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CLB 11003 Fluid Mechanics Assignment Fluid Friction Plant Objective : To study frictional pressure drop in different piping system and application of Bernoulli energy balance. Equipment: 1. The data is taken from the experiment done on Fluid Friction Plant Model FF92 located on Lab 6C (Fluid Lab). This plant consist the pump discharge pipeline (galvanized iron GI1 or stainless steel SS1) and gravity discharge pipeline (galvanized iron GI2). 2. The main pipeline of 1 nominal diameter is connected to a pump which circulates water from Tank T1 to an elevated tank T2. Along the main pipelines, various pressures are measured with pressure gauge and various pressure drops are measured with common Differential Pressure Transmitter DPT. The flowrate is measured with rotameter FT1. GI1 pressure gauge PG1, PG2, PG4 SS1 pressure gauge PG3, PG5

3. The gravity discharge pipeline (GI2) returns water from the elevated tank T2 to T1 by gravity. It has a reducer whereby the 2 nominal pipe is reduced to 1 . The outflow rate through GI2 depends on the hydrostatic head in tank T2. If the water level in tank T2 can be maintained constant, then the outflow rate through GI2 is the same as the inflow rate into T2, measured by rotameter FI1. GI2 is installed with a 2 globe valve and 1 gate valve. 4. The schematic piping diagram is attached.

Pressure losses. 1. Differential pressure transmitter (DPT) is used to measure the pressure drop due to various types of selected pipe fittings and valve components. To total pressure drop is due to the length (L) of pipe measured along the centre line of the pipe inclusive the length of all its fittings the sum of the additional friction losses due to various fittings, valve, expansion or contraction components in the pipe system. Total Pressure drop = f. L U2 + KL. U2 D 2g 2g

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2. There are two differential pressure measurements to measure the friction loss (pressure drop) due to components. DP (Component + La): DP due to the component plus its associated length La. DP (La): DP due to a similar type and size of pipe with a straight run of length equal to La. 3. The actual length of the following piping section is measured and given below Pipe section La L(GI1) L(SS1) L(2) L(1.5) Method: 1. Each group is given a different set of data (Result). From the data given, you are required to fill in Table 1 and Table 4. Data from Table 1 will be used in calculation of Table 2 and 3. Data from Table 4 will be used in calculation of Table 5. Table 2: to determine the various component friction loss coefficients, KL Table 3: to apply Bernoulli energy balance for main pipeline (GI1/ SS1) Table 5: to apply Bernoulli energy balance for pipeline GI2. 2. Answer questions from each table. Shows the example of calculation if it is required. 3. Put the source of references (value of f , KL etc.) if it is required. eg: The K value below is obtained from Fox and McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics IV Ed. Page 338 4. Submit your report within 3 weeks. Actual Length 1.245 m 12.035 m 11.615 m 5.047 m 1.310 m

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Diagram 1: P&ID diagram for pump discharge pipeline, GI1 and SS1 (above) and gravity discharge pipeline, GI2 (below). 3

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Diagram 2: Schematic diagram for plant instrumentation

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RESULT PIPE : GI1/ SS1 Flowrate : FI1 m3/hr, Calibrated FI2 m3/hr, Actual 0. Start, Equalise 1. DP (La) 0. Equalise 2. DP (Elbow + La) 0. Equalise 3. DP (Expander/ reducer + La) 0. Equalise 4. DP (Gate valve + Tee + La) 0. Equalise 5. DP (Orifice + La) 0. Equalise PG1 PG2 @ PG3 PG4 @ PG5 Hydrostatic head, ZA ZB Note: Each DP reading is the CHANGE from its previous 0 position reading in mmWG. WG is the pressure drop measured in mm or inches Water Gauge (WG). FI2 reading is in %. The actual measured flowrate at FI2 = % reading in FI2 x Maximum Calibrated flow m3/hr. For GI1, Maximum Calibrated flowrate is 7.6 m3/hr. For SS1, Maximum Calibrated flowrate is 6.30 m3/hr. 1 psig = 6.895 kPa = 0.70 m of water

m3/hr % mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG mmWG psig psig psig m

