UNIT I SIMPLE PRESENT

El presente simple, tambin llamado del indicativo, es el tiempo verbal ms simple del ingls. Se suele utilizar para hablar sobre hechos que constituyen hbitos o costumbres. Se forma con la forma base del verbo del infinitivo. Este infinitivo consta de dos partculas: to y la forma base del verbo, as, por ejemplo, to eat es un infinitivo que significa comer. Conozcamos en la siguiente tabla el presente del indicativo:

Conjugacin 1 per. singular 2 per. singular

Ingls I want you want

Espaol yo quiero t quieres l quiere ella quiere (para objetos) nosotros/as queremos ellos/as quieren

he wants 3 per. singular she wants It wants 1 per. plural 2 per. plural 3 per. plural we want

you want Ustedes quieren they want

Conjugacin 1 per. singular 2 per. singular 3 per. singular 1 per. plural 2 per. plural 3 per. plural Conjugacin

Ingls I like You like he likes she likes It likes we like you like they like Ingls

Espaol Me gusta Te gusta l le gusta ella le gusta (para objetos) nosotros/as nos gusta Ustedes les gusta ellos/as les gusta Espaol

1 per. singular 2 per. singular 3 per. singular 1 per. plural 2 per. plural 3 per. plural

I need You need he needs she needs It needs we need you need they need

Yo necesito Tu necesitas l necesita ella necesita (para objetos) nosotros/as necesitamos Ustedes necesitan ellos/as necesitan

La nica dificultad es la 3 persona del singular; de hecho, esta 3 persona es especial a la hora de conjugar verbos. Como regla general se aade s, aunque veremos que existen algunas excepciones. Usos del presente simple Este tiempo verbal se utiliza para expresar hechos o verdades generales. The Sun warms the atmosphere. -> El Sol calienta la atmsfera. Tambin usamos el presente simple para hablar de hbitos; en este caso, en la oracin suele aparecer expresiones de frecuencia, como usually o always. We play tennis usually. -> Nosotros jugamos al tenis ocasionalmente. You study always. ->Ustedes estudian siempre. Tambin lo usamos para expresar horarios o programas (como el programa de un espectculo teatral). The train leaves in an hour. -> El tren llega en una hora. Reglas ortogrficas para la 3 persona del singular Como regla general, a la forma verbal de la 3 persona del singular se le aade s; no obstante, existen unas cuantas reglas para una serie de formas verbales que son especiales: 1.- Cuando el verbo acaba ya en s, o en un sonido parecido como sh, ch o x: watch -> watches (mirar) dash -> dashes (arrojar)

2.- Cuando el verbo acaba en o, tambin se aade es: go -> goes (ir) do -> does (hacer)

3.- Cuando el verbo acaba en y, y a sta le precede una consonante, tenemos que cambiar la y por i, para a continuacin aadir es: fly -> flies (volar) study -> studies (estudiar)

SIMPLE QUESTIONS
INGLES Do you like apples? Do we need some information? Does he want to go to the park? ESPAOL Te gustan las manzanas? Necesitan alguna informacin? Quiere el ir al parque?

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

1) Questions without question words in the Simple Present

Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Yes/No Yes, Do you read books? No, Does Peter play football? Yes, I he don't. does. Subject I Auxiliary (+ n't) do.

2) Questions with question words in the Simple Present

Question word

Auxiliary

Subject

Verb

Rest

Answer

What

do

you

play

on your computer?

I play games on my computer. She goes to work at 6 o'clock. I meet them at the bus st

When Where

does do

your mother go you

to work?

meet your friends?

UNIT 2 FUTURE TENSE

FORM: AFFIRMATIVE: I will go to Madrid (Ill go to Madrid). She will do her homework (Shell do her homework). NEGATIVE: I will not go to Madrid (I wont go to Madrid). She will not do her homework (She wont do her homework). INTERROGATIVE: Where will I go? / Will I go to Madrid? What will she do? / Will she do her homework? SHORT ANSWERS: Yes, I will / No, you will not. Yes, she will / No, she wont.

