L21M

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1L^
+

^
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+


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^@@@@@
.
.

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+

.
.
.
.

. .
.

.
. . . .
YL^$
LM
Y1gU1B 67. D06gBD06DL cuUDtr 11DBcD18D-
L^
L
Digitize by Coogle
+ AnoU mosm l 68),
u o t Ml09/Ml09Al hwt, ma T"
patorwthapstonattachedtoapsVnrThe
mupator s 5 edwitotrogeng. Asthe
oonreos, mthepistonmwthit the
cupratorpston compresses t ntgas. At
t e muised gaspressuwforces
W pston forward. mthe to t i
btte poston.
RECOIL
CYLINDER

PORT
OIL
PISTON
OIL
OIL

EN

`
`

RECUPERATOR -
REOIL
CYLINDER
'
^
AIR
OIL
`
PISTON
PORT
PISTON
OIL
OIL
Fi 68. Fstontype hydropneumatcrecuperator.
TM 9-3306
PIS TON ROD

l
PISTON ROD
AR814
TM 9-3305
6 Ltu Buffer. T counterre buf
is that part mthe cunteril system which
controls the final movement of the cnnon it
complete cuntr oil. The buffer prevents sho
as the cn on rt t the in battery position.
The te types of countr il buffes the
dash pot, the hydraulic spring, and the respirator
M Schindler.
a. 1 Y Counterreeoil Buffer. The dash
pot cuntr oil buffer, used on the M 114/
Ml14Al htzer, consists of a taped buff rod
which slides in and out of a cldc cavity M
dash pot. The reoil c Id is attached to and
coils with the cn on; the piston mis attached to
the crand dnot move.
RECOIL CYLINDER
BUFFER ROD
OIL DASH Y
A. AT START OF COUNTERREIL
!II As the cn reoils tV A, fig 691.
the buffe m is withdrawn fom the dash pt
which t Wwith oil.
Dthe latter part of cr
(view Bl. the oil filled dash pot =dover the bf
m.The oil from inside the dash pot only MDW
through the nr w O bwethe buff
mand dash pot. As the dash pot moves
down the bthe o for the oil flow 1
comes smaller. The motion of the piston m q
dash pot mewith gter resst in the last
W inches of countr oil. Th cannon is the
esed in the in battery position without jart
cr ge.
REIL CYLINDER
BUFFER ROD PISTON ROD
OIL DASH Y
B. AT EOF COUAHOJL
AlB 8142
Figure 6-9. Dash pot countrbuffer.
b. HydraulicSpringCouatrBufre. Used
on theM109/M I 09Al howitzer, the hydraulic spring
counterroil buffer i san oilflcld cntain
inga spring and piston. Whe the cannon is in the
in battery position (view A, fig 6101. the buffer
spring is held compressed by the cannon.
(1) During recoil (viewBl. the canon moves
away from the piston rod, and the buffer spring
moves the piston and piston rod in the direction of
reoil. This action fo the oil to flow freely
through the ports in the piston and the grove in
the cylinder.
(2 Ne the end of countr il, the cnnon
contacts the piston m. As the piston is f in
the dion of cuntr il, against the actio m
the buffer spring (view Cl, a disksbaped valve
closes the ports mthe piston. As the piston con tin
ues moving forward, the oil is forc th the
varying depth grooves. The oil flow is rest by
the grooves and slows the cannon to bring it to a
gadual stop.
Diglt1ze by Coogle

T V
CMRESSE SPRING PISTON PORTS (OPEN) PISTON ROD
CYLINDER
A. IN BTY
POITS (OPEN) PISTON ROD CANNON

B. DURING RECOIL
SPRING BEING iMPRE1SED PISTN ROD

CANNON

C. COUNTERRECOIL BUFFER ACTION AR812

1yre. Hyoucoprooterr b er.
Digitize by C s+gle
T9330
c. Rpratr M Sdle Lt Buf
fe. Although the respirator is not a true cut
coil buffe, it assists buffer et`xn The repirat
` u used with the hydropneumatc reoi syste o
the Ml01/M101A1 ht. The respirator m
scewed into the co e of t r cylinder
and contains a one-way 8valve which only o
to presure fom te outside.
(1) During recil \ A, fg 6-11), the r
ward moveet o t piston cus a to b
dw into t rtthrough a bW. The W
Qmdue t the inward f of 8, althe air
to ente t r c throug a relatively
large o.
Q D ctil \ Bl. t it
ggpsand the spring c t VT
a compsby the retu piston 1g
only t a small h This rtt the
cpe of a producs a buffer ao.
RECOIL PISTON
VALVE SPRING VALVE SPRIG
A. DURING RECOIL
AIR FLOW V
B. DURING OUNR OIL
Al14
Fig 6-11. Respirator M Schindle countlbuffer.
67. Replener. A replenisher is used with inde
pendent reoil mechanisms to allow the oi in the
reoil sys to expand and contract. It Mcom
pnsates for the loss of Ml amounts of oil due to
leage from oil seals. The replenishe consists ofa
reoil oil reservoir which is connected to the reoil
cylinder. There a two kinds o replenishes. The
spring-type repleishe is use on all meium and
heavy field atil e weapons, except the M109/
Ml09A1 howitzer. The nm gas-typ replen
isher is used on the Ml09/M109A1 htzer.
+ Spring-Type Replen. The spring-typ
replenishe (fg 612) contains a spring-loaded pis
ton which exerts pressure against the oil in the T
plenisher in order to maintain the volume of oil in
the reoil cylinder.
(II T r oil c ed due to an w
crese in tt As the meds. the
plenisher piston is forced r,ising the
load on the s. Tincreases the oil pssu
in the replenisher and relieves the pressure i t
r cylinde.
mThe recoil oil c contract due tothe O
of f a drop in tature, or a failure of t
reil msm sl. The force of the spring
causs th replenishe piston to move slowly W
ward, frcg oil into the recoil cyl to cm
sate f the loss.
6:0 Digitize by Coogle
.