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Table 1 (Use data from the Result given) Use readings from Result Actual Flowrate : FI1 m3/hr FI2 m3/hr PG1 PG2 @ PG3 PG4 @ PG5 A. DP (La) B. DP (90 elbow + La) C. DP (Expander/ reducer + La) D. DP (Gate Valve + Tee + La) E. DP (Orifice + La) Compute the following in meter (m) WG DP (90 elbow only) = B-A DP(Expander/ reducer only) = C-A DP (Gate valve + Tee only) = D-A DP (Orifice only) = E-A Compute the following: Velocity, U, m/s Velocity head U2/2g Reynolds Number, Re Comment Laminar or turbulent Question (Give example of calculation) 1. Compute the pressure difference in each pipe fitting 2. Calculate the velocity, velocity head and Reynolds Number for the flow. 3. Determine whether the flow is laminar or Turbulence. Calculation data: Internal diameter of 1 GI1 = 26.4 mm Internal diameter of 1 SS1 = 26.8 mm Viscosity of water = 0.8007 cP at 300C Density of water = 995.65 kg/m3 at 300C Acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2

kPa kPa kPa mm WG mm WG mm WG mm WG mm WG m WG m WG m WG m WG m/s m

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Table 2: Friction Loss Coefficient KL Types of fitting DP(90 elbow only) U2/2g DP (Expander/ reducer only) U2/2g Expander/reducer diam 1:2:1 DP(Gate valve + Tee only) U2/2g Data: All pipe connections are using smooth and threaded connection. Gate valve is fully open. Question: 1. Calculate the value of loss coefficient, KL from each pipe fitting. 2. Find the suitable KL value for each pipe fitting from any references. 3. Calculate the discrepancy between the calculated and reference KL value.

KL from calculation

KL values from reference

Discrepancy value

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Table 3: Summation of individual measured friction lossess for main pipeline (GI1/ SS1). Individual friction loss item A. DP(90 elbow) x 9 B. DP(Expander/ reducer only) x 1 C. DP (Gate valve + Tee only) x 1 D. DP (Orifice only) x 1 Pipeline pressure drop E. DP(La) x L(GI1) or L(SS1) L(La) F. Elevation from AA (at PG2 or PG3) to BB (at discharge end) TOTAL (A + B + C + D + E + F) Compare with PG2 (for GI1) or PG3 (for SS1). Pressure in kPa converted to m of water. % of discrepancy m 0.315 m m _____________ kPa ______________ m hL m m m m

Question : 1. How much is the discrepancy between the calculated friction losses with the measured pressure drop?

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Table 4 (Pipeline GI2) Inflow Pipeline : SS1 or GI1 (Specify which one) : _______ With GI1 Hydrostatic head, ZA ZB. Compute the following: Velocity, U2 U1.5 Velocity head, U22/2g U1.52/2g Reynold No. and friction factor for pipe sections L(2) and L(1.5) Re for L(2) f for L(2) Re for L(1.5) f for L(1.5) Note: L(2) refers to the pipe section in pipeline GI2 that has 2 nominal pipe diameter. L(1.5) refers to the pipe section in pipeline GI2 that has 1.5 nominal pipe diameter. Calculation data: Internal diameter of 2 GI2 = 50.5 mm Internal diameter of 1 GI2 = 40.3 mm Question (Give example of calculation): 1. Find the surface roughness for GI pipe. 2. Calculate the relative pipe roughness for 2 and 1 GI2 pipe. 3. Calculate the velocity, velocity head for 2 and 1 GI2 pipe. 4. Calculate the Res No. 5. What is the friction factor for 2 and 1 GI2 pipe? m

m/s m/s m m

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Table 5 : Pipeline GI2 summation of individual friction losses (use data from Table 1 and 4) Individual friction loss items Flowrate FI1 FI2 Velocity (2 pipe) Velocity (1 pipe) Velocity head, U22/2g Velocity head at discharge end, U1.52/2g Friction loss, Sharp Tank exit K . U22 2g 90 Elbow, 2 (4) 4 x f. Le. U22 D 2g Le/ D = 30 90 Elbow, 1.5 (1) 1 x f. Le. (U1.5)2 D 2g Le/D = 30 Reducer 2/ 1.5 (1) 1 x K . (U1.5 )2 2g Pipe section, 2 1 x f. L(2). U22 D(2) 2g Globe valve, 2 (1) 1 x f. Le. U22 D 2g Le/D = 340 (E) (F) m m (D) m (A) (B) hL minor m3/hr m3/hr m/s m/s m m m

(C)

(G)

10

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Pipe section, 1.5 f. L(1.5). (U1.5 )2 D(1.5) 2g Gate valve, 1.5 (1) 1 x f. Le. (U1.5)2 D 2g Le/ D = 8 Hydrostatic head ZA ZB Sum of velocity head + friction Losses Total (A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H + I) Compare J with (ZA ZB) Discrepancy Data: All valves are fully opened. Calculation formula: hL minor = KL. U2 or hLminor = f. Le. U2 2g D 2g where Le is an equivalent length Question:

(H)

(I)

m (J) m

1. Find loss coefficient, K for item (B) and (E) from reference. 2. Calculate the minor losses for A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I by using the equation given. 3. Compare the calculated minor losses with the measured hydrostatic head. How much is the discrepancy of hL value in pipeline GI2?

References: 1. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th Ed. 2. Fox, Pritchard & McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 7th Ed. 3. Cengel & Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed.

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