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AN INVESTIGATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS BY A PHASOR METHODOLOGY

Kai Yao, Don Koval, Wilsun Xu, John Salmon Department of electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G7 Abstract: The occurrence of voltage anomalies in the electric delivery system can disrupt the performance of computers and the processes they control. The occurrence of single line to ground faults on the utilitys primary lines (i.e., the most frequent type of utility faults) has a significant impact on the voltage magnitude and phase angle as seen by all the customers connected to the primary circuit. The type of transformer connection (e.g., wye ungrounded - delta) linking a customer to the primary circuit alters the primary voltage sags during primary circuit faults that seen at the customers service entrance. This paper will present the phase and line-to-line voltage sag basic equations for an ungrounded-delta transformer connection due to primary distribution single line phase faults. The basic equations presented provide the framework for evaluatingthe voltage sags for nine different transformer connections. The significant impact of grounded and ungrounded transformer connections on the magnitude and phase angle of the primary and secondary phase and line voltages will be revealed.
INTRODUCTION
The frequent occurrence of voltage and current anomalies that occur in the electric delivery system environments can have a significant economic impact on society particularly in the operation and development of computerized equipment and systems which are immune to power supply anomalies. In recent years managers and engineers of industrial and commercial facilities have expressed their deep concerns about the disruption of their electronic and computerized processes due to the frequent occurrence of low voltage conditions on their power delivery systems, particularly voltage sags (i.e., dips). In a response to these distribution system operating anomalies, various IEEE and European standards are developing new methodologies to estimate the severity of voltagesags (e.g., IEEE Std. 493 1998 IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems) and methodologies to monitor these voltage and current anomalies in electric delivery systems (e.g., CEA Measurement Protocol]. The occurrence of single phase faults on utility primary distribution systems (i.e., the most frequent type of fault that occurs in distribution systems) results in primary unbalanced voltages which are transferred to sensitive electronic and computer loads connected to the secondary side of distribution transformers connected to the distribution primary circuit. Historically, the analysis of distribution single phase faults was directed at obtaining the magnitude of fault currents of protection-coordination studies of distribution primary feeder circuits with little attention being directed at the impact of voltage unbalances within the distribution system and at the loads being served when single line faults occur. Voltage sags seen by customers are dependent upon the transformer connections of the utility primary and the customer secondary and whether the transformer connections are grounded or ungrounded Other important variables such as utility fault levels, the size of the utility, distribution feeder impedances, transformer winding impedances, physical location of the faults on the distribution systems all impact the voltage sag characteristics seen by consumer loads. This paper will present the basic equations to demonstrate the impact of variations in the critical variables and their effect on the magnitude and phase angle of primary and secondary phase and line voltage sags. The phasor methodology reveals that a phase angle jump occurs between the pre-sag and post-sag events.

0-7803-4314-X/98/$10.00 0 1998

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The following composite symbols are defined: XSL = xs +xLl A distribution feeder circuit is shown in XTL = x T + x L 2 Figure 1 indicating the primary circuit variables x = XSL+XlL The fault point is placed on phase A at point 1 XL = x L 1 + x L 2 on the primary line. The voltage sources are balanced equivalent Thevenin voltage sources The primary side of the transformer will be assumed to be wye ungrounded (Le., the and are: primary neutral or star point is labelled "N77. EAM= 1.Om Application of the nodal equations to the neutral EBM = 1.0/-12Qo point of the primary side of the transformer & M = 1.0/120" when a single line to ground fault occurs at point 1 on phase "A" yields: Secondary Voltage la Ib HC VNI { 1 4 -1+ ) * 1 4 - ECM 1= EBM *L (1) x x X X

Development of Voltage Sag Equations on Primary Side (neglecting capacitive effects) Due to Single-phase Faults

XLZ = XLM = xLB2 = X L C ~ line reactance between the fault point and the transfomer.

xn,

Lets= XTL/

x
(2)

Solving equation (1) for VN yields: VNI = CI (EBM E C M ~ + 2at-1

It is known that: EAM = - (EBM+ ECM) therefore:

VN1=

(3)
(4)

CI

2a-t-1

EAM

The voltage between the fault point 1 and the neutral point 'W' of the transformer is: VlN = - vN1= [a / (2G -k 1)]E.4M (5) V2N = R B M - VN11xTL

(6)

V3N = (ECM- VNllXTL (7) X In many cases, XT >> XS +a therefore, a and = I .O. Equations 5, 6 and 7 can be rewritten in terms of the primary phase voltages a s follows: V N =VlN = [I / 3]EAhl= 0.333333/0" A (8) Figure 1 Distribution feeder single line diagram The symbols shown in Figure 1 are defined as follows: Xs = XSA= XSB= Xsc - source reactance XT= XTA= Xm = XTC- transformer reactance XL1 = X u 1 = XLBI = XLci - line reactance between the source and the fault point.
VBN zV2N = 1.0/-120 + (1/3)a = 0.881917 / -100.89"
VCN =V3N = 1.0/120" (1/3)/a

