GIS Database Development

Dr Abdullah Hisam Omar

 Databases Before the Use of
Computers

Data kept in books, ledgers, card files,
folders, and file cabinets

Use pin maps

Long response time

Labor-intensive

Often incomplete or inaccurate
Common Problems with Using
Files

Uncontrolled duplication
– Wastes space
– Hard to update file all files

Inconsistent data

Inflexibility

Limited data sharing

Poor enforcement of standards

Poor programmer productivity

Excessive program maintenance
Database Management
System

All Data

DBMS

Program 1 Queries Program 2

and
Reports
 Why do we need a DBMS?

The user does not need to know the specific
structure of the data in the database;

Different users can have their own “view” of
the database to suit their own needs;
Why do we need a DBMS? (2)

The DBMS will allow interfaces to be
created in a variety of programming
languages;

You can customize the database so that
regularly used data can be retrieved faster;

Security and Statistics.
 The Database Approach

Database-management system (DBMS)
– Interact with the data in databases

Entity: something you collect data about

Field: one characteristic of an entity

Record: collection of fields that describe one
occurrence of an entity

Entities stored in tables
– One record per row
– One field per column

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 Components of a DBMS

Database engine

Data dictionary

Query processor

Report writer

Forms generator

Application generator

Communication

Security
Sample Data Table
 The Database Approach

DBMS replaced file processing approach
– Reduced data redundancy
– Reduced program dependence

Databases typically consist of several tables

Tables can be linked together
 Advantages of a DBMS

Minimal data redundancy

Data consistency

Integration of data

Sharing of data

Enforcement of standards

Ease of application development

Uniform security, privacy, and integrity

Data independence
 Database operations

Adding data,

Deleting data,

Amending data.

(data are records or files...
more on this later).
 Data Structure

Data model
– A representation of the entities and their
relationships

Primary key
– An attribute or combination of attributes
– Uniquely identifies each record
 Data Type

Each field is assigned a type
– Text, number, date, etc.

Data types help the DBMS
– Organize and sort the data
– Do calculations
– Allocate space

Data dictionary
– A repository of information about the data
– Key fields, data types, valid values, etc.

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 Database Management
Systems Approaches

Models of the relationship between entities
in a database
– Hierarchical
– Network
– Relational
– Object -Oriented
The Hierarchical Model
The Network Model
 Database Fundamentals - Object-Oriented
Model

Object-Oriented Paradigm
– Programming Languages
– Analysis and Design Methodologies
– Databases and DBMS

O-O Advantages
– More modeling power
– Additional constructs
– Better transition to implementation models
 Database Fundamentals - Object-Oriented
Model

O-O Applications
– CAD, Office Information Systems, CASE
tools, GIS
– Structurally complex information, specialized
graphics, non-standard transactions
Database Fundamentals - Object-Oriented Model

O-O DBMS
– Standard DBMS capabilities

Scheme management

Query language and optimization

Storage and access management

Transaction management

Persistence
 Database Fundamentals - Object-Oriented
Model

Summary
– The O-O model is more flexible for
representing natural (dynamic) objects in the
real world than the E-R model
– The O-O model provides less of an impedance
mismatch

Allows the conceptual data model and the user’s
view of the application domain to be closer to the
logical model and the system implementation
 Database software...

Light Duty

Medium Duty

Heavy Duty
Database Tables

Database

Table1 Table2 Table3

 Structure
Column 1 Column 2
(Field 1) (Field 2)
Row 1 Value
(Record 1)
Row 2
(Record 2)
 The Relational Model

Views entities as two-dimensional tables
– Records are rows
– Attributes are columns

Tables can be linked

Supports one-to-many, many-to-many, and one-to-one relationships

Entity: “Thing” in the real world with an independent
existence.
- An entity-an object with a physical existence--
particular person, car, house or employee
- An entity- an object with a conceptual existence –
a company, a job, or a university course
- Each entity has particular properties called attributes
 Entity
Entity

