Amazon Phase Report 112 April - June 2011

Global Vision International 2011 Report Series No.
002
GVI Ecuador
Yachana Reserve, Rio Napo
Quarterly Report 112

April June 2011
GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve Programme Report 112 Submitted in whole to GVI
Yachana Foundation Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (MECN)
Produced by Andrew Whitworth Base Manager Jasmine Rowe Field Staff Fraser Ross Field Staff Isabel Varela Garrido Field Staff Philip Brown Field Staff Caroline Acton Field Staff Jo Ridley Intern on Work Placement Jaime Villacampa Scholar And
Alexander Fowler Liam Ingram Michael Kelly Oliver Jenner Dylan Brownless Avan Fisher Ella Playfair Gemma Maynard Ian Mallard Allison Siddaway Ellen Gustafsson Berglind Karlsdottir Riche Rifkind Intern Intern Intern Intern Intern Intern Intern Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Stephanie Kluz Victor van Dooren Natasha Rosenbaum James MacKinnon Nia Anne Bevan Rachel Sillars Alex Hannam Adam Shoalts Cara Brander Katie Williams Naomi Thrower Joanna Lazarek Paul Thomas Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer
Edited by Philip Brown Field Staff Blaine Clarke Country Director
GVI Amazon, Yachana Reserve, Ecuador Email: ecuador@gviworld.com Web page: http://www.gvi.co.uk and http://www.gviusa.com
Executive Summary
This report documents the work of Global Vision Internationals (GVI) Rainforest Conservation and Community Development Expedition in Ecuadors Amazon region and run in partnership with the Yachana Foundation, based at the Yachana Reserve in the province of Napo. During the phase from April to June, GVI has:
Added five new species to the reserve list. Completed the bird project, investigating the edge effects of the road. Completed the mammal project, investigating the edge effects of the road. Completed amphibian and reptile project, investigating the edge effects of the road. Carried out a butterfly project, investigating bait preference and selection by butterflies. Continued English lessons for local school children at Puerto Rico community twice a week, as well as short, themed environmental education lessons. Continued English lessons for local school children at Rio Bueno community once a week, as well as short, themed environmental education lessons. Visited Yasun National Park, observing bird species at the clay licks as well as visiting the Yaku Kawsay cultural and interpretive center. Visited Sumak Allpa, an island reserve and school run by a local conservationist, and assisted in the construction of an interpretive center for students located on the island.
GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... I Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ II List of Tables and Figures..................................................................................III 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6 2. Avian Project .......................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Mist Netting Results .......................................................................................... 8 2.2 Mist Netting Discussion................................................................................... 11 2.3 Point Count Results ........................................................................................ 12 2.4 Point Count Discussion ................................................................................... 13 3. Herpetological Project. .............................................................................................. 15 3.1 Results ........................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 19 4. Butterfly Project. ........................................................................................................ 20 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 20 4.2 Methods .......................................................................................................... 20 4.3 Results ........................................................................................................... 22 4.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 24 5. Mammal Project. ....................................................................................................... 27 5.1 Results ........................................................................................................... 27 5.2 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 34 6. Community Programme............................................................................................. 35 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 35 6.2 Yachana Foundation ....................................................................................... 35 6.3 Puerto Rico ..................................................................................................... 36 6.4 Rio Bueno ....................................................................................................... 37 7. Incidentals ................................................................................................................. 39 8. Other Work Conducted During 112............................................................................ 41 8.1 Plant Project ................................................................................................... 41 8.2 Long Term Monitoring Grid ............................................................................. 42 9. Future Expedition Aims ............................................................................................. 44 10. References .............................................................................................................. 45 11. Appendix ................................................................................................................. 48 11.1 Avian Survey Sites..........................................................................................48 11.2 Avian Project Introdudtion...............................................................................48 11.3 Mistnetting Methodology.........50 11.4 Point Count Methodology................................................................................51 11.5 Amphibian and Reptile Introduction.................................................................52 11.6 Amphibian and Reptile Methods......................................................................53 11.7 Mammal Project Introduction...........................................................................54 11.8 Mammal Project Methods................................................................................55 11.9 Yachana Reserve Species List...........57
II
List of Tables and Figures

Fig 1.1 Map showing GVI Amazon location in Ecuador .. 6 Fig 2.1 Number of net hours completed at sites close to the road and far from the road .. 8 Fig 2.2 Numbers of individuals from each species caught far from or close to the road 10 Fig 3.1 Distribution and abundance of Pristimantis kichwarum in the Yachana Reserve . 16 Fig 3.2 Distribution and abundance of Ameerega bilinguis in the Yachana Reserve . 16 Fig 3.3 Distribution and abundance of herpetofaunal species in the Yachana Reserve . 17 Fig 4.1 Graph of the distribution of the Biblidinae family combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each .. 22 Fig 4.2 Graph of the distribution of the Satyrinae family combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each .. 23 Fig 4.3 Graph of the distribution of the Dananinae family combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each .. 23 Fig 4.4 Graph of the distribution of the species Tigridiaacesta combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each . 24 Fig 5.1 Total number of mammal observation events, total species and families observed through VES and sand pad surveys from October 2010 to May 2011 . 32 Fig 5.2 Total number of each mammal species observed at each survey distance from the road through both visual encounter survey and sand pad survey methods from October 2010 to May 2011 33
III
Table 2.1 Data and statistical results comparing birds caught far from the road and close to the road . 9 Table 2.2 Individuals and species found across various distance from the road . 13 Table 3.1 Distance from the road (m) and corresponding number of individuals encountered in each 100 m interval . 18 Table 3.2 Distance from the road (m) and corresponding number of species encountered in each 100 m interval . 18 Table 3.3 Distance from the road (m) and corresponding number of unique species encountered in each 100 m interval . 18 Table 4.1 Individual butterfly numbers as distributed in traps by bait type, combined from both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each ... 22 Table 5.1 Raw VES data October 2010 - May 2011 .. 28 Table 5.2 Raw sand pad data November 2010 - March 2011 ..... 29 Table 5.3 Raw data from both VES and sand pad surveys completed between October 2010 and March 2011 .. 30 Table 5.4 Beta diversity for each distance away from the road using Sorrensons Similarity Index . 31
IV
1. Introduction
The Rainforest Conservation and Community Development Expedition operated by GVI is located in the Yachana Reserve in the Napo province (0 50' 45.47"S/-77 13' 43.65"W; 300-350m altitude), Amazonian region of Ecuador. The reserve is legally-designated a Bosque Protector (Protected Forest) consisting of approximately 1000 hectares of predominantly primary lowland rainforest, as well as abandoned plantations, grassland, riparian forest, regenerating forest and a road. The Yachana Reserve is owned and managed by the Yachana Foundation. It is surrounded by large areas of pasture land, small active cacao farms and currently un-mapped disturbed primary forest. The road within the Yachana Reserve is a large stone and gravel based road which dissects the forest.
Rio Napo, Napo Province
Fig 1.1 Map showing GVI Amazon location in Ecuador
The Yachana Foundation is dedicated to finding sustainable solutions to the problems facing the Ecuadorian Amazon region. The foundation works with rainforest communities to improve education, develop community-based medical care, establish sustainable agricultural practices, provide environmentally sustainable economic alternatives, and conserve the rainforest. The Yachana Reserve is the result of the foundations efforts to purchase blocks of land for the purpose of conservation. The Yachana Foundation has a long-term plan of sustainable management for the reserve according to International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) protected forest guidelines and guidelines laid out by the Ministerio del Ambiente (Ecuadorian Ministry of the Environment). One of GVIs main roles at the reserve is to provide support where deemed necessary for the development of the management plan. This includes reserve boundary determination, baseline biodiversity assessments, visitor information support, and research centre development.
GVI also works with local research institutions. The Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, MECN, (Ecuadorian Museum for Natural Sciences) provides technical assistance with field research and project development. The museum is a government research institution which houses information and conducts research on the presence and distribution of floral and faunal species throughout Ecuador. GVI obtains their investigation permit with the support of MECN for the collection of specimens. The data and specimens collected by GVI are being lodged with the MECN in order to make this information nationally and internationally available, and to provide verification of the field data. MECN technicians are continuously invited to the Yachana Reserve to conduct in-field training and education for GVI and Yachana students, as well as explore research opportunities otherwise unavailable.
2. Avian Project: Impacts of road disturbance and edge effects on Avian Communities in the Yachana Reserve, Ecuador
Please see appendix for Introduction and Methods 2.1 Mist Netting Results
The aim of this particular project was to compare the avian population on areas located far from the road that passes through the reserve, and those areas that are closer to it. The sites were selected according to the following criteria: Those at a distance of less than 150 metres were treated as sites close to the road Those from 150m to 700 metres were analyzed as areas far from the road. Seventeen sites were surveyed in the Yachana Reserve from October 2009 until the end of May 2011, resulting in a total of 1967.5 hours of mist netting, of which 991.16 hours were spent surveying sites close to the road and 976.34 hours were spent studying the sites located further from the road. (See Fig 2.1)
Net hours
976:34 hours
991:16 hours
Close
Far
Fig 2.1 Number of net hours completed at sites close to the road and far from the road
In total, 26 different families of birds were found; 13 of which were families common to both areas: Bucconidae, Cardinalidae, Columbidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Furnariidae,
Mortmotidae, Pipridae, Thamnophilidae, Thraupidae, Trochilidae, Troglodytidae, Turdidae and Tyrannidae. In those areas further from the road, 23 different families were found, unique to those far sites, while only 16 unique families were encountered in areas close to the road. A total of 611 new individuals were captured, 359 in sites far from the road, and 252 in sites close to the road.. Regarding number of species, 65 species were found in far sites, and 50 species were found in close sites. A total of 35 species were common to both areas. The following table, Table 2.1, compiles different sets of data obtained from the mist netting efforts, as well as some comparative indices calculated for data analysis.
Table 2.1 Data and statistical results comparing birds caught far from the road and close to the road.
Far Total of captures (individuals) Recaptures (individuals) Total new individuals 389
Close 266
Total 655
30
14
44
359
252
611
Number of species
65
50
35*
Relative richness (species/hour) Number of families
0.666
0.0504
23
16
13*
Relative abundance (individuals/hour) Beta diversity (Sorensens) Shannon Index
0.3677
0.2542
0.6140
3.4609
3.1247
3.9999
* spp common to both areas

