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Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

By Matthew Sin Nicholas Jack Khoo Lim Boxian Edward Khant Matthew Tan

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Objectives of this Lesson

The objectives of this lesson are to be able to: Understand the various methods of asexual reproduction in flowering plants. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of asexual & sexual reproduction. State the functions of sepals, petals, anthers and carpels. carpels. Outline the process of pollination:
self-pollination selfcross-pollination cross-

Understand the various ways in which fruits & seeds are dispersed.
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Asexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

Only one parent is involved in asexual reproduction. Reproduction without the fusion of gametes. Creating a plant using techniques such as marcotting, grafting, budding, using cuttings, layering or division without using seeds can also be called asexual reproduction. (artificial vegetative propagation) Plant offspring will be substantially identical to the parent.
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Methods of Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Method Rhizomes Tubers Description Horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground Modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients and are used by plants over winter and regrow the next year Horizontal stems which grow at the soil surface or below ground forming new plants at the end or the nodes Young or small plants used as propagules and are usually grown from clippings of mature plants Underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases) that are used as food storage organs by a dormant plant. A short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive adverse conditions such as summer drought. It consists of one or more internodes with at least one growing point. Plant Examples Cattails Irish Potatoes

Runners (Stolons)

Strawberry Plant

Plantlets Bulbs

Duckweed Onions

Corms

Gladiolus

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Pros & Cons of Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Pros:
1.

2.

3.

Numerous offspring can be produced without "costing" the parent a great amount of energy or time There will not be a change in environment so the new plant does not have to adapt to its new climate Cloned offspring are more likely to succeed in the same stable areas as their parents.

Cons:
1.

2.

The new plant will grow closely to the parent plant and the other new plants causing them to fight for water, nutrients and sunlight Less genetic diversity gives the offspring lesser chance of survival if the environment changes

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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

The formation of a new organism from 2 parents Involves the fusion of the joining of gametes to form a single cell called the zygote or fertilized egg The offspring are similar, but not identical to the parent

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Methods of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Method SelfPollination Description Transfer of pollens to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower in the same plant Transfer of the pollens to the stigma of another flower on another plant of the same kind Examples Peanut

CrossPollination

Night-blooming Cereus

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Pros & Cons of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Pros:
1.

Cons:
1.

2.

Greater genetic variation in offspring Greater chance of survival in changing environments

2.

Energy is expanded in finding a mate Reproduction is less likely because of the need to have 2 mates from 2 different genders

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Reproductive Parts in a Plant

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Pollen Grain Under the Microscope

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Pollen Grain In Detail

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Functions of Plant Reproductive Parts

Reproductive Parts
Sepals

Functions
Provides protection for the delicate internal structures and a small amount of food through photosynthesis for the remainder of the floral parts Designed for protection and their arrangement is often an attractant to the various animals such as insects that are necessary for the transfer of gametes or pollination It is the site of the production of pollen grains which is the male gamate It is the most central structure within the flower and actually is a leaf which has been modified to produce ovules
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Petals

Anthers Carpels

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Self-Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or sometimes to that of a genetically identical flower.

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Process of Self-Pollination
1.Petals, also known as corolla, wilts 2.The upper lip of the petal/corolla, known as the galae, brings the pollen-filled galae, pollenanthers towards the stigma 3.Once the two touch, pollination occurs

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Cross-Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another with a different genetic composition, as by insects, or deliberately by a botanist.

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Process of Cross-Pollination

Cross Pollination involves two flowers and their respective male and female parts ( stamen and the stigma) of the two flowers From the flower, the pollinator (e.g. A bee) uses a method called sonication or buzz pollination to release the pollen. sonication pollination They do this by grabbing a flower and vibrating rapidly through their movement of flight, which soon causes the pollen to dislodge and then stick to the pollinator , who then drops them in another plant which has female parts It is at this instance that cross-pollination occurs cross(Besides bees, pollination can also occur through wind ( anemophily) or water (hydrophily) but the plants which uses (hydrophily) these methods have special adaptions. adaptions.
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Dispersion of Fruits and Seeds

It refers to the species movement away from an existing population or away from the parent organism Plants disperse their seeds to ensure that the competition of nutrients, sunlight and water is as minimal as possible

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Ways in Which Fruits and Seeds Are Dispersed

Wind Animals (eaten then passed out OR hook onto the animals outer coat) Splitting Moving Water

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Fun Facts
Did you know? Insects, such as the bee aid the plant in the process process of cross-pollination? Out of all the insects , the bee in particular, crossworks the hardest ,spending hours on end of moving from flower to to flower. So the next time you see a bee, re-consider before trying to reend its small yet significant life. Without our little insect friends, we may not even be able to reap the benefits of fruits ! So remember we owe them that much!

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Conclusions
In the world, there are many pros and cons to things, such as asexual and sexual reproduction in plants. There is no perfect way to reproduce, but there are perfect various ways to. With this, we can all look out and see the beauty of the life, and appreciate what we have in the world today, from the trees that grace the earth to the litthle insects that help pollinate the plants to give us fruits.

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CREDITS
http://www.germes-online.com/catalog/2/134/86592/sell_raw_peanuts_in_shell.html http://www.germeshttp://www.germes-online.com/catalog/2/161/158660/sell_green_soybeans.html http://www.germeshttp://www.biology.iastate.edu/intop/1Australia/Australia%20papers/Discoveries%20about http://www.biology.iastate.edu/intop/1Australia/Australia%20papers/Discoveries%20about %20Marsupial%20Rep http://proxy.arts.uci.edu/~nideffer/Hawking/early_proto/orgel.html http://proxy.arts.uci.edu/~nideffer/Hawking/early_proto/orgel.html http://blogs.theage.com.au/schembri/bee.jpg http://www.quizilla.com/user/MiniSorceressEvil26/friends/ http://wikipedia.org/ http://wikipedia.org/

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