2005 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific Dalian, China

Study of Directional Relay's Performances for Transmission Line's Multiple Faults

Mao Peng, Jiang Lin, Xu Yang, Ru Feng
protection devices, such as power frequency variation based direction element, transient energy direction element and sequence components based direction element etc.. And these direction elements are generally used by several major companies producing protection equipments. Theory analysis, simulation testing and field performances for a long time have proved that fault components based directional relay can correctly act under the condition of any faults with single orientation, and which play important effect in the power systems. But the performances of the above direction element used by the existing protection equipments should be farther analyzed when faults simultaneously occur on the different phases at different directional sites which respectively lie in front and behind of the protection measure current transformer (CT). There are many kinds of multiple faults. In order to give prominence to the emphases and be up to the practices, only one of basic examining items in the dynamic simulation test of line protection equipment at China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) is discussed in this paper. This kind of multiple fault is that a phase occurs grounded fault at the positive direction exit of the protection device and at the same time another phase of the exit of the adjacent line occurs grounded fault in the double electric transmission line system and short Line ring-bus system whose model is shown in Fig.4. For this kind of typical multiple fault, based on the results of fault additional network analysis, the acting characteristics of above directional elements are firstly analyzed in theory, and then RTDS (real time digital simulation) dynamic simulation test results are presented. And system model and parameters provided by CEPRI are used in the simulation. On the basis of analysis and simulation results, an integrated directional relay with high sensitivity under the condition of the multiple faults is presented in this paper, and whose realization scheme and testing results are presented.

Abstract-- In order to sustain the stability of the power system, the power line carrier direction protection, as the main protection, is required to rapidly and exactly and selectively remove the fault in the high voltage or extra-high voltage system of our county. Thus directional relay used by protection equipment must be able to correctly and rapidly reflect the orientation of the fault site, namely positive direction or negative direction. At present, the generally used directional relays based on the sequence components (such as zero-sequence direction element, negative-sequence direction element and positivesequence direction element using fault component), transient energy directional relay and variation of power frequency component based directional relay etc. can rapidly and correctly determine the orientation of the fault site when a single fault or multiple faults with the same orientation occur in the power system. And such directional relays have comparatively high sensitivity. But when faults at different directional sites simultaneously occur on the different phases within the protected range, abnormal performance of directional relays above would appear, and which would finally result in the fault being removed with time delay or the non-action of protection relays. This paper theoretically analyzes this abnormal performance of directional relays mentioned above, and RTDS (real time digital simulation) dynamic simulation test results prove this point. And an integrated directional relay with high sensitivity is presented in this paper, which could exactly and quickly act under the multiple fault conditions. Theoretical analysis and lots of dynamic simulation tests show that the integrated directional relay presented in the paper could quickly and precisely decide the fault site direction under multiple fault conditions, with the same sensitivity as that under the single fault condition..
Index Terms--Directional relay, Line protection, Multiple faults
I.

INTRODUCTION
power

In

system, protection equipment is required to rapidly and

order to sustain the stability and security of the

exactly and reliably and selectively remove the fault in the high voltage or extra-high voltage system of our county. The II. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIONAL RELAY'S FOR power line carrier direction protection, as one of the main MUTIPLE FAULTS protections, is widely used in power systems of our country. Therefore fault components based directional elements are A. Analysis offault network [5] adopted in the directional relays of power line carrier direction The multiple fault system researched in this paper is a electric transmission system with double sources, whose Mao Peng is with Jiangsu Provincial Electric Power R&D Center and model is shown in Fig. 1. Directional protection relay lies in M Department of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210036 end of the line, and the fault sites of fl and f2 are respectively PRC (e-mail: maopengoajsepc.com.cn). lie in the front and behind of the protection measure CT at M Jiang Lin is with Jiangsu Provincial Electric Power R&D Center, Nanjing end. 210036 PRC
(e-mail: jianglin@jsepc.com.cn).

0-7803-9114-4/05/$20.

00 2005 IEEE.

according to this processing.

