BELTING

1 3010/6/1





BELTING




OB1ECTIVES





General Objective : To understand and apply the concept oI belting

Specific Objectives : At the end oI this unit you will be able to:

state the diIIerence between open and close belt.

explain that power transmitted by the Ilat belt and V belt.

explain that ratio tension Ior Ilat and V belt.

calculate power transmitted by the belt with consider
centriIugal Iorce.






&NIT 6
BELTING



1 3010/6/2



6.0 INTROD&CTION





The pulley rotating shaIt is called driver. The pulley intended to rotate is
known, as Iollower or driven. When the driver rotates, it carries the belt that
grip between its surIace and the belt. The belt, in turn, carries the driven
pulley which starts rotating. The grip between the pulley and the belt is
obtained by Iriction, which arises Irom pressure between the belt and the
pulley.


(a) Types of belts

The Ilat belt is mostly used in the Iactories and work shops,
where a moderate amount oI power is to be transmitted, Irom one
pulley to another, when the two pulleys are not more than 10 m a part.

The V-belt is mostly used in the Iactories and work shops
where a great amount oI power is to be transmitted, Irom one pulley
to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other.

!&%
n Iactories, the power has to be
transmitted Irom one shaIt to another,
then belt driving between pulleys on
the shaIts may be used.
BELTING



1 3010/6/3






6.1 LENGTH OF AN OPEN BELT DRIVE



A


B


C
F



D

E



d


Fig.6.1 Open belt drive


O
1
and O
2
Centers oI two pulleys
r
1
and r
2
radius oI the larger and smaller pulleys
d Distance between O
1
and O
2

L Total length oI the belt.
Angle AO
1
O
2
u
1

Angle BO
2
C u
2

Angle AFE 0
1
(radian)

Angle BCD 0
2
(radian)


The types of belts:-

a. flat belt
b. V belt
O
1
O
2

K
r
1


r
2

u
1

u
2


BELTING



1 3010/6/4


We know that the length oI the belt,
L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA

Cos u
1

/
7 7
2 1


u
1
cos
-1
/
7 7
2 1






0
1
2a - 2u
1

2 (a - u
1
) (radian)

0
2
u
1
2 u
2
(radian)

Arc AFE r
1
0
1

Arc DCB r
2
0
2


And ED BA KO
2
Sin u
1

/

2

KO
2
d Sin u
1


Finally the total oI length oI belt,

L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA
r
1
0
1
d Sin u
1
r
2
0
2
d Sin u
1

r
1
0
1
r
2
0
2
2d Sin u
1



















BELTING



1 3010/6/5
Example 6.1


Find the length oI belt necessary to drive a pulley oI 480 cm diameter running
parallel at a distance oI 12 meter Irom the driving pulley oI diameter 80 cm. This
system is an open belt drive.

Solution 6.1


A

B


F C




D



E

d

Fig.6.2 Open belt drive

O
1
and O
2
Centers oI two pulleys
r
1
and r
2
radius oI the larger and smaller pulleys
d Distance between O
1
and O
2

L Total length oI the belt.
Angle AO
1
O
2
u
1

Angle BO
2
C u
2

Angle AFE 0
1
(radian)

Angle BCD 0
2
(radian)


Radius oI smaller pulley 80/2 40 cm.
Radius oI larger pulley 480/2 240 cm.
Distance between the pulleys, d 12m 1 200 cm




We know that the length oI belt is,
L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA

Cos u
1

/
7 7
2 1


1200
40 240

O
1

O
2

r
1


r
2

u
1

K
u
2

BELTING



1 3010/6/6
u
1
cos
-1

1200
40 240

cos
-1
0.16667
80
u
1
1.396 radian

0
1
2a - 2u
1

2 (a - 1.396 ) (radian)
3.491 radian

0
2
2u
1
2 u
2
(radian)
2 (1.396 )
2.792 radian

Arc AFE r
1
0
1

240 x 3.491
837.84 cm

Arc DCB r
2
0
2

40 x 2.792
111.68 cm


And ED BA KO
2
Sin 80


/

2

KO
2
d Sin u
1
1 200 x 0.98481
1181.77 m

Finally the total oI belt length is

L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA
r
1
0
1
d Sin u
1
r
2
0
2
d Sin u
1

r
1
0
1
r
2
0
2
2d Sin u
1

240 x 3.491 40 x 2.792 2 x 1181.77
837.84 111.68 2363.54
3313.06 cm
33.13 m









BELTING



1 3010/6/7
6.2 LENGTH OF CLOSE BELT DRIVE




K


A
D


C
F



B


E

d


Fig.6.3 Cross belt drive


O
1
and O
2
Centers oI two pulleys
r
1
and r
2
radius oI the larger and smaller pulleys
d Distance between O
1
and O
2

