Male Reproductive System

Vas Deferens- is the continuation of the epididymis. It starts at the lower pole of the
testis and enters the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. It joins the tube from the seminal vesicle of that side to form the ejaculatory duct which joins that part of the urethra which is inside the prostate.

Seminal Vesicles- are a pair of glandular structures situated behind the urinary
bladder. They secrete a fluid which becomes part of the semen. It is rich in fructose which provides the energy for the sperms as they have to travel up the cervix and uterus to reach the ovum.

Ejaculatory Ducts- Each is formed by the union of the vas deferens and the tube from
the seminal vesicle. The two ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra.

Prostate Gland- secretes and stores a clear fluid which is slightly alkaline in nature. This
fluid along with sperms and the fluid from the seminal vesicles constitute the semen. The alkalinity of semen neutralizes the acidity of the vagina and prolongs the life of sperms. The prostate gland also contains smooth muscles which help expel semen during ejaculation.

Bulbo-urethral Glands (Coopers glands) - are two in number

situated below the prostate gland. Their ducts open directly into the urethra. The secretion from this known as pre-ejaculate lubricates the urethra for the passage of sperms.

Penis- This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root, which
attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glands, which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis.

Scrotum- This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis. It
contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels.

Testicles (testes) - These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the
scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord.

Epididymis- The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each
testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes.

Urethra- The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In
males, it has the additional function of expelling (ejaculating) semen when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

Female Reproductive System

Vagina- The vagina is a fibro muscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of

the body in female mammals, or to the cloaca in female birds and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the oviduct.

Cervix- The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of
the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall. Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where baby comes out during delivery. The cervix is also called the neck of the uterus.

Uterus- The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of humans. The uterus
provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery). In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in ejecting the fetus at the time of birth.

Oviducts- The Fallopian tubes or oviducts are two tubes leading from the ovaries of female
mammals into the uterus.

Ovaries- The ovaries are small, paired organs that are located near the lateral walls of the
pelvic cavity. These organs are responsible for the production of the ova and the secretion of hormones. Ovaries are the place inside the anatomically female body where ova or eggs are produced. The process by which the ovum is released is called ovulation. The speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the length of a menstrual cycle.

Reproductive tract- The reproductive tract (or genital tract) is the lumen that starts
as a single pathway through the vagina, splitting up into two lumens in the uterus, both of which continue through the Fallopian tubes, and ending at the distal ostia that open into the abdominal cavity.