USES:

Se usa para hacer predicciones: I think it will rain tomorrow (Creo que llover maana) Tambin se usa para expresar decisiones espontneas: I think Ill go with you to the concert (Creo que ir contigo al concierto) Y para ofrecer o pedir ayuda: Will you drive me home, please? (Me llevas a casa en coche, por favor?) PRIMERA CONDICIONAL La primera condicional se utiliza para referirse a situaciones posibles. Ejemplos: If I study, I will pass. (Si estudias, aprobars: es posible) I wont help you if you behave like that. (No te ayudar si te portas as: es posible STRUCTURE IF (PRESENT SIMPLE), (FUTURE WITH WILL). If she works today, she wont have to work tomorrow. (FUTURE WITH WILL) IF (PRESENT SIMPLE). She wont have to work tomorrow if she works today.

SIMPLE QUESTIONS

INGLES Will you ask Jim? What will they eat? Where will we meet?

ESPAOL Le preguntars a Jim? Que comern? Dnde nos conoceremos?

INFORMATION QUESTIONS
Question word Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Answer

What

Will

you

play

on your computer? to work?

I will play games on my computer. She will go to work at 6 o'clock. I will meet them at the bus st

When Where

will Will

your mother go you

meet your friends?

UNIT III Too + adjetive

Usamos la palabra too antes de adjetivo para expresar que la cantidad o grado de algo es mas que deseable, necesario o aceptable:

Ejemplos: That Skirt is too long for you (Esa camisa es demasiado grande para ti ) You work too much (trabajas mucho) There where too many people outside (Hay demasiadas personas afuera)

THE COMPARATIVE

Se usan los comparativos para comparar dos personas o cosas.

Chicago is smaller than New York.

Chicago es ms pequeo que Nueva York. Generalmente formamos el comparativo aadiendo -er al adjetivo. small smaller Si el adjetivo ya termina con 'e', nada ms aadimos 'r' . large larger

Si termina con una consonante y luego 'y', cambiamos la 'y' a 'i'. easy easier Si termina con consonante, vocal, consonante, duplique la ltima letra. big bigger Si es de dos slabas o ms, usamos la palabra 'more.' expensive - more expensive Irregular Comparatives good - better bad - worse far farther

QUESTIONS
INGLES Which is bigger, Canada or the United States? Which do you like more, meat or fish? Which season do you like best? Which do you prefer, fruits or vegetables? Which do you prefer watching movies or listening to music? ESPAOL Cual es mas grande? Canada o Estados Unidos Cual prefieres mas, carne o pescado? Cual estacin lo hace mejor? Cual prefieres frutas o vegetales? Cual prefieres ver televisin o escuchar msica?

MORE QUESTIONS:
1.-Which sport is your favorite? 2. Which job is best for you?

3. Which sound in English is hardest for you to make? 4. Which do you like more, reading books or listening to music? 5. Which did you enjoy more, your high school days or your elementary school days?

UNIT IV SIMPLE PAST OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

El pasado simple se usa para describir una accin que ocurri en un momento definido del pasado. La estructura habitual de una oracin afirmativa en pasado simple es:

verbo-ed Sujeto forma irregular complemento(s)

Ejemplos: The boys played basketball yesterday. He wrote a novel.

Verbos regulares
Cuando se trata de verbos regulares en frases afirmativas el pasado simple se forma aadiendo -ed a la raz del verbo. Dicha forma es vlida para todas las personas. Ejemplos: I walked to town. They jumped on the bed.

Pronunciation rules - Reglas de pronunciacin

La terminacin -ed se pronuncia de tres formas diferentes: Cuando un verbo acaba con el sonido /t/ o /d/ la terminacin -ed se pronuncia /id/: waited needed Cuando el ltimo sonido del verbo es sonoro, -ed se pronuncia /d/: planned

stayed Cuando el ltimo sonido del verbo es sordo, -ed se pronuncia /t/: watched liked

Spelling rules - Reglas ortogrficas

Aunque la regla bsica para el pasado simple es aadir la terminacin -ed a la raz del verbo, cuando el verbo acaba en -e, se le aade slo la -d: bake ==> baked hope ==> hoped En los verbos de una sla slaba cuya terminacin es consonante-vocalconsonante la ltima consonante se duplica antes de aadir -ed: plan ==> planned stop ==> stopped En los verbos de ms de una slaba slo duplicamos la consonante cuando la ltima slaba est formada por consonante-vocal-consonante y est acentuada: prefer ==> preferred permit ==> premitted En verbos de ms de una slaba en los que el acento no va en la ltima slaba, la consonante final no se duplica: visit ==> visited happen ==> happened Cuando un verbo acaba en consonante + y cambiamos la -y en -i y aadimos -ed: study ==> studied copy ==> copied Si el verbo acaba en vocal + y se aade -ed siguiendo la regla general: play ==> played annoy ==> annoyed

Time expressions - Expresiones de tiempo

Hay una gran variedad de palabras y expresiones para indicar el tiempo pasado.