L Total length oI the belt.
Angle AO
1
O
2
u
1
Angle DO
2
O
1
u
2
Angle AFE 0
1
(radian)
Angle BCD 0
2
(radian)

We know that the length oI the belt is
L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA

Cos u
1

/
7 7
2 1
+

u
1
cos
-1

/
7 7
2 1
+


0
1
2a - 2u
1

2 (a - u
1
) (radian)

0
1
0
2

O
1

O
2

r
1


r
2

u
1
u
2

BELTING



1 3010/6/8
Arc AFE r
1
0
1

Arc DCB r
2
0
2


And ED BA KO
2
Sin u
1

/

2

KO
2
d Sin u
1


Finally the total oI length belt,

L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA
r
1
0
1
d Sin u
1
r
2
0
2
d Sin u
1

r
1
0
1
r
2
0
2
2d Sin u
1





Example 6.2

Find the length oI belt Ior a cross belt drive system. The diameter oI
the drive pulley is 480 cm which running parallel at a distance oI 12
meter Irom the driving pulley which has a diameter oI 80 cm.



Solution 6.2

K


A
D


C
F



B


E

d



Fig.6.4 Cross belt drive


O
1
O
2

r
1


r
2

u
1
u
2

BELTING



1 3010/6/9


O
1
and O
2
Centers oI two pulleys
r
1
and r
2
radius oI the larger and smaller pulleys
d distance between O
1
and O
2

L Total length oI the belt.
Angle AO
1
O
2
u
1

Angle DO
2
O
1
u
2

Angle AFE 0
1
(radian)

Angle BCD 0
2
(radian)




Radius oI smaller pulley 80/2 40 cm.
Radius oI larger pulley 480/2 240 cm.
Distance between the pulleys, d 12m 1 200 cm


We know that the length oI the belt,
L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA

Cos u
1

/
7 7
2 1
+

1200
40 240 +

u
1
cos
-1

1200
40 240 +

cos
-1
0.23333
76.5
u
1
1.335 radian

0
1
2a - 2u
1

2 (a - u
1
) (radian)
2 (a - 1.335) (radian)
3.613 radian

0
1
0
2

Arc AFE r
1
0
1

240 x 3.613
867.12 cm

Arc DCB r
2
0
2

40 x 3.613
144.52 cm
And
ED BA KO
2
Sin u
1

/

2

KO
2
d Sin 76.5

1 200 x 0.9724
ED BA KO
2
1166.88 cm
BELTING



1 3010/6/10


Finally the total oI length belt,

L Arc AFE ED Arc DCB BA
r
1
0
1
d Sinu
1
r
2
0
2
d Sin u
1

r
1
0
1
r
2
0
2
2d Sin u
1

240 x 3.613 240 x 3.613 2 x 1 200 Sin 76.5


867.12 144.52 2333.76
3345.4 cm
L 33.45 m






































BELTING



1 3010/6/11


Activity 6A




TEST YO&R &NDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTNUE WTH THE
NEXT NPUT.!


6.1 Two pulleys, one with a 450 mm diameter and the other with a 200 mm
diameter are on parallel shaIt oI 1.95 m apart and are connected by a cross
belt. Find the length oI the belt required and the angle oI contact between
the belt and each pulley.

6.2 t is required to drive a shaIt B at 620 rpm by means oI a belt Irom a parallel
shaIt A. A pulley oI 30 cm diameter on shaIt A runs at 240 rpm. Determine
the size oI pulley on the shaIt B.

6.3 Find the length oI belt necessary to drive a pulley oI 1.4 m diameter running
parallel at a distance oI 1.7 meter Irom the driving pulley oI diameter 0.5 m.
t is connected by an open belt.










