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Lecture # 4
10th Feb 2007
Instructor
WASEEM KHAN
4 Continuous-time
x(t)
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6
x(nTs)
0
Discrete-time
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts
4.5
xQ(nTs)
3
1.5
Quantized
0
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts
Time (seconds)
1
More Examples of Discrete-time Signals
Discrete-time Signals
CT x(t)
DT x(nTs)
( t is replaced by nTs where n = .., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ..)
DT signals are usually represented as x(n) or x[n].
Inverse of sampling time period is called sampling frequency given
by
fs = 1/ Ts
According to Nyquist criteria, sampling frequency should be at least
twice of the highest frequency content in the signal to be sampled.
Otherwise some frequency contents will be lost and some will be
corrupted. This phenomenon is called aliasing.
In discrete-time the highest signal frequency is given by fs / 2 Hz.
2
Sampling of Analog Signals and Aliasing
1
0.5
fsam = 50 Hz
0
fsig = 10 Hz
-0.5
-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (milliseconds)
0.5
fsam = 12.5 Hz
0
-0.5 fsig = 10 Hz
-1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (milliseconds)
Aliasing
3
Discrete-time Fourier Transform
DTFT is applied to discrete-time signals
j t
CTFT X x (t ) e dt
j n
DTFT X x [ n ]e
n
1
Inverse DTFT x[ n ] X ( )e j n d
2
j( 2 )n
X( 2 ) x[n]e
n
j n j2 n
x[n]e e
n
j n
x[n]e [cos(2 n) j sin(2 n)]
n
j n
x[n]e [1 0]
n
j n
x[n]e X( )
n
4
Effect of Time Domain Sampling in
Frequency Domain
We have proved that DTFT is periodic over 2 .
When a continuous-time signal is sampled with a frequency fs, its
continuous-time Fourier transform is copied onto the frequencies ± fs, ±
2fs, ± 3fs ,
=2 corresponds to fs.
sampling
x (t ) x[n]
|X( )| |X( )|
-fa 0 fa -fs 0 fs
-2 2
-fs 0 fs
X( )
Under-sampling
-fs - fs /2 0 fs /2 fs
5
Some Properties of DTFT
Linearity:
If f [n] F ( ) and g [n] G( )
then af [n] + bg [n] aF ( ) + bG ( )
Time shifting:
If f [n] F( )
then f [n-n0] exp(-j n0) F ( )
jdX
then nx [ n ]
d
Time reversal
If f [n] F( )
then f [- n] F (- )
6
Important DTFT Pairs
x[n] X( ) Remarks
[n] 1
1 2 [ ]
cos [ 0n] [ ( - 0) + ( + 0)
sin [ | | ,
0n] -j [ ( - 0) - ( + 0)
u[n] 1 | 0|
j
1 e
exp (j 0n) 2 ( - 0)
DTFT Problems
Find DTFT of
1 M /2 n M /2
x[n]
0 elsewhere
7
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