Name= Abu Bakar Owner= Bakar Talib

Employee Address= UTM

Lot Address= Jln 1, Tmn Pulai

Age= 55 Age= 45
Attribute

Phone= 07-2555555 Phone= 07-3366333

Attribute
The Relational Model
 ER-DIAGRAM : example
Jen_Gunaan Na_Jalan
Lebar
Jen_Bangunan Id Panjang

Na_Jalan
LOT bersebelahan JALAN Laluan

Polygon G T Line G
Risiko
1 T
Kelas
No_Rumah
bersebelahan
bersebelahan
berdekatan

ID m Tekanan
No_PB
PARIT PILI BOMBA
Point G Trkh_Servis
Polygon G Lokasi
T T
Na_Jln Status

Zon Taraf

E-R Diagram
 Schema

The structure of a database described in a
formal language.

Generally stored in the data dictionary.

The term is often used to refer to a graphical
depiction of the database structure.

In a RDBMS, the schema defines the tables,
the fields in each table, and the relationships
between fields and tables.
 Example..Schema

PENGUNDI
No_KP Taraf Nama Kawasan Kerja

PEKERJAAN
No_KP Kerja Gaji Tempat Status

AKAUN
No_Akaun Bank Cawangan No_Kp ID_Sec
 Fields and Records

Field: An element
First Name Last Name
of a table that
contains a specific 1 Amanda Huginkiss
item of
2 I.P. Freely
information;

Record: A 3 Al Coholic
collection of data 4 Ivona Tinkie
about a person, an
event, etc.
 RDBMS (Relational DBMS)

a type of database management
system(DBMS) that stores data in the form
of related tables.
 Why RDBMS?

Relational databases are powerful because
they require few assumptions about how data
is related or how it will be extracted from the
database.

As a result, the same database can be viewed
in many different ways.

A single database can be spread across
several tables.
Relational Database
Relations
 Keys

• Candidate Keys
• Primary Keys
• Alternate Keys
 Foreign Keys
A foreign key on relation A is a primary key on relation B.
 What are attribute data?
“Positional data are the ‘where things are’ data
and attribute data the ‘what things are’ ”.

Data about our world are being produced

continuously.
– Satellites
– automatic environmental monitoring
– automated business transactions
– everyday activities; purchasing, banking
– research and surveys
Attribute Data Types used in
GIS
Data types used in a GIS include:
• character strings (Idaho, Moscow)

• integers (4387, -92)

• floating points (56.23, 0.03)

• dates (10012001)

• time (0930, 1458)

 Database Implementation

Database implementation
is the procedure of
populating the database
with attribute data.
The Design Process of Database
 Needs Analysis
Data investigation is the “fact-finding” stage of database creation.

Consider:
• data types
• data quantity
• data quality
• attribute nature
• entity nature
 Conceptual Design:
Modeling the Relationships between
Entities

One to one; 1:1

– one visitor stays at one hotel

One to many; 1:M
– one ski school teaches many visitors

Many to many; M:N
– many tour companies use many hotels
Creation of the Database

(Heywood et al., 1998)

Attribute Data Modeling

(Heywood et al., 1998)

 Conceptual Design
Entity Relationship Model (E-R)
GPS_Stn
Pelan_Lokasi GPS_Stn
1 Koordinat WGS_Lat
Pelan_Akui Status
Geodetik
Monumen WGS_Lon
Sketch R_East
1 Divide to
Tarikh_Bina Kawalan R_North RSO_X RSO_Y

GPS Negeri
GPS_Stn
Seksyen 1 Koordinat
Mukim Daerah WGS_Lat
1
Geosentrik
WGS_Lon
Control Monumen
R_East
R_North RSO_X RSO_Y
CCDB_Stn Status
GPS_Stn
1 1 CCDB_Stn
Tarikh
Update
Koordinat
Pointkey Geodetik WGS_Lat
1 Kawalan 1
Divide to
Coincide WGS_Lon
Kadaster R_North RSO_X
R_East RSO_Y
Negeri
Pelan_Lokasi M 1