(9)
(10)

= 0.881917 I +100.89" '

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The per unit line to line. voltages(i.e.,phase to neutral voltage base) on the primary side of the transformer are: VAB=VAN-VBN= /60 1 VBC = VBN - VCN = 4 3 VCA = VCN - VAN = 1 /120 The per unit line to line voltages (Le., line to line voltage base) on the primary side of the transformer are: VAB = 1 /60 / 63 = 0.577350 /60 vBC= 63 /-9o/ 43 = 1 . 0 ~ /-9o 0 VCA = 1/120 / 4 3 = 0.577350 /120 A phasor diagram of the primary voltages is shown in Figure 2.
VCN

= 0.881917 / -100.89 Vca =VCN = 0.881917 / +100.89 Based on an analysis similar to that for the wye ungrounded delta transformer, the voltage sag on the secondary side of a three phase transformer with nine combinations of connections can be obtained as shown in Table 1.
Vbc = VBN

Table 1. Magnitude of Secondary Line Voltages for different Transformer Connections.

Line to Line and Phase

a 0.577350 1 .OOOOOO 0.577350

(0.333333) (0.881917) (0.881 917)

)
VBC

a 0.577350 1 .OOOOO 0.577350

(0.333333) (0.881917) (0.881917)

VAN

>.-.Pal-

0.333333 0.8719 7 0.871 9 7 1 1

I I
-

0.577350 1 .OOOOOO 0.577350

(0.0)
(1.oooooo) (1.000000)

I
l
I

0.577350 1 .OOOOOO 0.577350

(.) 00
(1.000000) (1.000000)

3N

Figure 2. primary line and phase voltages when a single line to ground fault occurs at the transformer terminals If the secondary side of the transformer is connected as a delta winding, then the secondary line voltages are assuming an ideal transformer with a unity ratio are:
Vab = VAN = 0.33333/0

D+l
A

a 0.881917 0.881917 0.333333

(0.577350) (1.OOOOOO) (0.577350)
I
I

D kI

a 0.881917 0.881917 0.333333

(0.577350J (1 .oooooo) (0.577350)

I
I

0.577350 1 .OOOOOO 0.577350

(0.333333)(0.8819 7) (0.881917) 1

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The secondary phase angles after the single line to ground fault has occurred are shown in Table 2. Table 2 . Phase Angles of Secondary Line Voltages (Phase A reference phasor) for DifferentTransformer Connections

Conclusions
This paper has presented the basic equations necessary to evaluate the magnitude and phase angles of the secondary line and phase voltages for different three phase transformer connections when a single line to ground fault occurs on the utilitys primary distribution system. Based on an entirely inductive model of the distribution system, there appears to be a phase angle jump between the prefault and post-fault voltage phase angles as presented in this paper and in the literature. Further studies revealed that an instantaneous phase angle does not occur when the component models of the distribution system includes capacitive elements which cause a transient to occur between the prefault and postfault voltage phase angles. The results of this paper can be used to assess the impact of voltage sags on secondary delivery systems which serve compterized loads and computerized processes and determine their susceptibility and immunity to voltage sags due to different three phase transformer connections. Considerably more research is required to model and experimentally validate the models of the suceptibility characterisitics of computer loads (e.g., variable speed drives, computer terminal, computer CPUs, PLCs, computer printers, network computers, etc.).

Transformer

. 1

Vab

60.0 (0.0)
A

0.0

60.0 (0.0)
60.0 (0.0)
A

References
0.0

1. MathH.J. Bollen, P. Wang, N. Jenkins,

79.1 (60.0)
7. 91 (60.0)

60.0

The changes in angles between the pre and post fault conditions indicates a distinctivejump by the phasor methodology (i.e., prefault angles of phase a are angle of O, phase b -120 and Dhase c at an angle of 120.

Analysis and Consequences of the Phase Jump Associated with a Voltage Sag, Power System Computation Conference, Dresden, Germany, August, 1996. 2. M.H.J. Bollen, Characterization of Voltage Sags Experienced by Three Phase Adjustable Speed Drives, PQA97 Europe, Stockholm, Sweden, June, 1997. 3. M. McGranaghan, Voltage Sags in Industrial Systems, 1991 IEEE I&CPS Technical Conference Record. 4. L. Conrad, K. Little, C . Grigg, Prediction and Preventing Problems Associated with Remote Fault-clearing Voltage Dips, lEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 27., No 1, January, 1991.