Ejemplos: I played tennis a long time ago. She baked a cake last week. They visited us yesterday.

Algunos de los adverbios y expresiones adverbiales de frecuencia que se utilizan con el presente pueden seguir utilizndose con el pasado simple. Ejemplos: We often walked to school. He played football once a week. They always baked a cake on Friday.

Las expresiones de tiempo de ms de una palabra se suelen colocar al final de la frase. Pueden colocarse tambin al principio seguidos de una coma, para dar mayor nfasis. Ejemplos: I saw him at the park last week. Last week, I saw him at the park.

VERBOS IRREGULARES

Root verb - Raz del verbo cost cut hit hurt let put set shut Root verb - Raz del verbo

Past Simple - Pasado Simple cost cut hit hurt let put set shut Past Simple - Pasado Simple

Meaning - Significado costar cortar golpear herir permitir poner colocar cerrar Meaning - Significado

dream feel keep leave mean sleep sweep Root verb - Raz del verbo begin drink ring sing sink sit swim Root verb - Raz del verbo bring buy catch fight teach think Root verb - Raz del verbo bend build burn lend send spend Root verb - Raz del verbo bleed eat feed lead meet read Root verb - Raz del verbo

dreamt felt kept left meant slept swept Past Simple - Pasado Simple began drank rang sang sank sat swam Past Simple - Pasado Simple brought bought caught fought taught thought Past Simple - Pasado Simple bent built burnt lent sent spent Past Simple - Pasado Simple bled ate fed led met read Past Simple - Pasado Simple

soar sentir mantener, guardar marcharse significar dormir deslizarse Meaning - Significado comenzar beber llamar cantar hundirse sentarse nadar Meaning - Significado traer comprar coger luchar ensear pensar, creer Meaning - Significado doblar construir quemar prestar enviar gastar Meaning - Significado sangrar comer alimentar dirigir reunirse, conocer leer Meaning - Significado

swear tear wear Root verb - Raz del verbo break choose drive freeze ride speak steal wake write Root verb - Raz del verbo shake take sell tell lay pay say bite hide

swore tore wore Past Simple - Pasado Simple broke chose drove froze rode spoke stole woke wrote Past Simple - Pasado Simple shook took sold told laid paid saud bit hid

jurar rasgar llevar puesto Meaning - Significado romper elegir conducir congelar montar hablar robar despertar escribir Meaning - Significado agitar tomar. coger vender decir yacer pagar decir morder esconder

Algunos verbos irregulares no pueden ser clasificados en ningn grupo particular: Root verb - Raz del verbo become come dig do find fall forget get give go Past Simple - Pasado Simple became came dug did found fell forgot got gave went Meaning - Significado convertirse en, llegar a ser venir cavar hacer encontrar caer alvidar obtener dar ir

have hear hold make run see stand understand win

had heard held made ran saw stood understood won

tener oir sostener hacer correr ver estar entender ganar

QUESTIONS WITH SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE QUESTIONS

INGLES Did you close the door? Did Claire finish the housework? Did he have a bath yesterday? Did the boy jump into the lake? Did Ronald visit the Tower of London Did Peggy and Olivia look after the baby? Did she make the invitation cards herself? Did the girl drop the ketchup bottle? Did Tim buy the green T-shirt last Monday? Did they practice karate this morning? ESPAOL Cerr usted la puerta? Termino Clara los quehaceres domsticos? Tenia el un bao ayer? Salto el muchacho en el lago? Visit Ronald la Torre de Londres? Cuidaron del beb Peggy y Olivia? Hizo ellas las tarjetas de invitacin? Tir la chica la botella de Catsup? Compro Tim la camisa verde el lunes pasado? Practicaste Karate esta maana ?

UNIT V MIGHT AND MIGHT NOT

El verbo modal "may" se utiliza para indicar que algo puede ser posible:

He may be lost. You may find a good hotel. She may want to come with you.