T9306
8PBNG F8TON
P8TONBOD
P8TON BEOLCYLNDEB m1M
F`Q6-12. Spingtype replesher.
b. Niaogen Gaye Renser. The nitro
ge gastype replenisher (fig 6131 cntains a nitro
gen gas-flled bladder wm exets pressure
against the oil i the replenisher to mW the
volume of oil m t reoil cylinders and the cun
J il bf er.
(1) Whe t reil oil in t reil cylinders
NTBOGEN GA8
FILBLADDEB
j
CUNT L
BUFFW
and counteril buffer epands, it is fmmt
the replenisher, wmit comp1 the nitrogen
gs-flbladde.
(2 When the recoil oil cntracts. the nitro
gen gas-filled bladder continues t exert pressure
o the oil throughout the system.
lBEPLENI8HEB
BECOICYLNDEB
BECOLCYLNDEB
ABBw1
g6-13. Nitroge gastype repleisher .
|
T9305
CHAPTER 7
CARRIAGE AND MOUNT
Setion I.
71. Definition. A cr g or mount is a combi
nation of assemblies that support a weapon mthe
fring and traveling poitions.
a. Car . Car s a used on m1 t
towed al ery wepons. The cr consists of a
combination of l or w of the fl wing major
cts:
U Roil mm (p 61).
m Cannon suppot coponents.
Bottom cr.
| To cr g.
(c) Cradle.
dI k
lM Equilibrator.
{4 Elevating mechanism.
1 Traversing mehanism.
lM 7.
QW-
GENERAL
Firing support and retractable suspen
sion system.
$
(101 Shields.
(11) Brakes.
U. Mout. Mouts a us 1 w cr t self
propelled artillery weapons. Mounts a designed
with the reoil ms as integral part of
the mt. Besides t reoil mehanism, the
mount mconsst of a combination of several or
w of the following mmcmponents:
(1) Cannon support components.
( Cradle.
lb Wh
(2 Equilibrator.
lM Elevating mehanism.
{4 Traversing meh
Digitize by C'hgle
T 93306
Seion II. CANNON SUPPORT COMPONENTS
12. Geneal. The m cnnon supprt comp
nets a t bottom cr ge (fg 71), top cal
riage, cradle, and s Dnding 1 d
some ofthese cmpnents my orm nt b pre
st.
73. m Cr . The bottom cr
(fg 7-1) supports the top crand has p
of Ue tvei mehanism attache to it. The
pintle. a vetical pin about which the top cr
rotates, may Dfastene to the top cr ge to ft
into a soet in the bottom cr ge. Oit m D
to the bottom crto ft into a socket
in the tp cr
SLEIGH
7-4. Top Car . The tp cr(fg HI sup
prts the cadle in the trnb and u
lyw %t elevating mm. It mv with
the cadle in trav (horizontal WWbut n
inelevation. W t wepn i UMthe top
crrotats htelly on the a:e OUU
cr ge. Atop cris r Upintle trav
e= When a top cr ge is n use. its f
mpf by t upp font part of t t
-TUN ONBING
TP CAR IAGE
BT M CARIAGE
Al8101
Fi H. Top and bottom cr
75. L. The cradle (fig 721 supports the can
non and slegh. The c c b a Ushaped
trough with slides or rails on paths wguideways,
akwhich the cannon reoils a cntr .
The cradle may ft ent ad the tb,
permitting the cn to reil d into it.
With such a design, the tb may have an outside
machined b surface. When asleigh m use,
the cadle provides a means of securing the reil
piston rod(s). When a slegh is not u the reil
mechanism can b housed i n the cadle. mthe r
6cylindes c D mounted to the cradle. The
cradle h trunnions which fursh an axis abot
which Ue cade and cnnon rotate in elevation.
The trunnions rest i trunnion b on the top
cr g
72
7-. Sleigh. The slegh (fg 7-2) f t im
ate supof the cnnon. In m wepons, the
sleigh houses the reil mm a rs
with the cn on on t cradle. The reoil cylinders
may b b directly i nto the sleigh w, dt cJ
in a ste tb, they a rigdly attache
to the sleigh. The cannon i f irmly s to W
sleigh which, in turn, slide on the cadle in r
and counteril.
Digitize by Coogle
CANNON
SLEIGH TRUNNION
CRLE
T 93
RECIL PISTON ROD
LOCKE TO CRLE
Fi 7 2. Ca and sl
Setion III. EQUILIBRATOR
7-7. Gea. To permit higher elevation mm-
Wwepons, the horizontal m.about which the
rotates for elevation. loated well to the
mthe cnter of gravity of the cannon. The can
uterefore unbalanced and tends to tip for
ward. The forces that tip the cannon a such that
a gt for is required to balanc the cannon at
low elevations than at high elevations. Using
springs Ose gas, the equilibrator keps
t cannon i balance at all angles melevation
that the cannon can be elevatd depresse by
band. The three types of equilibrators mspring,
p
neumatic, and hydumatic. An equilibrator
baces the cannon i one of the following ways:
+ Pul g.
(1) The pull-type equilibrator pulls down on
the brech end of the cradle.
\7l The cr pmounted pull-typ equili
brator pulls up on the forward end of the cradle.
b. Pushing. The pusher-type equilibrator
pushes up on the forward end of the cradle,
or down on the breeh end of the cadle.
Diglt1ze by ogle
T 9-3306
7-8. S Eubrato.
a. PllType Sprlag Eubrator (F 7-3).
We t cnma montal o low angle of
elevaton, Wequilibratr spr is cmse b
te pisto attached to t O0. theeby e
a forc oppoite to tht of t me of t
cnAs W Welevate, the sp ia ex
t and leaforce, wfoce w W
qu to h the on i bc at higer me
va O. Tpull-typ ebrator W V% the
MlOlAl hwt.
CANNON
UImRATR
A
CRADLE
B
Fir 7-3. Pl -ty spr equilibratr.
7-
Digitize by Coogle

b. Carriag&Mountd PuUType Spring Equili

brato (Fig 74). Th equilibrator is mounted on
thetp of the carriage. When the cannon is at a low
elevation, the springs are compresed and exert a
plforce on the forward end of t cradle. Th
equilibrator is used on the M 114Al howitzer.
EQUILIBRA 'OR

T 9-3305
CANNON
1Y %14
Figure 74. Carriamted pulltype spring equilibrator.
Pusher Spring Equilibrator (Fig 75).
This equilibrator has two telescopi ng sleves that
form a housing for the spring. When the onis
in the horizontal position, the telescoping sleves
a pushed together by the weight of the cannon,
compressing the spring. The spring force pushes
A
up aginst the forward e of the cadle or down
on the breh end of the cradle and balancs the
cnnon. As the cannon is elevated, the sping ex
pands, reducing the balancing fc. This force is
eough to balance the 1 on. Th equilibratr is
used onthe Ml02 howitzer and the Ml98 howitzer.
AR 8143
Figure 75. Y8r]spring equilibrator (1 of 2).
75
Digitize by Coogle
' 96
B
Fi 7-6. Pushtyp

euibrator (2 o 2).
7-. Uc Evl bat.
O u. The pet ebt
(f 7-), m te MllO/MllOAl bowt d
t Ml07 g, qtes sily t a sp %W
brtor, wit WL m .
C y i 18 istd of W

( Pac g must b adde t p

v t gof
|3I T euirato must b c wu
my
b Ot We th on m ders
th cylides ap dnte vol o
ga. TvuQ p wh y
duc a gte l mu As U
weat cl mm
U yvT&uQ
ppuc a sml f W
O
Diqltlze by Googk

w
TM 93306
STATIONARY PISTON
TOPING SLEEVES
EQUILIBRATOR
A
B
Fi7-. Y]pbratr.
MOVABLE PISTN
CANNON
AR814
Lt ze 7

70 C
T 9330
110. Uydropatle Euibato.
a. Opaeta. 7 hydropneumtic e
brato (771. uae o the Ml0/Ml0Al howt
2) compresl g (ntgn a hydraulic
mto balanc the canon at a of elevation.
It cnsts of an ebrat elevating c, a
{ an W ulato, and a hand pump.
(1) Ebated elevatlua cl. 3
euilibrate eevating cylinder ` wa log c di
v at the cnte into two W c
(mA) .
.
A piston rw pass tgh the font
cr m the cbr. A piston is at
tached to the piston =in ech cbr. The
of the cyl is attache to the cab ro f (v B).
The pstn roat the font of the cylinde is at
tacbe to the n
.
l m (view Cl. The reseroir con
t hydraulic oil for the euilibrator syetem. It is
conneted to the band pump and the acumulator
by hydraulic m ,
l3I Accumulator (view Cl. Nitroge gas and
hydraulic oil a separated in the acmulator by a
foating piston. The accumulator M connet to