B. Performance analysis ofsequence quantities based directional relay At present, sequence components based direction elements in the power line carrier direction protection for high voltage 0, or extra-high voltage transmission lines are commonly adopted positive sequence fault component based direction Fig. Multiple Fault System element, zero sequence element and positive sequence element During a short period after the fault happens, system etc.. Their expressions of action are, parameters hold invariability. And therefore the fault system agU2 2 0 arg AUl 00 =arg U ,2=arg 2 (2) Ai can be regarded as a linear system in the fault analysis and where lX 1, 011, 02are respectively the direction angles of superposition principle can be adopted to analyze. The multiple fault system shown in Fig. 1 can be considered as the positive sequence, zero sequence and negative sequence superposition of the normal system before the fault and this quantities, and AU1, Al1, U0, Io u 2, '2 are respectively the two of fault additional networks shown in Fig.2. In the figure, voltage and current of positive sequence 's fault components, and U are respectively the fault additional voltage zero sequence and negative sequence measured at the site of sources of negative fault site fl and positive fault site f2, protection device's installation. Due to the fault network whose amplitude values are equal to that, and whose direction analysis at the subsection 2.1, we have, are reversed to that of the pre-fault normal voltage phasor. In b = arg kf +kf (3) U' Fig.2 (a), the fault components, such as I' 'f kf kf laf'1bf' Where, k respectively denotes 1, 0, 2. U' and uif and U' are produced by the fault additional source U kf ef flI j'kf respectively denote the voltage and current provided by And in Fig.2 (b), the fault components Iff' Uf Ubff Uaf' af' and off, are produced by Li2. Due to the superposition the fault source fl,and Q', and < respectively denote the principle, we could know that the measuring fault component voltage and current provided by the fault source f2 (note: the of current IOf and fault component of voltage UiO (note: 0 V positive sequence quantities denote fault components of positive sequence quantities). According as fault sequence a' b' c) are the results produced together by the two fault networks, the following expressions are obtained: additional voltage sources. Namely, Z + Z I " jkf kf Id, = I,f + i,IXUd,f = U,f + U,f (1 cAfl wherelX zkL ZkN z, are respectively sequence impedance f, k f of the line L, system sequence impedance of the side N and 4Ib system sequence impedance of the side M. And we can let Zk=ZkL +ZkN. On account of the equation (4) and after the trimming, we can get, U"f Ulf
1b

ef

af'

bf

bf '

kL

kN

__

_(4)

K1

Ujf

(a) Additional Network with Out-zone Fault Source

Ok

=arg( ZkY

(Zk + Zk-M )

.I
kf

(5)

network, the electric distance between fault sites fl and f2 is zero when faults are analyzed, and they belong to the same point only with different fault phase. Thus, the amplitude (b) Additional Network with In-zone Fault Source values of sequence component current ik and p of fault Fig.2 Separate Figure of Fault Additional Network branch circuits are equivalent in the fault networks. Because The performances of several direction elements generally the referenced phases are different in symmetrical component used by line protection devices under the condition of above analyzing, a rotational angle p is the only difference between multiple faults are respectively analyzed in next parts. the above current vectors in the each sequence network. In Especially illuminate: the directional degree's distribution addition, although the bifurcation coefficients of the same side under this condition, core of a direction element, is the are same for the two fault additional networks, the bifurcation emphases of the paper, and other parts involved in the coefficients of fault components measured by protection realization, such as the amplitude value's thresholds of devices are unlike because of the current transformer (CT) direction relay, the sensitive angle's offset, the range of the lying in the middle of the two fault sites. For fault source fl direction, and realizing mode etc., are not discussed, and the the measured bifurcation coefficient is at the side N which can
\
*,,
,Ua

fU2 O ,4 Un
Ibf

j,2

From the point of view of the whole fault additional

ICf

conclusions presented by this

paper are

not influenced

be defined as a , while for f2 the measured bifurcation coefficient is at the side M which be equal to (1 X a). So the expression (5) can be expressed as the follows:
Ok =arg( Zk-,

realized by three phase to phase direction elements, and whose expressions are as the following:

(Zk- + ZkM ) *

AU"(1 AUb, AU', AU Alb, AI, Abc Albc AUab ) AU' A Ua" = G)b arg( arg( Aab 9=arg( AU)b = arg(Z1,) 'ab a Ahab Where, AU'4 and AJ, are fault components provided by are fault the fault source fl. Similarly, AU; and C. Performance analysis of energy based directional relay [1] the fault source f2. In the formula The action expression of energy based direction element is, components provided by transformation, the relation of positive sequence impedance Sm (t) = r (Uab (7) uiab + AUbCAIbC + AUcaAica)dt equaling to negative sequence impedance, viz. z1 = z2, are Where, Auoo and Aioo (00 = ab,bc,ca) are respectively fault used. By the deduction, (noting: limiting to the paper's length, components of the voltages and currents measured by the the deducing process is omitted), we obtain, protection devices. For any type of faults with a single ) (11) Oab = arg(Z1. - (Z1 + ZIM) * direction, the sign of energy function S (t) will take on the * 1+ te 1 a singleness. Under the condition of the multiple faults studied Where, the definition of bifurcation coefficient a is as by this paper, in term of the superposition principle we can same as the above, and 0 is a offset angle. Thus it can be have, seen that the phase angle of the direction element made of the (S. (t) = S' (t) + S', (t)- S'. (t) fault phase at positive direction and the fault phase at negative (8) S' (t) +S, (t) L(Au'bAi'b + Au/Ai, Au' Ai' )dt direction in this directional relay is inconstant, which will change with the variation of system parameters and system |S". (t) f (Au" Ai" Au" Ai" Au" Ai" )dt structures. Under some condition, this directional relay will Where, Au'4 and Ai' denote fault components provided fail to operate. But the power frequency variation based by the fault source fl, and the energy measured at the site of direction elements respectively made of the healthy phase and protection relay's installation is S, (t) + Sf(, which is the the fault phase have single phase angles for this multiple fault, energy absorbed by system impedance at the side N to the and whose performances are consistent with those in case of protection CT. Similarly, Au, and Al- denote fault faults with a single direction. So the power frequency variation based direction elements can not be simply used in components provided by the fault source f2, which is negative practice, and these elements should be synthetically organized fault to the protection CT. In addition, according to the or be used in term of the result presented by fault phase directional definition of electric vectors, energy measured by selector. the protection relay is equal to -Sm , which is the energy III. INTEGRATED DIRECTIONAL RELAY AND SIMULATION absorbed by system impedance at the side M with a reverse sign. The analysis of energy function's characteristics for a single grounded fault can be referred in literature [6]. For this A. Integrated directional relay Based on the theory analysis of these fault components multiple fault studied in this paper, the sign of the energy function in the protection relay is the result jointly operated by based direction elements commonly used by relays in above the two fault sources at positive and negative direction. Thus, parts, it can be seen that if a direction element's function the directivity denoted by the energy function will lose its comprises fault components provided by the two fault sources, singleness, and for some system parameters and running the final direction will take on variation and even this element modes the action sensitivity of the energy based directional based relay will fail to operate because the fault sites relay will decline, and failure to operate can be resulted under respectively lie in both sides of the protection measuring CT in case of the multiple faults. And that the processing the condition of this multiple fault. principle of delaying to operate isn't feasible for this fault D. Performance analysis ofpower frequency variation based condition. Firstly, in term of testing regulations of line directional relay [2,3] protection equipment at CEPRI, it is required that the forward The power frequency variation based directional relay is
a

For the different power system's structure and parameters, the parameter a is variable, and the range of its amplitude value is 0-1. And according to the equation (6), we can know that the directionalities of sequence components based direction elements will not have the uniqueness under this condition of multiple faults and will vary with the change of system structures. And these direction elements based protection relays are possibly fail to actuate, which result in the delayed removal of the faults for the multiple faults.

1+ a eiA 1- a

(6)

0 00

arg( A

) (9)

Where, 00 = ab, bc, ca. For the multiple fault studied in this paper, according to the superposition principle, the expression (9) can be shown as the following:
= arg Uab Xa Olbarg( AU,b =agAU'b+ A U," ) 6thb)=arg( Al. ' +a,bab ." aIb aIb

00

fault phase within the protected range must be quickly tripped within 20ms in case of this multiple fault [4]. In addition, if delaying principles are used by both of the protection relays respectively lying in two sides of the bus line M, both are possible to fail to operate in some cases of system structures and parameters. Thus this problem should be radically solved in theory for this type of fault. Combined with above analyzing results, a novel integrated direction element is presented in this paper, whose basic idea is that in any case of fault, three power frequency variation based direction elements are respectively calculated, and if all of elements meet the requirement of sensitivity and two of them respectively take on positive and negative direction, it can be deduced that a fault site exits at forward, consequently a positive direction is decided by the integrated direction element, and existing principles are still employed in other conditions. The operation principle is shown as follow:
AB Positive Drection Elem6ent
Rf? DA641itir3nrrin1;Smn

system, lots of testing items are carried out based on the long, short and ring-bus 500kv transmission line systems offered by CEPRI, and anticipative results are obtained. In order to distinctly see the performances of every direction element, typical testing results of the 500kv Short-Line-Ring-bus system are given, and this system model is rather advantageous to prove the above analysis in cases of the multiple faults. The testing system model is shown in Fig.4. And noting that tested protection devices are respectively installed at terminal L and terminal N of line NL.
12 @pi2