El puede estar perdido T puedes encontrar un buen hotel Ella puede querer venir contigo

Se puede utilizar su forma pasada "might" prcticamente con el mismo significado, aunque "may" indica un mayor grado de probabilidad: He might be at home. He may be at home. El podra estar en casa El puede estar en casa

Ambas formas "may" / "might" tambin se utilizan para pedir permiso de una manera educada ("might" es incluso ms corts): Puedo hacer una llamada ? Podra hacer una Might I make a call? llamada ? May I open the Puedo abrir la puerta ? door? Might I open the Podra abrir la puerta ? door? May I make a call? Las formas negativas son "may not" y "might not" (o su forma abreviada "mightn't"): He may not be here He might not be here El puede no estar aqu El podra no estar aqu

Para indicar posibilidad en el pasado utilizamos la estructura "may / might + have + past participle del verbo principal": He may have come before. He might have come before. She may have finished yesterday. She might have finished yesterday. El puede haber venido antes El podra haber venido antes Ella puede haber finalizado ayer Ella podra haber finalizado ayer

Tambin se pueden utilizar ambas formas para indicar posibilidad en el futuro: This summer I may go to England. This summer I might go to England. Este verano yo puedo ir a Inglaterra Este verano yo podra ir a Inglaterra

Affirmative: might I might finish

Negative: might not I might be resting

Interrogative: Might...? Might I use your

tomorrow
Podra terminar maana (quiz)

tomorrow
Podra estar descansando maana

telephone?
Podra usar su telfono?

You might be wrong He might go to Paris tomorow

l podra ir a Pars maana

He might not be right

T podras estar equivocado Quiz l no tenga razn

Might you tell me something?

Podra Ud. decirme algo?

They might not know Might I ask you a that question?

Ellos podran no saber eso

Podra hacerle un pregunta?

That might be a mistake

Eso podra ser un error

It might not be so easy

Podra no ser tan fcil

Might I interrupt you?

Puedo interrumpirlo?

It might be very raining

Podra estar lloviendo

It might not be a good idea

Podra no ser una buena idea Podramos sugerir algo?

Might we suggest something?

That might be a good It might not be sign permitted

Esa podra ser una buena seal Quiz no est permitido

Might they come to my house?

Podramos ellos venir a mi casa?

She might give us a surprise

Esta podra darnos una sorpresa

He might not want that

l podra no querer eso

Might you call me later?

Podra Ud. llamarme ms tarde?

I You He She It We You They

Affirmative go come work migh live t speak ...

Negative I You He She It We You They go come work live speak ...

might not

Interrogative I go ? you come ? he work ? she live ? Might it speak ? we ... you they

Using "Might" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "might" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use

Positive Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Negative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

You can also use:

might
POSSIBILITY

1. She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems. 2. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work. 3. She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill will be able to give her a ride.

1. She might not be on the bus. She might be walking home. 2. She might not have taken the bus. She might have walked home. 3. She might not take the bus. She might get a ride from Bill. 1. Even if I entered the contest, I might not win. 2. Even if I had entered the contest, I might not have won. 3. Even if I entered the contest tomorrow, I might

could, may

might
CONDITIONAL OF MAY

1. If I entered the contest, I might actually win. 2. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have won. 3. If I entered the contest tomorrow, I might actually win. Unfortunately, I can't enter it.

not win. might

SUGGESTION

1. NO PRESENT FORM 2. You might have tried the cheese cake. 3. You might try the cheesecake.

1. NO PRESENT FORM 2. PAST FORM UNCOMMON 3. You might not want to eat the cheese cake. It's very calorific. NEGATIVE FORMS UNCOMMON

could

might
REQUEST

Might I have something to drink? Might I borrow the stapler? REQUESTS FUTURE.
USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR

could, may, can

REMEMBER: "Might not" vs. "Could not" "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. "Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. Examples: Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key. Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.

Using "Should" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "should" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use

Positive Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Negative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

You can also use:

should
RECOMMENDATION, ADVISABILITY

1. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.

2. Frank should have eaten lowfat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack.

1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her health.
2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what

ought to

3. You really should start eating better.

caused her health problems. 3. Sarah shouldn't smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.

should
OBLIGATION

I should be at work before 9:00.

We should return the video before the video rental store closes. "SHOULD"
CAN ALSO EXPRESS SOMETHING

NO NEGATIVE FORMS

be supposed to

BETWEEN RECOMMENDATION AND OBLIGATION.

"BE

SUPPOSED TO" EXPRESSES

A SIMILAR IDEA AND CAN EASILY BE USED IN THE PAST OR IN NEGATIVE FORMS.

should
EXPECTATION

1. Susan should be in New York by now.

2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to. 3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.

