Modulation in Digital Systems

Generally speaking modulation is the process of shifting of

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS baseband signal to a high frequency band. This is bandpass
modulation.

Lecture # 10 Digital baseband modulation is the process of converting the

bit- stream into a sequence of baseband symbols or baseband
signal.
3rd Mar 2007 -M ary signal may assume one of M possible symbols
representing log2(M) bits.
Instructor A binary signal can represent a single bit while an 8
- ary signal
WASEEM KHAN represents 3 bits.
Once the information is converted into a bit- stream, groups of
bits are mapped onto available symbol- set.
Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering

Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK) Amplitude Shift Keying

Modulation Process
In Amplitude Shift Keying
Mathematical Representation of ASK
(ASK), the amplitude of the
carrier is switched between two For BASK, ith possible symbol is represented as
(or more) levels according to
the digital data
si (t ) Ai cos( c t ), 0 t Ts , i 0,1
For BASK (also called ON-OFF For MASK
Keying (OOK)), one and zero
are represented by two
si (t ) Ai cos( c t ), i 0,1,..., M 1
amplitude levels A1 and A0 where Ai is amplitude of the ith symbol and Ts is symbol duration.
Modulated signal consists of a sequence of s0 and s1
This expression assumes square pulses. To reduce the utilized
bandwidth, pulses are shaped appropriately. If the transmit pulse is
g(t), then
si (t ) Ai g (t ) cos( c t ), i 0,1,..., M 1

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ASK in Matlab Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
bits =[1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1];
Tb = 0.1;
In FSK, the instantaneous carrier frequency is switched between
Ts=0.001; 2 or more levels according to the baseband digital data
t=Ts:Ts:length(bits)*Tb;
data bits select a carrier at one of the available frequencies
carrier = cos(2*pi*100*t); the data is encoded in the frequency
bb_pulse=ones(1,100); FSK conveys the data using distinct carrier frequencies to
represent different symbols.
baseband = [];
An important property of FSK is that the amplitude of the
for i=1:length(bits) modulated wave is constant
baseband = [baseband bb_pulse*bits(i)];
end Waveform
plot(t,baseband);
hold;
bandpass = baseband.*carrier;
pause
plot(t,bandpass,'r');

Frequency Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is switched between 2 (for
Mathematical Expression
BPSK) or more (for MPSK) in response to the digital data.
si (t ) A cos( i t ), 0 t Ts , i 0,1,....M 1 With PSK the information is contained in the instantaneous phase of
the modulated carrier.
where i = 2 fi = 2 ( f0 + i f ) Usually this phase is imposed and measured with respect to a fixed
and f = fi fi-1 carrier of known phase Coherent PSK.
For binary PSK, phase states of 0o and 180o are used
In BFSK, 2 different frequencies, f0 and f1 = f0 + f are Waveform:
used to transmit binary information 1
0 1 0 0 1
0.5
s0 (t ) A cos(2 f 0t ) 0 t Tb 0
-0.5

s1 ( t ) A cos( 2 f 1t ), 0 t Tb -1
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T

0° 180° 0° 0° 180°

2
 Phase Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying
Analytical expression For BPSK, we have only two possible phases (usually 0° and
180°) to represent one bit
si (t ) A cos[ c t i (t )], 0 t Ts , i 0,1,...., M 1 For MPSK, M=2k where k is the number of bits in a group or
where
symbol.
A = amplitude of the signal
In -4 PSK or QPSK, we can represent 2 bits by a symbol; -8 PSK
ø = carrier phase symbol represents three bits and so on.
The carrier phase for ith possible symbol can be determined
Constellation Diagram
using
2 ( i 1)
i (t ) i 1,.... M
M
In PSK the carrier phase changes abruptly at the beginning of
each symbol interval while the amplitude remains constant

QPSK QPSK

Problem Baseband pulse shaping

We want to transmit an analog signal using
8-PSK digital communication system. The
signal is sampled at 1 kHz and digitized using
an 8-bit A/D converter. Calculate symbol rate
and bit rate.
In the previous discussion we have considered rectangular pulses.
We have already discussed that rectangular pulses due to sharp
transitions occupy large bandwidth.
Bandwidth of the signal can be reduced by avoiding sharp
transitions.
Baseband pulses are specially designed to reduce bandwidth.
2

1.5
1
0.8
1 0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (milliseconds) Frequency (Hz)
2

1
1.5
0.8

1 0.6

0.4
0.5
0.2

0 0
10 20 30 40 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (milliseconds) Frequency (Hz)

3
Baseband pulse shaping ASK with Hanning
bits = [1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1];
There are a number of pulse shapes with slight variations, Tb = 0.1;
aimed at reducing the bandwidth. Ts = 0.001;
t = Ts : Ts : length(bits)*Tb;
Some of them are triangular, Hamming, Hanning, root- raised
carrier = cos(2*pi*100*t);
cosine, etc.
bb_pulse = hann(100)';

Raised cosine baseband = [];

1 Hamming
Hanning for i=1:length(bits)
Triangle baseband = [baseband bb_pulse*bits(i)];
end
0.5 plot(t,baseband);
hold;
bandpass = baseband.*carrier;
0
pause
plot(t,bandpass,'r');

0 20 40 60 80 100

Intersymbol Interference Announcement

In most of the pulse shaping techniques used in wireless
communications a single pulse is spread over more than one symbol
duration to reduce its spectrum bandwidth.
When the pulses are spread in time they smear into each other
causing ISI.
To eliminate this ISI the pulse shape is so appropriately selected
that ISI becomes zero at sampling points.
The sampling points of the symbols can be defined as the time
instants when a symbol is sampled, at the receiver, to decide
whether it is 1 or 0.
At the end of next lecture we will have a Q & A
session which will be aimed at pre-sessional exam
revision.
In this time, spanning 40-50 minutes, some typical
problems will be solved and your questions and
problems regarding sessional exam will be
answered.

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