The Shannon Index (See Table 2.1) gives information regarding species evenness and richness for a particular community. The values can range from 1.5 and 3.5 (sometimes even higher), with 1.5 indicating little species richness and evenness and 3.5 representing a high value of species richness and evenness. Both sites show a high value, but, comparatively, the far sites appear slightly richer and more even than those sites close to the road (3.4609 vs. 3.1247). Sorensens Similarity Index has a value of 0.6140. This index can range from a value of 0, which would show no species overlap between the sites far and close to the road, and 1, which will mean that exactly the same species of birds were found in both areas. This particular value shows that there is an overlap of approximately 61% between the two areas of study.
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Close Far
Fig 2.2 Numbers of individuals from each species caught far from or close to the road
Looking at the species that are more present in the reserve Fig 2.2 indicates a trend to find more individuals in areas far from the road. However, there are a few exceptions for which the number of individuals captured close to the road is equal or higher than farther from the road.
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2.2
Mist Netting Discussion
Bird species more regularly caught closer to the road are the Straight-billed Hermit, Greatbilled Hermit, Ochre-bellied Flycatcher and Blue-crowned Manakin. All other species were caught more regularly further from the road. Straight-billed Hermit: 10 individuals were found close to the road and half that amount far from the road. However, since members of the Trochilidae family are not banded as part of this project, it is possible that these numbers include recaptures, with the same individuals being trapped several times. Great-billed Hermit: 39 individuals were captured close to the road, with 37 being captured far from the road. This species belongs to the Trochilidae family as well, therefore, the same conclusion as above applies to this species. Ochre-bellied Flycatcher: 23 individuals were found close to the road, and 14 in nets far from the road. There isnt enough data to reach a conclusion regarding if the road, which is not classified as a busy one (Kuitunen, et al., 2003) has a favorable or detrimental effect for this species, since a bigger sample of individuals of different ages should be surveyed in order to analyze this, however, generally speaking, it is not unusual to see fly catchers by the road side due to feeding habits (Snow, B.K. & Snow, D.W. (1979). Blue-crowned Manakin: the same number of individuals was encountered in both areas, being the species with the highest number of individuals found during surveying.
Out of the 44 recaptures, there are a few individuals that had been banded in sites close to the road and then recaptured in the same area: Blue-crowned Manakin (Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata) with band ID 91L that was initially banded on 27 October. Plain Brown Woodcreeper (Dendrocincla fuliginosa) with band ID 77L was initially banded 14 October, 2010 Ocellated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus oscellatus), band ID 14R Plain Brown Woodcreeper (Dendrocincla fuliginosa), band ID 28L, also banded but previous banding information has not been found for these two last individuals. Two Dusky-throated Antshrikes (Thamnomanes ardesiacus), band IDs 40L and 5R, both recaptured close to the road, with no data found for their initial banding data. The second
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individual was recaptured on the 19 th and 21st of May in the same site, which could indicate that it is a resident bird.
There was also a recapture showing movement between areas close to the road and a site far from it: A White-plumed Antbird (Pithys albifrons), band ID 94L that was banded on the 20 th of January 2011 150 metres from the road, but recaptured 700 metres from the road.
2.3 Point Count Results This is the third phase in which GVI Amazon conducted point counts using this methodology. Five different surveys were completed during this phase. A total of 140 individuals were recorded, belonging to 38 different species. Only two species were found to be unique to the road: the Dusky-headed parakeet (Aratinga weddellii) with one individual found by the road side and the White-winged Becard (Pachyramphus viridis), with two individuals found by the road and one individual found 150 metres from it. Five species found were unique to sites in the forest, far from the road. Two individuals of Speckled Chacalaca (Ortalis guttata) were recorded, one at 450 metres from the road and the second one at 600 metres from it, both on the same day. The other four species were found at 600 metres from the road, with just one individual found per species: Lined Forest-falcon (Micrastur gilvicollis), Violaceous Trogon (Trogon violaceous), White-necked Thrush (Turdus albicollis) and Chestnut-eared Aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis),recorded in three different morning surveys. A majority of the species recorded were found across all, or most, distances from the road -- in total 31 species and 131 individuals, with the most common being Bright-Rumped Attila (Attila spadiceus), Gilded Barbet (Capita auratus), Little Tinamou (Crypturellus soui), Dusky-throated Antshrike (Thamnomanes ardesiacus), Violaceous Jay (Cyanocorax violaceus), Blue-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata), Purple-throated Fruitcrow (Querula purpurata), Russet-backed Oropendola (Psarocolius angustifrons) and Yellowrumped Cacique (Cacicus cela).
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Table 2.2 Individuals and species found across various distance from the road.
Individuals Unique to road Unique to forest All distances Total 3 6 132 140
% 2.14 4.29 93.57 100
Species 2 5 31 38
% 5.26 13.16 81.58 100
The highest number of species were recorded at all distances from the road (81.58% of the total species recorded see Table 2.2), indicating that many species are not specialized in a certain habitats such as deep forest or road side.
2.4.
Point Count Discussion
The results indicate that many species on the reserve are not affected by the presence of the road. This may be because the road has minimal impact on all bird communities or because generalist species are more commonly recorded during point count surveys. The main examples for generalist species in the reserve, according to this data are Russetbacked Oropendola (Psarocolius angustifrons), Gilded Barbet (Capita auratus), Whitetailed Trogon (Trogon chionurus), Violaceous jay (Cyanocorax violaceus) and Yellowrumped Cacique (Cacicus cela), all with over 10 individuals recorded. There may be several reasons to justify these numbers; one possibility is the fact that these species are very vocal and have quite distinctive calls, and are thus more likely to be noticed by surveyors. When we look at data collected on past expeditions and visual encounters in the Yachana Reserve, it becomes more cleare that these species appear as generalists in the Reserve. Those species that appear to be unique to a particular habitat -- for example, Duskyheaded parakeet (Aratinga weddellii), White-winged Becard (Pachyramphus viridis) for the road, and Speckled Chacalaca (Ortalis guttata), Lined Forest-falcon (Micrastur gilvicollis), Violaceous Trogon (Trogon violaceous), White-necked Thrush (Turdus albicollis) and Chestnut-eared Aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis) for deeper forest provide important
13
information regarding habits and habitat preference for those species, and show that the road in the Yachana reserve does have an impact on avian population distribution. Only two species were found to be unique to the road: Dusky-headed parakeet (Aratinga weddellii) with one individual found by the road side and White-winged Becard (Pachyramphus viridis), with two individuals found by the road and one individual found 150 metres from it. There were five species found to be unique to the forest. Two individuals of Speckled Chacalaca (Ortalis guttata) were recorded, one at 450 metres from the road and the second one at 600 metres from it, both on the same day. The other four species were found at 600 metres from the road, with just one individual found per species. Lined Forest-falcon (Micrastur gilvicollis), Violaceous Trogon (Trogon violaceous), White-necked Thrush (Turdus albicollis) and Chestnut-eared Aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis) were recorded in three different morning surveys. Finally, it is important to remember that Point count data complements mist netting data and vice versa, due to the fact that mist netting in the Reserve only targets understory birds and point counts can provide data on canopy or more secretive species.
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3. Herpetological Project: The Effect of Structural Habitat Change on Herpetofaunal Communities

Please see appendix for Introduction and Methods as unchanged from 111. 3.1 Results
During this phase, 274 identified reptile and amphibian individuals were encountered, comprising 40 species; 15 species of reptiles and 25 species of amphibians. Pristimantis kichwarum and Ameerega bilinguis were the dominant species recorded during the phase with 112 individuals of P. kichwarum recorded along with 37 individuals of A. bilinguis. Combined, both species comprised 54.4% of the total assemblage. The distribution and abundance of P. kichwarum and A. bilinguis can be seen in Fig 3.1 and 3.2 respectively. Of the remaining 28 herpetofaunal species recorded, only 7 species were encountered more than 3 times; Bolitoglossa pervuiana (12 individuals encountered), Osteocephalus deridens (5 individuals encountered), Pristimantis lanthanites (9 individuals encountered), Pristimantis malkini (4 individuals encountered), Pristimantis peruvianus (4 individuals encountered), Hylomantis hulli (4 individuals encountered) and Anolis trachyderma (4 individuals encountered). The distribution of all herpetofaunal species can be seen in Fig 3.3. To clearly show the distribution and abundance of particular species of the herpetofaunal assemblage in the Yachana Reserve, the following figures display distance from the road in 100 m intervals.
15
Fig 3.1 Distribution and abundance of Pristimantis kichwarum in the Yachana Reserve
Ameerega bilinguis
Distancia desde la Carretera
401-500
301-400 201-300
101-200
0-100 0 2 4 6 8 Nmero de Individuos 10 12
Fig 3.2 Distribution and abundance of Ameerega bilinguis in the Yachana Reserve
16
Fig 3.3 Distribution and abundance of herpetofaunal species in the Yachana Reserve.
The distribution and abundance of amphibian and reptile individuals are reasonably evenly distributed over the 500 m survey transect. The region with the most individuals recorded was between 0-100 m, the closest area from the road (Table 3.1). The region second furthest from the road (301-400m) showed the lowest number of recorded individuals. With regards to the number of species encountered in each interval, the region next to the road (0-100 m) yielded a relatively high number, with 16 different species recorded compared to 13 species observed between 101-200m. The highest number of species found in any region was 21, recorded between 201-300m from the road (Table 3.2). The number of unique species tells a similar story, with the interval from 201-300 m yielding 6 unique species, the highest number (Table 3.3).
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Table 3.1 Distance from the road (m) and corresponding number of individuals encountered in each 100 m interval.
Distance from road (m) 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500
No. of individuals 71 50 57 46 50
Table 3.2 Distance from the road (m) and corresponding number of species encountered in each 100 m interval.
No. of species 16 13 21 14 15
Table 3.3 Distance from the road (m) and corresponding number of unique species encountered in each 100 m interval.
No. of unique species 3 1 6 2 4
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3.2
Discussion
Previous herpetological studies undertaken in the Yachana Reserve have predominantly focused on assessing the effect of structural habitat changes and the ability of secondary forest to preserve herpetofaunal richness, distribution and abundance in addition to constructing an accurate species list (eg. Whitworth 2010). This phase continued herpetofaunal studies focussed on the impact of road disturbance and the subsequent edge effects that the road may cause. Pristimantis kichwarum and Ameerega bilinguis in terms of pure numbers are prevalent throughout the entire 500 m herpetofaunal transects and P. Kichwarum was found on every survey undertaken. This is consistent with findings from Whitworth (2010), where it is indicated that this species is capable of thriving in both primary and secondary habitat, indicating an ability to quickly adapt to changing habitats. This ability to adapt quickly to disturbance may explain why of the 71 individuals of 15 species located in the 100m closest to the road, just 2 species, A. bilinguis and P. kichwarum, accounted for 59.2% of the total. The high number of individuals found here may be skewed due to the fastadapting nature of the generalist species found here, such as P. kichwarum and A. Bilinguis. However, in the interval between 201-300m, these two species accounted for just 43.9%. This may be indicative that in these areas of lower disturbance, specialist species may thrive in greater abundance as they are able to compete more successfully with generalist species, such as P. Kichwarum and A. Bilinguis. The data on unique species show that the greatest number of unique species in harboured in the interval between 201-300m, with the second highest value located at the furthest interval from the road, 401-500m. This, combined with the fact that the highest number of species was also located between 201-300m, suggests that there is a correlation between distance from the road and reptile and amphibian diversity. This may be representative of increase in diversity as disturbance decreases.
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4. Butterfly Project: Impact of road disturbance on Nymphalid butterfly communities in Yachana Reserve, Ecuador.
4.1
Introduction
Previous butterfly surveys conducted on the Yachana reserve and elsewhere in the neotropics have used fermented banana in traps to lure butterflies of the Nymphalid family (Batra 2006, De Vries 1988, DeVries et al 1999, Murray 2000). The Nymphalid family and specifically the subfamilies Nymphalinae, Charaxinae, Morphinae and Satyrinae are fruit feeding butterflies rather than nectar feeding butterflies.
The type of bait in a trap will determine the species of butterflies caught and the amount of butterflies caught. The aim of this study is to look at which bait type yields the most data. If a bait type can be found which attracts more individuals of wide diversity of species we may be able to use this bait type to make future surveys more efficient.
4.2
Method
Trap design Traps were designed following the design described by Batra (2006). The main body of the traps consisted of a cylinder of netting on average 1m in length, 0.25m in diameter. The netting had a closed top to prevent captured individuals from escaping and was created with a Velcro-fastened slit along the side to allow removal of butterflies. Durable string was attached to the top of the traps to hang them from trees. Approximately 0.1m below the netting, a 25cm diameter tray was hung. A small cup, 10cm in diameter, with bait inside was placed on the tray The bait cup was covered with a square of netting and secured with an elastic band to stop butterflies and other insects from falling into the bait and getting stuck.
Bait Five different bait types were tested. Fermented banana was prepared as in previous studies on the Yachana reserve and as described by DeVries et al (1999). Four bananas were cut then mashed and left in a tub to ferment for two days. This bait type was used
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over two 7-day survey periods. Banana and Beer bait was prepared by mixing 240ml of Ecuadorian Pilsner beer purchased from the local market with 4 cut and mashed bananas (1/3rd of a banana and 20ml of beer per trap) and left in a tub to ferment for two days. This bait type was used over the first 7-day survey period. Banana and Wine bait was prepared by mixing 240ml of peach flavoured wine purchased from the local market with 4 cut and mashed bananas (1/3rd of a banana and 20ml of wine per trap) and left in a tub to ferment for two days. This bait type was used over the second 7-day survey period. Papaya was prepared by cutting and mashing one whole papaya and leaving it in a tub to ferment for two days. This bait type was used over the first 7-day survey period. Pineapple was prepared by cutting and mashing one whole pineapple and leaving it in a tub to ferment for two days. This bait type was used over the second 7-day survey period.
Survey sites Two transects along previously cut forest trails were selected and traps set up at the entrance to the trail (referred to as 0m), 50m, 100m, 200m, 300m and 400m along the trail. These distances were selected as they were used in a previous study looking at the edge effect of the road and the data from this survey may also be used to add weight to data collected during the previous study.
Identification and marking All butterflies captured were identified by GVI volunteers and staff using identification plates. Captured individuals were marked on the wings, using a non-toxic marking pen, with a spot code referring to trap and bait type in order to monitor recaptures. Butterflies were not marked if they were deemed to be too small (e.g. smaller than Tigridia acesta), their wings showed dramatic effects of wear (i.e. If there are pieces of wing missing) to prevent further damage to the wings, or if their wings were transparent to avoid disrupting camoflauge/disguise.
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4.3
Results
From phase 112, a total of 164 individuals, of 48 species were captured and identified. A breakdown of the number of individuals found at each bait type is given in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Individual butterfly numbers as distributed in traps by bait type, combined from both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each.
Phase 112A 112B 112A 112B 112A 112B
Bait Banana Banana Banana and Beer Banana and Wine Papaya Pineapple
Number of individuals 22 35 25 51 14 28
Biblidinae
12 10 Banana A 8 6 6 5 4 3 5 Banana B 11
Ban Beer A
Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B
4
2 0
Banana A Banana B Ban Beer A Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B
Fig 4.1 Graph of the distribution of the Biblidinae family combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each.
22
Satyrinae 20
18
16
18
14
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 10
13
Banana A Banana B
Ban Beer A
Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B
Fig 4.2 Graph of the distribution of the Satyrinae family combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each.
Danainae 3.5 3 2.5 2 2 2 2
3
Banana A Banana B Ban Beer A 1 1 Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B
1.5
1 0.5
0
Fig 4.3 Graph of the distribution of the Dananinae family combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each.
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Figures 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 show that individuals were found in abundance in the Banana and Wine baited traps for the families of Biblidinae, Satyrinae and Dananinae. Few individuals were found in the Papaya baited traps for the Satyrinae family.
Tigridia acesta 10 9 8 7 6 5 8 7 5 3 1 9
Banana A
Banana B Ban Beer A Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B
4
3
2
1 0 Banana A Banana B
Ban Beer A Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B
Fig 4.4 Graph of the distribution of the species Tigridia acesta combined for both sites over 2 sampling periods of 7 days each.
Fig 4.4 shows that individuals of the species Tigridia acesta were found in abundance in the Banana-and-Wine baited traps as well as the Banana baited traps.
4.4
Discussion
Table 4.1 shows us the number of individuals captured in each bait type of trap over a 7 day study period ranged between 14 and 51 with Banana-and-Wine bait being most popular with 51 individuals, followed by Banana bait from 112B with 35 individuals, then Pineapple bait with 28 individuals. All three of these bait types were tested during the same 7 day period during phase 112B. During phase 112A only 22 individuals were caught in Banana bait compared to 35 in phase 112B with exactly the same bait. In total 61 individuals were caught during phase 112A while 114 individuals were caught during
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phase 112B. The reason more butterflies were caught in 112B may be due to bait selection or may be due to another variable. If no other variables had an effect on the butterflies caught you would expect to see a similar number of butterflies caught in Banana 112A and Banana 112B.
Due to the small number of individuals caught it is very hard to find trends in bait preference for species, however when looking at bait preference for families, trends can be seen. Fig 4.1 indicates that Biblidinae butterflies prefer Banana-and-Wine bait over other types of bait. While Fig 4.1 does suggest that butterflies of the Biblidinae family prefer Banana-and-Beer bait over Banana bait and Pineapple bait, this trend cannot be considered definitive as Banana-and-Beer bait or Papaya bait were surveyed during a different 7 day period with other variables possible affecting numbers of butterflies caught.
Fig 4.2 indicates that butterflies of the Satyrinae family prefer Banana-and-Wine bait to Banana bait and Pineapple bait. The data also indicates that butterflies form the Satyrinae family will not select Papaya bait if Banana bait or Banana-and-Beer bait is found in nearby.
When looking for trends in the Danainae family we can compare all bait types together. Fig 4.3 shows that the same number of butterflies was found in Banana bait in phase 112A and 112B indicating that other variables which may have affected other families did not affect the Danainae family. Fig 4.3 shows a trend that butterflies of the Danainae family prefer Banana-and-Wine bait over all other types of bait. The species Tigridia acesta was the only species with enough individuals caught to look at a trend within species rather than family. A similar number of individuals were found in Banana traps from 112A and 112B meaning that the data collected from the two sample periods can be directly compared. The trend suggests that Banana-and-Wine bait was the preferred over all other bait types closely followed by Banana bait with Papaya bait selected against.
An alternative theory as to why less butterflies were found in the 112A traps may be because the Banana-and-Wine bait was a strong lure and attracted butterflies to the area,
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some of which may have visited the other baited traps thus also increasing the number of butterflies found in Pineapple bait and Banana bait in 112B.
The trends for all species and families of butterflies suggest that Banana-and-Wine bait is preferred over all other bait types and Papaya bait is selected against with Banana bait, Pineapple bait and Banana-and-Beer bait all visited regularly.
From this small set of data collected over two separate seven-day survey periods, trends such as a preference towards Banana-and-Wine bait and against Papaya bait can been seen. However to look for significant differences between bait types more data needs to be collected and all bait types surveyed during the same survey period so that the results can be compared more accurately.
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5. Mammal Project: The effects of a minor road on non-flying mammal communities in a small reserve
Please see appendix for Introduction and Methods as unchanged from 111. 5.1 Results
Both methods produced mammal observations for each distance away from the road over the two sites surveyed. Mammal VES for the entire project produced a total of 64 observations (groups of more than one individual was counted as one observation), detecting at least 20 species. Some opossum, small rodent and armadillo observations were not able to be identified to species level due to the nature of the survey methods used. For the purposes of this study any unknowns have been omitted from the data set. This results in 45 observations of confirmed species including a total of 15 identified species covering 11 different families. Tables 5.1 and 5.2 identify mammal observations made for each method; VES and sand padding respectively.
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Table 5.1 Raw VES data October 2010 - May 2011

