II. Psychosocial Development Theory by Erik Erikson A.

The theory Eriksons theory of psychosocial development describes the human life cycle as a series of eight ego developmental stages from birth to death. Each stage presents a psychosocial crisis, the goal of which is to integrate physical, maturation, and societal demands. B. Stages 1. Infancy (birth to 12 months) Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. mistrust Task: Attachment to the mother Successful: Trust in persons; faith and hope about the environment and future Unsuccessful: Suspicion; trait- fear conflict, fear to the future 2. Toddler (12 months to 3 years) Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Task: Gaining some basic control over self and environment Successful: Sense of self- control and adequacy; will power Unsuccessful: Dependence, fear conflict; severe feeling of selfdoubt 3. Preschool (3- 5 years) Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative vs. guilt Task: Becoming purposeful and directive Successful: Ability to initiate ones own activities; sense of purpose Unsuccessful: Aggression- fear conflict; sense of inadequacy or guilt 4. School age (6- 12 years) Psychosocial Crisis: Industry vs. inferiority Task: Developing social, physical, and learning skills Successful: Competence; ability to learn and work Unsuccessful: Sense of inferiority; difficulty learning and working 5. Adolescence (12-20 years) Psychosocial Crisis: Identity vs. role confusion Task: Developing sense of identity Successful: Sense of personal identity Unsuccessful: Confusion about who one is; identity submerged in relationships or group memberships 6. Early adulthood (20-35 years) Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy vs. isolation Task: Establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship Successful: Ability to love deeply and commit oneself Unsuccessful: Emotional isolation, ego-centricity 7. Middle adulthood (35-65 years) Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity vs. stagnation Task: Fulfilling life goals that involve family, career, and society

Successful: Ability to give and care for others Unsuccessful: Self- absorption; inability to grow as a person 8. Later adulthood (65 years to death) Psychosocial Crisis: Integrity vs. despair Task: Looking back over ones life and accepting its meaning Successful: Sense of integrity and fulfillment Unsuccessful: Dissatisfaction with life

III. Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget A. Cognitive Development Piagets theory of cognitive development defines cognitive acts as ways in which the mind organizes and adapts to its environment. B. Stages: 1. Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years) Development proceeds from reflex activity to imaging and solving problems through the senses and movement. The infant or toddler learns about reality and how it works. The infant or toddler does not recognize that objects continue to be in existence, even if out of their visual fields. 2. Preoperational stage 2 to 7 years The child learns to think in terms of past, present, and future. The child moves from knowing the world through sensation and movement to prelogical thinking and finding solutions to problems. The child is egocentric. The child is unable to conceptualize and requires concrete examples. 3. Concrete operational 7 to 11 years The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts. The child moves from prelogical thought to solving concrete problems though logic. The child begins to develop abstract thinking. 4. Formal operations 11 years to adulthood The person is able to think abstractly and logically. Logical thinking is expanded to include solving abstract and concrete problems. IV. Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg A. Moral development

Moral development is complicated process involving the acceptance of the values and rules of society in a way that shapes behavior. B. Stages: 1. Level One: Preconventional Morality a. Stage 0 (Birth to 2 years): Egocentric Judgment The infant has no awareness of right or wrong. b. Stage 1 (2- 3 years): Punishment- Obedience Orientation At this stage, children cannot reason as mature members of society. Children view the world in a selfish way, with no real understanding of right or wrong. The child obeys rules and demonstrates acceptable behavior to avoid punishment and to avid displeasing those who are in power, and because the child fears punishment from a superior force, such as parent. c. Stage 2 (4-7 years): Instrumental Relativist Orientation The child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned. The childs moral standards are those of others and the child observes them either to avoid punishment or obtain rewards. A preschooler is in the preconventional stage of moral development. At this stage, conscience emerges and the emphasis is on external control. 2. Level Two: Conventional Morality The child conforms to rules to please others. The child has increased awareness of others feelings. A concern for social order begins to emerge. A child views good behavior as that which those in authority will approve. Is the behavior is not acceptable, the child feels guilty.

d. Stage 3 (7- 10 years): Good Boy- Nice Girl Orientation Conformity occurs to avoid disapproval or dislike by others. The stage involves living up to what is expected by individuals close to the child or what individuals generally expect of others in their roles such as daughter, son, brother, sister, and friend. Being good is important and is interpreted as having good motives and showing concern about others.

e. Stage 4 (10-12 years): Law and Order Orientation The child has more concern with society as a whole. Emphasis is on obeying laws to maintain social order. Moral reasoning develops as the child shifts the focus of living to society. The school- age child is at the conventional level of the conformity stage and has an increased desire to please others. The child observes and to some extent internalizes the standards of others. 3. Level Three: Postconventional Morality The individual focuses on individual rights and principles of conscience. The focus is on concerns regarding what is best for all. f. Stage 5: Social Contract and Legalistic Orientation The person is aware that others hold a variety of values and opinions and the most values and rules are relative to the group. The adolescent in this stage gives and takes and does not expect to get something without paying for it. g. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation Conformity is based on universal principles of justice and occurs to avoid self- condemnation. This stage involves following self- chosen ethical principles. The development of the post conventional level or morality occurs in the adolescent at about age 13 years, marked by the development of an individual conscience and a defined set of moral values. The adolescent can now acknowledge a conflict between two socially accepted standards and try to decide between them.
A. DEFINITION (Infancy) The period of time from one month to 12 months or 1 year. The critical stage from the first month to the first year of life.

B. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFANT

I. Height and Length There is a 50% increase in height or 20-30 inches. Most apparent in the trunks during the early months. Lengthening of legs during the 2nd half of first year. Head circumference is equal to length. Female babies on the average are shorter than male babies. Gains 13.75 centimeters (5.5 inches) by 6 months and another 7.5 centimeters (3 inches) at 12 months. There is an increase in length of 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) per month for the first 6 months of life. II. Weight Just after birth, the infant loses 5-10% or approximately 6-10 ounces of body weight due to fluid loss but regain their weight in about 7-10 days. The birth weight doubles at 6 months and triples at 12 months. There is an increase of 2 pounds/month for the first 6 months and 1 pounds/month from 7-12 month. The average Filipino birth weight is 3,000 grams (3 kilograms or 6.5 pounds) Infant below 6 months of age Weight in grams = age in months X 600 + BW From 6-12 months Weight in pounds = age in months X 10

At 5 months, they reach twice their BW and at 12 months, thrice the BW. III. Head/Chest and Abdominal Circumference Head Circumference (HC): 33-35 centimeters, the largest part at birth and of the total length. Chest circumference (CC): 31-33 centimeters. Abdominal Circumference (CC): 31-33 centimeters. As the infant grows, the chest circumference become larger than the head circumference. At 9 months, HC=CC, after a year CC and AC is larger. IV. Head Molding Made possible by fontanels in the bone structure of the skull and by overriding of the sutures. Head regain symmetry in a week. Anterior fontanel = 4-6 centimeters in diameter, diamond-shaped and closes at 12 to 18 months. Posterior fontanel = closes at 1-2 months after birth.