E.

granulosus
Morphology:
Shape: small, segmented and tape like. Scolex (head) : Globular/pyriform in shape, bears 4 suckers, and a protrusible rostellum with 2 circular rows of hooks, Neck: Short and thick. Stobila (body): Echinococcus granulosus is consist of 3 segments. 1st segment is immature and contains no genital organs. 2nd segment is mature and contains testes and ovaries, and the sacculated uterus lie laterally. The 3rd segment is mature and sacculated uterus is filled with eggs hence it is the gravid segment.

Eggs; shape: spherical size: 31 - 43 micro meter in diameter color: brown coverings: outer covering is consist of a transparent shell, it may be absent but when present, it causes the eggs to clump together. the inner covering is known as embryophore, it is brown in color, thick walled and radially striated. The egg contains an oncosphere (14-20 micrometer in diameter) with 3 pairs of hooklets.(so hexacanth) Embryo inside the egg is called oncosphere (hooked balls) because it is spherical and has hooks. Liver acts as first filter(sinusoids) Those escaped from liver sinusoids get trapped in lungs( 2 filter) Larval Form: it represents the structure of scolex of future adult worm that remains invaginated within a vesicular body. this is found within hydatid cyst which develop inside the intermediate host.
nd

Life cycle:
1. eggs are passed out with the feces of definitive host. 2. 3. 4. 5. these are swallowed by intermediate hosts during grazing. in the small intestine of intermediate host, oncospheres (embryo) are liberated with the rupture of embryophore (inner covering of egg). about 8 hours after ingestion, oncosphere bore their way through the intestinal wall and enter the portal circulation and reach liver, where they may settle and form hydatid cyst or they may enter into to systemic circulation and lodge in various organs. From the inner surface of the cyst number of brood capsule develop which contain thousands of protoscolices. 6. Hydatid cyst may rupture releasing protoscolices with invaginated heads into the sorrounding tissure. A fully developed protoscolex is infective to definitive host.

7. 8. 9.

when a definitive host (dog, fox, jackal, wolf etc) eats an infected liver of a dead sheep it becomes infected with the organism. in the GIT scolex head evaginates and attach to gut wall by means of its suckers, it grows into adult worm in about 6-7 weeks and start producing eggs. Eggs are passed in feces, thereby repeating the cycle. Human are dead end host because dogs have no access to the meat of infected human.

10. A: eggs are released with feces B: eggs are eaten by domestic animals while grazing C: larvae infect various organs and form hydatid cysts D: hydatid cyst contain infective protoscolices E. when animal dies dog eats infected organ F: protoscolices reach dog's intestine and develop into the adult worm and lay eggs which pass out with feces.

Habitat: Definitive Hosts: dog, wolf, fox and jackal Intermediate host, sheep, horse and other domestic animalshervivorus animals Dead end hosts: Human beings.

Hydatid cyst:

Hydatid cyst is a fluid filled cyst present most commonly in the liver. other sites where hydatid cyst may develop include lungs, brain and other organs (where oncosphere settles). It contains fluid and from the inner side of the cyst number of brood capsules develop. Within each brood capsule thousands of protoscolices are developed..

Causes: The causitive agent of hydatid cyst is Echinococcus Granulosus Ingestion of eggs passed by infected dogs, eating raw vegetables. Kissing pet dogs. Fingers contaminated.

Pathogenesis: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Echinococcus granulosus is responsible for formation of unilocular cyst. Cyct contains thousands of individual protoscolices as well as many daughter cysts. Cysts act as space occupying lesion and put pressure on adjacent tissues.(cause to death) Cyst fluid contain parasite antigen which may sensitize the host. Dangerous anaphylactic reaction takes place if cyst ruptures spontaneously or during surgical procedures. 6. Big enough hydatid cyst causes obstruction symptoms Clinical Findings: 1. It may be asymptomatic. 2. If present in liver, it may induce hepatitis and hepatic dysfunction 3. Lung cyst may erode into the bronchus which induce bloody sputum 4. Cerebral cyst induces head ache and focal neurologic symptoms 5. Superficial cyst causes visible swelling. 6. Ruptured cyst causes severe anaphylatic shock and localized or generalized secondary ehinococciasis.

Lab diagnosis:
1. Specimen: Blood, serum, cysts enucleated surgically. 2. Microscopy: Cyst is observed under microscope for the presence of brood capsules containing multiple protoscolices. although an accurate diagnosis may be made by withdrawing only a few ml of hydatid fluid by exploratory cyst puncture, it is not advised due to the risk of anaphylactic shock. 3. Blood Examination.

may reveal eosinophilia (increased number of eosinophills) but not diagnostic 4. Serology a. Precipitin reaction: b. complement fixation test: after surgical removal of cyst c. flocculation test: d. Hemagglutination test. e. immunoelectrophrosis: f. ELISA 5. Casoni's Reaction: It is the immunological method.a immediate hypersensitivity test introduced by casoni in 1911. Procedure; Hydatid fluid(contains aags) is collected from animals and filtered through seitx or membrane filter 0.2 ml of hydatid fluid is injected intradermally into a suspected patient. In positive reaction A wheal(5 cm in dia) is produced in about 15 minutes, sorrounded by a concentric red zone, which later diappears with the wheal in 1 hr Second reaction, consisting of odema and induration appears after 8 hrs. Control: saline as a control in another hand. 6. Radiology Owing to saline contents, cyst is relatively opaque and casts a characteristic circular shadow with sharp outline.

7. Molecular diagnostic methods:

DNA probes PCR Are complex.