Tutorial 1 (Week 1 and Week 2) 1) Please indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

If true, give reasons. If false, give examples to show that it is false. a) A good electrical insulator is always a good thermal insulator. b) We cannot determine how fast heat dissipates from a hot plate from the laws of thermodynamics. c) Heat is only carried by electrons in metals. d) For a perfect crystal, the thermal conductivity is very high, but finite. e) Thermal conductivity of amorphous is usually lower than the thermal conductivity of crystals. f) Convection heat transfer coefficient is usually higher for forced convection than free convection. g) Thermal conductivity of nanostructures is usually lower than thermal conductivity of crystals because scattering of phonons is enhanced in nanostructures. h) Emissivity is always the same as absorptivity for all materials/surfaces. i) Thermal conductance of an interface is infinitely high if the interface is atomically perfect, i.e., no foreign impurities at the interface, no void/gap at the interfaces. 2) (1.7) A freezer compartment consists of a cubical cavity that is 2 m on a side. Assume the bottom to be perfectly insulated. What is the minimum thickness of Styrofoam insulation (k=0.030 W/m-K) that must be applied to the top and side walls to ensure a heat load of less than 500 W, when the inner and outer surfaces are -10 and 35C? 3) (1.18) A square isothermal chip is of width w=5 mm on a side and is mounted in a substrate such that its side and back surfaces are well insulated, while the front surface is exposed to the flow of a coolant at T=15C. From reliability considerations, the chip temperature must not exceed T=35C. If the coolant is air and the corresponding convection coefficient is h=200 W/m2-K, what is the maximum allowable chip power? If the coolant is a dielectric liquid for which h=3000 W/m2-K, what is the maximum allowable power? 4) (1.30) Consider the conditions of Problem 3. With heat transfer by convection to air, the maximum allowable chip power is found to be 0.35W. If consideration is also given to net heat transfer by radiation from the chip surface to large surroundings at 15C, what is the percentage increase in the maximum allowable chip power afforded by this consideration? This chip surface has an emissivity of 0.9. 5) (1.38) Three electric resistance heaters of length L=250mm and diameter D=25 mm are submerged in a 10 gallon tank of water, which is initially at 295K. The water may be assumed to have a density and specific heat of =990 kg/m3 and c=4180 J/kg-K. (a) If the heaters are activated, each dissipating q=500 W, estimate the time required to bring the water to a temperature of 335 K.

(b) If the natural convection coefficient is given by an expression of the form h=370 (Ts-T)1/3, where Ts and are temperatures of the heater surface and water, respectively, what is the temperature of each heater shortly after activation and just before deactivation? Unit of h is W/m2-K. (c) If the heaters are inadvertently activated when the tank is empty, the natural convection coefficient associated with heat transfer to the ambient air at Tair=300K may be approximated as h=0.70(Ts-Tair)1/3. If the temperature of the tank walls is also 300K, and the emissivity of the heater surface is =0.85, what is the surface temperature of each heater under steady state conditions? 6) (2.4) Assume steady-state, one dimensional heat conduction through a symmetric shape shown.

Assuming that there is no internal heat generation, derive an expression for the thermal conductivity k(x) for these conditions: A(x)=(1-x), T(x)=300(1-2x-x3), and q=6000W, where A is in square meters, T in kelvins, and x in meters. 7) (2.24) The temperature distribution across a wall 0.3m thick at a certain instant of time is T(x)=a+bx+cx2, where T is in degrees Celsius and x is in meters, a=200C, b=-200C/m, and c=30C/m2. The wall has a thermal conductivity of 1 W/m2-K. (a) On a unit surface area basis, determine the rate of heat transfer into and out of the wall and the rate of change of energy stored by the wall. (b) If the cold surface is exposed to a fluid at 100C, what is the convection coefficient?