.
equilibrate eleva t ing cylinder by a hydraulic
Had pump l L. T hn pump is
uae p mfom the reinto uacu
mula tor.
U. Ou Whthe h pump u
at. hydraulic ol in t or is p
the w to. ee ps at U
floting p and f ` wWAu&t
I@p`ammit f OUmU
g g,w thn e a @Ugm
U m t t floting pisto. A hydraulic
line, cn th wto with the y
brator cylinde, oumto th
ebrte elevatng cylindr, where pai
ee against the ebrator piston Tom
the Wmupp mm the equilibrate eJ.
vating cylinde m W the prsur at U
euilibrator piston euals the unbc weght
of the .As the cannon is elevate. th unb&
anc weight dereases and the umtarpm
# to the r reucng the oil ps r.
keps the cannon balancd at elevations.
EUILIBRATE ATING CYLINDE
CANNON
7-
MRAULIC W
PISON ROD
OIL
PISN
PISON
AI
A
Figre 77. HydropWtic euiibrator (1 of 2).
LROF
M
Diqlt1>e by oo
'
FRN SUPPORT
EUILIBRATE
EVATING CINE
B
BERVOIR
ACTR
L
Fg7-7. HywMt eubt 12 o Z.
REAR SUPPORT
BRACK
b
Section IV. ELEVATING MECHANISM
111. w. D6 16VuL1D@ mD1BD 61NutB
D1 U6QreucuDDDD t uU6B11Ua mW]
Du1UB te CDDDD uL LD1B uD@16 D1 fi. T ee
VuL1Dg mD Du] DuV6 DuDWu1 0QuW61 DQ
1uDDD.
W Mu Oto ALuWU U u1L16I]
W6uguDB a 16VuLO uDU U6Q1wB6U 1D1DU@D u
g t DQuLeUD]uDuDWD% PmuDU81 8}8
tD 1Ba 1DC1HU6U mB6QD 6U61 B1L1111]
WuQDDB 1DCu8 D u QuWw u11Wt6.
b. Pow MgMuUu. P11 %U[tDQ161U
tlWeuQuD8 a e16VuUU uDU UeQ1688eU D]
UtuU11CQuW61. VDW61oL1DDicses te spe
D 1VuL1Dg uDU U6Q18SDg LD CDDDD uDU 10
UUO 1D6 DuDWu 6O1L 16QW1tO Spe1D 616Vu1
i uDU U6Q16 %86DLu1 huuBL61 tuL D
m,eplt WeuQuLDWBL b Qu8L1OU0
1DuU1D@uLU LDD rt DuCK 1DLDt Dt616Vu-
L1DD 1D1 .
YW^
WL
MWw
11Z. 8DW81gMg61u16 UDg eB
D616 a 1WD L]Qw mmu1] DQuLU 1Nul
i mBDB u DD cr t f u1O
Weup D6 61eVuIDg 1uC m L]Q6 16
WB6U LD 11P2 ht uD LD6 11471
DDW1L2w. T 1NuL1D@ 8C6W t 18H86 DD LD6
1 DDW1L2w uDU t 1UZDDW11261
u. 6VuM@ R ad Wn-g 1e+uUg
e1 1@ ~1. D16 1VuL1Dg DcDuDBD
cDDmBLB mu 1uCK t D1 se 1uL8L D] u
Bmlg u1 Q1D1DD. D6 1uCK 1B uLt O LD6
CBU16, BLU LD6pn uuLLDu6 p D
te t cr g. 7Wu1D uDU w WDm1, guOU
mt g tan m 1L QuBmD1 D1 LD6 mb
D1BD tD DD1U 1LB Qu8L1DD uL Ba D161NuL1uD
WDD LD6 DuDWD661 W r uLU t WeuQuD
f
YWW
HM
b
ABBM1440
1gW16 ?-. 16Vu11D@ 1uCK uDU Q1DDDL]Q6 616Vut1D@ DCDuD1BD.
b. eVuI1Dg Sw-} eVuUD@ M-
D1Bm. D1B DwDuDBD CDDB18tB D 61VuLDg BC1W
uBB6DD116B ID BCtWasbl) uDUa g t
U6LDL1uDBDLQDW11DDt DuDU WD61uB%D
D1] U 616NuL6 D1 U6Q16BB LD6 CuDDDD W P,
fi 7 9). Sic tD6 16VuL1Dg s B88wD16B DD
LD6 12 DuW112e1 a D\LcL1DD uB QH1111u1Dt8,
1D6 6QW11D1uLD1 BQt1Dg6 a QB1L D LD assebly
lN16WBJ. T DW61LUD6uCD61eVuL1D@Bc1eWas
86DD1] 1B uLLuCD LU LD6 cr ,uDU tD6WQ[6I
6DU 16 uLLuCD LD t C1uU16. Wen LD6 CuDDDL
616VuU D1 UeQt6BB6U, LD6 66Nu1D@ 8ct6W B8B6W
D168 a 6XL6DU D1 16LtuCLO.
-1 Digitize by Coogle

YWW
W
W. YWW WM
M. MW W
7 9. Eletg ec-tye ela t i1mmam
44b
AW4
VUD
1 1. Powe Opeated Ele<atilg mwm8.
T a two types of power opeated eleva t ing
mehanisms on curent feld al ery WmThe
hulic cylinder typ is used on the 1
1UP1 howiter. The hydraulic motor rack and
pnion type is u on t 11I1P1 hwte
and th 1 gun.
a. Hduc |md~} Eevatng m8
Dism (Fig -1Ul
11 J ption. T ty o elevating mh
a cts of a hydraulic cl which con
t a p and piston r The r ed of the
c is attache t t wepn cab rof.
piston on the font of t cle is attached
mt mt. Hydraulic pwe mopate them
a is sup by the vehicle m hydraulic
system.
FON SUPPORT
BRACKE
I
mOperation. When te elevation ouI

m p rerward the hydraulic cntl

valve is opened, allowing pressu oil to etr

t hydraulic cylinder i front of t pi ston. The
pressure foces the piston r,mvut
cnnon. When the elevato cntrol handle is
pushed forward, t hydraulic cntrol vave is
ope, allowing pressuriz oil to enter t by
draulic cylinde i t r of the piston. The pres-
s f the piston for, depressing ucn-
nn. When t et control handle is in the up
right (neutral) position, all valves a closed, a
t cn on held f in plac during f
ARR 814
Figure 1U Hydraulic cldty elevating mehanism.
b. Hydraulic Mot dPoT Ele
vating wm (Fig 7 11)@
(1) De po. T type of elevating mech
anism consists of a hydraulic motor a g t.
including a rack and pinion gears. The rack is
mounted on the underside of the mount. The pinion
gears, which engage the rack, a mte on a
shaft, which is driven by a hydraulic motor
through the elevation ger housing. Hydraulic
powe to operate the menism is supplied by the
vehicle m hydraulic syste.
Q) Oaton. When the elevaton cntol
hd is pulle rard, the hydraulic control
valve is oped, allowing pressured oil to t the
71
hydraulic motr i o direction. b18 tu 9<
g mthe ger t whch elevates the cn
Whe t elevation control hde is pu M
ward, t hydraulic control valve opened, allow
i presu oil to t the hydraulic mr i
t oppoit dion. T t the g i t
gear train, wh depresses the cannon. When W
elevation control he is i the upright (nutll
poition, valves a closed, and the cnnon is
held frmly in postion during f.
Digitize by Coogle

TM 9-3305
PINION
AR814
711. Hydraulic motor rack and pinion-type elevating mechanism.
Setion V. TRAVERSING MECHANISM
714. L. The traversi ng mu tus
t we right or lf in a horizontal plane. The
traversingmechanism may have manual or p
otion.
A mOperation. Atowed field artillery
weapons a travese manually through a gear
operated bya handwheel A manual st is
a i ncue in self-propelled field al wep
ons mcase of a power failure.
b. Power Orto. Pcurrent slf-propelled
feld m wweapons a traversed by hydraulic
powe. Powe operation inceases the speed of
traversi ngand reduces the manual effort required.
715. u g Ote Traveing w
m.There aretwo pintle-type traversingmecha
nisms usd on ut al ery weapons. The
s type i used on t 1U11UP1 howitzer,
and the rack and pinion t is used on the
114P1 howitzerand the 1bhowitze. The c
rg traversing-type traversing mehanism m
mon t 1UZ howitze.

SWIVEL NUT
a. Pintle-Type Trav~ mm With
usof traversing mechanism. the weapon m
rotat about a cpivot fe on the under
of the top cnThe bottom crc
t the bearing M reeptacle for the pint and
the base which the top cr g rotates in trav
ese. Although a 16(m traverse may bpossible
with the pintletype traversing mesm. cur
rent mesms have a 853-mil mum trav
ese. The scew and the rack and pinion a the two
types of pintletype traversing mechanisms.
(II Sw ty (fg 72). This type cnsists
of a bandwheel attached to the scew sw on
which the swivel nut is threaded. handwheel
bracket is attached to the bottm O #
ing the handwheel causes the screw shaft to
s in or out of the swivel nut, causing the weap
on t traverse.
H WHEE
SCSHAF AR 8144
i 7 12. Scew type traversing Dnism.
Digitize by ogle
T 9-3306
(2) Rack ud piDoa typ (fi 713). This typ
consita of a handwheel e.d a shaft which opats
through a tain of g and a rack and p The
handwhel, s and g t mattached to
the top cr . The rack matt to th bot
tom cr T the hcue the
pnion g to rotate e.d mve acoss the rack.
This c the tocr ge to revolve, traversing
th wepo.
HWESM
WOR WE
F 713. Rack and pnion-typ travesing mm
b. Car e TraveType Trave w
w (F 7-14). DUwe s mW
tracte and the weapon ia supp by a f
platform or baseplate. Tbe f platform ct
a soket i the cnte ad which the weapon
may btrave 60 m.A traversing ruhber
t r i att to the end o the bx
t A s of g bxes and shafta tt
p f the handwhel tothe rlto taves
th wepo.
7-14
H WE
Digitize by Coogle
TVkING