Distance from road 0m Species Observed Dasyprocta fuliginosa Caluromys lanatus Potus flavus Didelphis marsupialis 25m Sylivagus brasiliensis Dactylomys dactylinus Philander andersoni 150m Didelphis marsupialis, Dactylomys dactylinus Potus flavus Herpailurus yaguarundi 350m Potus flavus Dactylomys dactylinus Didelphis marsupialis Agouti paca Dasypus novemcinctus 700m Mazma Americana Aotus vociferans Dactylomys dactylinus Potus flavus Total: 31 Total:12 4 4 9 5 9 4 5 3 No. Records 4 No. Species 4
Sand padding also produced a number of records, detecting 31 observations, including 12 different species. Moulds and photographs collected from sand padding will also help build up a library database for mammal prints, aiding print/track identification in the future.
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Table 5.2 Raw sand pad data November 2010 - March 2011
Distance from road 0m Species Observed Nasua nasua Dasyprocta fuliginosa 25m 150m Nasua nasua Nasua nasua Dasyprocta fuliginosa 350m 700m Nasua nasua Tayassu tajacu Leopardus pardilis Nasua nasua Agouti paca Total: 14 Total:5 2 4 1 4 2 4 1 2 No. Records 2 No. Species 2
With both VES and sand pad methods combined, the study produced 45 mammal species observations, identifying 15 species and 11 families. Total observations, species and diversity is described in Table 5.3.
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Table 5.3 Raw data from both VES and sand pad surveys completed between October 2010 and March 2011
Distance from road 0m Species Observed Dasyprocta fuliginosa Caluromys lanatus Nasua nasua Potus flavus Didelphis marsupialis 25m Sylivagus brasiliensis Dactylomys dactylinus Nasua nasua Philander andersoni 150m Didelphis marsupialis Potus flavus Dactylomys dactylinus Dasyprocta fuliginosa Nasua nasua Herpailurus yaguarundi 350m Dactylomys dactylinus Potus flavus Didelphis marsupialis Nasua nasua Agouti paca Dasypus novemcinctus 700m Tayassu tajacu Leopardus pardalis Mazma americana Aotus vociferans Nasua nasua Dactylomys dactylinus Agouti paca Potus flavus Total: 45 Total:15 8 8 2.079442 1 11 6 1.720193 0.960058 13 6 1.671595 0.932935 7 4 1.277034 0.921185 Number of Observations 6 Number of Species 5 Shannons Diversity 1.56071 Evenness 0.969724
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Of the 15 species observed throughout two survey methods the furthest distance from the road, 700m, recorded the most species (8), followed by 350m and 150m, then 0m and the least number of species being recorded at 25m away from the road (4). The number of observations however follow a different chronology with the most observations recorded at 150m (13), followed by 350m, 700m, 25m, and lastly 0m with the least number of observations of 6 out of a total of 45 across all sites. In Table 5.4 the Srrensons Similarity Index was used to calculate the beta diversity for all distances away from the road. Table 5.4 Beta diversity for each distance away from the road using Srrensons Similarity Index. 0 0 25 150 350 700 0.22 0.73 0.54 0.31 25 0.22 0.4 0.4 0.33 150 0.73 0.4 0.66 0.43 350 0.54 0.4 0.66 0.57 700 0.31 0.33 0.43 0.57
Distances of 0m and 25m shared the least number of similar species with an index of 0.22, and distances of 0m and 150m shared the largest number of similar species with an index of 0.73.
Fig 5.1 represents the total number of mammal species, families and observations made at various distances away from the road since the beginning of the project in October 2010.
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Total mammal observation events and species and families observed at each distance from the road
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 25 150 350 700 Number Species Number Families Number Observations
Fig 5.1 Total number of mammal observation events, total species and families observed through VES and sand pad surveys from October 2010 to May 2011.
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Fig 5.2 represents how many observations of each mammal species were made at various distances away from the road since the beginning of the project in October 2010.
Mammal species observed at each distance away from road