Skecth Seksyen Daerah

Koordinat CCDB_Stn
R_East
Pelan_Akui Geosentrik
Control Mukim WGS_Lat
1 R_North
Apdate RSO_X RSO_Y WGS_Lon
Negeri Daerah
Pointkey Mukim Svy_Area
Mark_Desc
Apdate Parcelkey Bearing
Lot_No N
GID Area_Unit
Serial Plan Distance
M 1 1 M
Batu has has Garis Units
S_Comment LOT Class
Sempadan GID Sempadan
GID Line_Code
Status Coord_Type Apdate Status
Adjparcel Line_Type
R_East R_North Lock_Id
Status
Entry_Mod Tnode Fnode
 GPS_Stn
Pelan_Lokasi GPS_Stn
1 Geodetic WGS_Lat
Pelan_Akui Status
Coordinates
Monumen WGS_Lon
Sketch R_East
1 Divide to
Tarikh_Bina GPS R_North RSO_X RSO_Y

Control Negeri
GPS_Stn
Seksyen 1 Geocentric
Mukim Daerah WGS_Lat
1
Coordinates
WGS_Lon
Control Monumen
R_East
by R_North RSO_X RSO_Y
CCDB_Stn Status
GPS_Stn
1 1 CCDB_Stn
Tarikh Geodetic
Update
Pointkey Coordinates WGS_Lat
1
Cadastral 1
Divide to
Coincide WGS_Lon
Cadastre R_North RSO_X
R_East RSO_Y
Negeri
Pelan_Lokasi M 1

Skecth Seksyen Daerah

Geocentric CCDB_Stn
R_East
Pelan_Akui Coordinates
Control Mukim WGS_Lat
1 R_North
by
Apdate RSO_X RSO_Y WGS_Lon
Negeri Daerah
Pointkey Mukim Svy_Area
Mark_Desc
Apdate Parcelkey Bearing
Lot_No N
GID Area_Unit
Serial Plan Distance
M 1 1 M
Boundary has has Boundary Units
S_Comment LOT Class
Mark GID Line
GID Line_Code
Status Coord_Type Apdate Status
Adjparcel Line_Type
R_East R_North Lock_Id
Status Tnode Fnode
Entry_Mod
 Logikal Design

• Translation of the conceptual design to database.

• Based on selected DBMS
•Example of logical design in MapInfo 5.0

Struktur jadual dalam perisian MapInfo

 LOGICAL DESIGN
Master Data List
Feature Object Class Object Class Type Geometry
Dataset Name Alias
DCDB Sto Batu Sempadan Simple Point

Bdy Garis Sempadan Simple Polyline

Lot Parcel Simple Polygon

Rujukan GPS Stesen GPS Simple Point

Geodetik CCDB Kawalan Kadaster Simple Point

None GPSgeod Koordinat Table None

Geodetik GPS
GPSgeos Koordinat Table None
Geosentrik GPS
CCDBgeod Koordinat Table None
Geodetik CCDB
CCDBgeos Koordinat Table None
Geosentrik CCDB
 FIELD FOR FEATURE CLASS

STO LOT
BRY
-NEGERI
-POINTKEY (Primary Key)
-APDATE -DAERAH
-APDATE
-PARCELKEY -MUKIM
-MARK_DESC
-BEARING -SEKSYEN
-SERIAL -LOT
-DISTANCE
-COORD_TYPE -SVY_AREA
-UNITS
-R_EAST -CLASS -AREAUNIT
-R_NORTH -LINE_CODE -APDATE
- S_COMMENT -LINE_TYPE -STATUS
-STATUS -ENTRY_MOD -LOCK_ID
-GID -PLAN -GID
-FNODE
-TNODE
-ADJPARCEL
-STATUS
 FIELD FOR TABLE
CCDBgeodCCDBgeod
GPSgeod -OBJECT_ID
-OBJECT_ID -CCDB_STN (Foreign
Key)
-GPS_STN (Foreign Key)
-WGS_LAT
-WGS_LAT
-WGS_LON
-WGS_LON
-RSO_Y
-RSO_Y
-RSO_X
-RSO_X
-R_NORTH
-R_NORTH
-R_EAST
-R_EAST
CCDBgeos
GPSgeos
-OBJECT_ID
-OBJECT_ID
-CCDB_STN (Foreign
-GPS_STN (Foreign Key) Key)
-WGS_LAT -WGS_LAT
-WGS_LON -WGS_LON
-RSO_Y -RSO_Y
-RSO_X -RSO_X
-R_NORTH -R_NORTH
-R_EAST -R_EAST
 Physical Design