FIRING PLATFOR
ARB
Figure 7-14. Carriage traversing-type traversing mechanism.
7-16 Ve Opeated Traveg w .P
self-propeUed wHmweapons use te ring
g type travesing mem (fig 7 15) operated
by hydraulic powe. The hydraulic power ' u sup
plied by the vehicle main hydraulic system. This
tave mehm consists of large Dgs
oth1g betethe race ring and the rac. The
race ring uattached to the vehicle hul The rac i s
attched to and supports the turret, which rotate
during tavers. Ahydraulic motor drives Utrav
ersing gt.Aspur pinion g, meshing with
thering g@ drives the ring g which TIN
te tr and gn Some sropeUed wm
hVa 64(-mil traverse.
TRAVERSING
H WEL
CANNON
RACE
RACE RING
VESING RACK
AR 8.147
Figure 7-15. Ring gtype traversing mehnm.
T 9-85
Diglt1ze by g gle
T 9330
Seton VI. AXLE EQUALIZER
7-17. A (Fi 7-16). AD axle sup th w
on during travel and f. On the of the e
are sps o which the weare mted. In
s w, the btt cr g uds V
mt the cnents of an axle (f 7-17), but it
0spfcli dete Ban axle. The o c
rent field alweapons wt a true axl a the
MlOlAl howit and the Ml14Al howitz.
F 716. 7.
Fi 7-17. Bottom cr(axl).
7-16
Diglt1ze by Coogle
718. Er(Fig 7-18).
a. 1 ptlo. The eual i a mhanc
d that keps the two whela and two trail ends
of an eplace wepn in contact with uneven U
mIt UWthe weight of the wepn and the
u of f g t $ gound cntact
pu.T MlOlAl howitz i st o &m
wwthat m q .
b. OdwemOta of a hori
ztal spa pivot pn, and gib ~7
~usppt uwwthe ax. Eacb
end of the supprt wpinmone end ofthe m.
TM V
T supprt rotats about a hntal pivot pin
that Wthe supprt t the midpint of the Q*
le. On ech side of the suppt gb b,
which y the supprt plt the mwhen
the support rotate. w t supprt and
ta Vrotate abut the pivot pin and t b i a
pt muthst of t uby kep
ing the wmad t eds in cntact with un
m Y t mn m plac in the
tgpition. the eds of the til m
bpmth ml th sppt and m
t in plpoand rgWof
th pon te pivot p
GIBBElNG
SUPPORT

Figure 7 18. Eq.

Stion VII. FIRING SUPPORT
RERACTALE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
7-1. G 7of f cn man ar
tl w D the gnd and my
cus t w t bun o ita tire and N
ot of pton To pt the wepn hb
on ita u. th wmmust b r clear of
the @d and the m ge must b sup on
a Wstable f supprt. Ttwo mtypeof
f sup W t f jack m o the
Mll4Al hm, and the f plaw
bObt), mo thMl0
the M198 howitz. If a f platfom mus. the
wepn must b euipp with a retractable
sqion system.
T 9-3305
7 2. F Supprt.
a. F Jac (Fig 719). The f jack uat
tached t t Unt of the bottom cr geand sup
ports t weght mthe front part of t weapon
when the wheels m off t gound. The U
pt suspesion syste foby the fingjack
and two tai, results i stability d 6.P

f jac ft i attached t the loe e of the

1 plOr to gve t fring jack sf t bearing
surfac on the ground. We i the taveling posi
tion, the flot is mounted bte stowWbrac
ets on top of the tails.
WM
HAL
FIRING
JACK FLAT
A 8141
F 7-19. Firing jac.
b. Fg Pltfo. The fuing platfo is simi
U the f jac i that it provides a single
support forthe weght of the weapon nol
ried by the two whels. It also cnUa soet
the center around which the w b ta
versed 600 mils. w two types of fing
platforms on current feld artiUery weapons.
(I) The eight-sided alum f plat
form (fg 720) on the Ml02 howitzer h holes i
the outer ege that M%b dve into t
gound mgeat stability during fring. This ftr
ing platform ususpended beneath t weapon dill'
ing
U
P
Figure 720. Firing platfom on the M102 howitze.
7-18 Diglt1ze by Coogle
*
mThe M 198 howitzer has 8Owalumi
fring platform (fg 7 21) which uTved8nd
st o t t fr trave
.
T 9-3305
1%
Figure 7-21. Firing platfom on the Ml98 howitzer.
1Z1. HcUc 5mmm 5yeum. Th
tractable suspension syste provide a way to
lower t wepon ont the fring platform hfiring
and to raise the weapon for tavel The retractable
sugsion system has two pivot 1on each
sde of te cr ge. The lowe end of each pivot
conW8 spindle on which a wheel is mount
e. Ls or locking pins lock thc 1clr8cl8bcsus
pension system in the tt8Vc poition. The mecha
nism for Qting the system is one of two types.
a. Mu Orat. P WB BU gr
t a used to rotate the pivot tolowe and
raise Uweapon(fg 722). TheM102 howitzer has a
manually operate tett8cl8bc suspension system.
Fi@7-22. Manual reUble suspenson system.
Digitize by ogle
TM 9-3305
b. Hydrauic Operation. Two hydraulic hand
pumps and a hydraulic moablyare use
to rotte t pivot to lower W the
weapon (fg 723). They oprate sl to a hy
draulic jack. The hydraulically Qted retract
able suspion systm is uon the M198 ht
ze.
A
ASSEMBLY
HYDRAULIC
VP
HYDRAULIC
P1 AR 814
F 723. Hydraulic retractable suspension system.
Setion VIII. TRAIL AND SHIELDS
7Z. .
. Geneal. The forces of r TWup by
the recol mesm and f support a ts
mitted to the gound through the tail The trail
stabilies the weapon and keeps it from m
out of the orf positio. The trail
ets the weapon to the prime mover by a lu
nette and pintle for tansport. The forward end of
te trail is fastened to the u o the lower portion
of the cr A spade m be attache to the
rear of the trail. There are two type of Uu
on V nt feld artley ,
7-2
Ill Split tail (fig 724). A split tail is cm
posed of two sections attached to the mObot
tom carriage near the whels. Usually a split V
made of bx setions with trail spades on the ed
For firing, the tas are spd as far as permitted
byt wheels or trail stops. The trail Qd tmd&
g ) is equal to mgeater than t mu trav
es tm m!of the weapon. A lunette on one tail
end a a loon the othe trail end hold the t
togethe during traveling. The split trail is us on
t M1011Ml01Al ht. t M114/M114Al
howitzer, and the M198 howit.
Digitize by Coogle

F 724. Split t.
( Bx t (fg726). A box trail ia made as
a single, rigid, built-up piee. Side puor brac
ets, which extd upward. hv b t riv
t tn . Th is M o i the trail so
U\ whe the 1Do. it wlnot hit the
t The M102 howitzer baa a box tail.
.
_
_
~
F 726. Bo trail
A 81457
TM 93306

Digitize by oo
TM 93305
b. LtA W A IUt and p
vide a way of qd M
coupling the wepn to o f the pime move.
Tlunete on the forard wof in the
travpto an the pte en
of the prime me. Ptowe wand p
mhave a aize o luaette and pnte
for c iw bility of prime mes
with mweepne.
Lt
tVG
PmON
(1) Luette (f 726). Tmw attached
to te trail. le degit dnot mUMwith
emplacing of the weapon. S lunettes must be
removed o move up ot of the way whe t
qde ` udug i f fring.
Al14
Fi 726. Lunette.
Q V.Tpintle a quick-opand
c lt and b .attached to the rer of the
prime m, to which the lunette of the wepon m
attached mtrav (fg 727). Tpte mat a
conveniet height M that the lunette of the towed
weapon 1 b easiy placd in it.
ARR 81<
F 7 27. Lunette couple t pintle.
72
Digitize by Coogle
Spade. A spade ma bearing surface, usually
lt o the end of the W, which is Uor
dug mU the g to restrict t of t
weapon during t Thee a two types of
spade.
(1) fe e (f 728). A fixed spade is
rigidly fastene to the w of a O8L It may D
forge, m1 or built up.
Figure 7 28. Fixed spade.
mDle epade (f 729). A detachable
spade is installed on the end of te trail fo f iring
and TWfor traveling.
SPADE
SPPE
A. SPADES STW
ARR8M4
TRAIL
TRAIL
F 729. Detachable spade (1 of 2).
T 93305
ARl.1
Digitize by :le
T 935
B. SPAES INAI
Figure 7 2. Dtbl spade (2 of 2).
723. Shield&. Shields (fg T) prott the wep
on and the U eey c fom di
retly i front of the p. Aplated shields
have attached side m, top shields, and M
apron The Ml01/Ml01Al howtzer and the Mll4/
Mll4Al howit equipped wit shields.
F 730. Shields.
724
AR%
Digitize by Coogle
TM 93305
Secton IX. BRAKES
7-2. G. P towe al ry weapons have
parking b. The larger ws have sc
brakes and parking brake. Parkng brakes a op
erat by hbrake levers on the crand a
u only topark the weapn whe it ia cupled to
or uple fromthe prime V+ bc br
a opeat fromthe prime moverto slow down or
stop the weapn as the prime m slows dor
stops.
72. Pa Brake (Fig 731).
a. Depto. The cnventional brake d
and eding brake band mhsmused on au
tomotive vehicles ia the br mohsm usd
on towe al ery weapons. For towed vehicles
REING HANDLE_
ASSEMLY
PA

CAMSIS
having only parkng brakes, the brake memmsm
is operated by a handbrake leve. For t v
cles having parkng and sc brakes, te brake
mhs is opeated by the hsndbrake lever or
by the prime mover brake pedal.
b. Operation (Fig 731). Applying the hand
brake leve otes the camshaft, to which it `uat
tached, and the opposite ct tgh the
yoke ro and lever assebly. The hbrake c
the ends of the wide m brakeahoes out
ward against the brm. applying the braking
M U. A rathet, pawl, and ring handle assem
bly prevent the retu of the hsndbrake lever un t i l
the pawl is r mlf the ratchet.
HBRAK L
!