4 Nasua nasua Dasyprocta fuliginosa Potus flavus 3
Caluromys lanatus
Didelphis marsupialis Dactylomys dactilynus Sylvilagus brasiliensis
Philander andersoni
Herpailurus yaguarundi*
Agouti paca Dasypus novemcinctus Tayassu tajacu* Leopardus pardalis* Mazma americana* 0 0m 25m 150m 350m 700m Aotus vociferans*
* Denotes species least commonly seen in the Yachana Reserve
Fig 5.2 Total number of each mammal species observed at each survey distance from the road through both visual encounter survey and sand pad survey methods from October 2010 to May 2011.
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5.2
Discussion
Shannons diversity indicates a higher diversity of mammal species at the furthest distance away from the road at 700m with a diversity score of 2.079442. The distance with lowest diversity was 25m away from the road with a Shannons index of 1.277034. There is no evidence of a perfect correlation of diversity and distance away from the road as a slightly higher diversity was found on the road at 0m than at 25m. However this is the only distinct abnormality in the data in an otherwise strongly correlated dataset (ie each increasing distance away from the road increases in diversity).
For beta diversity the Srrensons Similarity Index indicates distances with most similar species are 150m and 0m, meaning these sites shared approximately 73% of the same species. The sites with least similar species are 0m and 25m sharing only approximately 22% of the same species. All other sites vary in similar species sharing between 31% and 66% of the same species; however sites at 25m and 700m away from the road have the lowest diversity indices in comparison to all other distances indicating they both contain species less similar to all other distances.
All sites had relatively high evenness indicating there were a similar number of observations made for each species. The number of observations differed only slightly between species at all sites however this may have been more significant if the sample size was larger and a greater survey effort involved.
The highest number of species observed at any distance was at 700m away from the road. This figure is not significantly different than those of other distances due to the survey effort and therefore sample size. Despite having the highest number of species, the number of total observations at 700m was relatively low when compared to the number at other distances. However, it was at this distance that less common species were observed for example Aotus vociferans, Tayassu tajacu, Leopardus pardalis and Mazma americana. These species were not observed at any other distance which may indicate they may only be found in habitat deemed less affected by the road (in this case greater than 350m away from the road). This may also suggest that the road may have an effect on the distribution of particular species.
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6. Community Programme.
6.1 Introduction
The community programme at GVI Amazon continues growing and significant advances have been made this phase. Below are the aims and achievements to date for the various community projects being conducted at Yachana and in the surrounding area. 6.2 Yachana Foundation
GVI continues to work closely with the Yachana Foundation. GVI Amazon welcomes students from the Colegio Tcnico Yachana (Yachana Technical High School) joining the expedition for varying periods. They participate in all aspects of the expedition, including survey work, camp duty and satellite camps. The students are of great assistance during field work, sharing their knowledge about local uses for plants and local flora and fauna knowledge, as well as helping with the scheduled project work. They share their culture with volunteers and allow a greater insight into their background. Aims To provide a cultural exchange between volunteers and Ecuadorian students. To allow volunteers to practice Spanish and Colegio students to practice English. To create a greater awareness of the work conducted by GVI Amazon between the students. To enable Colegio students to gain practical experience in survey techniques.
Progress this phase This phase there were no visits from groups of students from the Colegio, as Phase 112 coincided with end-of-year exams and the beginning of school holidays. Future plans The next phase coincides with the summer holidays for the Colegio students. However, there is the possibility for students in their last year, or recent graduates, to join the GVI expedition as a pasantia (internship). We expect to have at least 2 students join us in Phase 113.
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In September 2011, the Yachana Technical High School (Colegio) will be instituting a gapyear program, in which all students will be required to complete one scholastic year of internship placements in order to graduate. GVI Amazon base camp will be an essential part of this gap-year program, receiving at least 2 Yachana students each expedition. Students will participate in all regular survey and expedition work, as well as earn a modified certification in survey techniques. They will also receive recognition for the
English practice gained by living and working alongside GVI Amazon volunteers. GVI is looking forward to this unique new way to share our knowledge with the students of the Amazon region. The Yachana Foundation is also building a new Institute in the community of Agua Santa (one hour on foot, or approximately 15 minutes by bus, from GVI Amazon camp). The Institute will offer university-level certification courses in a variety of subjects. GVI Amazon has been asked to assist in elaborating a biological learning programme, focused on field techniques, for students in the Conservation and Forestry track at the Institute. With an estimated opening date of 2012, the Institute will offer a unique higher-education opportunity in the Amazon, and GVI is excited to partner with them to offer hands-on experience in conservation. Lastly, a guide certification program is currently being developed to provide standardized license for naturalist guides in Ecuador. The Yachana Foundation has been asked to take part in the program, serving as a main center to deliver the guide certification course. GVI will partner with Yachana to provide training to guides in field survey techniques, species identification, and English practice. This program is slated to begin in 2012.
6.3
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is a village located approximately twenty minutes walk down the reserve road from the GVI Amazon camp. The main project that GVI Amazon runs in Puerto Rico is a programme of English lessons (TEFL) in the school of the community. The school has two classes, a younger (4-7 years old) and an older class (7-13 years old), and English lessons are given twice a week.
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Aims Improve the level of English teaching in the local community. Develop and incorporate environmental education for the children at the school. Maintain good relationship and interaction with the community.
Progress Twelve English lessons were given at Puerto Rico this phase. This resulted in 24 volunteer hours of teaching to 16 older students and 12 younger students. Also, a presentation about snakes was given to both classes, including the importance of snakes to the environment, and how to react in the event of a snake bite. GVI Amazon volunteers and staff helped in a community minga (workday), helping the community to clear some areas next to the road, to make it safer. The relationship with Puerto Rico is solid and keeps improving. Future The next expedition coincides with the summer holidays in the school, but the lessons will continue, although fewer children are expected to attend. These lessons will be supplemented by occasional environmental presentations. English lessons for adults could be part of the summer school. More mingas can be done, and we will try to arrange more community visits to the base.
6.4
Rio Bueno
Rio Bueno is a small village that can be reached on foot in around and hour and a half from GVI Amazon camp or by bus, taking the one that goes to Tena which runs through the reserve the majority of the way. The main project that GVI Amazon runs in Rio Bueno is a programme of English lessons in the school of the community once a week. The school lies at the very eastern edge of the reserve and consists of one class with children of similar age, 7 to 12.
Aims Improve relationship with the community of Rio Bueno. Develop a teaching programme for the school.
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Give weekly English lessons. Introduce conservation topics.
Progress Ten English lessons were given this phase. This resulted in 10 volunteer hours of teaching to the children. Also, a presentation about the importance of keeping the forest clean of litter was given to the class. The class continue to be extremely willing to learn and we have made a great deal of progress with the level of English so far. The teacher is also putting a lot of effort into improving her own level of English knowledge and is taking the class through the work between lessons with volunteers. In order to encourage this we have been providing vocabulary flashcards and posters made by volunteers for use between lessons. The community was invited to visit GVI Amazon camp, and a group of around 20 people lead by the president came to the base. They were shown the different surveys and research projects that GVI Amazon develop here, and the response was very good. They invited to the staff and volunteers to visit the community, where they prepared some food and games. GVI Amazon has been raising money for a water pump for the new school. With this objective some successful events, such as a 24 hour survey, have been done. Enough money has been raised to buy the water pump. Future The next expedition coincides with the summer holidays in the school, but the lessons will continue, although fewer children are expected to attend the lessons. These lessons will be supplemented by occasional environmental presentations. English lessons for adults could be part of the summer school. We want to provide more opportunities for the community to visit camp. Also the amount of money needed for the water pump has been raised, so hopefully in the next expedition they could move to the new school.
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7. Incidentals
GVI continues to document all faunal activity in the reserve through incidental sightings and audio encounters. All species encountered outside of specific surveys are recorded as incidentals. Incidental sightings can be recorded during project work within the reserve, and also outside of survey or project time during informal walks into the forest. At the occurrence of each incidence, the time, location, date, species, and any other key characteristics or notes are taken and later entered into a database in camp.
Records During this expedition, various incidental encounters were recorded:

Red-tailed Boa Smooth-fronted Caiman Fer-de-lance Western Woolly Oppossum Turnip-Tail Gecko Black-Mantle Tamarin Crested Owl Suriname Golden-eyed Milk Treefrog Rainbow Boa Chestnut-belted Gnat-eater Amazon Foresr Dragon Ornate Snail-eating Snake Common Milk Treefrog Golden Tegu South American Coati Amazon Bark Anole Amazon Green Anole Little Rufous Mouse Opossum Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner Red Howler Monkey Spix's Guan Bridled Forest Gecko Broad-headed Rain Frog Amazon Pygmy Gecko Forest Whiptail Fer-de-lance Boa constrictor constrictor Paleosuchus trigonatus Bothrops atrox Caluromys lanatus Theodactylus rapicaudus Sanguinus nigricollis Lophostrix cristata Tracheocephalus coriaceus Epicrates cenchria gaigei Conopophaga aurita Enyalioides laticeps Dipsas catesbyi Trachycephalus venulosa Turinambis teguixin Nasua nasua Anolis ortonii Anolis punctatus Marmosa lepida Automolus infuscatus Allouatta seniculus Penelope jacquacu Gonatodes humeralis Strabomantis sulcatus Pseaudogonatodes guianensis Kentropyx pelviceps Bothrops atrox
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Black Hawk-Eagle (Immature) Jaguarundi (print) Zone-tailed Hawk Map Treefrog South American Coati Calico Snake Red-striped Treefrog Mottled Clown Treefrog Warbling Antbird Amazon Forest-dragon Red Vine Snake
Spizaetus tyrannus Felis yaugouaroundi Buteo albonotatus Hipsiboas geographica Nasua nasua Oxyrhopus petala Dendropsophus rhodopleplus Dendropsophus saracuyensis Hypocnemis cantator Enyalioides laticeps Oxybelis siphlophus
New Species From the above list, five of these species were found on the reserve for the first time and added to the reserve species during phase 112:
Suriname Golden-eyed Milk Treefrog Red Howler Monkey Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner Zone-tailed Hawk Mottled Clown Treefrog Tracheocephalus coriaceus Allouatta seniculus Automolus infuscatus Buteo albonotatus Dendropsophus saracuyensis
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8. Other Work Conducted During 112

8.1 Plant Project
Introduction The Ecuadorian Amazon hosts incredibly high levels of biodiversity, especially in reference to plant species. However, at present, there are relatively few studies on this subject in comparison with the species richness and numbers that exist. At the same time, the destruction of the Amazonian rainforests and the process of acculturation of the indigenous groups are causing the disappearance of this rich diversity of species at a very high rate (Estrella, 1995). Plant investigations that have been performed are mainly ethnobotanical studies, due to to the ease of obtaining reliable information from the local communities about plant identification and uses, as well as the economic and health importance of certain plants to those communities (Estrella, 1995). There are different reasons to start to study the Amazonian flora. Plants hold great importance in the local economies, and in the ways of life of indigenous communities (Friedman et al, 1993). From a biological perspective plants have a huge impact in the species distribution and ecology. In the GVI Amazon Expedition records, information and studies about plants were scarce and not systematic. This project aims to begin directed research about plants in the Yachana Reserve, at present with an ethnobotanical focus that includes a data base and a medicinal garden. Aims Enhance knowledge of plants for volunteers, students and staff members. Create a plant database for further plant research. Create a medicinal garden to show tourists, students and volunteers the different uses of the Amazonian plants and their importance for the local communities. Install signs at the GVI Amazon base camp, in the medicinal garden and along the interpretative trail, to give information and aid tourists, volunteers, students and staff in learning different species of plants and their uses.
Progress
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A plant database has been created, and now includes around 100 species. For each species, the database includes taxonomy information (Latin name and family), description and keys of identification, uses, location in the reserve (ecology indications are given when possible) and photographs. A flat location next to the GVI Amazon base camp was selected. The location was cleared and the medicinal garden was created. At present, the garden contains approximately 20 different species of plants, with an expected total of 50 species in the future. The plants were gathered around the base camp and in the reserve, as well as donated from the gardens of community members in Puerto Rico. Sign work has begun, with some signs already painted and installed in the garden, around the GVI Amazon base camp, and along the interpretive trail. Future Goals Continue expanding the plant data base, with a possible aim towards an ethnobotanical guide for the Yachana Reserve. Plant more species in the medicinal garden. Start a plant collection, collaborating with the Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (MECN). Use knowledge gained during ethnobotanical project to give a deeper background to the zoological researches that are developed in the reserve, allowing a better understanding of the animal communities and their ecologies.
8.2
Long Term Monitoring System
Work on the new long-term monitoring grid has continued this phase. The grid divides the reserve into equally sized cuadrants, each of which contains a transect. Transects begin at the same point within each cuadrant and follow topographical lines. Standardized surveys can then be conducted along transects and compared within the reserve as well as with other rainforest conservation sites following similar grid methodology.The majority of access trails and transects have successfully been installed and the remaing transects will be installed during phase 113. New standard methodologies are being developed for the monitoring system and during phase 113 survey methods will be trialed and guidelines put in place for future studies. The guidelines and protocol for surveying developed during
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phase 113 can then be used for all future studies as a standardized way to monitor the reserve.
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9. Future Expedition Aims