Proses pemilihan struktur penyimpanan data dan laluan

capaian bagi fail pangkalan data untuk mendapatkan
persembahan yang baik.

Semua pangkalan data akan disimpan dalam personal

geodatabase masing-masing mengikut negeri dan storan setiap
personal geodatabase adalah seperti berikut :-
 Melaka – 132 MB
 Wilayah Persekutuan – 214 MB
 Rekabentuk Fizikal

• proses pemilihan struktur penyimpanan dan laluan

capaian
• penyimpanan fail merujuk kepada jumlah data
• ruang storan berdasarkan bilangan entiti

Jadual 1.0 : Anggaran ruang storan

Jenis Jadual Yang Dibentuk Jumlah Storan (Bait)

Jadual Bangunan 3033
Jadual Pili Bomba 685
Jadual Jalan 395
Jadual Parit 1
 FASA PEMBANGUNAN PANGKALAN
DATA

Memasukkan data spatial

Menyimpan data

Pemprosesan Geografi (Geoprocessing)

Memasukkan data atribut

Memaparkan maklumat

Mengurus sistem

Menyelenggaraan sistem
 DATA SPATIAL

Kemasukan data melalui :

 Papan kekunci;
 Pengimbasan;
 Pertukaran format fail.

Geoprocessing yang telah dijalankan :

 “Pembersihan” data input;
 Pembinaan topologi;
 Menjalankan projection;
 Pembersihan topologi;
 Percantuman peta.
 DATA ATRIBUT

Kemasukan data melalui

 Papan kekunci
 Pertukaran format fail
Physical Database
cont……
 Example
Here’s an example of a chart showing the relationships between
flat files in a sample relational database for food suppliers* in
Microsoft Access

* This comes from an MS ACCESS sample database

* This comes from an MS ACCESS sample database
 SQL (Structured Query
Language)

A database access language used in querying,
updating, and managing relational databases.

SQL has a common core that, generally, is available
in all product implementations of the language.

It has become a de facto standard because it is
widely used and recognized by the industry as being
standard.
 Structured Query Language
(SQL)

SQL is used to communicate with a database. It was developed
to facilitate the querying of relational databases.

SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as update data
in a database, or retrieve data from a database.

Advantages
– simplicity
– English-like style
– wide application
 Relational Operators

Frequently • equal to ( = )

used for • greater than ( > )

attribute data
query • less than ( < )

• greater than or equal to ( >= )

• less than or equal to ( <= )

• not equal to ( != )
 Boolean Operators
Connectors

And

Or

Not

Xor (Exclusive Or)

(Heywood et al., 1998)

 GIS Query

Aspatial
– questions about the attributes of features
– can be performed by database software alone

prompts and query builder

Spatial
– answers the question, “Where is something?”
– associated with location; distances, areas,
perimeters
– usually presented in map form; computer screen
 SQL: Example

Here is a simple query that displays data from
Table1:
– SELECT Table1.[First Name], Table1.[Last Name]
– FROM Table1
– ORDER BY Table1.[First Name];

This will generate a query that shows the fields First
Name and Last Name from Table1, ordering them
by the First Name.
 SQL Continued

This language can get quite complicated:
– SELECT DISTINCTROW
Customers.CustomerID,
Customers.CompanyName, Customers.City,
Customers.Country
– FROM Customers RIGHT JOIN Orders ON
Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
– WHERE (((Orders.OrderDate) Between
#1/1/95# And #12/31/95#));