7
W%
Figure 7-31. Parking brake.
Digitize by _le
TM 93
7-2. Sc Bre. The s brakes provide a
way to operat the we brakes i cnjunton
with : m. ce brake used on
towed weapons a opated by air pre
sure. The airpresure brake system u cm
referto airbrakes.
D dm.Nonthe weapo aake
system is kept charged to the sme pmas the
prime m airbrake sy, bause th air pres
sure can fo fom :roir on the prime mov
tgh the emergecy le and relay emerge
cy valve. t the rron the we The pwe
b on each wheel of the wepon a the t
sho com typ. T brakehos a sp
r and a se:by a c on a camshaft which
rotates when a, under ps , en the air
brake diaphragm (fig 732), c:through a piston
ro and slack adjuster lever. The airbrake dia
phragm cnverts the ene of the crsa
it the mc force nesary to rtt the
brake ch.T the takeup screw on the
slack adjuster lever cte for w on the
brakes b.
b.

(1) W the d of the prime m ap

plies the br a ps cont by t
p move brake va flows t the serv
ic line t the relay eg valve on the wep
on. T causes the relay eg valve t rc
and prmits the se air pst f fom the
we
p
n reoir t the aake diaph which
apple the br. Moving the p m brake
valve f to the fully applied peition reults U
cr n h a pressure eting t
airbrake diaphrag and a m se b appli
cation.
( If :u wepn br away from the
prime move, the relay. ecy valve reacts U
pnt air pres mthe wepn reservoir f
flowing out of the br hoae l T ry e
gency valve also aUows air pressure t fw from
the resvoir to the airbrake diaphragm. applng
the brake auttically.
SLAC ADJSTER
AIRBE
DIAPMGM
Figure 732. Airbrake diaph
I
7-2 Digitize by Coogle
PART THREE
GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER S
THE LANCE P PERSHING
GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS
Setion I. GENERAL
1. S. T chapter cntains ition
::uLance and Pershing gide ms e sys
tems. A dtion of ech sy8a a exp
tion of the fo of the major components
included.
Setion II. THE LANCE GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEM
T 93305
2. J ption. The Lance gided missile sys
tem 81) is a reliable, low-t system that c
b opt mde most cltic cnditions. Th
syste cnsists of uLance missile, two types of
launche, a loadertansporter vehicle, and auil
iary equipment. The sing! stage, prepackage, liq
uidpl t roket and a advancd guidance
system invble m electic coun es
make uiguided missile syste a valuable
corps geneal support weapon.
Lance gided missile system are as follows:
. Lance missle.
L wW.The major comJnts of the
b. Sropelled launcher (SPL).
c. Zero-length launcher (LZ.
d. Basic launch fxture.
e. Mobility kit.
Fi 81. igided missile systemon M752 self-prl launcher.
Digitize by +ogle
T V
. L%.
T . mNm m
a bl t ms i mmt u a do
auttc ca ton
sys tbat the c DVW a
p bl tc Ua] a bo tto
T Ua](-?Ic of thebope
t s p a tmfttsM.
I!| Wp.Otbebop M
mact mWmthnstmW a 1
to7 s itat tm Wtyptoc
i tt tbe m
1 Su p.OtmMph
BE
Umbop Vty m b
tu t pp
of Tty # t by thevatae
t sr w wm yu p
t to o w. Teethe
to flaa) moy by gvty.
fp f m
hmw=tf(SC), m oc
o m r ts to avod p1
dm p tU1Pbt c
cua t msUto pW Wms
mv.3SC t i it tm
'd du p ot
SE
A. TRRY
2
M. MPHASE
C. SUSTAIN PHASE D. FREFLIGHT PHASE
ARB 814
F@ure8-2.Ta|wtor} of 1c missie.
l ll7600yGooglc
1

f
W. LyW. 1 missile (f 8-3) u
UUi nto the wa s the missile main
assemblage, and four contol mLW
IOrech of these comgts mprovide for stor
W a
Fig 83. Lance missile.
11) M261 warb eecton !fig ). The
M251 high-plosive, O clear warhead houses
the M811 fuze and 825 BLU-3B fragtation
bombs. The warhead o is divided it the
structure, the W system. the w and the
casyst.
CARGO
Figr 84. M251 warhed setion.

WA SEION
MISSILE MAIN
ASSEMLAGE
CNTROL SURFACES
ABBWI
Digitize by Cle
T93
{Z M5 M8 ml e m ubl T
M5 and M6 missile m aasmblages IMMAJ a
s.ext the M6 mus t. It cn
tains O pechc devics or prl nts. T
pl t fesyste is flled wth swth a
sc gavity n that of u t us i
a tctical round. T M5 missle m aslg
(f 86) consists of a pset, a pl t feed
sys a a roet e s 1
a intte int a weamdmwth et
nal rtacles, acscve, it ad c
trols for safe opation. An wAwcable
m6prts ucabling that tsel
c O dUthe guidanc set to the roe
e sys.
SHIPPING
T CATING
A STORAGE
CVER ASSEMBLY
HSASSELY
ROK EGINE
SYSTEM A
BOATTAIL ASSEMLY
BOATTAIL
CVE ARR-1470
F 8-5. Mism assbl
(a) Guldlce aet. T guidanc set
(fg 6 consists of directional control eectronics,
velocity control elnics, and Qwsply el
toncs subsysts.
1. Directional cntrol electrnea
I subsyste. The DCE subsystem ens
that the missile enters the ballistic curve at ude
sired entry pit. The pr sesing device is a
V

Z Vet cntl eiec (VCE)

subsystem. Dg the bophase of f the
VCE subsystem mU wh the missile m
attained the apprte veloty and t CM
boost tt. During t sustain phase o
6@. it regulates the missile VJ. Te pri
m sensing de m an acceleeter.
SIGHTING
A LAYING
HOUSING
GUIDANCE A
CONTROL COMPONENT
SUPPORT ASSELY
DIRECTIONAL
CNTROL
ELECTRONICS
GYPE

PULE BATTERY
--BATTERY STRAP
_ ACCEEROMETER

BATTERY STRAP
POWER BATTERY
ARR 81471
Figure 8-. Guidanc s
Digitize by Coogle
(b) Propl t Iweyt The prl-
lant feed system is loated bwethe guidance
W and the r e syst. The prl t
fee syste stoes the prts in sate
t sinc the propellants a hlc, i.e.,
u =
s
ontaneusly igite ucminto
contact e other. T syste a delives
the propellsnts to the rocket engine on cmmand.
c) Re engine sy The roket en
ge system (fg 87) is mted to the 1M1 bu
A. VIE
T 93305
head of the pt feed system ad housed
within the boattail asl. The roket engine
system provides the thrust neessary to propl the
missile to the target. Opereting on ss from the
guidanc set, the rocket engine syst corrects
missile alttude errors during the boost phase and
controls the ste thrust during the sustain
phase of fight. This 1the missile to trevel in
the appropriate ballistic tajetory.
I?
B. FRONT VIEW
W4J
Figure 87. Rocket engine system.
M Nad M3 control surfac. T four
detachable control surfacs fig o

o! ae of alumi
num honeycmb (M29, lrge) and forged const
tion (M3, sl ) with an e aluum -
face. yc Dquickly mounte on or removed
from the missile main assemblage. The control s

A. M29 CONTROL SURFACE

19 IN.
facs provide stability dung fht by maintain
ing te initial spin gneate by the propulsion
system. The M29 control surfacs a us with
the light warhead; the M30 cntrol surfacs a
used with the heav wahd.
WIT
STRIPE
;I f
15IN.

