Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
Next : 9Back
ne definition for tangent is .
x cos
x sin
x tan
otice that the denominator is cos x. This indicates a
relationship between a tangent graph and a cosine graph.
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
To see how the cosine and tangent graphs are related, look at what
happens when the graph for y = tan x is superimposed over y = cos x.
Next : 9Back
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
Next : 9Back
To see how the sine and cotangent graphs are related, look at what
happens when the graph for y = cot x is superimposed over y = sin x.
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
Next : 9Back
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
ne complete period is
highlighted on each of
these graphs.
or both y = tan x and y = cot x, the period is . (rom the beginning of
a cycle to the end of that cycle, the distance along the x-axis is .)
Next : 9Back
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
= - tan x
Consider the graph for y = - tan x
n this equation a, the numerical coefficient for the tangent, is
equal to -1. The fact that , is negative causes the graph to
"flip or reflect about the x-axis.
Next : 9Back
This is the graph for = cot x.
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
= - cot x
Consider the graph for y = - cot x
n this equation a, the numerical coefficient for the cotangent,
is equal to -. The fact that , is negative causes the graph to
"flip or reflect about the x-axis.
Next : 9Back
y = , tan b (x - .) y = , cot b (x - .)
b affects the period of the tangent or cotangent graph.
or tangent and cotangent graphs, the period can -e deter2ined -
-
period
x
period
-
x
Next : 9Back
complete period (including two consecutive vertical asymptotes) has
been highlighted on the tangent graph below.
The distance between the asymptotes in this graph is .
Therefore, the period of this graph is also .
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
or all tangent
graphs, the period is
equal to the
distance between
any two consecutive
vertical asymptotes.
x
Next : 9Back
x
x
5074/
b
We will let a = 1, but a
could be any positive
value since the graph has
not been reflected about
the x-axis.
x
Use , the period of this tangent graph, to calculate b.
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
1 b a
n equation for this graph can be written as x y
tan 1
or . x y
tan
Next : 9Back
complete period (including two consecutive vertical asymptotes) has
been highlighted on the cotangent graph below.
The distance between the asymptotes is .
Therefore, the period of this graph is also .
x x x
x
or all cotangent
graphs, the period is
equal to the
distance between
any two consecutive
vertical asymptotes.
x
x x x x x x x x
Next : 9Back
x
x
5074/
b
We will let a = 1, but a
could be any positive
value since the graph
has not been reflected
about the x-axis.
x
Use , the period of this cotangent graph, to calculate b.
1
1 b a
n equation for this graph can be written as
or .
x y
1
cot 1
x x x x x x x x
x y
1
cot
Next : 9Back
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
f the ke point on a
tangent graph shifts to
the left or to the right,
or if the ke as2ptote
on a cotangent graph
shifts to the left or to
the right,
that horizontal shift is
called a phase shift.
Next : 9Back
y = a tan b (x - c)
c indicates the phase shift of a tangent graph.
or a tangent graph, the x-coordinate of the ke point is c.
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
'
+
'
tan x y
Next : 9Back
y = a cot b (x c)
c indicates the phase shift of a cotangent graph.
or a cotangent graph, c is the value of x in the ke vertica as2ptote.
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
'
+
'
'
+
'
cot x y
cot
'
+
'
x
+ x y
Next : 9Back
Graphs whose equations can be written as a tangent function can also
be written as a cotangent function.
Given the graph above, it is possible to write an equation for the
graph. We will look at how to write both a tangent equation that
describes this graph and a cotangent equation that describes the
graph.
The tangent equation will be written as y = , tan -(x .).
The cotangent equation will be written as y = , cot -(x .).
x x x x
Next : 9Back
x x x x
x
x
x
5074/
b
Next : 9Back
x x x x
1 c b a
The tangent equation for this graph can be written
as or .
) ( tan 1 x y x y tan
Next : 9Back
x x x x
x
x
x
5074/
b
x
c
Next : 9Back
x x x x
1
x
c b a
The cotangent equation for this graph can be written
as .