1
2
2
1
/
/

=
N
1
speed diver in rpm
N
2
speed Iollower in rpm
d
1
,d
2
diameter pulley driver and
Iollower.
BELTING



1 3010/6/12


Feedback to Activity 6A




Have you tried the questions????? I 'YES, check your answers now


6.1 4.975 m; 199 or 3.473 radian.

6.2. 11.6 cm

6.3 6.51 m


























BELTING



1 3010/6/13




6.3 POWER TRANSMITTED BY A BELT




Fig. 6.5, shows the driving pulley (i.e., driver) A and the Iollower B.
The driving pulley pulls the belt Irom one side, and delivers the same to the
other.The maximum tension in the tight side will be greater than that
slack side.

Fig. 6.5
Torque exerted on the driving pulley
( T
1
- T
2
) r
1

Torque exerted on the driven or Iollower
( T
1
- T
2
) r
2
Power transmitted Force x distance
( T
1
- T
2
) ;

!&%

Power (T
1
T
2
) ;

Where, T
1
Tension in tight side
in Newton.
T
2
Tension in slack side.
' velocity oI belt
BELTING



1 3010/6/14
Example 6.3

The tension in the two sides oI the belt are 100 N and 80 N respectively. I
the speed oI the belt is 75 meters per second. Find the power transmitted by
the belt.

Solution 6.3

Given,
Tension in tight side,
T
1
100 N
Tension in slack side,
T
2
80 N
Velocity oI belt, ; 75 m/s
Let P Power transmitted by the belt
Using the relation,
Power (T
1
T
2
) ;
( 100 80) 75
1500 watt
1.5 kw.


























BELTING



1 3010/6/15

Activity 6B




TEST YO&R &NDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTNUE WTH THE
NEXT NPUT.!

6.4. Find the tension in the tight side, iI the tension in slack side 150 N. The speed
oI the belt is 58 meters per second and the power transmitted by this
belt is 2 kw.

6.5 Diameter oI driver is 50 mm. I the driver transmits 8 kw when it is rotating
at 300 rev/ min. Calculate velocity oI driver.

6.6 The tension in the two sides oI the belt are 300 N and 180 N respectively. I
the speed oI the belt is 50 meters per second, Iind the initial tension and
power transmitted by the belt.

6.7 A 100 mm diameter pulley is belt-driven Irom a 400 mm diameter pulley.
The 400 mm pulley rotates at 480 rev/min. The number oI rev/sec oI the
100 mm diameter pulley is
A. 2 B. 32 C. 120 D. 1920










T
0

2
2 1
% % +

Where, T
0
Initial tension in the belt.

BELTING



1 3010/6/16

Feedback to Activity 6B




Have you tried the questions????? I 'YES, check your answers now


6.4 115.5 N

6.5 0.785 m/s

6.6 6 000 watt or 6 kw; 240 N

6.7 B. 32
























BELTING



1 3010/6/17





6.4 RATIO OF TENSIONS.


Fig. 6.6

Consider a driven pulley rotating in the clockwise direction as in Iig 6.6.
Let T
1
Tension in the belt on the tight side.
T
2
Tension in the belt on the slack side.
An angle oI contact in radians (i.e , angle subtended by the arc
AB, along which the belt touches the pulley, at the centre)

Now consider a small position oI the belt PQ, subtending an angle o at the
centre oI the pulley as shown Iig 6.6. The belt PQ is in equilibrium under the
Iollowing Iorce:
i. Tension T in the belt at P.
ii. Tension T oT in the belt at Q.
iii. Normal reaction R, and
iv. Frictional Iorce F x R

Where is the coeIIicient oI Iriction between the belt and pulley.
Resolving all the Iorces horizontally and equating the same,


!&%
BELTING



1 3010/6/18
R ( T oT) sin
2
o
T sin
2
o
(6.1)
Since the o is very small, thereIore, substituting,
sin
2
o

2
o
in equation 6.1
R ( T oT)
2
o
T
2
o


2
o %

2
o o%

2
.o %

T.o ( neglecting
2
o o%
) (6.2)
Now resolving the Iorces vertically,
x R (T oT) cos
2
o
- T cos
2
o
(6.3)
Since the angle .o is very small, thereIore substituting cos
2
o
1 in
equation 6.3 or, x R T oT T oT
R

o%
(6.4)
Equating the values oI R Irom equation 6.2 and 6.4,
Or T.o

o%

Or
%
% o
.o
ntegrating both sides Irom A to B,



=

o
o
0
1
2
%
%
%
%

or log
e

2
1
%
%


2
1
%
%
e

ration oI tension Ior Ilat belt

2
1
%
%
e
/sin
ration oI tension Ior V belt
where halI angle oI groove


BELTING



1 3010/6/19
Example 6.4

Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley oI 60 cm diameter
at 200 rpm. The coeIIicient oI Iriction between the pulley is 0.25, angle oI lap
160 and maximum tension in the belt is 250 KN.