@1V
B. M3 CONTROL SURFACE
ARR 801471
FQ-. Contosurfacs.
Digitize by c le
6. 1mO L$ .
l.M762 118f-lm
e M t zlength launche ILI i U t
lu t L misl
(1) M.p U w. 1M762
m lhe (fg 8-11 c o t
M667 Dm Vw a b lu W and a
wd setion support a. The b
lunfu i s mt i tb c cm
mt mubasc vh a i capable mU
p a cmpl aseembl msas wl
a r eut
mZ l l T z
leqth l (fig 891 c o t b
launch mmadapton that mdstabi
! je whe a t ablies, t
a+ a tow . Lc b towe by any
st M35 2112ton vehicle O 5-ton m@
DWat highway 8 ct Ov
short ds .tb L c b m.
AR-144
Fi 6.Zleqth launche.
b. Luce Eapmt.
(1) W mfuti. The bic launch
fture (fig 8-1 0) cnsists of the base fame, the tra
verse f. the elevating and travesing mecha
wWand th launch tsassembly.
(a) De fre. T bs f is t
main support of the launche. Most of the othe
major cmponets a att t it.
() Traverse frae. The travese fame,
whch pivots on top o the bs frame, sup s the
elevating and trave mebsnism m u
mmtruss asably.
cI Evat ud tave mm .
The eleva t ing and travesing mmco
of the handwhels, shafts, mg used to p
tion the Le missile at the dmelevatio and
azimuth.
(d) Lu t ue bly. T launch
truss asbly supports the missile on the mmh
er a pivots from the r of the travers frame
melevation.
Digitize by Coogle
T 93306
1LTRUSS ASSLY
TRE FH
AR8147!
F 810. launch ftr
% mobiUty kt. The M234 mobility
kt (fg 811) cr e alt equipment nessary to
covert ubasi c launch fture from the selfpro
peUed confQtion to the =length launcher

cntion. The mobility kit cms te adap

tion kt and the missile used to convet the
SPL to the LZL.
(II Adapton kt. The adaption kit in
eludes the tow bar, wheel and Uassemblies, sta
BAR
STABILIZING
JACK
bi jacks, pins and springs, and the missile
cove.
m) Trailering hardwae. The tai
hardware consists of ites neto support and
sM the adaption kit items i na towable confgu
ration. These iWinclude a r fame assembly,
a front Dassembly, jack bolt assmblies, a tool
bx protective cover, Wstap assemblies, and a
spare wheel and tire assembly.
MISSILE COVER
REAR FRAME
ASSEMBLY
YELAND
'IRE ASSEMLY
JACK BOLT ASSEMLY
FRONT BEAM ASSEMBLY
TOOLBOX
PWWIVE COVER AR80176
Figure 811. Mobility kit.
Digilize by 'ogle
T93
Seion III. THE PERSHING GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEM
0 T P g missile
system (f 8-121 cnsists of a two-M, aolid Q
pl t, surface-to-8ce m a aa t
g supprt equipment. The syis reliable.
fble, and cpable of fast r i pa
variety m targets. P m O the sym a
trAed by vehicles tbat allow rapidmovt
Mimpoved rm. Thes vehlcle 1Mmove
the syste ove unimp=tr .
87. L$W. T major compnets of the
Pershing guide missile sy8 a the P
miaaile andthe g sup The i
fti t s wldeal wth the misile
w ts only.
F 812. Peshing guided missile sy
Diglt1ze by Coogle
|
8 XMGM-1 Pe
D .1fur-sn Peshing m
s i approximately WIwka 40 ilin
d,w 10,275 p. Each sn
of the ms ile ia inte ble with a like stion
fm anthe Peshing missile. The setioe a
joine by agente splic bands. The splic band
sgents a held i p by fo bolts. Two bolte
btwe the first and sd stges a btwe
Wguidanc and warhed setions contain explo
sive ce that detonate when s aeparatio
m Mm. Te slc b s the sond
stge to the gidanc setion d oot cntin ex
ploeve mW sinc t so0 not ste
GUIDANCE SWION
1W STAGE
T 9-3305
d mstje. mMoU
Peh ms(f 8-13) ae foowe:
(1) M101 guide missile propulaion setion
(frst stage).
(2 M102 @Memissile propulsion setion
(seond stage).
(3) ANW 49 guidance setion.
(4) XM28, XM28A1, M141, Ml41A1,
XM142, OXM142A1 atomic wahead stion.
WAREAD SECTION
SEOND STAGE
A 8147
F 8-13. FNmes,
T 93305
b % e b ae.
Ill Fmd m(84).
Ia Propl . The frst a seond
N cntn 11id prt g A c
hole n legthwise th the gain allows
the prt to bum evenly. The pt
wyb 4461 pi the frst sg ad 276
punds ` mthe seond stage. The igit, lt i
the fowan end o the motor, igited bymw
signals O two explosive initiators i the forwan
end of the ignite. The propllant, i t i si gnit
e by the igit.
RI Actuators. Thydraulic actuatos,
ner the of the first and seond stages, m
equally spaced around the noz e. P
vexted it the blst mof the nozzles, and
an a vane extends outwan fom whydraulic
ator. P adapte uatt O the fo
MRAULIC ALATOR
ed of pulaion o t ftate the c^
mof the st The forwan adapte fo the
send stage mo U impulae cntro
P
8.
le) WThe ports opn at warhed
to tion that the snd stage thust i s
ntaThe prts mopby eec d
ont of an eplosve r in the ret ring
tht attaches the oon port.
ld) Shaped eeTsbp charges,
on opposite sd of the secnd stage, dette
shortly M w tion. When
the shaped charges detonate, they rupture the IW
of the stage, releasing the UU
p ,which reduces the size of the plume
the thrust wal V This reduces the turbu
lance and enble stable fight of the warhead ~
tion afte ation.
FORWARD ADAP
AbWSTAGE
810
FORWARD ADAPER
MRAULIC
ACTUATOR
B. SECOND STAGE
Figure 814. First and send st

J VANE
AR814
Diglt1ze by Coogle
l2) AN/ gcen. Th guid
ance 8n lfig 8-15) contains the elect and
elWnic aseemblies that control the trajetory of
the ms e.
lal
Compnent&. T major cmpnents
of the guidanc setion are the STl20 stabi
platfom, the plifier, the guidance a co
trol compute lG&C), the m distributo, the
pwer distribution sy and powe supplie.
Othe cmponets a bottle, a high-pre
8distribution syste. and safety relays for
disontinuing a cuntdown, if m . after
gound pwe has ben Tv.
1. ST12 m platform. The
ST-120 stabi platform provides missile atti
tude and v information fom which the
MAIN
DISTRmUTOR
SEVOAMPLIFIER
EICAL
CONNECTOR
BRACKET
STl20
STABILIZED
PLATFORM
,,@
W

T 9-3305
G&CC cmputes deviatios fothe pro ed
trajectory.
2. Spm. T eervomplifi
e woks with the ST120 stabi platfom t
create a stble Ofom which utrajetory
deviations are obtained.
3. Guim ad cntrol cputer
lG&CCl. The G&CC cmbine the guidance data
with the missile attitude refeence data fo t
ST120 stabilized platform t crete the cmbine
cntrol sigals that operate the hydaulic adapt
.
4 Powe supplies. The pr pow
supplies ist of the missile battery and a
static 'm

MISSILE
BA1"ERY

GUIDANCE A
CNTROL COMPUTER
STATIC
INVETER
ARI14
F 8-15. Guidanc setion.
D e b ! 1g1t1z y ooL
T 93305
l OtO ! 8-16). T guidanc
system detects M in the missile trajectory,
compared to te pedeted flight path, and
1v thee erors into guidanc s. The
G&C combines the guidanc si with the atti
tude s to geneate a crretive signal for
transmission to the hydraulic actuators. T guid
anc system continuously monitors the a
locity and displacment of the missle, cmp
PROGRAM
SICTION
SEVOAMPLIFIER
the actual dats with the p information, a
calculates the e instant for sond-stsge cutoff
and warhead section stion. Af warhead
secton sation, no f c othe t
spin stabilization. is nsto deliver the war
hesd setion within the normal dispsion limits
as t with the required c error proba
bility (CPE).
ST-12 STABILIZ
PLATRM
PITCH
I
INPUTS FROM
GROUND SUPPORT
EQUIPM

