Q.How to shape behavior of manager in an organization. Attempt to mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps.

ps. Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response. There are four ways to shape behavior such as:

(1) Positive Reinforcement (2) Negative Reinforcement (3) Punishment (4) Extinction (1) Positive Reinforcement Praising an employee for the job well done. According to Skinners terminology, any form of incentives such as goals and rewards may be referred to as positive reinforcers and the receiving of the reward or achieving the goal is termed as positive reinforcement. In positive reinforcement, a particular behaviour is strengthened by the consequence of experiencing a positive condition. (Positive reinforcers stimulus to one to achieve certain goal or behaviour)

(2) Negative Reinforcement Following a response by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant. In a similar fashion, a negative reinforcer is a stimulus one would desire to avoid. The act of escaping or avoiding a negative reinforcer is termed as negative reinforcement. Negative Reinforcement provides an unfavourable consequence that does not encourage repetition of undesirable behaviour.

For example, a strong disapproval can be shown towards tardy employees to make them aware if the fact that coming late to work is not allowed and not accepted.

Negative reinforcement is the strengthening of a particular behaviour by the consequence of experiencing a negative condition

Negative reinforcement is used commonly for education or reform. The use of fines, imprisonment is one such example of the use of negative reinforcement to warn of the negative consequences of associating with social ills.

Advantages of the use of negative reinforcement would be of course ideally the cultivation or strengthening of a desired behaviour after receiving the negative reinforcer. (2) Punishment It is causing an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate an undesirable behavior. Action taken to repeal a person from undesirable action is punishment. Punishment when administered, it causes pain to the employee. He may or may not repeate the mistakes. Reaction may be mild or wild. If administerd properly punishment may force the trainee to modify the undesired or incorrect behaviours. In contrast with negative reinforcement Punishment weakens the undesirable behavior.

(3)Extinction Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior. A purposeful negligence towards the incorrect behavior may appeal the employee correct his/her undesirable behavior. Like mistake it is used to weaken undesirable behavior.