1. Susan shouldn't be in New York yet.

2. Susan shouldn't have arrived in New York until yesterday. 3. Susan shouldn't arrive in New York until next week.

ought to, be supposed to

What is the difference between, might should,? The difference depends on the context and situation. I will try to give you a very general idea, regarding the difference in meaning. Might: is often used to talk about the chance (or possibility) that something will happen or is happening. "You might not understand everything that I write in English but I hope so". Should: is dealing with obligation and deduction. When it is right to do something we say, you should do it. "We should drink lots of water and eat lots of fruit". In terms of deduction we can use should when we assume something according to what we know. If my Mum went out an hour ago, I might deduce that she should be home soon.

POLITE REQUESTS

might request

Might I have something to drink? Might I borrow the stapler? Might I borrow your pen? Charlotte would you please send me the document by e-mail? Teacher could you explain this grammar to me again please? Student, could you help me with the homework, please? Marco, would you please erase the blackboard for me? Sandy, Can you photocopy these letters right away?

Customer: Could you bring me some salt please? Waiter: Yes, certainly.

Student: Could you please repeat? Teacher: Yes, of course.

Manager: Would you fill in this form? Employee: Certainly. Secretary: Would you mind calling back later? Patient: No, certainly not. Would you mind showing (show) me your boarding pass please?

Would you mind fastening (fasten) your belts please?

Would you mind remaining (remain) in your seats please?

Would you mind sitting (sit) down please?

Would you mind putting out (put out) your cigarettes, please?

Would you mind opening (open) your suitcase please?

Would you mind having (have) another seat please?

. Would you mind lending (lend) me some money please?

THE PAST CONTINUOS

Las frases afirmativas en pasado continuo se forma de la siguiente manera:

Subject + was/were + verbo-ing + resto de la frase

Richard was doing his homework at 8 o'clock last night. Dan and Alex were playing tennis all day. Uses of the Past Continuous - Usos del pasado continuo. - El pasado continuo se utiliza para describir una accin que se est desarrollando, pero no acabada, en un momento dado del pasado: Dan was playing tennis at 2 o'clock yesterday afternoon. (The game wasn't over then) - Tambin se utiliza el pasado continuo para describir acciones que ocurrieron al mismo tiempo en el pasado. En este caso, solemos utilizar la palabra while para unir las dos acciones: The children were playing soccer while their mother was watching them. - El pasado continuo se utiliza frecuentemente para describir una accin inacabada que est en proceso y es interrumpida por otra. La accin que interrumpe suele ir en pasado simple e introducida por la particula temporal when. David was sleeping when the phone rang.

The Past Continuous in Negative Sentences - El pasado continuo en frases negativas. Las frases negativas en pasado continuo se forman de la siguiente manera:

Subject + wasn't/weren't + verbo-ing + resto de la frase

She wasn't reading at 8 o'clock last night. Dick and John weren't playing chess when I called. The Past Continuous in Yes/No Questions - El pasado continuo en preguntas de tipo Yes/No. Para formar preguntas de este tipo en pasado continuo se sigue esta estructura:

Was/were + sujeto + verbo-ing + resto de la frase?

Was he doing his homework? Yes, he was Were they sleeping? No, they weren't. The Past Continuous in Wh-questions - El pasado continuo en preguntas con partcula interrogativa. En este tipo de preguntas debemos cambiar el orden del sujeto y was/were como lo hacamos en las de tipo Yes/No, y sustituyendo la informacin sobre la que se pregunta por la partcula interrogativa adecuada: I was visiting my grandparents last night. Who were you visiting last night? She was going to the library. Where was she going?

SIMPLE QUESTIONS
Were Brent and George smoking? Was she speaking English? Were we going to go there yesterday? Were they reading a book? Was Ben writing a letter to his mother or friend?

Was the old lady walking with a stick? Were you waiting at the bus-stop? Was he taking the dog for a walk? Was Jenny filling the bucket with water? Sylvia was studying English. Helen was cooking fried rice. Craig and Jenny were eating dinner. Benny was having a bath. We were walking home.

You were cleaning the house. John was drinking coffee. Jill was doing the washing

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

Was Ashley working on the computer? Were they repairing the bike? Was Melissa taking out a book? Were you listening to music? Was Nicolas looking at a picture? Were Emma and Bertha phoning her friend? Was the girl opening the window? Was he doing judo? Were the friends coming home from school? Was Tyler helping with the cooking?