A'IDE
PITCH
CMS
TO
MRAULIC
AVATORS
812
1
VELITY A
DISPCk
PRESE MRMATION
ACTUAL ERROR
VELITY SIGNALS
lNFOR_Tir.
CUFF A
SEPARATION.
SIGN7
GUIDANCE AND
CNOL CMR
M
DISTRIBUTOR
All141
Fi 8-16. Oation of guidance setion.
Diglt1ze by Coogle
!
( Wm . The warhead so
(fg 817) cntains the nuclear warhead, the war
bad spin syste, and an adapte kit T sp sy&
t 0s of a gas gtor cnto no.
zs that re gw to impart spin to the war-
GAS GEATOR
EICAL
CNRS |
SEARATION
THRUST PAD
TM 93306
hed. The main components of the adapter kit a
the arming and detonating fuzand the thermal
batteies. The warhead structure is cveed with a
coating that maintains the tture of the war
bed within }ting lt d re t.
ARI14
Fi 8-17. Warhead setion.
* .
T 9-3306
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
follwing publications p to the mt
ce i thls m
DA PAM 31(-4 .. #** 1mmJOManu
, Bul ,
Supply Manws O7,
8, and 9}, Sp Bul
W. and Lubrication L
des
43000 1 & Army Ammunition Data
Sheta W A P
munition: Guns, Howit
) MoU, Rilleee
Rifles, and Grenade
Launches
9101520312 +++++++.. Operator/Crew a Orga
nizat Maintenance
Manual for Howitzer,
Lht. Towed: 105MM,
M101 11015.32297281
a 106-MM, Ml01A1
1101 32297621
9-1016-234-12 +++ Oprator and O-
W MainUe Man
ual: Howitzer, Light,
Towe: 106-MM, M102
(10 1 164}
T 9-1026-20(-12 ....==== Oprator and O
to MainUc Man
ual fo Howitze, Medi
um, Towe: 166MM,
M114 and M114All
Mll4A2
9-102621110 .... Oprator'e Manual: How
itze, Medium, Towed:
166-MM, Ml98
T91421(1 oooooo Operator's Manual:
0 of the Pe
shing lA Feld Al
Mi SyM
T 9-1426-38-1(-2 (+++++ Oprator's Manual: J
sciption of the Peshing
UFd Al ey Miesile
Syst (claeeified supple
met}
TM9-14210.1oooooo Syst |ption for
Lance Guided Missile
SyM
T 9-1426-48610.2 ###### Operator's Manual:
Lance Guided Miuile
System
TM9-230-21S.l0oooooooo Operator's Manual for
Gun, SelfPed: 176-
MM, M107 123M436
66351 and Howitzer,
Heavy, SelfPl ed: b
Inc, MllO (23M439-
62431 and M110A1
T 9-2360-217-lON ++++++ Opation and Mainte
nance Manual: (Crew}
Howitze, Medium, Self
Propelled: 156MM,
M109 (Z 111
and 166-MM, Ml09Al
(236(48596621
and 109A
T 9-2350-303-10 ......... Operator's Manual for
Ho, Meium, bf
Propelled: 155MM,
M109A2 (236001031
06681
T 9-23M10 .... oooo Oprator's Manual for
How, Hevy, Sf
Propelled, 8inch,
MUOA2 (236001041
MI
T 9-305
ALPHABETICAL INEX
Subject Page
A
ANW-49 guidance setion.......................... 811
Artillery, developmet of US 1 +
DWorldWar ll .................................... 27
Early ............ ............. ................. .... .. .............. ]
cmcthe Korean conflict.............................. 217
Artilusing gu.npowder, primitive.............. 21
Assemblage, M5 orM6 missile m............... 84
Auxiliary items of barrel assebly:
Bore evacuator ........... .......... ........ ...... ..........,
Muzle brake .Y...............................................
Axle ................................................................... 716
B
Barrel assembly:
Au itms.............................................. 4:
De f initions..................................................... 41
Monoblo tube constrction ......................... 42
M
.
ontings ..................................................... 43
g ......... .. . . .......... .... . .. ... ..... ........ ... ... . . . . . ... 4 2
Bassembly moun t ings:
Central bore................................................... 43
Cradle and sleigh.... ....................................... 9
slide rail ...... .. ............ ............... ....... ....
Basic launch ftxture.............. ........ .... ................
Bore evacuator .................................................. 4
Bottm carriage................................................ 7 2
Box tl ............................................................ 721
Brake:
Muzle. .. ..... . . ..... ............................................. 1
Wu !Hbrake)
Brakes:
Pa.......................................................... 7 25
Sevic .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . ....... ...... ... .. . . . ... . ..... ... ... ... . 7 26
Breh mm:
Breh operating Danism .~.....................
Brehblock . ................. ............................ . ... . 4
F.
.
lng sm ......................................... .
Geeral. ......................................................... .
4-15
8
Obturator....................................................... 4 21
Subjeet Page
Breh operating mehism:
Carrier . ................... ............. . ........ ... . . ....... . ... ~. B
Sliding-wedge................................................ 413
Breh block:
Inu ptscew ......................................... S
Slidingw ................................................ 9
Brech loading cannons .................................... Z
Buffer, counteil (Se
Ltrbuffe)
L
Caliber............................................................... 4 2
Cannon:
Components of............................................... 41
Definition of................................................... 41
Cannon artillery, development of US:
During World War II .................................... Z
Early ....,,,,...................................................... (
Since the Koren conflict .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 217
Cannon support components:
Bottom cr age . . .... . ...... . ........... .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . 7 2
Cradle ............................................................. 72
Sleigh ........ ... .................................................. 72
Top cariage................................................... 7 2
Cannons:
Bm loading ...............................................
6.............................................................. /
Smothbore . . .. . .................................. ... .. . . . . . . . 21
Cannon-type wepons:
Current........................................................... 31
Definition of................................................... 31
Carriage:
Bottom........................................................... 7 2
Top................................................................. 72
\ Wand mount, definition of .................... 71
Carriage traversing-type travesing
mem .................................................... 714
Carriage-mounted pull-type spring
ecuilibrator .................................................... 75
Carriages and mounts, early
development of..............................................
Subject Page
Carrier breech operating mhns...............
Central bore mounting ..................................... 43
Continuous-pull firing memIam................... 4-15
Control surfaces, M29 a M30 ....................... 8-5
Coun% oil buffer:
Dash pot.........................................................
Hydraulic spring...........................................
Respirator or Schindler................................. b
Counterrecoil memm`am:
Dependent ................. .................................... 65
Independent ..................................................
Piston-type hydropneutic
reuperator .................................................... 6
Cradle................................................................ 7 2
Cradle and slei gh mounting .............................
Cylinder-type elevating memuIam.
hydraulic ........................................................ 712
D
Dash pot cuntereoil buffer .... .................... b
DeBange obtu.rator ........................................... 421
Dependent cuntr oil memuIam............... 65
Development during World War II of US
cannon al e .. . . ....... ....... ........ ... 2
Development of rokets and guide
missiles:
Early .............................................................. 221
Sinc World War II ....................................... 2-22
Development of US cannon al :
During World War II .................................... 2
Early .. ... ......................................................... g
Since the Koren conflict.............................. 2-17
Development since t KU cnflict
of US cannon artillery................................... 2-17
Development sinc World War II m
ro and guided missiles.......................... 2-22
Devices, hand loading and ramg................ 5-1
E
Early devnt of rokets and
guided m.aama.............................................. 221
INDEX 2
Su Page
Early development of US 4
artil. . ...................................... . . . . . . ............ Z
Elevating mehanism:
General ........................................................... 710
Manul y operated ........................................
Power operated.............................................. 7 12
Elevating rack and pinion type
elevating mehanism..................................... ]
Equalizer........................................................... 7-17
Equilibrator:
Geeral........................................................... 7 . 3
Hydopneurtic ........................................... ]
Pneumatic ...................................................... 76
Spring ....... ...... ........................................... .... 7-4
Evacuator. boe................................................ S
F
F
. .
D ....................................................... .. 7-18
Firing mechanism:
Contiuous-pull ............................................. 415
Inetia . . . . . . . ..... . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ... . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4 . 18
Percussion-m er....................................... 4 20
Firing platform ................................................. 718
Firing sup :
Firing jack ..................................................... 718
Firingplatform .............................................. 718
Gem ........................................................... 7-17
First and seond stage.................................... 810
G
Gear-type travesing mm r ............ 716
Groves, tht ........................................... 6-2
Groves, throttling, variable reoiL................ ~
Gu setion, AN/DJW-49 ........................ 8-li
Guided missile system:
Lce .............................................................. Sl
Pershing ........................................................
Guide missiles:
Current ..........................................................
Defnitionof ................................................... 3- 1
Digitize by Coogle
. .
.
Subject
Guided missles:-cntinue
Developmet m:
Pqe
Early ........................................................... 221
SicWorld War 11.................................... 222
lAnce.............................................................. 82
Pershlng .......................................... d
Gun, invention of ...........**.............. 21
Gunpowder, primitive artillery using.............. 21
H
Hand loading and ramming devics .. .. .. .. . .. . . ... 51
Hydraulic cer-type eleva t ing
mechanism..................................................... 7 12
Hydraulic motor rack and pinion-type
elevatng mehnsm..................................... 7 12
Hydraulic spring cuntr i buffer............. 68
Hydropneumatic reuprator,
piston-tye.....................................................
Hydropnticspring equilibrator .............. ]

