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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the project presented by the students, whose names are given below, during Winter Semester 2010-11 in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the course CEU 398 Mini Project.
Course Coordinator
Project Guide
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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
We would like to thank the following for their kind support and valuable information provided without whom it would have been impossible to complete the project successfully. Dr. Mini Remanan, faculty incharge of Mini Project Course for giving us this opportunity. Dr. Kodi Ranga Swamy, faculty guide for the project for his guidance and moral support. Mr.Mohanlal, Ms.Shiji , for providing valuable information, help and support regarding our project.
GROUP MEMBERS
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CONTENTS
SL.NO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE METHODOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OBSERVATIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCE
PG.NO
5 6 6 7 10 29 31 32
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INTRODUCTION
A material is porous if it contains interstices. The porous material is permeable if the interstices are interconnected or continuous. A liquid can flow through a permeable material. Electron photomicrographs of even very fine clays indicate that the interstices are interconnected. However, the size, cross section and orientation of the interstices in different soils are highly variable. In general, all the soils are permeable.
The property of the soil which permits flow of water (or any other liquid) through it, called the permeability. In other words, the permeability is the ease with which water can flow through it. A soil is highly pervious when water can flow through it easily. In an impervious soil, the permeability is very low and water cannot easily flow through it.
Permeability is a very important engineering property of soils. Knowledge of permeability is essential in a number of soil engineering problems, such as settlement of buildings, yield of wells, seepage through and below the earth structures. It controls the hydraulic stability of soil masses. The permeability of soils is also required in the design of filters used to prevent piping in hydraulic structures. The permeability of soil also governs the selection of soil to be used for cores in earth dams and drains in clay. So it becomes necessary to study on the permeability characteristics of soil.
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OBJECTIVE
To carry out permeability tests on various soils and to determine the coefficient of permeability. To study the permeability characteristics of soils at different clay contents and water contents. To contribute our results for engineering and planning for structures.
METHODOLOGY
Various soil samples from different areas of NITC are collected. Using sand replacement method, the bulk density of the soil samples was determined. Permeability test were conducted on these soil samples by compacting the soil to the bulk density obtained from the field. Different soil samples were prepared by varying the clay content and also by varying the water content to which the soil is compacted. Permeability test were conducted on these soil samples.
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Darcys Law
The flow of free water through the soil is governed by darcys law. Darcy demonstrated experimentally that for laminar flow in a homogeneous soil, the velocity of flow (v) is given by, v = ki where k = coefficient of permeability, i = hydraulic gradient the velocity of flow is known as discharge velocity or the superficial velocity. The discharge q is obtained by multiplying the velocity of flow (v) by the total cross sectional area of the soil (A) normal to the direction of flow. Thus q = vA = kiA The area A includes both the solids and the voids. Thus the coefficient of permeability is defined as the velocity of flow which would occur under unit hydraulic gradient.
The coefficient of permeability of a soil can be determined in the laboratory using constant head permeability test and variable head permeability test.
k=QL/(Aht) Q= quantity of water flowing in time t ,cm3 L= length of sample , cm A= crossectional area of sample, cm2 h = head causing flow cm t = time interval, s b) Apparatus : The coefficient of permeability of a relatively more permeable soil can be determined in a laboratory by the constant head permeability test. The test is conducted here in an instrument known as JODH PUR PATTERN PERMEAMETER with accessories . The apparatus consists of a metallic mould ,having internal diameter 75 mm, effective height 67mm and a capacity of 296 cc. the mould is provided with a detachable extension collar of 75 mm internal diameter and 30 mm high ,required during compaction of soil. Mould is provided with a drainage base plate with a recess for a porous stone. The mould is fitted with a drainage cap having an inlet valve and an air release valve, both having fitting for clamping. c) Preparation of specimen: A known quantity of dry soil is taken with a desired density of compaction. It is mixed with specified quantity of water and its thoroughly mixed. The soil is then filled in the permeameter mould and compacted by static or dynamic compaction. d) Procedure : The permeameter setup is attach to a constant head reservoir through the drainage cap. The water is allowed to flow out from the drainage base for sufficient time such that a steady flow is established. Air at top of the specimen is removed by opening the air vent. Water is allowed to flow under constant height. The water collected during a specified time interval is used to calculate the discharge. The head causing flow and the temperature of water used for test is noted.