Begin surveying the long term monitoring grid. Develop replicable protocol and guidelines for all surveys to be carried out as part of the long term monitoring grid. Continue avian research, including point counts and mist netting. Continue herpetological research, including visual encounter surveys and pitfall trapping. Continue butterfly research using banana and wine bait. Continue mammal research using camera traps. Continue to accept Yachana Technical High School students and/or recent graduates into the GVI program, free of charge, as National Scholarship Program (NSP) students. In Phase 114, we will begin a dedicated program with Yachana Technical High School to receive two gap-year student interns every 4-5 week phase. Students will be given the opportunity to learn survey techniques alongside GVI volunteers as well as to practice their English skills. Continue TEFL-based English lessons at Puerto Rico and Rio Bueno schools, with a defined focus for each ten week block to encourage students to put their learning into practise and focus on conversing in English. Continue basic environmental lessons with the communities of Puerto Rico and Rio Bueno (in Spanish), as part of GVIs BTEC Team Leading program.
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10. References
Batra, P. (2006). Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (Team) Initiative, Butterfly Monitoring Protocol, Version 2.01. Conservation International
BirdLife International (2011). Species factsheet: Lepidothrix coronata. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on the 20th of June 2011.
Bissonette, J.A. and Rosa, S.A. (2009). Road Zone Effect in Small-Mammal Communities.Ecology and Society 14: 27
Coffin, A.W. (2007). From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal of Transportation Geography 15: 396-406.
DeVries, P.J. (1988). Stratification of fruit-feeding nymphalid butterflies in a Costa Rican rainforest. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 26: 98-108
DeVries, P.J. Walla, T.R. and Greeney, H.F. (1999). Species diversity in spatial and temporal dimensions of fruit-feeding butterflies from two Ecuadorian rainforests. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68: 333-353
Duranes, R., Loiselle, B.A. and Blake, J.G. (2007). Intersexual special relationships in a lekking species: Blue-crowned manikins and female hotspots: Behavioral Ecology, Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St Louis, Advance Access publication.
Eisenberg, J.F. and Redford, K.H. (1999). Mammals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics Volume 3: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. The University of Chicago Press, USA.
Emmons, L.H. (1997). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide, Second Edition. University of Chicago Press, USA
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Estrella, E. (1995) Plantas amaznicas medicinales: realidades y perspectivas 302p Tratado de Cooperacin Amaznica. Lima.
Friedman, J., D. Bolotin, M. Rios, P. Mendosa, Y. Cohen, and M.J. Balick. (1993) A novel method for identification and domestication of indigenous useful plants in Amazonian Ecuador. p. 167-174. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York. Goosem, M. (2007).Fragmentation impacts caused by roads through rainforests.Current Science 93: 1587-1595
Jochimsen, D.M., Peterson, C.R., Andrews, K.M. and Gibbons, J.W. (2004). A Literature Review of the Effects of Roads on Amphibians and Reptiles and the Measures Used to Minimize Those Effects. Idaho Fish and Game Department, USDA Forest Service, 1-79.
Kuitunen, M.T., Viljanen, J., Rossi, E. and Stenroos, A. (2003). Impact of Busy Roads on Breeding Success in Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Murray, D.L. (2000). A survey of the butterfly fauna of Jatun Sacha, Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 35: 42-60
Pocock, Z., and Lawrence, R.E. (2005). How far into a forest does the effect of a road extend? Defining road edge effect in eucalyupt forests of south-eastern Australia.Pages 397405 in C. L. Irwin, P. Garrett, and K. P. McDermott, editors. Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for Transportation and Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Schlaepfer, M.A. and Gavin, T.A. 2001. Edge Effects on Lizards and Frogs in Tropical Forest Fragments. Conservation Biology 15: 1079-1090
Silveira, L., Jacomo, A.T.A. and Diniz-Filho, A.F. (2003). Camera trap, line transect census and track surveys: a comparative evaluation. Biological Conservation 114:351-353
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Smithsonian Institute (1996). Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Mammals. 89-93, 158-163
Snow, B.K. & Snow, D.W. (1979). "The Ochre-bellied Flycatcher and the Evolution of Lek Behavior." Condor 81(3)
Whitworth, A. 2010. Herpetological Research: The Effect of Structural Habitat Change on Herpetofaunal Communities. GVI Quarterly Science Report for Phase 104, 19-26.
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11. Appendices
11.1 Avian Survey Sites
Map of the Yachana Reserve showing proposed mistnetting sites and point count sites. 11.2 Avian Project Introduction
Rainforests worldwide have been suffering the effects of habitat fragmentation for decades, and its impacts on the flora and fauna of these globally significant ecosystems are severe. Although not as severe as complete habitat fragmentation, roads can
significantly affect rainforest environments and expose edge effects on the plant and animal communities. Although roads are beneficial in providing access to remote areas, the effects of roads on forest ecosystems extends further into the forest than just at the road edges (Gossem 2007, Coffin 2007), and is said to cause internal fragmentation, a less-recognized yet potentially severe threat caused by roads in rainforest ecosystems (Gossem 2007). Roads can have a wide variety of impacts on the surrounding
environments, including habitat loss and alteration, edge effects, disturbance effects such
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as noise pollution and chemical introduction, invasions of non-native flora, fauna and disease and road mortality, which together can create substantial barriers to the movement of a wide range of multi-taxa species and alter ecological processes (Gossem 2007). As a result, there is a high potential for loss of biodiversity of rainforest
ecosystems.
Avian communities are sensitive to environmental changes and habitat fragmentation within neotropical rainforests and other ecosystems worldwide. Certain groups of birds are reluctant to cross open roads, even if the road itself has minimal traffic. Amazonian
understory birds, especially those that move in mixed flocks and certain insectivorous species, tend to avoid canopy gaps in general and in many cases avoid edge habitats (Gossem 2007). Edge effects result in increased light intensity, temperature and moisture stress, which can be expected along the edges of roads in rainforests. They ultimately change the composition of vegetation along the roadsides to generalist, successional species, and therefore affecting the avifaunal communities that inhabit the roadside edges (Gossem 2007).
A study in Colorado showed that bird species composition was altered adjacent to trails in two ecosystems, one of which was forest habitat (Miller et al. 1998). Also, generalist species were found to be more abundant near trails and specialist species showed to be less common (Miller et al. 1998).
In neotropical regions, many of the species present in the forests are shy understory birds such as antbirds and manakins, which are dependent on the presence of food resources and specific ecological habitats. There is a good possibility that roads through small
reserves have created unnatural territory boundaries in which many of these species will not cross, thereby limiting the distributions of these specialist species.
The purpose of this is to determine if the road through the Yachana Reserve has any impacts on the avian communities present, through mistnetting and point count survey methods. Previously, mistnetting has been carried out on the Yachana Reserve to
investigate the impacts of disturbed versus less-disturbed habitat on avian communities. Point counts on the Yachana Reserve have also looked at similar trends, focusing on the
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different habitats and their influences on the birds present on the reserve. This study is planned to be carried out over a period of 6 months in order to gather all the data necessary to produce significant results and build a larger picture of the impacts of the road through the reserve on its avian communities. Aims To determine if there are impacts of the road on the distribution and movements of avian communities of the Yachana Reserve. To gain more information about the distribution of understory and canopy bird species on the reserve through a multi-methodology study. Objectives Produce an avian report on the impacts of road disturbance and corresponding edge effects, which can serve as an advisory for future development on small reserves for conservation monitoring purposes. Correlate the results found for bird communities with the coinciding mammal, amphibian and butterfly projects to produce a multi-taxa assessment of the impact of the road through the Yachana Reserve. 11.3 Mistnetting Methodology
mistnetting sites were chosen with respect to the other proposed sites and the proximity to the road through the Yachana ReserveThe sites were selected according to the following criteria: Those at a distance of less than 150 metres were treated as sites close to the road Those from this distance to 700 metres were considered as areas far from the road.
Each site has an array of 4 to 6 12x2.5m mistnets, distributed at least 30m from adjacent nets in a random pattern as the contours of the area allow. The mistnets were opened for a period of 3 to 4 consecutive days (weather permitting) at each site, one site at a time. hs. The mistnets were opened at sunrise (approximately 6:00 am) and remained open for approximately 4.5 5 hours a morning.
During the open period, the nets were checked in sequence every 25 minutes to ensure that birds caught were not tangled in the nets for an excessive amount of time. When
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checked, any birds caught were removed by trained and capable staff and placed into a bird bag to minimize stress of the birds until processed. Birds caught were processed at an adjacent station. Birds were identified to species. If it were possible, the birds caught were banded with an aluminum butt-end band (hummingbirds were excluded due to size and others were limited to band sizes available). This allows for monitoring of recaptures. Birds were weighed, measured, aged and sexed where possible. The processed birds were released away from the net sites after processing. All standard mistnetting
procedures and protocols were observed and monitored by trained staff on the project.
Mistnetting has been found to be generally less efficient than point counts (Blake and Loiselle 2001; Barlow et al. 2007); however it offers a method free from observer bias. It is also a useful and standardized technique to compare understory avifaunal communities composed of non-vocal and secretive species (Blake and Loiselle 2000). 11.4 Point Count Methodology
Point count surveys were conducted along various linear transects chosen on the north side of the road that runs through the Yachana Reserve. Points were set at 0m, 150m, 300m, 450m, and 600m along each transect; 0m is located at the road and the points continue northward along the transect. This will account for independence of understory birds recorded. Five (5) points were surveyed each morning (weather permitting). The counts were a duration 10 minutes at each site, with a 3 minute settle period upon arrival at each site prior to beginning each count. Point count surveys took place in just after sunrise (approximately starting around 6:15 am) and finishing by mid-morning, during the most active period of the day for avian activity. All birds seen and heard were recorded staff and volunteers collectively. Total species recorded for each point were tallied at the end of each survey day.
In Expedition phase112, 5 point counts were conducted along transects that run from the road north into the reserve, to 600m. Transects were walked in both directions, 0m 600m and 600m 0m during the survey period. No volunteer learning aspects were continued during this expedition phase, as the results obtained in expedition 104 were sufficient for this project.
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11.5 Amphibian and Reptile Introduction Rates of tropical deforestation continue to increase worldwide, exceeding efforts by governments and organisations to regenerate cleared areas. As a result disturbances and edges between forests and surrounding cleared areas are becoming an increasingly ubiquitous feature of tropical landscapes (Whitmore, 1997; Schlaepfer and Gavin, 2001). The term edge effect, typically encompasses all abiotic and biotic characteristics that change as a result of the juxtaposition of two dissimilar habitat types (Schlaepfer and Gavin, 2001). There is a general concern amongst scientists that edge effects may be detrimental to many taxa potentially extending deeply into some forest fragments affecting many endemic species. Roads are increasingly becoming a ubiquitous feature of many landscapes and their direct disturbance and edge effects are not yet fully understood (Jochimsen et al. 2004). Roads can have a variety of influences on the surrounding environment, such as habitat loss and alteration, noise pollution, chemical introduction, invasions of non-endemic flora and fauna in addition to disease and road mortalitly (Gossem 2007). Together these factors can create substantial barriers to the presence and movement of a wide range of organisms altering ecological processes, resulting in a potential loss of biodiversity of rainforest ecosystems.
Amphibians and reptiles have been treated as ideal organisms for tracking and moderating abiotic edge effects (Schlaepfer and Gavin, 2001). This is a consequence of their moderate mobility and their sensitivity to temperature changes in their habitat. Amphibians are also prone to desiccation; the sunnier, windier and drier forest edges produced by structures such as roads could result in an increased vulnerability towards amphibian species. Recent studies by Jochimsen et al. (2004) documented the increased mortality rates of several species of amphibians and reptiles in North America as a result of the construction of roads. Altered roadside habitats have also been shown to modify amphibian and reptile behaviour and movement patterns, having an impact on the overall population stability and persistence (Jochimsen et al. 2004). It is extremely important to understand how amphibians and reptiles respond to a fragmented landscape, given that habitat destruction and fragmentation are some of the leading causes of herpetofaunal decline world wide (Schlaepfer and Gavin, 2001). This project aims to investigate the disturbance caused by the road and its consequential edge effects on the amphibian and reptile communities of Yachana Reserve.
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Objectives To determine if and what the impacts of the road are on the presence and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the Yachana Reserve. Correlate results found for herpetofaunal communities with coinciding mammal, butterfly and avian projects in order to produce a multi-taxa assessment of the impact of the road through the Yachana Reserve. To gain more information about the distribution of amphibian and reptile species on the reserve, especially in regards to topographic elevation.
11.6
Amphibian and Reptile Methods
To study the road and edge effects on the herpetofaunal community in the Yachana Reserve, ten nocturnal Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) were conducted over the ten week duration of phase 111. All surveys were completed along 500 m linear transects, commencing at the road (0 m) and heading approximately perpendicular to the road into the northern primary forest (500 m). Five transects were completed, with each transect walked twice (from the road into the primary forest and consequently from the primary forest back to the road), to account for the emergence time of particular species.
Transect locations were spaced across the reserve, with particular care taken not to traverse over large areas of secondary grassland that could bias data as a result of habitat variation. Transects were also performed off pre-existing ridge trails to avoid elevation bias. Each survey was conducted by six observers, with the 500 m transects (approximate transect width 5 m) taking approximately 2 and a half hours to complete. Each individual captured was processed in the exact manner as previous herpetofaunal surveys and the elevation of the individual was also noted.
11.7
Mammal Project Introduction
The effects of fragmentation within the forest landscape has been reasonably well documented in the past, rising to an overwhelming agreement that it is one of many major
53
driving forces towards habitat loss, population declines and extinction. It has been documented as a severe threat to tropical rainforests by Goosem (2007), however still continues today at an unprecedented rate all over the world.