'
+
'
cot x y
Next : 9Back
t is important to be able to draw a tangent graph when you are given
the corresponding equation. Consider the equation
Begin by looking at a, b, and c.
tan
'
+
'
x
x y
x
c b a
Next : 9Back
tan
'
+
'
x
x y
The negative sign here means that the tangent graph reflects or "flips
about the x-axis. The graph will look like this.
a
Next : 9Back
tan
'
+
'
x
x y
b = 3
b
5074/
Use b to calculate the period. Remember that the period is the distance
between vertical asymptotes.
Next : 9Back
tan
'
+
'
x
x y
x
c
This phase shift means the ke point has shifted spaces
to the right. t's coordinate is . lso, notice that the key
point is an x-intercept.
x
Next : 9Back
The period is ; half of the period is . Therefore, the
distance between the x-intercept and the asymptotes on either side is .
tan
'
+
'
x
x y
Since the key point, an x-intercept, is exactly halfway between two vertical
asymptotes, the distance from this x-intercept to the vertical asymptote on
either side is equal to half of the period.
x
Next : 9Back
tan
'
+
'
x
x y
x x
We can use half of the period to figure out the labels for vertical
asymptotes and x-intercepts on the graph. Since we already
determined that there is an x-intercept at , we can add half of the
period to find the vertical asymptote to the right of this x-intercept.
x
x
x
+
x
x-intercept
Half of the period
Vertical
asymptote
Next : 9Back
tan
'
+
'
x
x y
Continue to add or subtract half of the period, , to determine the
labels for additional x-intercepts and vertical asymptotes.
x
x
x
+
x
Vertical
asymptote
Half of the period
x-intercept
x x x x
x x x x x
Next : 9Back
t is important to be able to draw a cotangent graph when you are
given the corresponding equation. Consider the equation
Begin by looking at a, b, and c.
x cot
'
+
'
x
+
c - a
x
Next : 9Back
The positive sign here means that the cotangent graph does not reflect
or "flip about the x-axis. The graph will look like this.
a
x cot
'
+
'
x
+
Next : 9Back
b = 4
-
period
x
Use b to calculate the period. Remember that the period is the distance
between vertical asymptotes.
'
+
'
x
+
x cot
Next : 9Back
c
x
This phase shift means the ke as2ptote has shifted
spaces to the left. The equation for this key asymptote is
.
x
x
'
+
'
x
+
x cot
Next : 9Back
The period is ; half of the period is . Therefore, the
distance between asymptotes and their adjacent x-intercepts is . This
information can be used to label asymptotes and x-intercepts.
The distance from an asymptote to the x-intercepts on either side of it is
equal to half of the period.
'
+
'
x
+
x cot
x x x x x x
x
Next : 9Back
Sometimes a tangent or cotangent graph may be shifted up or down. This
is called a vertical shift.
= a tan b (x - c) +/
The equation for a tangent graph with a vertical shift can be written as
The equation for a cotangent graph with a vertical shift can be written as
= a cot b (x - c) +/
n both of these equations, / represents the vertical shift.
Next : 9Back
good strategy for graphing a tangent or cotangent function that has a
vertical shift:
Graph the function without the vertical shift
Shift the graph up or down / units.
Consider the graph for .
The equation is in the form where d" equas
, so the vertical shift is .
x cot +
'
+
'
x
+
d c x - cot a +
'
+
'
x
+
x cot
The graph of was drawn in the previous example.
x x x x x x
Next : 9Back
To draw , begin with the graph for .
Draw a new horizontal axis at y = .
Then shift the graph up
units.
+
The graph now represents .
x cot +
'
+
'
x
+
'
+
'
x
+
x cot
x cot +
'
+
'
x
+
'
+
'
x
+
x cot
x x x x x x
Next : 9Back
This concludes
Tangent and Cotangent
Graphs.