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
VARIATION OF PERMEABILITY WITH WATER CONTENT (CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST)
SAMPLE NO: 1 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: LATERITE SOIL WITH 5% WATER ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 01/04/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.1786 cm2 Test temperature: 28 0C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cm3 Mass of the soil sample taken : 444g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise
Sl no 1 2 3
Time (s) 10 10 10
Kt (cm/s)
K20 (cm/s)
8.949 x10-3 7.415 x10-3 8.734 x10-3 7.236 x10-3 8.080 x10-3 6.696 x10-3
Coefficient of permeability Kt =
8.588 x10-3
cm/s
SAMPLE NO: 2 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: LATERITE SOIL WITH 10% WATER ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 01/04/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.1786 cm2 Test temperature: 28 0C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cm3 Mass of the soil sample taken : 444g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise
Sl no 1 2 3
Time (s) 5 5 5
Coefficient of permeability Kt =
10.754 x10-3
cm/s
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SAMPLE NO: 3 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: LATERITAE SOIL WITH 15% WATER ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 01/04/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.1786 cm2 Test temperature: 28 0C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cm3 Mass of the soil sample taken : 444g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise
Sl no 1 2 3
Time (s) 10 10 10
Kt (cm/s)
K20 (cm/s)
4.516 x10-3 3.742 x10-3 4.355 x10-3 3.608 x10-3 4.553 x10-3 3.772 x10-3
Coefficient of permeability Kt =
4.475 x10-3
cm/s
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SAMPLE NO: 4 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: LATERITE SOIL WITH 20% WATER ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 01/04/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.1786 cm2 Test temperature: 28 0C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cm3 Mass of the soil sample taken : 444g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise
Sl no 1 2 3
Kt (cm/s)
K20 (cm/s)
2.940 x10-3 2.436 x10-3 4.709 x10-3 3.902 x10-3 4.691 x10-3 3.887 x10-3
Coefficient of permeability Kt =
4.114 x10-3
cm/s
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OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.657 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of the soil sample taken : 488.395g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 75 76 77 78 78 Kt (cm/s) 4.673 x10-4 4.611 x10-4 4.552 x10-4 4.493 x10-4 4.493 x10-4
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Dry unit weight of soil Sl no Observations and calculations Observations 1 Weight of excavated wet soil from hole, Wews (kg) 2 Weight of pouring cylinder filled with sand, W1 (kg) 3 Weight of pouring cylinder after pouring sand in to the hole and cone, W4 (kg) Calculations 4 Weight of sand in the hole, Wh = W1-W4-W2 (kg) 5 Volume of sand in the hole, Vh = Wh/ s (cc) 6 Bulk Unit weight of soil, b = Wews/Vh (g/cc) Values 1.336 6.692 5.076
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OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.447 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of the soil sample taken : 428.30 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 58 61 66 68 70 Kt (cm/s) 6.043 x10-4 5.745 x10-4 5.310 x10-4 5.154 x10-4 5.007 x10-4
1 2 3 4 5
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OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.331 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of the soil sample taken : 394.03 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 75 75 75 75 75 Kt (cm/s) 4.673 x10-4 4.673 x10-4 4.673 x10-4 4.673 x10-4 4.673 x10-4
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OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.41 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of the soil sample taken : 417.355 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 29 30 30 30 30 Kt (cm/s) 1.209 x10-3 1.168 x10-3 1.168 x10-3 1.168 x10-3 1.168 x10-3
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OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.3825 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of the soil sample taken : 409.2158 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 73.8 73.8 73.8 73.8 73.8 final height h2 (cm) 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 9 9 9 9 9 Kt (cm/s) 8.008 x10-3 8.008 x10-3 8.008 x10-3 8.008 x10-3 8.008 x10-3
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VARIATION OF PERMEABILITY WITH CLAY CONTENT IN THE SOIL VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
SAMPLE NO: 10 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: PURE LATERITE SOIL + 10% MARINE CLAY ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 24/03/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of laterite soil taken: 399.6 g Mass of marine clay taken: 44.4g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 17 18 18 19 Kt (cm/s) 2.0616x10-3 1.9471 x10-3 1.9471 x10-3 1.8446 x10-3
1 2 3 4
