Year 9

BODY AT WAR
DEFINITIONS: Disease is any abnormal condition that affects the body or any of its parts from functioning normally. Infectious diseases are diseases that can be spread or transferred from one organism to another. (eg. Chicken pox, malaria ) Non-infectious diseases are diseases that cannot be passed from one organism to another. Inflammation is a sign the bodys internal defence system is at work. It is a term used to describe the swelling that occurs from the blood flow to the affected area when the body is trying to attack microbes. Pus is a mixture of dead skin and white blood cells formed during the process of killing invading microbes. Lymphatic system is the third line of defence. The spleen helps filter and remove foreign particles from the lymph fluid and once the material is trapped, white blood cells in the nodes destroy it. It is made of a network of tubes. Parasite is an organism that depends on another organism for food and shelter. Quarantine the isolating of a disease/organism so that it does not spread. Epidemic is a term used to describe when a disease has spread too quickly and out of control Immunity is the term used to describe the special resistance an organism has against certain types of pathogens. Natural Immunity is immunity you have without the need of vaccinations/immunisations. A mothers milk gives a baby some of the natural immunities that it may need. Antibodies are a chemical the body produces to naturally fight and remove pathogens in the body. Vaccines are substances which when taken helps the body to develop immunity against a certain disease. Pathogens are microbes that cause disease.

Viruses -

are so small they can only be seen with a powerful electron microscope. Structures vary however they are usually composed of a head, DNA and tail sheath. They are unable to grow or reproduce on their own. First the invade a host cell and insert some of their DNA in it. Then they reproduce and make thousands of copies of itself. Then they break open the host cell and destroy it and the surrounding cells. They are selective about where they multiply.

BACTERIA Prokaryotic single cells that can be seen under a light microscope Cytoplasm, nucleoid, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, pili, flagella, capsule. Grow and reproduce from binary fission Three most common shapes : rod-shaped, spiral and spherical. Found in large colonies. Some useful like the ones on our hands. some toxic that can cause diseases

PARASITES Human diseases caused by parasites ; malaria, amoebic dysentery and African sleeping disease. Also tapeworms, roundworms, liver flukes, fleas and lice. Plants ; fruit fly and aphid infestation, potato blight and ergot.

FUNGI Human diseases caused by fungi ; athletes foot, tinea and thrush.

METHODS OF SPREADING DISEASE Direct contact (touching) Droplets (air-borne particles may contain viruses, bacteria ) Water (contamination) Vectors (such as mosquitoes passing pathogens from one thing to another)

METHODS OF FIGHTING DISEASE Personal hygiene ( using soap) Proper disposal of garbage/sewage Care with food preparations (washing hands and ingredients and utensils first)

The lines of defence 1 line of defence = natural barriers (eg. Tears, skin, stomach acid) nd 2 line of defence= internal defence (eg. Inflammation) Last line of defence= lymphatic system ( filtering before materials get into the bloodstream)
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1 line of defence 1. 2. PHYSICAL BARRIERS Skin protects internal organs from damage Nasal hair/ sticky mucus lining- filters the air Tears and Saliva CHEMICAL BARRIERS Saliva and tears- washes away particles that may get trapped on the bodys surface Stomach acid (hydrochloric) kills pathogens before they reach the small intestine Acidic mucus in the vagina provides an environment which makes it difficult for pathogens to grow.

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Pathogens microbes that cause disease surface has antigens usually made of polysaccharide or proteins. The body sends antibodies to destroy the antigens.

Protozoans Single cells, animal-like organisms that cause diseases in humans, such as malaria and amoebic dysentery.

NON INFECTIOUS DISEASES Seven main types 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Nutritional (scurvy) Ageing (arthritis) Cancer Inherited (colour-blindness) Chemical(diabetes) Environmental disorders (lead poisoning) Mental (schizophrenia and depression)

T CELLS T lymphocytes ( aka t cells) Each t cell carries a receptor that that recognises the cell of the organism it is protecting, as well as the antigen from an invading microbe. At the location where the antigen is attached to its host, the t cell is able to make a matched fit and destroy the antigen.

Direct Contact also known as contagious.. ?

REPRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS: Reproduction is the process which plants and animals produce offspring, by means of either sexual or asexual process. Sexual reproduction, also known as meiosis, is when offspring result from the fusion of a male and female reproductive cell known as gametes. These special cells only have half the chromosomes of a normal cell. If they combine properly, a zygote is formed which develops into an embryo. Asexual reproduction, also known as mitosis, is when one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It is the method of reproduction for unicellular organisms however can also occur in multicellular organisms. Menstruation is the process in which the lining of blood in the uterus breaks down and is discharged. Infertility is the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to a live birth. A common cause of infertility is either because the male or female are unable to produce gametes and such a person is considered sterile. Contraceptions are devices or substances that are used to prevent unplanned pregnancies.

METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONS Parthenogenesis female produces egg which doesnt need to be fertilised to grow Budding- organisms from buds, which break off and form new organisms. Binary fission- when one parents divides into two identical copies of itself. Regeneration- regenerating into a new organism from broken parts of a parent. Vegetative propagation- non sexual parts of a plant are used to develop new individuals of the same type.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE Also known as a period, monthly recurring series of psychological changes in a woman. An egg is produced in the process (known as ovulation) and the uterus lining thickens to allow implantation. If the egg is not fertilised, the lining breaks down and is discharged in menstruation. The lining in the uterus is called the endometrium

OVULATION Is the process of which an egg matures and is released from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes

CONTRACEPTION are the techniques to prevent pregnancies CONTRACEPTIVES are devices or substances that are used to prevent unplanned pregnancies

Zygote is what forms when an egg is fertilised. An embryo is when the zygote has divided and implants itself to the endometrium A foetus is when the embryo has distinct arms and legs

FORCES AT WORK
DEFINITIONS A machine is a device that is made to do work. A lever is a simple machine that uses the turning effort of a force to make a task easier. A fulcrum is the turning point of a force. A load is the resistance to motion that a lever works against. Pulley- simple machine that consists of a single wheel and axle. The wheel has a groove so that a rope or cable can pass through it. Block and tackle multiple pulley system Wheel and axle- a lever that can rotate Ramp- inclined plane that allows objects to be raised with less effort Screw thread is the ramp/curly part pitch is the space between the ramps.

F-L-E (fulcrum load effort) 123 First class = Fulcrum in the middle FORCE MULTIPLIER

Second Class= Load in the middle FORCE MULTIPLIER

Thirds class= Effort in the middle SPEED MULTIPLIER

FORCE MULTIPLIERS 1 and 2 class levers They allow you to move a large load with a small amount of force.
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SPEED MULTIPLIERS 3 class levers

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FOLLOWING ORDERS
DEFINITIONS Atoms are the smallest unit of matter and contain protons, electrons and neutrons. Molecules are a collection of atoms bonded together. Organelles are made up of millions of molecules. Each organelle has a different function that contributes to the cell. Cells are the basic blocks of life. Tissue is a group of similar cells that carry out a special job Organs are a group of tissues that carry out one or more main functions Systems are made up of several organs working together to help co-ordinate the bodys activities efficiently.