Although not as severe as forest habitat fragmentation caused by neighbouring agriculture, residential and other anthropogenic landscapes, roads still affect rainforest habitats and expose similar edge effects on surrounding plant and animal communities. Not only do roads provide access to remote areas (Goosem, 2007, and Coffin, 2007) and cause more noticeable impacts such as wildlife mortality and injuries through collisions with vehicles (Bisonette and Rosa, 2009), the effect of roads extends much further beyond its physical boundaries into the forest landscape (Goosem, 2007; Bisonette and Rosa, 2009; Pocock and Lawrence, 2005; Coffin, 2007). Roads can be considered as being agents of change that have both primary, or indirect effects, as well as secondary, or indirect effects on the biota (Coffin, 2007). This may entail the displacement of particular species and the reduction of core habitat unaffected by roads. They have been documented to cause internal fragmentation (Goosem, 2007), habitat loss, habitat alteration, facilitation of the spread of exotic flora and fauna species, altered microclimates and vegetation structure, and loss of connectivity (barrier effect) which restricts the movement of individuals (Goosem, 2007; Bisonette and Rosa, 2009; Kindlemannet et al, 2007; Pocock and Lawrence, 2005). These effects have all been associated with altering rainforest faunal habitats, and therefore may affect mammal abundance, diversity and species composition. Mammals, of course, are not the only affected taxa, and the full extent of road impacts could be assessed across multi-taxa studies.
It is the interest of this study to determine if this minor road has any impact on the adjacent rainforest non-flying mammal communities in the Yachana Reserve. Aims of the study 1. To determine if there are any edge effects caused by the road that significantly impacts the distribution of mammal species in the Yachana Reserve. 2. To increase knowledge about mammals within the Yachana Reserve.
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3. To correlate results with other taxa assessments made in the reserve.
11.8
Mammal Project Methods
This mammal project began at the beginning of this expedition in October 2010. Two sites were set up and surveyed (Sites 1 and 3), spaced 1500m apart along the road which runs through the reserve. Each site consisted of five 500m long transects placed at 0, 25, 150, 350 and 700 metres from the road, following the road contours. Sand pads were constructed within these sites, and these methods will be further discussed in the Sand Pads section. Visual Encounter surveys Ten visual encounter survey (VES) transects were also set up across the two sites. Each transect had a thin trail cut along it and marked with coloured plastic tape for navigation, distance and pacing purposes. During Expedition 111 eleven visual encounter surveys were undertaken between the dates 21st January to 8th March 2011. Nocturnal visual encounter surveys were completed along these transects within the hours 2000-2300 walking at a pace of approximately 300m/hr. Each transect was searched by four observers and visual and audio signs of mammals were recorded.
Sand Pads One site was sand padded at a time due to limited resources. Each site contained 10 sand pads; two pads per 0m, 25m, 150m, 350m and 700m transect. On each transect, one sand pad was placed 100m in from each end (east and west) to minimise disturbance from access trails skirting the edges of the transect sites. Sand pads were circular with a one metre diameter with sand overlain on top of black plastic sheeting to aid containment, and a bait lure of mashed sardines in a tomato sauce and water solution was poured onto the centre of the pad (Smithsonian Institute, 1996). A
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clear plastic tarp 1x2 metres was hung from nearby trees approximately 1.5 to 2 metres off the ground directly above each sand pad to protect the pad and any prints from rainfall.
Sand pads were baited at every set up session and daily check between 0700 and 1100 with the exception of the very last check when they were packed up. Sand was levelled off and maintained after each check. When prints were detected photograph and wax moulds were taken of the tracks, and also sketches drawn to show shapes and measurements.
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11.9
Yachana Reserve Species List
** new species added during phase 111 ( ) audio observations only
CLASS AVES Order Tinamiformes Tinamidae Crypturellus bartletti Crypturellus cinereus Crypturellus soui Crypturellus undulatus Crypturellus variegatus Tinamus major Tinamous Bartlett's Tinamou Cinereous Tinamou Little Tinamou Undulated Tinamou Variegated Tinamou Great Tinamou
Order Ciconiformes Ardeidae Ardea cocoi Bubulcus ibis Butorides striatus Egretta caerulea Egretta thula Tigrisoma lineatum Herons and Egrets Cocoi Heron Cattle Egret Striated Heron Little Blue Heron Snowy Egret Rufescent Tiger-Heron
Cathartidae Cathartes aura Cathartes melambrotus Coragyps atractus Sarcoramphus papa
American Vultures Turkey Vulture Greater Yellow-headed Vulture Black Vulture King Vulture
Order Falconiformes Accipitridae Elanoides forficatus Ictinia plumbea Kites, Eagles, Hawks Swallow-tailed Kite Plumbeous Kite
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Leptodon cayanensis Harpagus bidentatus Accipiter superscilious Accipiter bicolor Buteo magnirostris Buteo polyosoma Leucopternis melanops Leucopternis albicollis Geranospiza caerulescens** Spizaetus tyrannus Spizaetus ornatus
Gray-headed Kite Double-toothed Kite Tiny Hawk Bicolored Hawk Roadside Hawk Variable Hawk Black-faced Hawk White Hawk Crane Hawk** Black Hawk-eagle Ornate Hawk-eagle
Pandionidae Pandion haliaetus
Osprey Osprey Falcons and Caracaras Black Caracara Red-throated Caracara Yellow-headed Caracara Laughing Falcon Bat Falcon Lined Forest-Falcon Collared Forest-Falcon
Falconidae Daptrius ater Ibycter americanus Milvago chimachima Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Micrastur gilvicollis Micrastur semitorquatus
Order Galliformes Cracidae Ortalis guttata Penelope jacquacu Nothocrax urumutum Curassows, Guans, and Chachalacas Speckled Chachalaca Spix's Guan Nocturnal Curassow
Odontophoridae Odontophorus gujanensis
New World Quails Marbled Wood-Quail
Order Gruiformes
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Rallidae Anurolimnatus castaneiceps Aramides cajanea
Rails, Gallinules, and Coots Chestnut-headed Crake Gray-necked Wood-Rail Sunbittern Sunbittern
Eurypygidae Eurypyga helias
Order Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Actitis macularia Tringa solitaria Sandpipers, Snipes and Phalaropes Spotted Sandpiper Solitary Sandpiper
Recurvirostridae Hoploxypterus cayanus
Plovers and Lapwings Pied Plover
Order Columbiformes Columbidae Claravis pretiosa Columba plumbea Geotrygon montana Leptotila rufaxilla Pigeons and Doves Blue Ground-Dove Plumbeous Pigeon Ruddy Quail-Dove Gray-fronted Dove
Order Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara ararauna Ara severa Amazona farinosa Amazona ochrocephala Brotogeris cyanoptera Aratinga leucophthalmus Aratinga weddellii Pyrrhura melanura Pionites melanocephala Parrots and Macaws Blue-and-Yellow Macaw Chestnut-fronted Macaw Mealy Amazon Yellow-crowned Amazon Cobalt-winged Parakeet White-eyed Parakeet Dusky-headed Parakeet Maroon-tailed Parakeet Black-headed Parrot
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Pionopsitta barrabandi Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus
Orange-cheeked Parrot Blue-headed Parrot Bronze-winged Parrot
Order Cuculiformes Opisthocomidae Opisthocomus hoazin Hoatzin Hoatzin
Coccyzidae Piaya cayana Piaya melanogaster
Cuckoos Squirrel Cockoo Black-bellied Cuckoo
Crotophagidae Crotophaga ani Crotophaga major
Anis Smooth-billed Ani Greater Ani
Order Strigiformes Strigidae Megascops choliba Megascops watsonii Glaucidium brasilianum Lophostrix cristata Pulsatrix perspicillata Typical Owls Tropical Screech-Owl Tawny-bellied Screech-owl Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Crested owl Spectacled owl
Order Caprimulgiformes Nyctibiidae Nyctibius aethereus Nyctibius grandis Nyctibius griseus Potoos Long-tailed Potoo Great Potoo Common Potoo
Caprimulgidae Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctiphrynus ocellatus
Nightjars and Nighthawks Pauraque Ocellated Poorwill
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Order Apodiformes Apodidae Chaetura cinereiventris Streptoprocne zonaris Swifts Grey-rumped Swift White-collared Swift
Trochilidae Glaucis hirsuta Phaethornis bourcieri Phaethornis hispidus Phaethornis malaris Phaethornis ruber Thrrenetes niger Eutoxeres condamini Heliothryx aurita Amazilia franciae cyanocollis Amazilia fimbriata Anthracothorax nigricollis Campylopterus largipennis Campylopterus villaviscensio Eriocnemis vestitus Thalurania furcata Floriduga mellivora Heliodoxa aurescens
Hummingbirds Rufous -breasted Hermit Straight-billed Hermit White-bearded Hermit Great-billed Hermit Reddish Hermit Pale-tailed Barbthroat Buff-tailed Sicklebill Black-eared Fairy Andean Emerald Hummingbird Glittering-throated Emerald Black-throated Mango Grey-breasted Sabrewing Napo Sabrewing Glowing Puffleg Fork-tailed Woodnymph White-necked Jacobin Gould's Jewelfront
Order Trogoniformes Trogonidae Pharomachrus pavoninus Trogon melanurus Trogon viridis Trogon collaris Trogon rufus Trogons and Quetzals Pavonine Quetzal Black-tailed Trogon
Amazonian White-tailed Trogon
Collared Trogon Black-throated Trogon
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Trogon violaceus Trogon curucui
Amazonian Violaceous Trogon
Blue-crowned Trogon
Order Coraciiformes Motmotidae Baryphthengus martii Electron platyrhynchum Momotus momota Motmots Rufous Motmot Broad-billed Motmot Blue-crowned Motmot
Cerylidae Chloroceryle amazona Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Megaceryle torquata
Kingfishers Amazon Kingfisher Green Kingfisher Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Ringed Kingfisher
Order Piciformes Galibulidae Jacamerops aureus Galbula albirostris Jacamars Great Jacamar Yellow-billed Jacamar
Bucconidae Notharchus macrorynchos Bucco macrodactylus Nystalus striolatus Malacoptila fusca Monasa flavirostris Monasa morphoeus Monasa nigrifrons Chelidoptera tenebrosa
Puffbirds White-necked Puffbird Chestnut-capped Puffbird Striolated Puffbird White-chested Puffbird Yellow-billed Nunbird White-fronted Nunbird Black-fronted Nunbird Swallow-winged Puffbird
Capitonidae Capita aurovirens Capita auratus Eubucco bourcierii
New World Barbets Scarlet-crowned Barbet Gilded Barbet Lemon-throated Barbet
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Ramphastidae Pteroglossus azara Pteroglossus castanotis Pteroglossus inscriptus Pteroglossus pluricinctus Ramphastos vitellinus Ramphastos tucanus Selenidera reinwardtii
Toucans Ivory-billed Aracari Chestnut-eared Aracari Lettered Aracari Many-banded Aracari Channel-billed Toucan White-throated Toucan Golden-collared Toucanet
Picidae Dryocopus lineatus Campephilus melanoleucos Campephilus rubricollis Celeus elegans Celeus flavus Celeus grammicus Chrysoptilus punctigula Melanerpes cruentatus Picumnus lafresnayi Veniliornis fumigatus Veniliornis passerinus
Woodpeckers and Piculets Lineated Woodpecker Crimson-crested Woodpecker Red-necked Woodpecker Chestnut Woodpecker Cream-coloured Woodpecker Scaly-breasted Woodpecker Spot-breasted Woodpecker Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Lafresnaye's Piculet Smoky-brown Woodpecker Little Woodpecker
Order Passeriformes Furnariidae Ancistrops strigilatus Phylidor erythropterum Automolus rubiginosus Automolus ochrolaemus Philydor pyrrhodes Xenops minutus Sclerurus caudacutus Ovenbirds Chestnut-winged Hookbill Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner Ruddy Foliage-gleaner Buff-throated Foliage-Gleaner Cinammon-rumped Foliage-gleaner Plain Xenops Black-tailed Leaftosser
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Sclerurus mexicanus Sclerurus rufigularis
Tawny-throated Leaftosser Short-billed Leaftosser Woodcreepers Black-banded Woodcreeper Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper Plain Brown Woodcreeper Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Lineated Woodcreeper Buff-throated Woodcreeper Ocellated Woodcreeper Straight-billed Woodcreeper
Dendrocolaptidae Dendrocolaptes picumnus Dendrocolaptes certhia Dendrexetastes rufigula Dendrocincla fuliginosa Glyphorynchus spirurus Lepidocolaptes albolineatus Xiphorhynchus guttatus Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Xiphorhynchus picus
Thamnophilidae (Cymbilaimus lineatus Frederickena unduligera Thamnophilus schistaceus Thamnophilus murinus Megastictus margaritatus Thamnomanes ardesiacus Myrmotherula menetriesii** Myrmotherula brachyura Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula hauxwelli Myrmotherula longipennis Myrmotherula obscura Myrmotherula ornata Hersilochmus dugandi Cercomacra cinerascens Hypocnemis cantator Hypocnemis hypoxantha Hylophlax naevia Hylophylax poecilinota Dichrozona cincta
Typical Antbirds Fasciated Antshrike) Undulated Antshrike Plain-winged Antshrike Mouse-colored Antshrike Pearly Antshrike Dusky-throated Antshrike Gray Antwren Pygmy Antwren White-flanked Antwren Plain-throated Antwren Long-winged Antwren Short-billed Antwren Ornate Antwren Dugand's Antwren Gray Antbird Warbling Antbird Yellow-browed Antbird Spot-backed Antbird Scale-backed Antbird Banded Antbird
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Schistocichla leucostigma Myrmeciza hyperythra Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza melanoceps Pithys albifrons Gymnopithys leucapis Phlegopsis erythroptera Phlegopsis nigromaculata Myrmornis torquata
Spot-winged Antbird Plumbeous Antbird Sooty Antbird White-shouldered Antbird White-plumed Antbird Bicoloured Antibird Reddish-winged Bare-eye Black-spotted Bare-eye Wing-banded Antbird Antthrushes and Antpittas Black-faced Antthrush Striated Antthrush Thrush-like Antpitta
Formicariidae Formicarius analis Chamaeza nobilis Myrmothera campanisona
Conopophagidae Conopophaga aurita**
Gnateaters Chestnut-belted Gnateater**
Tyrannidae Zimmerius gracilipes Tyrannulus elatus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon amaurocephalus Hemitriccus zosterops Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Tolmomyias poliocephalus Tolmomyias viridiceps Platyrinchus coronatus Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius barbatus Contopus virens
Tyrant Flycatchers Slender-footed Tyrannulet Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Sepia-capped Flycatcher White-eyed Tody-tyrant Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher Olivaceous Flatbill Gray-crowned Flatbill Olive-faced Flatbill Golden-crowned Spadebill Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher Whiskered Flycatcher Eastern Wood-Pewee
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Ochthornis littoralis Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna simplex Myiarchus tuberculifer Myiarchus ferox Pitangus sulphuratus Megarynchus piangu Myiozetetes similis Myiozetetes granadensis Myiozetetes luteiventris Conopias cinchoneti Conopias parva Myiodynastes maculatus Myiodynastes luteiventris Legatus leucophaius Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus savana Pachyramphus marginatus Pachyramphus viridis Tityra inquisitor Tityra semifasciata Tityra cayana Cotingidae Ampelioides tschudii Iodopleura isabellae Lipaugus vociferans Cotinga cayana Cotinga maynana Gynnoderus foetidus
Drab Water-Tyrant Long-tailed Tyrant Bright-rumped Attila Grayish Mourner Dusky-capped Flycatcher Short-crested Flycatcher Great Kiskadee Boat-billed Flycatcher Social Flycatcher Gray-capped Flycatcher Dusky-chested Flycatcher Lemon-browed Flycatcher Yellow-throated Flycatcher Streaked Flycatcher Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Piratic Flycatcher Crowned Slaty-Flycatcher Tropical Kingbird Eastern Kingbird Fork-tailed Flycatcher Black-capped Becard White-winged Becard Black-crowned Tityra Masked Tityra Black-tailed Tityra Cotingas Scaled Fruiteater White-browed Purpletuft Screaming Piha Spangled Cotinga Plum-throated Cotinga Bare-necked Fruitcrow
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Querula purpurata
Purple-throated Fruitcrow
Pipridae Pipra erythrocephala Dixiphia pipra Lepidothrix coronata Chiroxiphia pareola Manacus manacus Machaeropterus regulus Chloropipo holochlora Tyranneutes stolzmanni
Manakins Golden-headed Manakin White-crowned Manakin Blue-crowned Manakin Blue-backed Manakin White-bearded Manakin Striped Manakin Green Manakin Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin
Corvidae Cyanocorax violaceus
Crows, Jays, and Magpies Violaceous Jay Vireos Red-eyed Vireo
Vireonidae Vireo olivaceus
Turdidae Catharus minimus Catharus ustulatus Turdus albicollis Turdus lawrencii
Thrushes Gray-cheeked Thrush Swainson's Thrush White-necked Thrush Lawrence's Thrush Swallows and Martins White-winged Swallow White-banded Swallow White-thighed Swallow Southern Rough-winged Swallow
Hirundinidae Tachycineta albiventer Atticora fasciata Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Troglodytidae Donacobius atricapillus Campylorhynchus turdinus
Wrens Black-capped Donacobius Thrush-like Wren
Cyphorhinus arada** Musician Wren** Henicorhina leucosticta Microcerculus marginatus White-breasted Wood-wren Southern Nightingale-Wren