Indepdent counteil mensm ............ j

Inetia f mechanism.................................. 418
InU pted-screw be block ........................ j
Invention of gunpowder................................... 2-1
J
Ja f . ...................................................... 718
K
Kit, M234 mobility ...................................... 8 7
L
Lnce guide missle system:
Com-onents................................................... Sl
Dption . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ................................... S
.
l
Lance missile:
ComQta . . . . . . ........... ......... ... .... . .... ......... S
.
3
Trajetory .................................................. 8-2
Launchers and launcher equipment .............
TM 9-3306
Subject
Pqe
Le mssie:
M251 wsetion .................................. 8-3
Lance missile:-continued
M29 and M30 control surfaces ..................... 85
M5 or M6 missile main assemblage..............
Launch ftre, basic 86
Launcer:
M752 s propelled lauW = 86
Zlength launcer ....................*..
Lau.nche equipment:
Basic launch fixture ... .. .... .. . . .... .... ................. 8-
M234 mobility kit.......................................... 87
Ld a 1W Mmm ....................... 53
Loading and mdevices, hand* ....... .. . ... . 51
Lunette ........................****...... 722
UL ++++++++++++++++++++++++******* 8-6
M
Main assemblage, M5 MM6 missle . 8-4
Manually operated elevating mehanism:
Elevating rack and pinion type .................... ]
Elevating screw-typ.................................... ]
Manually operatd travesing mehanisms:
Cr ge traversing-type............................... 7 14
Pintl&type *.............................................. 7-13
Missile:
Jnc.... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2
Pershing......................................................... Q
Missile m assemblage, M5 or M6 ................ 8-4
Missile sections !Pershing):
AN/DJW 49 guidance setion .... ... ............... 811
First and second stages................................. b
Warhead section ............................................ 8-13
Missile !SeGuided missiles)
Mobility \ M234 ............................................ 87
Monoblo tube cnstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. ... . 4 2
Motor rack and pinion-type elevating
mesm, hydraulic ................................... 712
Digitiz gle
Subject Page
Mount. defimton of.......................................... 7 1
Mountings, Uassembly lSee
el assmbly mountings)
Moul, erlydevelopment o.......................... /
Muzle bake ..........................
M234 mobility kit ............................................. S7
M251 warhead section ...................................... 8-3
M29 and M30 cntrol surface ......................... 8-5
M5 M6 ms e m asslage ................. 84
M752 self-propelled launcher ........................... 8-6
N
Nitogen gas-type replenishe.......................... 6-11
U
Obturator .......................................................... 421
V
Parking brakes .................................................. 725
Percussion-hmf1ring mm8 420
Pershing guided missile system:
Components...................................................
Deciption.. ... ...... .................. ......... .......... ....
XMGM31A Pershing missile .................... d
Peshing missile setions \
Mi ssile setions lPershlng))
Pershing missile, XMGM31A:
Dption ... ............. ............ ........................ b
Missile sctions ........................................... Q
Pintle +++++++++++++++++++++#A 722
Pintletype travesing mehanism:
Rack and pinion-type .................................... 714
Screw-type ........................................................ 7 13
Piston-typ hydropneumatic reupator .......
Platform. fng................................................. 718
INDEX4
Sabject #c
Pneumatic sping euilibrator ......................... 7-6
Power loading and rmmehanism:
Ge... . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . . 5 2
Loade and rm r meh ................... 53
H er m ........ ..... .... ..................... b
Poweopeated elevating mchanism:
Hydraulic cylind. type .... .. . .... ................ .. ... 7 12
Hydraulic motor rack and pmtype......... 7 12
Power opated travesing msm
(ring gtyp) .............................................. 7 15
J.wder era............................................. 21
Ytive artilley using gunpowde ............... 21
Pulltypesprlngeuilibratr ............................ 7-4
Pulltyp spring equilibrato,
m age
.
moun .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . 7 . 5
Pusher-type spring euilibrato ....................... 75
R
Rack and pinion-type elevatng
mm
Elevating....................................................... 2
Hydaul mtr ........................................ 712
Rack and pinion-type pintle-type
tavesingmehanism................................... 7
.
J4
Rammer and loade mm....................... 6-3
Bmsm......................................... b
Rmdevice.............................................. 5l
Rol brake:
Throt goves........................................ 6- 2
Throttling ............................................ &3
Variable reoil throttng =and
throttling groves...................................... 6- -
Recil mm:
Countr il buffer......................................
Counteril mechanism ........... .......... ........ 6-5
Deftions ... .. .. .... ... . . . ... . ................ ... ... . . ........ Sl
V.. . +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6- 1
Yil brake................................................... 6-2
Replenishe....................................................
Diglt1ze by Coogle
Subject Page
Rslide rail mting #################.#######A###A### &
Wpar. piston-type hydro
pmtic ..................................................... .
"9
Nitrogen gas-type ..........
Spring-t ................................................... .
Rpirator ........................................................
Retac suspension system AAAA.AAAA.A.AAAAA..AAA 7-19
cn ons ................................................. #
B................................................................ 4 2
Ring gear-type traversing mehanism
YM and guided missile,
defnition of ................................................... .
HM.development of:
Early =AAAA
Since World War II ..................................... ..
7-16
3-1
2-21
2-22
M ,throttling.................................................. 6
Bthrottling, variable ri...... 6-4
b
dotr i buffer..........................
S.................................................................
H-typ elevat!g mehanism.
elevating ..............................................
Scew-type pi ntletype travesing
mhanism .................................................... . 7-13
Self-propllauncher, M762 ..........................
Sevic brakes ................................................... 7 . 26
Shields .....................................AAAA.AAA.AA. 724
5................................................................. 7 . 2
Sliding- breh operating
mehanism................ . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 413
Sliding-wege brech blo...............................
Smothbore canons . . .. ............ .. ..... .. . . ... . . .. . . . .. . 2-1
T 9-3305
Subject
Spade ................................................................. 728
Split trl ......................................................... ..
Spring tr i buffe,
hydraulic ....................................................... A
Spring equilibrator:
Cr mounted pullt ......................... .
Spring equilibrator:-cntinue
Hydropntc .#...................................... .
Ptic ..................................................... .
- ty ....................................................... #
Pusher-type .................................................. .
7-20
76
!
7-6
7-4
7-6
Spring-type repleisher.................................... g
Stage, frst and snd................................... b
Supprt,
f (See Firing support)
Surfacs, M29 and MSO contol ....................... 8-6
Suspsion syste. Ictable....................... 7-19
T
'rottling groves ......................................... 6-2
Tm..............AAA..... 6- 3
Throttling r and throttling
goves, Vble WU.... .................. ...... .. ... 6
Top cr..................................................... .
:
#####AAAA4###+###################A#######A
Split ............................................................... .
Tjetr (Lc) ............................................
Traversing mm
72
7-21
7-20
8-2
Geneal........................................................... 7 1 S
Maulopate<........................................ 713
Power opated (ring gtyp) ....... ..... .. .. .. . 7-16
Tb couction. mono blo........................... 4-2
1
US canon al . development of:
D World \rar II ...........................#.###.#. Z
Early ..................................#............... Z
Sinc the Korean cnflict.............................. 2-17
o,t. gle
Y
Vab wthttl r ad
thotgo v +++............ .......................... 6
w
Wa sto
M261 \1AAAAAAAA++++++++++++ 83
()N. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .... ..... .... .. .. ........... .. S.l3
7
XMGM31A VwmpmmIbPesh
mssi. XMGM31AI
Z
Zle M......................................... 86
INE6 Digitize by Coogle
f
B Order of te Sret of the Army:
Offcia:
J. C. PENNINGTN
Maor Generl, United State Army
Te Adjutant General
Distribution:
TM 9-3305
E. C. MEYER
Generl, United State Army
Chiefof Staff
To be distributed in occordonce with Special Mailing List.
1.8LvzNM8N1Mtn1N6WC6: m* 747tW1I1
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