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SAMPLE NO: 11 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: PURE LATERITE SOIL + 15% MARINE CLAY ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 24/03/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of laterite soil taken: 377.4 g Mass of marine clay taken: 66.6 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 24 25 26 25 Kt (cm/s) 1.4603 x10-3 1.4019 x10-3 1.3480 x10-3 1.4019 x10-3
1 2 3 4
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SAMPLE NO: 12 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: PURE LATERITE SOIL + 17.5% MARINE CLAY ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 24/03/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of laterite soil taken: 366.3 g Mass of marine clay taken: 77.7 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 39 39 40 40 Kt (cm/s) 8.9866 x10-4 8.9866 x10-4 8.7619 x10-4 8.7619 x10-4
1 2 3 4
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SAMPLE NO: 13 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: PURE LATERITE SOIL + 20% MARINE CLAY ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 24/03/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of laterite soil taken: 355.2 g Mass of marine clay taken: 88.8 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 63 64 65 65 Kt (cm/s) 5.563 x10-4 5.476 x10-4 5.392 x10-4 5.392x10-4
1 2 3 4
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SAMPLE NO: 14 SOIL IDENTIFICATION: PURE LATERITE SOIL + 25% MARINE CLAY ADDED TEST NO: 1 DATE: 24/03/2011 OBSERVATIONS Dimensions of specimen Diameter: 7.5 cm Length: 6.7 cm Area: 44.178 cm2 Test temperature: 280C Density to which the soil is compacted: 1.5 g/cc Volume: 296 cc Area of stand pipe: 1.7671 cm2 Mass of laterite soil taken: 333 g Mass of marine clay taken: 111 g Viscosity of water at 28 0C: 8.36 milli poise Viscosity of water at 200C: 10.09 milli poise Sl no Initial height h1 (cm) 71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 final height h2 (cm) 63 63 63 63 Head loss from h1 to h2 (cm) 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 Time interval for h1 to h2 (s) 98 99 98 99 Kt (cm/s) 3.5763 x10-4 3.540 x10-4 3.5763 x10-4 3.540 x10-4
1 2 3 4
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OBSERVATIONS
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From the graph between permeability and water content, it was observed that there is an initial increase in permeability when water content increases and reaches a maximum and then the permeability is decreased with further increase in water content. When water content was increased beyond 20% the permeability of the soil was found to be very low.
From the graph between permeability and clay content, it was observed that the permeability go on decreasing with increase in clay content. The decrease in permeability was found to be very rapid when the clay content was increased beyond 20%.
Soil samples collected from various sites of NITC has the coefficient of permeability values in the range 10-3 to 10-4 cm/s. From the typical coefficient of permeability values, it can be seen that these soil belongs to fine sand and loose silts having fair drainage properties.
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CONCLUSION
Coefficient of permeability with water content : The value of the coefficient of permeability is maximum at around 10% for the laterite soil taken. The coefficient of permeability of the soil increases with increase in water content, for a water content below 10% and for above 10% it decreases. The reason for increase in permeability with increase in water content upto 10% is that the air voids in soil are filled with water and thus the degree of saturation of soil is increased. At around 10% water content the soil is fully saturated and hence maximum permeability is obtained. When water content is increased about 10 % the flocculated structure of soil is changed to dispersed structure. Hence the water cant easily flow through the soil.
Coefficient of permeability with clay content: As expected , when the clay content in the soil is increased the coefficient of permeability of the soil is decreased. Clay being highly cohesive and having very fine particles, it wont allow the water molecules to pass through the soil easily. When the amount of bulky, cohesionless particles is large compared with that of fine grained clayey particles, the bulky grains are in particle-to-particle contact. The space between the bulky grains is occupied by the clayey particles making soil less permeable. Soil sample collected from various sites of nitc was analysed, there was no much difference in the soil type but the density of the soil was different in different area. The values of the coefficient of permeability obtained for the soils was also varying in an irregular manner. So we concluded that the coefficient of permeability not only depend upon density but also other factors like soil structure, water content, void ratio, particle size etc. By comparing the coefficient of permeability values obtained, the soil collected near chemical block having high value 6.635 x10-3 cm/s and the soil collected in front of geotechnical lab is having low 3.781 x10-4 cm/s. From this observation we can conclude that the soil infront of geotechnical lab is less pervious than the soil collected near chemical block.
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REFERENCE
DR. K.R.ARORA., SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, (2008) CASAGRANDE A., CLSSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS, VOL 113, WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
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