Chapter 4.

1 – The OSI Transport Layer

• The Transport layer prepares application data for transport over the network
and processes network data for use by applications
 Roles of the Transport Layer
 Tracking the individual communication between applications on the source
and dest. Host
 Segmenting data and managing each piece
 Reassembling the segments into streams of application data
 Identifying the different applications
➢ Purpose
 Enabling Applications on Devices to Communicate
 Transport layer moves data between applications on devices in the
network
➢ Separating Multiple Communications
 Transport layer segments the data and manages the separation of data for
different applications.
 Multiple applications running on a device receive the correct data.
➢ Segmentation
 Transport layer divides the data into segments that are easier to manage
and transport
 Provides the means to both send and receive data while running mult.
Apps concurrently on a computer
 Each piece of information flowing is known as a conversation
 Transport layer adds to the piece a header containing binary data
 Enable different transport layer protocols to perform different functions
➢ Controlling the Conversations
 Transport Layer Services
• Segmentation and Reassembly
♦ Segmentation allows multiplexing – multiple applications can use
the network at the same time
♦ Data segmentation facilitates data carriage by the lower netowkr
layers
♦ Error checking can be performed on the data in the segment to
check if the segment was changed during transmission
♦ Divides app. Data into blocks of data that are appropriate size.
♦ At dest. Transport layer reassembles the data before sending to
dest. App/service
• Conversation Multiplexing
♦ Apps/Services running on host assigned a port
♦ Some Protocols provide:
➢ Connection-oriented conversations
➢ Reliability delivery
➢ Ordered data reconstruction
➢ Flow control
 Transport Layer Services
• Establishing a Session ensures the application is ready to receive
the data
• Reliable Delivery means lost segments are resent so the data is
received complete
 • Same order delivery ensures data is delivered sequentially as it was
sent
• Flow Control manages data delivery if there is congestion on the host

➢ Supporting Reliable Communication

 Transport Layer Protocols
• Three basic operations of reliability:
♦ Tracking transmitted data
♦ Acknowledging received data
♦ Retransmitting any unacknowledged data
• To support reliability operations, more control data is exchanged
between hosts
 Determining the Need for Reliability
• Databases, we pages, e-mail require all sent data arrive at dest. In
original condition
♦ Additional network overhead considered to be required
• Other apps (video stream) does not require network overhead
➢ TCP and UDP
 UDP provides for low overhead data delivery
• Data pieces called datagrams sent as “best effort”
• UDP Applications
♦ DNS
♦ Video Streaming
♦ VoIP
• Each segment has 8 bytes of overhead in the header
 TCP incurs additional overhead
• Each segment has 20 bytes of overhead in the header
• TCP Applications
♦ Web Browsers
♦ E-Mail
♦ File Transfers
➢ Port Addressing
 Network layer IP address + port number = “socket”
 Data for different applications is directed to the correct application
because each application has a unique port number
 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns port numbers
 Well Known Ports (0 – 1023) are reserved for services and applications
• TCP Ports
♦ 21 FTP
♦ 23 Telnet
♦ 25 SMTP
♦ 80 HTTP
♦ 110 POP3
♦ 194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
♦ 443 Secure HTTP (HTTPS)
 • UDP Ports
♦ 69 TFTP
♦ 520 RIP
• TCP/UDP Common Ports
♦ 53 DNS
♦ 161 SNMP
♦ 631 AOL IM
 Registered Ports (1024 – 49151) are assigned to user processes or
applications
 Dynamic / Private Ports (29152 – 65535) usually assigned dynamically to
client applications when initiating a connection
 Netstat – important network utility that can be used to verify TCP
connections
➢ Segmentation and Reassembly – Divide and Conquer
 TCP and UDP Segment differently
• TCP Header provides for:
♦ Source & destination (ports
♦ Sequencing for same order delivery
♦ Acknowledgement of received segments
♦ Flow control and congestion management
• UDP
♦ Source and destination (ports)
 The TCP Protocol
➢ Communicating with Reliability