Languages of Pakistan

URDU Urdu arose in the contact situation which from the developed 11th from the
[15]

invasions first

of

the Indian Mahmud of

subcontinent by Persian and Turkic dynasties

century onwards,

as Sultan

the Ghaznavid empire conquered Punjab in the early 11th century, then when the Ghurids invaded northern India in the 12th century, and most decisively with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. The official language of the Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic. Most of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic as their mother tongue. The language went by several names over the years: Hindawi or Hind, "[language] of India"; Dehlavi "of Delhi"; Hindustani, "of Hindustan"; and Zaban-e-Urdu, "the language of the [army] camp", or perhaps "of the market", from which came the current name of Urdu around the year 1800. When Wali Mohammed Wali arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a register called Rekhta, for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi Sultanate expanded south to the Deccan Plateau, they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the Dakhini dialect of Urdu. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the official language in 1837 and was made coofficial along with English in the British Raj. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This "Hindi" replaced traditional Urdu as the official register of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence from the British, though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu to this day. Although there have been attempts to purge Urdu and Hindi, respectively, of their Sanskrit and Persian words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and Sanskrit for Hindi, this has primarily affected academic and literary vocabulary, and both national standards remain heavily influenced by both Persian and Sanskrit. English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a coofficial language.

SINDHI Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan that is spoken by the Sindhi people. In India, it is among 22 constitutionally recognized languages, where Sindhis are a sizeable minority. It is spoken by an estimated 36,410,910 people in Pakistan. It is the third most spoken and sometimes even also said as second most spoken language in all of Pakistan and is the official language of the province of Sindh.
[3]

It

is also spoken in India by some 2,820,485 speakers and abroad there are about 1.2 million Sindhis, out of which approximately 60% are Pakistani and 40% are Indian . The government of Pakistan issues national identity cards to its citizens only in two languages, Sindhi and Urdu. It is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It has influences from a local version of spoken form of Sanskrit and from Balochi spoken in the adjacent province of Balochistan. Most Sindhi speakers are concentrated in the Sindh province and in Kutch, India where Sindhi is a local language. The remaining speakers in India are composed of the Hindu Sindhis who migrated from Sindh and settled in India after partition and the Sindhi diaspora worldwide.

Some Sindhi Poets

Abdul aziz bedil

muzafir ali Ahmed khan madhosh Akash ansari Adal soomro Ayaz gul Ayaz jani (renowned poet of sindh) Aasee zameeni Ahmed solangi Anwar Peerzada Ashfaq azar Ameer Bukhari Azhar Gillani Anwar Sain Hassan panhyar

Asghar Baghi Abdul ghaffar tabassum ayoob gul aziz raj Sherko Bekas Imdad Hussaini [MALIK NADEEM] [MEHAR FAQEER] Minyoon Shah Inat muneer "s" soomro Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Shaikh Ayaz Sachal Sarmast Allah Baksh Sarshar Uqaili Sami Sameer Sikandar Khan Khoso Sawan Fakir Qazi Manzoor Tajal Bewas

Sarwan Sindhi ASIF ALI MASHORI

PASHTO The origin of Pashto language and the Pashtun tribes is unknown. Nonetheless, the Pashtuns are sometimes compared with the Pakhta tribes mentioned in the Rigveda (17001100 BC), apparently the same as a people called Pactyans, described by the Greek historian Herodotus as living in the Achaemenid's Arachosia Satrapy as early as the 1st millennium BC. However, this comparison appears to be due mainly to the apparent, etymologically unjustified, similarity between their names. Herodotus also mentions the Pactyan "Apridai" tribe but it is unknown what language they spoke.
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Strabo, who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that the tribes inhabiting the lands west

of the Indus River were part of Ariana and to their east was India. Since the 3rd century CE and onward, they are mostly referred to by the name "Afghan" ("Abgan") and their language as "Afghani". Scholars such as Abdul Hai Habibi and others believe that the earliest Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri in the eighth century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana. However, this is disputed by several European experts due to lack of strong evidence. Pata Khazana is a Pashtomanuscript claimed to be first compiled during the Hotaki dynasty (17091738) in Kandahar, Afghanistan. During the 17th century Pashto poetry was becoming very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote Poetry in Pashto are Khushal Khan Khattak, Rahman Baba, Nazo Tokhiand Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Afghan Empire.

Amir Polad Suri, poet, warrior, ruler and father of Amir Kror Suri Amir Kror Suri, poet, warrior, ruler Sarik (Perso-Arabic:

, sometimes spelled Siraiki and Seraiki, is a standardized

written language of Pakistan belonging to the Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages. Sarik is based on a group of vernacular, historically unwritten dialects spoken by over 14 million people across the southern more half of Punjab Province, the adjacent border region of Sindh Province, and the northwest of Punjab Province, southern districts of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank of KhyberPakhtunkhwa province as well as by nearly 70,000 emigrants and their descendants in India.
in citation given] [2][3] [1][not

The development of the standard written language, a process which began after the The

founding of Pakistan in 1947, has been driven by a regionalist political movement.

[4]:46

national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Sarik speakers since 1981. Sarik is the fourth most widely spoken language in Pakistan, behind Punjabi, Pashto,

and Sindhi; and within Punjab Province it is one of the two major languages. The standard English language spelling of the name (at least de facto) is "Saraiki". However, into the new millennium, "Saraiki", "Siraiki", and "Seraiki" have all been used in academia and among

promoters of Saraiki ethnic consciousness. The language name (in whichever of these spellings) was adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders.

Ismail Ahmedani. He is a novelist and fiction writer. Three books of his have been published. Amar Kahani-Peet de Pandh-Chhulian.

Mussrat Kalanchvi She is a fiction writer. Her collection of fictions Uchi Dharti Jhika Asman has been published

Batool Rahmani She is fiction writer