amplifier of around d 50 W.

has a standard input resistance
The crossover frequency of
the network may be varied
between 50 Hz and 160 Hz with
P2. The values of R3, P2, and
C1, are calculated on the
assumption that the subwoofer
amplifier to be connected to K1
021
the input of the subwoofer
of 47 kΩ. If this figure is lower,
the value of C1 will need to be
increased slightly.
It is advisable to open the
volume of the subwoofer ampli-
fier fully and adjust the sound
level with P1. This ensures that
by reversing the wires to the
amplifier cannot be overloaded
or damaged.
Make sure that the ground of
the loudspeaker signal line is
linked to the ground of the sub-
woofer amplifier. If phase rever-
sal is required, this is best done
subwoofer.
If notwithstanding the above
additional protection is desired
at the input of the subwoofer
amplifier, this is best effected by
‘overload protection ’ elsewhere
in this issue. [984041]

electrical isolation for I2C bus

National Semiconductor the system, they may be omitted
Application R1 R2 R3 R4 here.
When the SDA (Serial DAta) * * The current drawn by the
3k3

3k9

3k9

3k3
lines on both the left and right circuit is slightly larger than
lines are 1, the circuit is quies- IC1
usual since the pull-up resistors
cent and optoisolators IC1 and D1
2 8 6
* see text are shunted by the LEDs in the
IC2 are not actuated. When the * siehe Text optoisolators and their series
SDA line at the left becomes 0, BAT85 resistors. Nevertheless, it
current flows through the LED 3 7 5
* voir texte remains within the norms laid
in IC1 via R2. The SDA line at 5V * zie tekst down in the I2C specification.
the right is then pulled low via [ 984024]
D2 and IC1. Optoisolator IC2 IC2 6 8 2
D2
does not transfer this 0 to the
SDA SDA'
left, because the polarity of the BAT85
LED in IC2 is the wrong way K1 5 5 7 3 5 K2
around for this level. This 5V 4 6 6 4 5V'
arrangement prevents the circuit 3 1 1 3
holding itself in the 0 state for 2 5 7 3 2
ever. D4

As is seen, the circuit is SCL SCL'

BAT85
symmetrical. So, when the SDA
IC4 6 8 2
line at the right is 0, this is
transferred to the left. 5V
The lower part of the dia- 3 7 5
gram, intended for the SCL (Ser- D3
IC1...IC4 =
ial CLock) line, is identical to 4 x 6N139
the upper part. BAT85

Resistors R1, R4, R5, and IC3 2 8 6

R8, are the usual 3.3 kΩ pull-up R5 R6 R7 R8

resistors that are obligatory in * *

3k3

3k9

3k9

3k3

each I2C line. If these resistors

are already present elsewhere in
984024-11
022

mini
audio signal generator
Design: T. Giesberts
A small audio test generator is
very useful for quickly tracing a
signal through an audio unit. Its
main purpose is speed rather
than refinement. A single sine-
wave signal of about 1 kHz is
normally all that is needed: dis-
tortion is not terribly important.
It is, however, important that the
unit does not draw too high a
current.
The generator described
meets these modest require-
ments. It uses standard compo-
nents, produces a signal of
899 Hz at an output level of
1 V r.m.s. and draws a current of
only 20 µA. In theory, the low
current drain would give a 9 V
battery a life of 25,000 hours.
The circuit is a traditional
Wien bridge oscillator based on
a Type TLC271 op amp. The fre-
quency determining bridge is
formed by C1, C2 and R1–R4.
The two inputs of the op amp are
held at half the supply voltage
by dividers R3-R4 and R5-R6
respectively. Resistors R5 and
R6 also form part of the feed-
back loop. The amplification is
set to about ×3 with P1.
Diodes D1 and D2 are peak
limiters. Since the limiting is
based on the non-linearity of the

48 Elektor Electronics 7-8/98

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diodes, there is a certain amount

of distortion. At the nominal out-
put voltage of 1 V r.m.s., the dis-
tortion is about 10%. This is, R3 R5
however, of no consequence in D1

1M

1M
fast tests. Nevertheless, if 10% R1 R2

1M

1M
is considered too high, it may be P1 R8
improved appreciably by linking 220k 2x
1N4148
pin 8 of IC1 to ground. This R7
500k
D2
increases the current drain of C1

560k
BT1
the circuit to 640 µA, but the 330p 8
distortion is down to 0.7%, pro- 2 7
C3
C4 R9
vided the circuit is adjusted 9V IC1
6
100Ω
properly. If a distortion meter or 47µ
3
5 100n
similar is not available, simply 25V
1
4

adjust the output to 1 V r.m.s. R4 R6

TLC271
R10
C2
Since the distortion of the

1M

1M

1M
unit is not measured in hun- 330p
dredths of a per cent, C1 and C2
may be ceramic types without
984033 - 11
much detriment. [984033]
023

ultra-low-power
5 V regulator
Design: T. Giesberts
The current drain of the regula- 6V5 ... 30V
tor is minute compared with that
of, say, a 78L05: at an input
voltage of 9 V and open-circuit
output, it is just under 50 µA. R1 R3 R5
C2
R7
301k

100k

1M

332k

The circuit consists of a

straightforward bandgap refer- IC1 470p
ence based on T1 and IC1, fol- 2
1
7 IC2
lowed by an amplifier formed by B
R2
5
6
R6
3
1
7 T2
IC2 and T1. OP22 82k 5
11k0

3 6
OP22
The reference voltage is 4 D 2
8 F
about 1.22 V, which is raised by A C E R8 8
4 BC
IC2 to 5 V. The output voltage 547B G 5V
100k

can be set to exactly 5 V with T1a 1 * 7 T1b

R4 R9
P1. The input voltage may lie 2 6 C1 P1 C3 C4 10mA
MAT02
10M

4M7

between 6.5 V and 30 V. The

390p 100n 1µ
maximum output current with 3 5
63V
the present configuration and 25k

component values as specified

is about 10 mA. * zie tekst
see text V in = 9V
984034 - 11

For optimum performance, * siehe Text I out = 1mA

A 0V41 C 0V44 E 1V22 G 5V

T1a and T1b need to be identi- * voir texte B 0V45 D 1V22 F 5V65

cal, which is why a dual transtor

*
Type MAT02 is used. Other
types that may be used are the
MAT01, SSM2210 or LM394. Table 1
In principle, two standard BC the use of a more highly rated
transistors may be used, pro- output transistor. Vin (V) Ig (µA) Vout (V) Vripple (mVrms)
vided they are selected for iden- Filter R6-C1 prevents any 7 43 5.002 110
tical threshold voltage. spurious pulses reaching the 9 49 5.002 100
Circuits IC1 and IC2 are pro- input of IC2. Capacitor C2 im- 15 68 5.002 70
grammable op amps Type OP22. proves the stability of the regu-
30 123 5.002 50
In the case of IC2 this has the lator, particularly with maximum
benefit that the peak output cur- pulse loading.
rent can be set readily by altering Note that the circuit has a coupled to the circuit. in the table, in which Ig repre-
the supply current to the op amp high resistance, so that it is The regulator was tested with sents the current drawn by the
with R9. The level of the current advisable to house it in a a direct load current of 1 mA on circuit.
may be between 500 nA and screened enclosure to prevent which was superimposed a [984034]
400 µA. Bear in mind that a undesired magnetic and electro- square-wave current of 10 mA.
larger output current requires magnetic interference being The test results are summarized

Elektor Electronics 7-8/98 49