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Thryothorus coraya
Coraya Wren
Polioptilidae Microbates cinereiventris
Gnatcatchers and Gnatwrens Tawny-faced Gnatwren
Parulidae Dendroica aestiva
New World Warblers Yellow Warbler
Dendroica striata Dendroica fusca Wilsonia canadensis Basileuterus fulvicauda
Blackpoll Warbler Blackburnian Warbler Canada Warbler Buff-rumped Warbler
Thraupidae Cyanerpes caeruleus Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis lineata Dacnis flaviventer Hemithraupis flavicollis Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia rufiventris Euponia xanthogaster Euphonia chrysopasta Euphonia minuta Tangara callophrys Tangara velia Tangara chilensis
Tanagers Purple Honeycreeper Green Honeycreeper Black-faced Dacnis Yellow-bellied Dacnis Yellow-backed Tanager Thick-billed Euphonia Rufous-bellied Euphonia Orange-bellied Euphonia White-lored Euphonia White-vented Euphonia Opal-crowned Tanager Opal-rumped Tanager Paradise Tanager
Tangara gyrola**
Bay-headed tanager**
Tangara nigrocincta Tangara mexicana Tangara schrankii Tangara xanthogastra Tangara gyrola** Creugops verticalis
Masked Tanager Turquoise Tanager Green-and-gold Tanager Yellow-bellied Tanager Bay-headed Tanager** Rufous-crested Tanager
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Tersina viridis Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum
Swallow-Tanager Blue-gray Tanager Palm Tanager
Ramphocelus carbo Ramphocelus nigrogularis Piranaga olivacea Piranaga rubra Habia rubica Tachyphonus cristatus
Silver-beaked Tanager Masked Crimson Tanager Scarlet Tanager Summer Tanager Red-crowned Ant-Tanager Flame-crested Tanager
Tachyphonus luctuosus**
White-shouldered tanager** Fulvous-crested Tanager Fulvous Shrike-Tanager Magpie Tanager Saltators, Grosbeaks etc Blue-black Grosbeak Slate-colored Grosbeak Buff-throated Saltator Emberizine Finches Yellow-browed Sparrow Lesser Seed-Finch Cardueline Finches Lesser Goldfinch
Tachyphonus surinamus Lanio fulvus Cissopis leveriana Cardinalidae Cyanocompsa cyanoides Saltator grossus Saltator maximus Emberizidae Ammodramus aurifrons Oryzoborus angloensis Fringillidae Carduelis psaltria
Icteridae Cacicus cela Cacicus solitaries Clypicterus oseryi Psarocolius angustifrons Psarocolius decumanas Psarocolius viridis Molothrus oryzivorous Icterus croconotus Gymnomystax mexicanus
American Orioles, and Blackbirds Yellow-rumped Cacique Solitary Cacique Casqued Oropendola Russet-backed Oropendola Crested Oropendola Green Oropendola Giant Cowbird Orange-backed Troupial Oriole Blackbird
CLASS MAMMALIA Order Marsupialia Didelphidae Opossums
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Caluromys lanatus Chironectes minimus Didelphis marsupialis Marmosa lepida Micoureus demerarae Philander andersoni
Western Woolly Opossum Water Opossum Common Opossum Little Rufous Mouse Opossum Long-furred Woolly Mouse Opossum Andersons Gray Four-eyed Opossum
Order Xenarthra Myrmecophagidae Cyclopes didactylus Anteaters Silky Anteater Two-toed sloths Southern Two-toed Sloth Armadillos Southern Naked-tailed Armadillo Nine-banded Armadillo
Megalonychidae Choloepus diadactylus
Dasypodidae Cabassous unicinctus Dasypus novemcinctus
Order Chiroptera Carollinae Carollia brevicauda Carollia castanea Carollia perspicullatus Rhinophylla pumilio Short-tailed Fruit Bat Little Fruit Bat Short-tailed Fruit bats
Desmodontinae Desmodus rotundus
Vampire bats Common Vampire Bat
Emballonuridae Saccopteryx bilineata
Sac-winged/Sheath-tailed Bats White-lined Bat
Glossophaginae Glossophaga soricina Lonchophylla robusta
Long tongued bats Long-tongued Bat Spear-nosed Long-tongued Bat
Stenodermatidae Artibeus jamaicensis Artibeus lituratus
Neotropical Fruit bats Large Fruit-eating Bat Large Fruit Bat
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Artibeus obscurus Artibeus planirostus Chiroderma villosum Sturrnia lilium Sturnria oporaphilum Uroderma pilobatum Vampyrodes caraccioli
Large Fruit Bat Large Fruit Bat Big-eyed Bat Hairy-legged Bat Yellow-shouldered Fruit Bat Tent-making Bat Great Stripe-faced Bat
Phyllostominae Macrophyllum macrophyllum Mimon crenulatum Phyllostomus hastatus
Spear-nosed Bats Long-legged Bat Hairy-nosed Bat Spear-nosed Bat
Vespertilionidae Myotis nigricans
Vespertilionid Bats Little Brown Bat
Order Primates Callitrichidae Saguinus nigricollis
Monkeys
Black-mantled Tamarin
Cebidae Allouatta seniculus Aotus vociferans Cebus albifrons Red Howler Monkey Noisy (Grey-necked) Night Monkey White-fronted Capuchin
Order Carnivora Procyonidae Nasua nasua Potos flavus
Carnivores Raccoons and Allies South American Coati Kinkajou Weasels and Allies Tayra Neotropical Otter
Mustelidae Eira barbara Lontra longicaudis
Felidae Herpailurus yaguarundi Leopardus pardalis Puma concolor
Cats Jaguarundi Ocelot Puma Even-toed Ungulates Deer Red Brocket Deer White-tailed Deer Peccaries
Order Artidactyla Cervidae Mazama americana Odocoileus virginianus
Tayassuidae
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Tayassu tajacu
Collared Peccary
Order Rodentia Echimyidae Dactylomys dactylinus Nectomys squamipes Proechimys semispinosus
Rodents
Amazon Bamboo Rat Water Rat Spiny Rat
Sciuridae Sciurus sp. Sciurillus pusillus
Squirrels Amazon Red Squirrel Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel
Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta fuliginosa Myoprocta pratti
Agoutis Black Agouti Green Acouchy
Agoutidae Agouti paca
Paca Paca
Erethizontidae Coendou bicolor
Porcupines Bi-color Spined Porcupine
Hydrochaeridae Hydrochaeirs hydrochaeirs
Capybara Capybara
Order Lagomorpha Leporidae Silvagus brasiliensis
Rabbits and Hares
Brazilian Rabbit
CLASS ANAPSIDA Order Testudines Testudinidae Chelonoidis denticulata Tortoises and Turtles Tortoises Yellow-footed Tortoise
CLASS DIAPSIDA Lizards Gekkonidae Gonatodes concinnatus Gonatodes humeralis Pseudogonatodes guianensis Thecadactylus solimoensis** Collared Forest Gecko Bridled Forest Gecko Amazon Pygmy Gecko Turnip-tailed Gecko**
Gymnophthalmidae
72
Alopoglossus striventris Arthrosaura reticulata reticulata Cercosaurra argulus Cercosaura ocellata Leposoma parietale Neusticurus ecpleopus Prionodactylus oshaughnessyi Bachia trisanale
Black-bellied Forest Lizard Reticulated Creek Lizard Elegant-eyed Lizard
Common Forest Lizard Common Streamside Lizard White-striped Eyed Lizard Stacys Bachia
Iguanas Hoplocercidae Enyalioides laticeps Amazon Forest Dragon
Polychrotidae Anolis fuscoauratus Anolis nitens scypheus Anolis ortonii Anolis punctata Anolis trachyderma Slender Anole Yellow-tongued Forest Anole Amazon Bark Anole Amazon Green Anole Common Forest Anole
Scincidae Mabuya nigropunctata Black-spotted Skink
Tropiduridae Tropidurus (Plica) plica Tropidurus (plica) umbra ochrocollaris Collared Tree Runner Olive Tree Runner
Teiidae Kentropyx pelviceps Tupinambis teguixin Forest Whiptail Golden Tegu
Snakes Colubridae Atractus elaps Atractus major Atractus occiptoalbus Chironius fuscus Chironius scurruls Clelia clelia clelia Dendriphidion dendrophis Dipsas catesbyi Dipsas indica Drepanoides anomalus Drymoluber dichrous Earth Snake sp3 Earth Snake Earth Snake sp2 Olive Whipsnake Rusty Whipsnake Mussarana Tawny Forest Racer Ornate snail-eating Snake Big-headed Snail-eating Snake Amazon Egg-eating Snake Common Glossy Racer
73
Helicops angulatus Helicops leopardinus Imantodes cenchoa Imantodes lentiferus Leptodeira annulata annulata Leptophis cupreus Liophis miliaris chrysostomus Oxybelis aeneus Liophis reginae Oxyrhopus formosus Oxyrhopus melanogenys Oxyrhopus petola digitalus Pseudoboa coronata Pseustes poecilonotus polylepis Pseustes sulphureus Siphlophis compressus Spilotes pullatus Tantilla m. melanocephala Xenedon rabdocephalus Xenedon severos Xenoxybelis argenteus
Banded South American Water Snake Spotted Water Snake Common Blunt-headed Tree Snake Amazon Blunt-headed Tree Snake Common Cat-eyed Snake Brown Parrot Snake White-lipped Swamp Snake Brown Vine Snake Common Swamp Snake Yellow-headed Calico Snake Black-headed Calico Snake Banded Calico Snake Amazon Scarlet Snake Common Bird Snake Giant Bird Snake Red Vine Snake Tiger Rat Snake Black-headed Snake Common False Viper Giant False Viper Green-striped Vine Snake
Viperidae Bothriopsis taeniata Bothriopsis bilineata bilineata Bothrops atrox Bothrocophias hyoprora Lachesis muta muta Speckled Forest Pit Viper Western Striped Forest Pit Viper Fer-de-lance Amazonian Hog-Nosed Lancehead Amazon Bushmaster
Boidae Boa constrictor constrictor Boa constrictor imperator Corallus enydris enydris Epicrates cenchria gaigei Red-tailed Boa Common Boa Constrictor Amazon Tree Boa Peruvian Rainbow Boa
Elapidae Micurus hemprichii ortonii Micrurus langsdorfii Micrurus langsdorffi ornitassimus** Micrurus lemniscatus Micrurus spixii spixxi Micurus surinamensis surinamensis Leptomicrurus scutiventris Orange-ringed Coral Snake Langsdorffs Coral Snake Ornate Coral Snake** Eastern Ribbon Coral Snake Central Amazon Coral Snake Aquatic Coral Snake Pygmy Black Coral Snake
74
Crocodilians Alligatoridae Paleosuchus trigonatus Caimans Smooth-fronted Caiman
CLASS AMPHIBIA Order Gymnophiona Typhlonectidae Caecilia aff. tentaculata Caecilians
Order Caudata Plethodontidae Bolitoglossa peruviana
Salamanders Lungless Salamanders Dwarf Climbing Salamander
Order Anura Bufonidae Rhinella marina Rhinella complex margaritifer Rhinella dapsilis
Frogs and Toads Toads Cane Toad Crested Forest Toad Sharp-nosed Toad
Dendrophryniscus Dendrophryniscus minutus
Leaf Toads Orange-bellied Leaf Toad
Centrolenidae Centrolene sp. Cochranella anetarsia Cochranella midas Cochranella resplendens
Glass Frogs Undescribed Glass Frog Glass Frog Glass Frog Glass Frog Poison Frogs
Dendrobatidae Ameerega bilinguis Ameerega ingeri Ameerega insperatus Ameerega parvulus Allobates zaparo Colostethus bocagei Colostethus marchesianus Dendrobates duellmani
Ruby Poison Frog
Sanguine Poison Frog
Ucayali Rocket Frog Duellmans Poison Frog
Hylidae Cruziohyla craspedopus cf. Sphaenorhychus carneus Dendropsophus bifurcus Dendropsophus marmorata
Tree Frogs Amazon Leaf Frog Pygmy Hatchet-faced Tree Frog Upper Amazon Tree Frog Neotropical Marbled Tree Frog
75
Dendropsophus rhodopeplus Dendropsophus triangulium Hemiphractus aff. scutatus Hyla lanciformis Hyla marmoratus Hylomantis buckleyi Hylomantis hulli Hypsiboas boans Hypsiboas calcarata Hypsiboas punctatus Hypsiboas geographica Hypsiboas cinerascens Osteocephalus cabrerai complex Osteocephalus cf. deridens Osteocephalus leprieurii Osteocephalus planiceps Trachycephalus resinifictrix Phyllomedusa tarsius Phyllomedusa tomopterna Phyllomedusa vaillanti Scinax garbei Scinax rubra Trachycephalus venulosus
Red Striped Tree Frog Variable Clown Tree Frog Casque-headed Tree Frog Rocket Tree Frog
Gladiator Tree Frog Convict Tree Frog Common Polkadot Tree Frog Map Tree Frog Rough-skinned Tree Frog Forest Bromeliad Tree Frog
Common Bromeliad Tree Frog Flat-headed Bromeliad Tree Frog Amazonian Milk Tree Frog Warty Monkey Frog Barred Monkey Frog White-lined Monkey Tree Frog Fringe-lipped Tree Frog Two-striped Tree Frog Common Milk Tree Frog Sheep Frogs Bassler's Sheep Frog Rain Frogs Eyelashed Forest Frog Painted Forest Toadlet Cocha Chirping Frog Rose-sided Jungle Frog Smoky Jungle Frog
Microhylidae Chiasmocleis bassleri
Leptodactylidae Edalorhina perezi Engystomops petersi Leptodactylus andreae Leptodactylus knudseni Leptodactylus pentadactylus Leptodactylus mystaceus Leptodactylus rhodomystax Leptodactylus wagneri Lithodytes lineatus Oreobates quixensis Vanzolinius discodactylus
Moustached Jungle Frog Wagneris Jungle Frog Painted Antnest Frog Common big-headed Rain Frog Dark-blotched Whistling Frog
Strabomantidae Pristimantis acuminatus Pristimantis aff peruvianus
Rain Frogs Green Rain Frog Peruvian Rain Frog
76
Pristimantis altamazonicus Pristimantis conspicillatus Pristimantis lanthanites Pristimantis malkini Pristimantis martiae Pristimantis ockendeni complex Pristimantis sulcatus Pristimantis variabilis Hypnodactylus nigrovittatus Strabomantis sulcatus
Amazonian Rain Frog Chirping Robber Frog Striped-throated Rain Frog Malkini's Rain Frog Marti's Rain Frog Carabaya Rain Frog Broad-headed Rain Frog Variable Rain Frog Black-banded Robber Frog Broad-headed Rain Frog
Ranidae Rana palmipes
True Frogs Neotropical Green Frog
CLASS ARACHNIDA Araneae Nephila clavipes Ancylometes terrenus Golden Silk Spider Giant Fishing Spider
CLASS INSECTA Order Grylloptera Panacanthus cuspidatus Spiny Devil Katydid
Order Hemiptera Dysodius lunatus Lunate Flatbug
Order Coleoptera Euchroma gigantea Homoeotelus d'orbignyi Scarabaeidae Canthon luteicollis Deltochilum howdeni Dichotomius ohausi Dichotomius prietoi Eurysternus caribaeus Eurysternus confusus Eurysternus foedus Eurysternus inflexus Eurysternus plebejus Giant Ceiba Borer Pleasing Fungus Beetle
Order Lepidoptera Papilionidae
77
Battus belus varus Battus polydamas Papilio androgeus Papilio thoas cyniras Parides aeneas bolivar Parides lysander Parides pizarro Parides sesostris
Pieridae Appias drusilla Dismorphia pinthous Eurema cf xanthochlora Perrhybris lorena Phoebis rurina
Lycaenidae Celmia celmus Janthecla sista Thecla aetolius Thecla mavors
Riodinidae Amarynthis meneria Ancyluris endaemon Ancyluris aulestes Ancyluris etias Anteros renaldus Calospila cilissa Calospila partholon Calospila emylius Calydna venusta Cartea vitula Emesis fatinella Emesis lucinda Emesis mandana Emesis ocypore Eurybia dardus Eurybia elvina Eurybia franciscana Eurybia halimede Eurybia unxia Hyphilaria parthenis
78
Isapis agyrtus Ithomiola floralis Lasaia agesilaus narses Lasaia pseudomeris Leucochimona vestalis Livendula amaris Livendula violacea Lyropteryx appolonia Mesophthalma idotea Mesosemia loruhama Mesosemia latizonata Napaea heteroea Nymphidium mantus Nyphidium nr minuta Nymphidium lysimon Nymphidium balbinus Nymphidium caricae Nymphidium chione Pandemos pasiphae Perophtalma lasus Pirascca tyriotes Rhetus arcius Rhetus periander Sarota chrysus Sarota spicata Setabis gelasine Stalachtis calliope Stalachtis phaedusa Synargis orestessa
Nymphalidae Nymphalinae Anartia amathae Anartia jatrophae Baeotus deucalion Eresia eunice Eresia pelonia Eresia (Phyciodes) plagiata Historis odius Historis acheronta Metamorpha elisa Metamorpha sulpitia
79
Siproeta stelenes Smyrna blomfildia Tigridia acesta Colobura annulata Colobura dirce
Biblidinae Biblis hyperia Callicore cynosura Catonephele acontius Catonephele antinoe Catonephele esite Catonephele numilia Diaethria clymena Dynamine aerata Dynamine arthemisia Dynamine athemon Dynamine gisella Ectima thecla lerina Eunica alpais Eunica amelio Eunica clytia Eunica volumna Hamadryas albicornus Hamadryas arinome Hamadryas chloe Hamadryas feronia Hamadryas laodamia Nessaea obrina Nessaea batesii Nessaea hewitsoni Nica flavilla Panacea prola Panacea regina Paulogramma peristera Phrrhogyra amphiro Pyrrhogyra crameri Pyrrhogyra cuparina Pyrrhogyra cf nasica Pyrrhogyra otolais Temenis laothoe
Charaxinae
80
Agrias claudina Archaeoprepona amphimachus Archaeoprepona demophon Archaeoprepona demophon muson Archaeoprepona licomedes Consul fabius Hypna clytemnestra Memphis phantes Memphis arachne Memphis oenomaus Memphis philomena Memphis offa Prepona eugenes Prepona dexamenus Prepona laertes Prepona pheridamas Zaretis isidora Zaretis itys Coenophlebia fabius
Cyrestinae Marpesia berania Marpesia crethon Marpesia petreus
Apaturinae Doxocopa agathina Doxocopa griseldis Doxocopa laurentia Doxocopa linda
Limenitidinae Adelpha amazona Adelpha cocala Adelpha cytherea Adelpha erotia Adelpha iphicleola Adelpha iphiclus Adelpha lerna Adelpha melona Adelpha mesentina Adelpha naxia Adelpha panaema
81
Adelpha phrolseola Adelpha thoasa Adelpha viola Adelpha ximena
Satyrinae Haeterini Cithaerias aurora Cithaerias menander Cithaerias pireta Haetera macleannania Haetera piera Pierella astyoche Pierella hortona Pierella lamia Pierella lena Pierella lucia Euptychiini Caeruleuptychia scopulata Chloreuptychia agatha Chloreuptychia herseis Euptychia binoculata Euptychia labe Euptychia myncea Euptychia renata Hermeuptychia hermes Magneuptychia analis Magneuptychia libye Magneuptychia ocnus Magneuptychia ocypete Magneuptychia tiessa Pareuptychia hesionides Pareuptychia ocirrhoe Taygetis cleopatra Taygetis echo Taygetis mermeria Taygetis sosis Morphini Antirrhea hela Antirrhea philoctetes avernus Morpho achilles Morpho deidamia
Satyrs and Woodnymphs
Cleopatra Satyr Echo Satyr
Sosis Satyr Morphos
Common Brown Morpho
82
Morpho helenor Morpho menelaus Morpho peleides Morpho polycarmes Brassolini Bia actorion Caligo eurilochus Caligo idomeneus idomeneides Caligo illioneus Caligo teucer Caligo placidiamus Catoblepia berecynthia Catoblepia cassiope Catoblepia generosa Catoblepia soranus Catoblepia xanthus Catoblepia xanthicles Opsiphanes invirae
Heliconinae Acraeini Actinote sp. Heliconiini Dryas iulia Eueides eunice Eueides isabella Eueides lampeto Eueides lybia Heliconius erato Heliconius hecale Heliconius melponmene Heliconius numata Heliconius sara Heliconius xanthocles Heliconius doris Philaethria dido
Passion Vine Butterflies
Danainae Danaini Danaus plexippus Ithomiini Aeria eurimidea Ceratinia tutia
83
Hypoleria sarepta Hyposcada anchiala Hyposcada illinissa Hypothyris anastasia Hypothyris fluonia Ithomia amarilla Ithomia salapia Mechanitis lysimnia Mechanitis mazaeus Mechanitis messenoides Methona confusa psamathe Methone cecilia Oleria gunilla Oleria ilerdina Oleria tigilla Tithorea harmonia
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Amazon Phase Report 112 April - June 2011