Solution 6.4

Given,
Diameter oI pulley, d 60 cm 0.6 m
Speed oI pulley N 200 rpm
Speed oI belt, v
60
/ 6

60
200 6 . 0 6
26 6.28 m/ sec
CoeIIicient oI Iriction,
0.25
Angle oI contact, 160
180
160 6
2.7926 radian.
Maximum tension in the belt,
T
1
250 kN
Let P power transmitted by the belt.
Using the relation,

2
1
%
%
e


e
0.25 x 2.7926


2
1
%
%
2.01
T
2

01 . 2
1
%

01 . 2
250
124.38 kN
Now using the relation,
P (T
1
T
2
) ;
( 250 - 124.38 ) 6.28
788.89 watt
P 0.79 kw

BELTING



1 3010/6/20





6.5 CENTRIF&GAL TENSION.

Fig.6.7


The tension caused by centriIugal Iorce is called centriIugal tension. At lower
speeds the centriIugal tension is very small, but at higher speeds its eIIect is
considerable, and thus should be taken into account.
Consider a small portion PQ oI the belt subtending an angle / at the centre
oI the pulley as show in Iig 6.7.

Let M mass oI the belt per unit length,
' linear velocity oI the belt,
r radius oI the pulley over which the belt runs,
T
c
CentriIugal tension acting tangentially at P and Q.
Length oI the belt PQ,
r /
Mass oI the belt PQ,
M M r /
We know that centriIugal Iorce,
M v
2
/r

!&%
BELTING



1 3010/6/21
CentriIugal Iorce oI the belt PQ

7
; / 7
2
.


2
; /
The centriIugal tension (T
c
) acting tangentially at P and Q keeps the belt in
equilibrium.
Now resolving the Iorce (i.e, centriIugal Iorce and centriIugal tension)
horizontally and equating the same,
2 T
c
sin
2
/

2
; /
since angle /isvery small, thereIore, substituting
sin
2
/

2
/

2 T
c

2
/

2
; /
T
c

2
; / / /
T
c
M ;
2

0
% %
% %
.
.
=

2
1
ratio tension Ior Ilat belt.

sin /
2
1
0
% %
% %
.
.
=

ratio tension Ior V belt

6.5.1 Condition for the transmission of maximum power

The maximum power,
When T
c
T
1

t shows that the power transmitted is maximum oI the maximum tension
is absorbed as centriIugal tension.
The velocity oI belt Ior maximum transmission oI power may be
obtained Irom equation T
1
3T
c
M ;
2
.



BELTING



1 3010/6/22
;
2

%
1
3

;

%
3
1


Example 6.5

An open belt drive connects two pulleys 1.2 m and 0.5 m diameter, on
parallel shaIts 3.6 m apart. The belt has a mass oI 0.9 kg/m length and the
maximum tension in it is not exceed 2 kN. The larger pulley runs at 200
rev/min. Calculate the torque on each oI the two shaIts and the power
transmitted. CoeIIicient oI Iriction is 0.3 and angle oI lap on the smaller
pulley is 168 ( 2.947 radian ).

Solution 6.5

Given
Diameter oI larger pulley,
d
1
1.2 m
Radius oI the larger pulley,
r
1
0.6
Diameter oI smaller pulley,
d
2
0.5 m
Radius oI the smaller pulley,
r
2
0.25 m
Distance between two shaIt,
D 3.6 m
Mass oI the belt per meter length,
M 0.9 kg/m
Maximum Tension, T
1
2 kN 2 000 N
Speed oI the larger pulley
200 rpm
Velocity oI the belt,
'
60
200 2 . 1 6
12.57 m/s
T
c
M;
2