K/

53ik

QP/

23ik

@pi/ I/

I1 @piO

K
L
@O

ATR/

LJ/

ATRO

KO

CAB

ositive Direction Element

Fig.4 500kv Short Line Ring-bus Model

Action
A Negative Direction E3 ementi
BC Negaive Direction element

CA Negative Dlrection Element

,-Il

Fig.3 Operation Principle of Integrated Direction Element

B. Simulation In order to test the analysis results in theory and the

Testing results are listed in Tab. 1. Calculating results of every direction element are provided by the relays near the fault site, namely if faults occur at the sites of kl-k2, results listed in this table are directional results of relays lying in the terminal N. By these results in Tab. 1, we can see that all of existing direction elements can not keep a consistent directionality in the cases of multiple faults studied in this paper, and the integrated direction element presented by this paper can do it with high sensitivity.

performance of presented integrated direction element, using RTDS (Real Time Digital Simulator) dynamic simulation
TAB. 1 RTDS TEST RESULTS

Test Items
AN(K1)-BN(k2) AN(K1)-CN(k2) BN(K1)-AN(k2) BN(K1)-CN(k2) CN(K1)-AN(k2) CN(K1)-BN(k2) AN(K3)-BN(k4) AN(K3)-CN(k4) BN(K3)-AN(k4) BN(K3)-CN(k4) CN(K3)-AN(k4)

arg

All

arg .2

I~2

ALJ~~~ U2U0 arg .0

0O

AU~~~~, AUb, arg *b| arg ui

Aa

Alb

~~~Energy A direction AIca relay

-106.200 -172.760 80.100 81.560 -28.820 -105.250 -102.440 -171.890 68.870 76.760 -31.8390 -101.080 5.09 -10.22 -8.622 5.253 5.53 -8.24 3.957 -4.469 -4.648 4.019 4.365 -4.103

Integrated direction relay (Positive)

-106.200 -103.560 -102.960 -107.120 -109.040 -105.250 -102.440 -100.500 -99.770 -102.500 -102.680

-77.540 -124.290 82.110 81.440 79.410 79.850 -97.860 -125.030 85.650 -102.470 65.730 -94.340

80.920 81.210 -125.510 -76.810 82.900 81.260 64.220 -124.520 -103.550 -97.450 -99.330

80.990 81.600 81.050 81.450 -79.470 -126.100 -105.340 80.410 -99.700 64.650 -97.910 -105.490

-27.720 -103.560 -174.170 -107.120 80.620 78.630 -30.730 -100.500 -170.35 -102.500 77.130 64.540

80.710 80.870 -102.960 -27.180 -109.040 -175.090 75.430 65.780 -99.770 -30.65 -102.680 -171.120

CN(K3)-BN(k4)

83.550

-101.080

IV. CONCLUSIONS All of fault components based directional relays generally used in line protection devices can reliably and exactly operate in most cases of practical faults, and that plays an important role in safely and stably running of power systems. In order to farther advance some performance index in part, it is necessary to study and analyze the characteristics of protection elements in some cases of special fault types based on existing productions. The type of multiple faults is a required item in the dynamic simulation test of line protection equipment at CEPRI. So performances of every relays in this case must be analyzed and processed in theory, and it should be radically ensured that protection devices can still trip off

fault phases with rather high indexes. Periodicals:

V. REFERENCES

[1] [2]

[3]

System, 1987(3). [4] Zhou Zexin, Zhou Chunxia, Wang Shirong etc., "Several Problems Appeared In Dynamic Simulation Tests For Microprocessor-Based Transmission Line Protective Relays," Automation of Electric System, 2001(8).

He Benteng, Jin Huafeng, Li Ju, "Principle and Property Research of the Energy Directional Protection," Proceedings of the CSEE, 1997, 17(3): 166-170. Dai Xue'an, "A Brief Discussion on the Protection Relay Based on Power Frequency Variation Principle," Automation of Electric Power System, 1995, 19(1): 41-47. Shen Guorong, Li Kang, Zhu Shengshi, etc., "Developing A New UltraHigh Speed Directional Comparison Protection," Automation of Electric

[5] Ge Yaozhong, New Types of Protective Relaying and Fault Location Their Theory and Techniques, Xi'an Jiaotong University Press, 1996. [6] Xu Zhenya, New Type Distance Protection of Power Line, China WaterPower Press, 2002.

Books:

VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Mao Peng was born in Tai'an, Shandong province, on June 22, 1973. He received the B.S. degree from Shangdong engineering college in 1995, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Tianjing university, Tianjing, PRC, in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Currently, He is a postdoctor with Jiangsu Provincial Electric Power R&D Center and Department of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University. His main research areas are protective relaying, distribution automation, and Al applications to power systems.