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Amazon Phase Report 112 April - June 2011

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Global Vision International 2011 Report Series No.

Quarterly Report 112

Edited by Philip Brown Field Staff Blaine Clarke Country Director

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

List of Tables and Figures

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Rio Napo, Napo Province

Fig 1.1 Map showing GVI Amazon location in Ecuador

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Relative richness (species/hour) Number of families

Relative abundance (individuals/hour) Beta diversity (Sorensens) Shannon Index

* spp common to both areas

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Mist Netting Discussion

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

% 2.14 4.29 93.57 100

% 5.26 13.16 81.58 100

Point Count Discussion

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

3. Herpetological Project: The Effect of Structural Habitat Change on Herpetofaunal Communities

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Distance from road (m) 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500

Distance from road (m) 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500

Distance from road (m) 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500

No. of unique species 3 1 6 2 4

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Phase 112A 112B 112A 112B 112A 112B

Banana A Banana B Ban Beer A Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Banana A Banana B Ban Beer A Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B

Danainae 3.5 3 2.5 2 2 2 2

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Ban Beer A Ban Wine B Papaya A Pineapple B

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Table 5.1 Raw VES data October 2010 - May 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Mammal species observed at each distance away from road

* Denotes species least commonly seen in the Yachana Reserve

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Give weekly English lessons. Introduce conservation topics.

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

Records During this expedition, various incidental encounters were recorded:

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011

GVI Ecuador, Yachana Reserve, April-June 2011