0.9 x 12.57
2
142.2 N
BELTING



1 3010/6/23

e
0
e
0.3 x 2.947

2.421

Using the relation,

0
% %
% %
.
.
=

2
1


2 . 142
2 . 142 2000
2

%
2.421
(T
2
142.2) 2.421 1857.8
(T
2
142.2)
421 . 2
8 . 1857
767.37
T
2
767.37 142.2
T
2
909.57 N

We know that the torque on the larger pulley shaIt (T
L
),
T
L
( T
1
T
2
) r
1

( 2000 909.57) 0.6
654.26 Nm.
Torque on the smaller pulley shaIt (Ts),
Ts ( T
1
T
2
) r
2

(2000 909.57) 0.25
272.61 Nm.
Power transmitted, P ( T
1
T
2
);
( 2000 909.57) 12.57
13706.71 watt
13.71 kw











BELTING



1 3010/6/24

Activity 6C

TEST YO&R &NDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTNUE TO THE NEXT
NPUT.!


6.8 Two pulleys, one with a 450 mm diameter and the other with a 200 mm
diameter are on parallel oI shaIts 1.95 m apart. What power can be
transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates at 200 rev/min, iI the
maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1 kN and the coeIIicient oI
Iriction between the belt and pulley is 0.25. Angle oI contact between the belt
and larger pulley is 3.477 radian.

6.9 Find the power transmitted by a V drive Irom the Iollowing data:

Angle oI contact 84
Pulley groove angle 45
CoeIIicient oI Iriction 0.25
Mass oI belt per meter length 0.472 kg/m
Permissible tension 139 N
Velocity oI V belt 12.57 m/s.


6.10 An open belt drive connects two pulleys 1.2 m and 0.6 m, on parallel shaIts 3
m apart. The belt has a mass 0I 0.56 kg/m and maximum tension is 1.5 kN. The
driver pulley runs at 300 rev/min. Calculate the inertial tension, power
transmitted and maximum power. The coeIIicient oI Iriction between the belt
and the pulley surIace is 0.3.




BELTING



1 3010/6/25



Feedback to Activity 6C




Have you tried the questions????? I 'YES, check your answers now


6.8 2 740 watt or 2.74 kw


6.9 591 watt.


6.10 1074.5 N ; 8.0 kw ; 17.54 kw.





















BELTING



1 3010/6/26

SELF-ASSESSMENT 6



You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this selI-assessment section
and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on SelI-Assessment 6
given on the next page. I you Iace any problems, discuss it with your lecturer.
Good luck.

1. A pulley is driven by a Ilat belt running at speed oI 600 m/min. The
coeIIicient oI Iriction between the pulley and the belt is 0.3 and the angle lap
is 160. I the maximum tension in the belt is 700 N, Iind the power
transmitted by a belt.

2. A leather belt, 125 mm wide and 6 mm thick, transmits power Irom a pulley
oI 750 mm diameter which run at 500 rpm. The angle oI lap is 150 and
0.3. I the mass oI 1 m3 oI leather is 1 Mg and the stress in the belt does
not exceed 2.75 MN/m
2
, Iind the maximum power that can be transmitted.

3. A Ilat belt, 8 mm thick and 100 mm wide transmits power between two
pulleys, running at 1 600 m/min. The mass oI the belt is 0.9 kg/m length. The
angle oI lap in the smaller pulley is 165 and the coeIIicient oI Iriction
between the belt and pulleys is 0.3. I the maximum permissible stress in the
belt is 2 MN/m
2
, Iind

(i) Maximum power transmitted; and

(ii) nitial tension in the belt.

4. The moment on a pulley, which produces the rotation oI the pulley is called:
A. Momentum B. Torque C. Work D. Energy

5. I T
1
and T
2
are the tension in the tight and slack sides oI a belt and 0 is the
angle oI contact between the belt and pulley. CoeIIicient oI Iriction is , then
the ratio oI driving tension will be:
A.

0
%
%
=
1
2
B.

0
%
%
=
2
1
C. =
2
1
%
%
D. =
2
1
10
log
%
%


BELTING



1 3010/6/27


Feedback to Self-Assessment 6




Have you tried the questions????? I 'YES, check your answers now.


1. 3.974 kw ( see example 6.4)


2. 18.97 kw


3. (i) 14.281 kw

(ii) 1.3221 kN

4. B. Torque

5. B.

0
%
%
=
2
1

COM0PATULATIOMSllll,..
Moy success be wifh you
oIwoys,.